Paragraphs

Satellite and Terrestrial Radio

Terrestrial Radio: The radio signals are analog. I lie signals are transmitted from an antenna on earth.
The music is not as good as a CD. Hi e signal fades as you travel away from the antenna. If carries only one
channel per signal. It covers a small area.
Satellite Radio: The signals are digital. The signals are transmitted from a satellite in space. The music is
as good as a CD. The signals never lade as you travel around It carries hundreds of channels per signal. It
covers a large area (Egypt and North Africa)
Paper
Small pieces of wood arc combined with water and heated until the wood fibers separate. The thick
solution or soup is called wood pulp or stock. The pulp is made into paper by using a paper machine. The
first part of this process takes place in the wet end of the machine which consists of the head box and the
wire screen. There function of the wet end is to extract the water from the pulp solution. Water drains away
leaving tiny fibres on the screen .Wood is pumped to the headbox, which acts as a storage vat. It is poured
onto a screen. The press section has many rollers which smooth and polish the paper.
fibres
There are two kinds of fibres: natural fibers and synthetic fibers .Many sport clothes today are made
of a synthetic fibre called spandex. This fibre is used for making: swim suits, ski trousers and bicycle shorts
because it is soft light weight, smooth, flexible and water resistant. Spandex is capable of being stretched
500% without breaking. In the old days, all clothes used to be made from natural fibres such as cotton or
silk. Nowadays it is possible to make synthetic fibres from oil
Clean fuel
Imagine a car which is powered by hydrogen instead of petrol. When the car runs, water vapour conies
out of the exhaust pipe, instead of carbon monoxide. A prototype hydrogen car has already been built. If
hydrogen is compressed to liquid form , it becomes highly combustable. This done by cooling the hydrogen
gas to minus 253 c. Then, it is pumped into a 150 litre tank. From the tank, the liquid hydrogen is pumped
into the internal combustion engine, where it burns and powers the car. Compared to petrol or diesel oil,
hydrogen is a clean and renewable fuel. Some Cairo buses today are powered by hydrogen fuel cells, as an
experiment.
Sensors
In Egypt, the speed limit for a car is 100 km per hour. If you drive faster than this, the police may detect
your car's speed by using a laser speed gun .Then the police can stop you and make you pay the fine. The
speed gun, which is connected to a computer, consists of a laser transmitter, a sensor, a telescopic sight and a
trigger. The gun transmits hundreds of laser beams towards the car, which reflects the beams back to the
sensor on the gun. Each beam shows the distance of the car from the gun. From this, the computer calculates
the speed of the car.
water
Water is the source of life .It is used for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning and irrigating plants.
Drinking water is treated in a treatment plant which is located outside a city. Water (lows from the
treatment plant to a water tower elevated high above a town or a city. A strong pinup pressurizes the water
and sends it direct to the system's main feeder pipes supplying water to houses and factories.
Aluminum
Aluminum is very important in man's life. It is u* ed for making components for cars, buses, Lorries,
window frames, doors, roofs, plane bodies, packaging, construction, and the outer skins of skyscrapers. Pure
aluminum is a silvery-white metal with many useful properties. It has low density; it is one-third the weight
of steel. It is highly resistant to corrosion by moisture or chemicals. It is an excellent conductor of electricity,
non-magnetic, non-combustible and non-toxic. It is important in the industry of electronics and can be
recycled again.
Bridges
Bridges play an important role in our life .They make our life easier and comfortable. They save time
and effort. There are three types of bridges: Beam Bridge, arch bridge And suspension bridge. Forces act on
bridges in many ways. Compression is the force that squeezes a material together. The weight of a road and
cars put the vertical suspenders in a suspension bridge in tension. In 1940, the Tacoma Bridge twisted
violently in strong winds and collapsed.
 Natural gas
A gas pipeline system has many components. First: pipes, Their job is to carry the gas. Secondly:
compression station: They compress and pump the natural gas along the pipeline. Thirdly: metering
stations, they measure the flow of gas along the pipeline. Finally: computer-operated control Nation, they
analyze the data from the metering and compressor station.

