Lecture 8 Objective

• Projectile motion (review)

• Solve problems involving relative motion

Projectile
motion

1
Sample Problem: A batter hits the baseball so that it leaves
the bat v0 = 37.0m/s at an angle of 53.1o.
(a) Find the position of the ball, the magnitude and direction
of its velocity at t = 2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of
its flight and find its height at this point.
(c) Find the horizontal range R – that is the horizontal
distance form the starting point to where the ball hits the
ground.

Given:
v0 = 37.0m/s
α0= 53.1o

2
Kinematic equations for projectile motion

Constant velocity (a = 0) Constant acceleration (a = g)

𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎

𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐

3
(a)The initial components of the velocity is*:

Substituting for t = 2.00s to get x, y, vx and vy:

4
*this is useful
Use vx and vy to the the magnitude and direction
of velocity:

5
(b)At the highest point; vy = 0, to get time when the ball
is in the highest point is:

Knowing that t = 3.02s at the highest point, we

substitute this to y to get the maximum height h:

6
(c) To get horizontal range, we solve for time t (t2) when y = 0 (in
the ground), this will yield to a quadratic equation:

−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

Solving for the roots of the equation, time t becomes:

Choosing time t = 6.04s, then substituting to x:

𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶𝟎

Note: You will get the same if you use: 𝑹 =
𝒈
7
(since the ball undergoes a full projectile)
What does x-t, y-t, vx-t, vy-t graph looks
like? (Imagine what ax-t and ay-t)

8
9
RELATIVE MOTION
Pepito is in a car driving 3m/s East saw
Linda standing (at rest) in the park.
v = 3m/s

Pepito

v=0
Linda

How would Linda describe Pepito’s motion?

Linda: I am at rest and Pepito is moving 3m/s E
Pepito is in a car driving 3m/s East saw
Linda standing (at rest) in the park.

????
Pepito

Linda

Suppose there is no way for Pepito to know who is

moving: How would Pepito describe Linda’s motion?
Pepito is in a car driving 3m/s East saw
Linda standing (at rest) in the park.

v=0

Pepito

v = 3m/s Linda

How would Pepito describe Linda’s motion?

Pepito: I am at rest and Linda is moving 3m/s W
Question:
Which (of the two description) is true???

13
 Both is true because MOTION IS RELATIVE 
The racing cars in the Indy 500 move relative to the track.

Unless stated otherwise, the speeds of things in our

environment are measured relative to the surface of Earth.
14
 Motion is relative
When we describe the motion of one object with respect to another, we
say that the object is moving relative to the other object.

Although you may be at rest relative to Earth’s surface; you are spinning
1,600km/h and moving about 100,000 km/h relative to the sun. Our solar
system is moving 70,000kmhr in the direction of star Vega and our galaxy
(Milky way) is orbiting at the rate of 790,000 km/h! 15
Relative velocities are quantified based on a reference

Reference frame is where

velocity is measured.

Inertial reference frame is

non-accelerating
reference frame.

Things to remember
Identify each reference frame in the problem
Identify target variables
Subscripts obey algebra of product of fractions
Example: 𝒗𝑷/𝑨 = 𝒗𝑷/𝑩 + 𝒗𝑩/𝑨
Opposite velocities
𝒗𝑨/𝑩 = −𝒗𝑩/𝑨 16
Sample problem
A cyclist is resting near a train track. A train passes
through with a velocity of 3.0 m/s. A passenger is
walking with a velocity of 1.0 m/s along the aisle of
the train. What is the passenger’s velocity with
respect to the cyclist?

Given:
Velocity of the passenger with respect to the train
𝑣𝑃/𝑇 = 1.0 m/s
Velocity of the train with respect to the cyclist
𝑣𝑇/𝐶 = 3.0 m/s
17
Calculating relative velocities

𝑥𝑃/𝐶 = 𝑥𝑃/𝑇 + 𝑥𝑇/𝐶

𝑣𝑃/𝐶 = 𝑣𝑃/𝑇 + 𝑣𝑇/𝐶

The velocity of the passenger wrt cyclist is:

m m m
𝑣𝑃/𝐶 = 𝑣𝑃/𝑇 + 𝑣𝑇/𝐶 = 1.0 + 3.0 =𝟒. 𝟎
s s s 18
Things to remember
Identify each reference frame in the problem

Identify target variables

Subscripts obey algebra of product of fractions

Example: 𝒗𝑷/𝑨 = 𝒗𝑷/𝑩 + 𝒗𝑩/𝑨

Opposite velocities
𝒗𝑨/𝑩 = −𝒗𝑩/𝑨

19
Sample problem
A railroad flat car is traveling to the right at a speed of
13.0 m/s relative to an observer standing on the
ground. Someone is riding a motor scooter on the
flatcar.
(a)What is the velocity of the motor scooter relative to
the flatcar if its velocity relative to the observer on
the ground is 18.0 m/s to the right?
(b)What if the motor scooter travels 3 m/s to the left
relative to the observer?
(c)How much time will it take for the scooter to cover
a 20m flat car?

