Fig. 2.7: Impacts of Electric Vehicle.

2.7.1 Modeling of EVCS parameters

EVCS consists of the following parts basically- transformer, rectifier and converter etc. Fig. 2.8
shows a block diagram of an EVCS which comprises transformer, rectifier and converter.
Basically, rectifier and converter make a charger which used for EV charging.

Fig. 2.8: Block diagram of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station.

As a non-linear load, EV charger produces harmonics, low voltage profile and power loss in
distribution transformer. In Bangladesh, for EV charging level 2 type AC charging scheme is
used where maximum current rating is 16 A and maximum power rating is 3.3 kW. Most of the
EVs have power ranges from 0.5 kW to 1 kW and all of them use single phase 240 V, 50 Hz

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supply system. In this section, mathematical modeling is developed for harmonics, voltage
profile and transformer overloading due to EV charging.

A. Power demand
Electric Vehicle battery takes charge from the power distribution system. The increased power
demand affects the stability of the system due to non-linearity. The power demand by an EV can
be expressed as

C Batt * ( SOCmax  SOCmin )

PEV  (2.1)
TD

where CBatt is the battery capacity, TD is the duration of charging. Battery SOC is a factor
whether the EV takes high or small power. The gross power demand of the EVs is the
summation of individual power demand of all EVs which likely signifies as

N
PGross   PEV (2.2)
N 1

B. Harmonics
The rise in high frequency components of voltage and current with compared to fundamental
frequency is defined as harmonics. Harmonics distorts the voltage & current waveforms and
thereby affecting power quality. It can be measured by total harmonic distortion (THD) of
current & voltage.

I
n2
2
n

THDi   100 % (2.3)

I1

V
n2
n
2

THDv   100 % (2.4)

V1

Equation (3) & (4) express the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for current and voltage
respectively. For slow charging THDi, THDv will be less than the fast charging. Thus, the EV
with low SOC will have a great chance to produce harmonics.

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C. Voltage profile
The low voltage profile becomes a threatening issue induced by EV charging. Voltage stability
refers to the ability that the power network being stable after the sudden increase or decrease in
the loads. EV loads take large amount of power at a very short duration. Thus, voltage profile
will be degraded and grid will be unstable.

D. Transformer performance
Mass deployment of EVs creates an additional stress on distribution transformers and their life
cycles. Another problem is that, the EV charging rate should be limited per day and charging
stations should keep far away from transformer for reducing power loss. Harmonic current is
responsible for occurring load losses in transformer whereas harmonic voltage incurs no load
loss. Due to these harmonic losses, heating is increased relative to the pure sinusoidal wave. This
harmonic withstand capability can be measured by a factor called k- factor. The equ. expresses
K-factor as

In 2
K  factor  n1 n 2 [
N
] , (2.5)
IR

where In is the current related to nth harmonic and IR is the rated load current. The presence of
harmonics causes overheating in the transformer. Thus, the transformer should be selected
according to the withstand capability at higher harmonic current for non-linear loading [52].

2.7.2. MATLAB SIMULINK model of EVCS

When EVs are connected to the utility grid for recharging the batteries, it would hamper the
power quality. In this paper, the impacts of EVCS on utility grid are analyzed using MATLAB
SIMULINK model shown in Fig. 2.9. In this modeling, the three phase source is used as utility
grid and the battery ratings are taken as the EVs running in Bangladesh. Charger consist mainly a
rectifier and a DC-DC converter circuit. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) based battery
charger provides constant voltage constant current for charging batteries.

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 Fig. 2.9: MATLAB SIMULINK model of EVCS.

A. Battery Charger model

Typical switched model power supply or battery charger incorporates a front-end AC to DC
rectifier for producing unregulated DC voltage. A high frequency chopper (IGBT/ MOSFET)
then chops the input DC voltage according to the duty cycle. After that, a high frequency
transformer isolates, step down and converts square wave DC to square wave AC output. It is
then rectified and filtered to produce ripple free smooth DC output voltage. Pulse width
modulation technique is generally employed in this conversion. Fig. 2.10 shows the Switching
mode power supply based battery charger model of designed in MATLAB SIMULINK.

The lead acid battery is used in almost all the EVs in Bangladesh. These are 48/60 V. Each
battery unit consist 4 or 5 battery where each battery rating is 12 V and 20 Ah.

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 Fig. 2.10: MATLAB SIMULINK Model for EV Battery Charger.

Battery discharge characteristic is shown in Fig. 2.11. When the battery discharges the maximum
ampere-hour, the value of voltage reached to zero. It means SOC of the battery going down. Also
for different current rating the discharge phenomenon of the battery is shown in Fig. 2.11.

Fig. 2.11: Battery discharge characteristics.

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