Read and listen to this dialogue.

Secretary: Good morning. This is Mobile Force. How can I help you?
Ahmed : Good morning. My name is Ahmed Galal. I'm phoning about a job in today's Al Ahram.
Secretary: Which job is it?
Ahmed : Sales supervisor in the mobile phone department. Reference number 388.
Secretary: Ah yes. What would you like to know?
Ahmed : What is the deadline for applications?
Secretary: You have to send a letter of application and your CV by January 15th .
Ahmed : Thanks. When will the interview take place?
Secretary: On January 30th .
Ahmed : Thanks. Would you mind telling me how many candidates there are?
Secretary: I'm sorry, I don't know.
Ahmed : Never mind. Will the job be based in Tanta?
Secretary: No, it'll be based in Cairo. You would have to be able to travel all over Egypt and the Gulf.
Ahmed : I see, thanks. OK, I'll send in my application today.
Secretary: Fine. Goodbye.
Magdy is manager of an electronics company. Boutros is an engineer. Magdy wants to know What
progress Boutros has made in the past year.
Magdy : What is the aim of your project ?
Boutros : The aim of my project is to produce a new type of computer monitor.
Magdy : And what were your original targets.?
Boutros : My original targets were to complete the design by the end of March. Specify the materials
by the end of April, and to begin producing the new computer by the end of
Magdy : Which targets nave you achieved?
Boutros : The design was completed on schedule.
Magdy :Good, and have you failed to achieve any targets .?
Boutros : Yes, I have. The materials have not been specified yet
Magdy : Why do you think that this target was not achieved ?
Boutros : Because I did not have a materials technician in my department
Magdy :So what are you going to do to achieve your targets ?
Boutros : I'm going to advertise for a new materials technician this week.
Magdy :Good. So what are your new revised targets?
Boutros: I plan to specify the materials by the end of May, and to begin producing the computer by the
end of July.
******************************
Galal This is Nile Electronics. Galal speaking, How can I help?
Customer My name is Hamad Ahmed. I want to complain about a radio-CD player that I bought from you yesterday.
Galal I'm sorry to hear that What's the problem?
Customer When I switch it on, I can't hear any music from the CD.
Galal I think the speaker must be broken
Customer No, I don't think it's-the speaker, because I can hear the radio all right.
Galal In that case, the laser may be broken! do apologise for that
Customer No need to apologise, What should I do ?
Galal Please bring the player to our shop. We'll give you another one.
Customer That's fine. I'll bring it in this evening.
Galal Good. I'll see you then Reza has been an advertisement for a job as senior technician in an oil
company .He telephones the company to find out more about the job.
A: Good morning. This is the Red Sea Petroleum company.
B: Hello. I m phoning about the job of senior technician in your company. Reference number 022.
A: Yes, how can I help you?
B: When is the dead line for applications for the job?
A: You have to send a letter of application and your C V by 12th March.
B: Thanks. Andwhen will the interview take place?
A: It will take place on 20th March in Cairo.
B: I see. Would youwould you mind telling me how many candidates there are?