20
A rail road flat car

21
Given:
Velocity of the flatcar with respect to the observer
𝑣𝐹/𝑂 = 13.0 m/s
Velocity of the scooter with respect to the observer
𝑣𝑆/𝑂 = −3.00 m/s

Required:
velocity of scooter with respect to the flat car: 𝑣𝑆/𝐹
𝑣𝑆/𝑂 = 𝑣𝑆/𝐹 + 𝑣𝐹/𝑂
𝑣𝑆/𝐹 = 𝑣𝑆/𝑂 - 𝑣𝐹/𝑂
𝑣𝑆/𝐹 = -3.0m/s – 13.0 m/s = -16m/s

22
 Given:
Velocity of the flatcar with respect to the observer
𝑣𝐹/𝑂 = 13.0 m/s
Velocity of the scooter with respect to the observer
𝑣𝑆/𝑂 = 18.0 m/s
Required:
velocity of scooter with respect to the flat car: 𝑣𝑆/𝐹
𝑣𝑆/𝑂 = 𝑣𝑆/𝐹 + 𝑣𝐹/𝑂
𝑣𝑆/𝐹 = 𝑣𝑆/𝑂 - 𝑣𝐹/𝑂
𝑣𝑆/𝐹 = 18.0m/s – 13.0 m/s = 5.00m/s
c) How much time will it take for the scooter to cover a
20.0m flat car?
t = d/vS/F = (20.0m)/(5.00m/s) = 4.00s
23
Sample problem
The compass of an airplane
indicates that it is headed due
north, and its airspeed indicator
shows that it is moving through
the air at 240 km/h. If there is a
wind of 100 km/h from west to
east, what is the velocity of the
plane relative to the earth?

𝑣𝑃/𝐸 = 𝑣𝑃/𝐴 + 𝑣𝐴/𝐸

How fast does the plane move with

respect to the ground?
24
Given:
km
𝑣𝑃/𝐴 = 240 𝑗
h
𝑘𝑚
𝑣𝐴/𝐸 = 100 𝑖
ℎ

2D motion; get the magnitude of the resultant vector

𝑣𝑃/𝐸 = 𝑣𝑃/𝐴 + 𝑣𝐴/𝐸 240𝑘𝑚/ℎ

𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚 100𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑣𝑃/𝐸 = 240 𝑗 + 100 𝑖 𝜃 = 67.4° (wrt horizontal)
ℎ ℎ
2 2
𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝑣𝑃/𝐸 = 240 + 100 = 260
ℎ ℎ ℎ
25
Summary

Motion is relative!
Velocity of A with respect to B: 𝒗𝑨/𝑩
Identify each reference frame in the problem
Identify target variables
Subscripts obey algebra of product of fractions:
𝒗𝑷/𝑨 = 𝒗𝑷/𝑩 + 𝒗𝑩/𝑨
Opposite velocities: 𝒗𝑨/𝑩 = −𝒗𝑩/𝑨

26
HOMEWORK
28 JAN 2016

27
(1) multiple choice (from previous long exam)

28
Seatwork: Young and Freedman, 2.21
An antelope moving with constant acceleration covers
the distance between two points 70.0 m apart in 7.00 s.
Its speed as it passes the second point is 15.0 m/s.
2) What is its speed at the first point?
3) What is its acceleration?

Hint: Given: x-x0 = 70.0m (assign x0=0)

t = 7.00s vx = 15.0m/s

Equations for motion with constant acceleration:

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕 𝒗𝟐𝒙 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

𝟏 𝒗𝟎𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐 29
2) What is its speed at the first point? v0x = ?
Hint: Given: x- x0 = 70.0m (assign x0=0)
t = 7.00s vx = 15.0m/s

Solve for v0x and substituting the values:

𝒗𝟎𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐
2 𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑣0𝑥 = − 𝑣𝑥
𝑡
2 70.0𝑚 15𝑚
𝑣0𝑥 = − = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝒔
7.0𝑠 𝑠 30
3) What is its acceleration? ax

Hint: Given: x-x0 = 70.0m (assign x0=0)

t = 7.00s vx = 15.0m/s
𝑣0 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝒔

Solve for ax and substitute the known values:

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕
(𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣0𝑥 )
𝑎𝑥 =
𝑡
(15𝑚/𝑠 − 5𝑚/𝑠)
𝑎𝑥 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝒎/𝒔𝟐
7.0𝑠 31
Seatwork: Young and Freedman, Prob. 2.39
A flea can jump straight up to a height of 0.440 m,
4) what is the initial speed as it leaves the ground?
5) how long is it in the air? (when it returned to ground)

Given: y = 0.440m y0 = 0
g = 9.81m/s2 for 3: vy = 0

Equations for motion with constant acceleration:

𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎

𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
32
4) what is the initial speed as it leaves the ground?
v0y = ?
Given: y = 0.440m y0 = 0
g = 9.81m/s2 vy = 0 (at maximum point)

Solve for v0y and substitute the known values:

𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎

𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦2 + 2𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑦0

𝑣0𝑦 = 0 2 + 2(9.81𝑚/𝑠2) 0.440𝑚

𝒗𝟎𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝐦/𝐬
33
5) how long is it in the air?
t2 = ?
Given: y –y0= 0 𝒗𝟎𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝐦/𝐬
g = 9.81m/s2 vy = 0 (at maximum point)

Solve for time t and substitute the known values:

𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦
𝑡=
𝑔
2.94𝑚/𝑠 − 0
𝑡= 2
= 0.300𝑠
9.81𝑚/𝑠
𝑡2 = 2 ∗ 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 0.300𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔
34
Seatwork
- solve problems in your
notebooks
- write the answers only in
your bluebook
- indicate the date
August 28, 2014
1. Blah?
2. Blah blah!
3. Blah blah blah!
4. Blah blah blah blah!

35
Given:
vY/E = +88km/h
vT/E = -104 km/h

Calculate:
1) truck’s velocity wrt you: vT/Y
2) your velocity wrt truck: vY/T
3) Does the relative velocities
change after you and the truck
have passed each other?
(answer with yes or no)

36