A: There are 25 candidates.
B: Oh. And where will the job be based?
A: The job will he based in Port Said. You would also have to travel.
B: Where would I have to travel to ?
A: Mainly to Cairo, Alexandria and Assiut.
B: I see. Well, thanks for your help. I'll send you my application.
A: Fine. Goodbye.
************************************
Heba and Mona work in a company which manufactures textiles for sports clothes.
Heba : What's the aim of your report?
Mona : To find out whether to make our sports clothes from cotton or polyester.
Heba : Who asked you to make the report?
Mona: The design manager.
Heba : How did you carry out your investigation?
Mona : I tested the fibres for strength, abrasion resistance and moisture absorption.
Heba: What did you discover ?
Mona : That polyester is strong and abrasion resistant, and cotton absorbs moisture.
Heba : What are your conclusions?
Mona : That neither cotton nor polyester has all three properties.
Heba : What action do you recommend?
Mona : That we should use a blend of cotton and polyester for our sports clothes.
Hamid is a safety manager in a building company. He has written a report investigating the
collapse of a building built by his company. Safaa is his colleague
Safaa / What's the purpose of your report?
Hamid /The purpose of my report is to find out why the building collapsed.
Safaa / Who asked you to write it ?
Hami The Managing Director asked me to write it.
Safaa / What methods did you use in your investigation?
Hamid /I investigated the collapse by testing all the materials in the building.
Safaa / What were your main findings?
Hamid /I found that the concrete of the foundations had many cracks.
Safaa /What were your conclusions?
Hamid I concluded that sub-standard concrete must have been used.
Safaa / What are your recommendations ?
Hamid / I recommend that all concrete used by our company should be tested.
****************************************************
Salah Look at that bus, Ahmed. It's driven by electricity.
Ahmed How is the electricity produced?
Salah It's produced by means of a hydrogen fuel cell.
Ahmed I don't understand. How does a hydrogen fuel cell produce electricity?
Salah By combining hydrogen with oxygen.
Ahmed But water is produced by the combination of hydrogen with oxygen.
Salah That's right. Water is produced, and electricity is released by the process
of combining these two gases. Ahmed
Ahmed In other words, the fuel cell operates using the principle of reverse electrolysis?
Salah Correct. Electricity is produced, and the only waste product is water.
**********************************************************
 Hamid wants to call a meeting to discuss his report about the building collapse. A He
telephones All, the construction manager, to invite him to the meeting.
Hamid Hello? Is that Ali ?
Ali Yes, it's Ali here. How are you?
Hamid Fine, Ali. I'm phoning because I'd like you to come to meeting next week.
Ali Next week? Which day will you be holding the meeting?
Hamid It will be on Wednesday at 2 pm. Will you be able to come ?
Ali Yes, I'll be able to come. What's the purpose of the meeting?
Hamid We'll be discussing two items. First, the report about the building collapse, and, second,
how to test all our concrete.
Ali OK. I look forward to seeing you then.
Hamid Yes, I look forward to seeing you too. Bye.

*****************************************************
Ahmed This is Missaha Electronics. Ahmed speaking. How can I help you?
Customer My name is Mustafa Waleed. I want to complain about a TV which I bought from you yesterday.
Ahmed I'm sorry to hear that, Mr Waleed. What is the problem?
Customer When I switch it on, there's no sound!
Ahmed I think the speaker must be faulty. I apologies for this, Mr Waleed. Customer That's OK. What
should I do now?
Ahmed Please bring the TV in to our shop. We will give you another TV of the same model.
Customer That's fine. I'll bring it in this evening.
Ahmed Good. I'll see you then. Goodbye, Mr Waleed.
**********************************************
Ahmed Can a laser beam detect the distance of the car from the gun?
Engineer Yes, it can.
Ahmed Can the laser beam detect how fast the car is travelling?
Engineer No, it can't. The laser beam only detects how far away the car is,
Ahmed So how does a laser speed gun work?
Engineer The gun sends out hundreds of laser beams in half a second. The moving car reflects the beams
back to die sensor. Each beam shows a different location for the car.
Ahmed So the computer can calculate how fast the car is moving?
Engineer That's right. It can work out the speed of the car.
************************************
Manager : What was the aim of your investigation?
Maged : To find out why the radio satellite was not launched on schedule.
Manager : Who asked you to do so ?
Maged : I was asked to do it by the Managing Director.
Manager : How did you carry out your investigation?
Maged : I interviewed all staff, and I examined all the technical reports.
Manager : What were your main findings?
Maged : I discovered that the transmission dishes were not completed in time for the launch.
Manager :What did you concluded?
Maged : I concluded that there were not enough engineers working on the transmission dishes. We
needed eight, but there were only five.
Manager : What were your main recommendations?
Maged : I recommend that all the parts should be tested.
********************************************
Cialal is a salesman at Nile Electronics. A customer phones him to make a complaint . Galal This is Nile Electronics.
Galal speaking, How can I help you?
Customer My name is Hamad Ahmcd. I want to complain about a radio-CD player that I bought from you
yesterday,
Gala I’m sorry to hear that. What's the problem?
Customer When I switch it on, I can't hear any music from the CD.
Galal I think the speaker must be broken.
Customer No, 1 don't think it's the speaker, because 1 can hear the radio all right,
Galal In that case, the laser may be broken, I do apologise for that.
 Customer No need to apologise, What should I do now ?
Galal Please bring the player to our shop. We'll give you another one.
Customer That's fine. I'll bring it in this evening.
Galal Good. I’ll see you then.
**************************************
Galal is the manager of the design department in a factory which manufactures' portable radios. He has called a meeting of his
senior staff to decide which material to use for a new radio.
Galal OK, thank you for coming, everyone. The first item on the agenda is to decide which material, to
use for the body of the radio. Could you give your suggestion , please?
Aref Let's use a strong plastic, such as polycarbonate. It would look good, and it would with stand impact.
Ahmed No, I disagree. I think we should use aluminium for the body. It would also look good, because it
has excellent refletivity And it would be even stronger than plastic.
Wafaa I disagree with both of you. Why don't we use stainless steel? It would have even more impact
resistance than aluminium.
Galal No, I don't agree with you, Wafaa. Steel would be too heavy. I agree with Ahmed. Let's use
aluminium. It's strong, it's lightweight and it looks good.
All OK, agreed.
Galal Ahmed, could you please write the specifications for the aluminium?
Ahmed Certainly, Galal.
*************************************
Waleed is a manager. He has called a meeting with Heba, Ali and Hanan to discuss a problem with their office
computers.
Heba Hi, Waleed. What’s the meeting about ?
Waleed I've called the meeting to discuss our computers. They are very old now, and they often break
down . Do you have any suggestions?
Heba Yes, 1 have one. Let's replace all the computers with new ones.
Waleed Ali, What do you think about that suggestion?
Ali Yes, I agree with it. If we replace all the computers with new ones, they won't break down for
some years.
Waleed Hanan, what do you think?
Hanan I’m afraid I don’t agree with her suggestion.
Waleed Why not? What's wrong with her suggestion?
Hanan It's too expensive to replace all the computers with new ones.
Waleed So what's your suggestion?
Hanan Why don’t we all learn how to maintain our own computer?
Waleed That's a good idea. If we all learn how to maintain our computers, perhaps we won't need to buy
new computers, and then we can save money.
*****************************************
Heba has worked in an oil company for three years, but has applied for a new job A in a company which produces
natural gas.
Interviewer Good morning, Heba. Thank you for coming to this job interview. I'd like to ask you some
questions about your CV. Here is my first question: How long have you been working in the oil company ?
Heba I've been working there for 3 years
Interviewer Did you enjoy working there?
Heba Yes, I did, I enjoyed it very much.
Interviewer So why did you decide to leave ?
Heba I decided to leave because I wanted to learn some new skills.
Interviewer Which skills did you want to learn?
Heba Well, one was computer skills. Another one was communication skills.
Interviewer What was the most useful skill you learn in the company ?
Heba I think the most useful skill I learned there was how to deal with an accident on the oil rig.
Interviewer What would you do if there was an accident on the rig ?
Heba If that happened, I think I would immediately call an ambulance and then try to give the
worker first aid.
Interviewer Why would you like to work in our company?
Heba Well, I would like to work in your company because I think it is one of the leading companies in
the field of natural gas production.
********************************************
 (Mona is visiting a dairy factory, and asking an engineer about the process of homogcnisation of milk
Mona What is the purpose of homogenization?
Engineer Its purpose is to distribute fat evenly throughout milk.
Mona Why does milk have to be homogenized?
Engineer Milk has to be homogenized in order to prevent the fat from rising to the surface of the milk and
forming a thick layer.
Mona What does a homogenizing machine consist of ?
Engineer It consists of a piston pump and a valve of very small diameter.
Mona What is the function of the small valve?
Engineer Its job is to break up each ball of fat and make it smaller.
Mona How is homogenization done?
Engineer It's done by pumping the milk under high pressure through the valve.
Mona What is the advantage of drinking homogenized milk?
Engineer It has the advantage that every mouthful of milk contains the same proportion of fat.
********************************************
A TV reporter is asking a pipeline safety engineer about his job.
Reporter what’s the purpose of aerial patrols?
Pilot The purpose of aerial patrols is to check that the pipelines are safe.
Reporter how are they done ?
Pilot They're done by observing the pipeline and taking photographs of it.
Reporter what ther advantage over land patrols ?
Pilot Their advantage over land patrols is that staff in an aeroplane can observe a complete 250 km
pipeline in a few hours.
Reporter On yesterday's aerial patrol, did you see any damage to the pipeline?
Pilot No, I didn't. The whole pipeline was in good condition.
Reporter what would you do if you had seen any damage ?
Pilot If I had seen any damage, I would have reported it to my manager.
********************************************
The manager of a wind farm project is asking his chief engineer for a progress report.
Manager Please give me an update on the new 50-turbine wind farm project. What’s been achieved so far?
Engineer The site for the farm has been cleared, and the ground has been leveled.
Manager Have the first thirty wind turbines been assembled yet?
Engineer No, the first thirty wind turbines have not been assembled yet.
Manager Have the pylons for the electricity power lines been constructed ?
Engineer Yes, the pylons for the electricity power lines have been constructed.
Manager When was the construction of the pylons completed?
Engineer The construction of the pylons was completed at the end of last month.
Manager What’s being done at the moment ?
Engineer The first thirty turbines are currently being assembled and tested.
Manager What’s are the long term plans?
Engineer It's planned that the assembly and testing of the remaining 20 turbines will be completed by the
end of this year.
Match parts with definitions
A B
Wet end The part of the machine which the pulp enters.
wire mesh the collection of wood fibres in a thin layer
Wire section A conveyor belt consisting of a length of wire screen.
wet end the extraction of water from the pulp solution
workability use of extrusion for manufacturing components
wearable able to be worn as clothing
wind load a horizontal push caused by strong movements of air
workable capable of being bent, squeezed and stretched
calendar the smoothing and polishing of the paper
Calendar Pairs of heavy rollers which smooth and flatten the paper
corrosive able to make something rusty
capacitor Its function is to store electrical energy and discharge it.
corrosive causing something to be rusted or corroded
control it maintains the correct temperature in a heating appliance
construct to build
centrifugal force force pushing outwards
convert to change from one state to another
portable able to be carried around
oscillator This makes an electric current change continuously between positive and negative.
non-combustible unable to be set on fire
abrasive able to scrape or scratch
indestructibl unable to be destroyed
Shape-retentive able to keep or retain its form
inaudible incapable of being heard
shape-retentive capable of keeping (or retaining) its shape
corrodible able to be rusted or corroded
destructive causing things to be destroyed
Dry end The part of the machine from which the dry paper emerges.
indestructible unable to be destroyed by anything
emission to allow a fluid to flow out
extraction to pull something out
extrusion to squeeze or push something out
provision to give
reduction to make something less
production to manufacture
injection to saueeze or push something in
Announcing who you are Good morning. Thank you for calling Missaha Electronics. My name is Ahmed.
Asking how you can help What can I do for you?
Showing sympathy I'm sorry to hear about your problem.
Asking what the problem is What exactly is the problem?
Apologising for the fault (if any) I would like to apologise for .this problem
Telling the customer what to do Would you please bring the radio to our workshop today?
Telling the customer what you will do We will give you a new model, or refund your money.
Ending the call Thank you for calling. Goodbye.
system it carries all passenger and goods trains throughout Egypt
device it starts and stops the flow of water into a sink or other container
facility it generates electricity using water and gravity
structure it is used for transmitting and receiving signals
inductor This is a coil of wire which acts as an electromagnet.
organisation its purpose is to increase cooperation between Arab countries

Match parts with definitions

A B
retain keep
mono - one
activator trigger
monitor check
proto - first
low density the structure and frame of an aeroplane body
impermeability thin metal foil used to wrap food
high reflectivity the bright and shiny metal outer skin of a skyscraper
high conductivity components of electronics circuits in computers
headbox the storage and feeding of pulp onto the screen
recyclability helping the environment by re-using old drinks cans
dead load the weight of the bridge itself
live load the weight of vehicles and other things on the bridge
dynamic load a changing load, such as boats bumping into the bridge
Headbox A large vat which pours the wood pulp onto the wire screen
thermal load expansion and contraction caused by change of heat
seismic load pressure which is caused by an earthquake
take off leave the runway and begin to fly
impermeable preventing fluid from passing through
push out extrude
take down write what someone else says
toxicity the property of being poisonous
press section the squeezing of water from the layer of paper
takeover new leadership
output product
income salary or pay
takeoff plane leaving the ground
outcome result
input raw material
the material can be re-processed and re- it is recyclable
the material is non-poisonous to humans it lacks toxicity
the material can reflect light like a mirror it has good reflectivity
the material is a barrier to liquids and gases it has impermeability
the material is light in relation to its size it has low density
the material can be bent and stretched easily it is highly workable
Leak detection sensors are used along the to find out whether gas is leaking out of the pipeline.
pipeline twice per week
Metering stations are located at frequent with the aim of monitoring how much gas is moving
intervals along the pipeline along the pipeline.
Large valves are situated above the ground to act as a stop tap for the gas flow during an emergency.
at regular intervals
Aerial patrols are carried out once every in order to detect any building work close to the route of
week in a light aeroplane the pipeline.
Pipes are coated with a material which so that they do not rust after they have been placed in the
withstands water earth.
meter the fluid movement monitor the flow of the gas
survey the pipeline path investigate the route of the pipe
lay out the lengths of pipe string the pipe sections
leak detector emission sensor
gas sampling testing small parts of the fluid
pipe location route of the pipeline

Match parts with definitions

A B
 ultra - super -
aseptic sterile
turnover income
outset beginning
handover change of leader
terminate finish
to dig out excavate
extract to take out, or pull out
tuner The function of this component is to receive and amplify radio waves at a specific frequency.
modulator Its purpose is to add data (e.g. sound waves) to a sine wave.
install to put equipment in somewhere
fluctuate to rise and fall
centrifugal force. The force which pushes a substance outwards from the centre when it is rotated quickly.
head The height of the liquid which can be supported by the pressure of the pump. It consists
of discharge head + suction head.
suction head The vertical distance between the pump and the surface of the liquid which is being pumped.
discharge head The vertical distance between the pump and the outlet where the liquid flows out from the pipe.
aluminum is produced from a white powder called alumina
seismic pulling force
tension pulling force
fluctuation rising and falling
torsion twisting force
volute circular container for an impeller
high-capacity able to carry a large quantity of electricity
rotor blades + hub
drier section the drying of the paper
impeller curved vanes in a centrifugal pump
suction head I distance between pump and water surface
toxic Poisonous
the components of the satellite. What the satellite consists of
outcome Result
to change from one state to another. convert
non-combustible unable to be set on fire.
asking what the problem is What exactly is the problem?
the material can reflect light like a mirror It has good reflectivity
the function of the satellite What the satellite does.
the speed limit of a car in Egypt is 100 km per hour on highways.
seventy million The approximate population of Egypt.
income salary or pay

retain
to build
The altitude of the satellite
The material can be re-processed and re-used
If you see an accident
High – capacity
The force of the wind
seventy million
radar is a device that
a water tower is
the speed of the satellite
keep
construct
how high the satellite is
it is recyclable
call an ambulance and give first aid
thank you for calling, good bye
makes the blades rotate
the approximate population of Egypt
detects the location and speed of objects
a tall structure on high ground
how fast the satellite is moving

Choose the correct answer:

1. Aluminium is often used for making electronic parts because this metal is ...... conductor of..... electricity.
2. Aluminum .... resists ..... corrosion very well.
3. Aluminium is produced ..by.... refining and smelting bauxite, and it is used ...for... manufacturing light-
weight parts which are resistant ………to…..... corrosion.
4. A water tower is a structure ... consisting ... of a large water tank, a tall tower, a pump and some pipes.
5. A water-purification plant is .. a facility... where dirty water is filtered and cleaned
6. A water tower is a tall ..... located on high ground .
7. After the bauxite has been crushed into small pieces, it is fed into the ... digester........ where it is dissolved
into liquid form.
8. After the fresh milk ........has been ........... tested for quality, it can .......be......... pasteurized.
9. After .....being............. heat-treated in the UHT plant, the milk ........is........ homogenized.
10. After a food has been boiled using the canning process, it must be sealed immediately in order to
prevent the .............. contaminat.......... of the food.
11. After being successfully launched into space, the satellite can now be used for transmitting radio signals.
12. An example of a natural amon filament.. is silk. An example of a synthetic amon filament. is polyester.
13. An oscillator produces a sine wave .... which.. is modulated so that it can carry music.
14. A T-shirt is a popular item of clothing made from a ..... knitted .......... cotton fabric.
15. A hydrogen fuel cell operates using the .... principle .. of electrolysis in reverse
16. A full safely check of fire equipment ... needs to be .. done every month.
17. A ... leak detection.. team patrols the pipeline trying to detect any leaks from it.
18. All moving parts in the aeroplane must ... be.. lubricated before each flight.
19. A centrifugal pump consists ...... of...... a shaft, an impeller and a volute.
20. A ship's radar system can ...... calculate........ the distance of an iceberg from the ship.
21. A wind turbine consists .... of.. a tower, a rotor and a nacelle .
22. A satellite radio system consists of broadcasting stations and digital radio receivers.
23. ...... A radio transmitter..... consists of an oscillator and an antenna.
24. A .. natural... fibre is any fibre which has been produced in nature, either by plants or animals. For
example, cotton, silk and wool are .... natural........ fibres.
25. A ........ staple........ is a short strand of fibre. Raw cotton consists of many short ...... staple.... which are
then spun and twisted together to form longer strands of yarn.
26. A ....... ply......... thread is a thread which contains two filaments twisted together. A ply thread is a
thread which contains three filaments twisted together.
27. A mobile phone uses the same ........ principle........ as a radio transceiver.
28. A sine wave is created by the …. Oscillator......... which makes an electrical current change rapidly
between positive and negative.
29. Are you sure that you are capable of ........ take on.......... this difficult new project?
30. A virus in the computers will ……… stop …………….. the controllers from analysing the data.
31. A wind turbine consists ......of.......... a tower, a rotor and a nacelle.
32. A suspension bridge consists .of.. the following main parts: towers, piers, cables, suspenders and a deck.
33. A centrifugal pump consists ....of..... a shaft, an impeller and a volute.
34. Amon ...... filament..... is a long, single strand of fibre, like a fishing line. It can be natural or synthetic.
35. A large international company is planning a ............................. of our company, so we may have new
directors and managers soon.
36. Bauxite is passed through a filter, where ............................................... are removed .
37. Bridge suspender cables are often coated in a special plastic in order to make them resistant to corrosion.
38. Boiling is the simplest method of food ............ Steriliz..... because all bacteria are completely killed. But
the method often destroys the flavour of the food.
39. ...... Bauxite.... is a rock which is mined, crushed, refined into alumina and then smelted into aluminium.
40. Between 2002 and 2004, four new oil fields ......were... opened. Only one oil refinery .....has been.... built
since 2004. We hope that at least three more will .....be.... built soon
41. Bauxite is carried on a conveyor belt to the crusher, ....... which ........ breaks it into small pieces.
42. Casting is the ...... process.......... by which molten metal is poured into casts, cooled and then hardened.
43. Computers in control stations …… Let ….. engineers analyse data from the metering stations.

44. Cooks use a special appliance which cuts and grinds raw vegetables and turns them quickly into liquid.
The machine is called a ......... liquidiz............... .
45. During the economic ...........downturn............. in the early 2000s, many companies lot of money.
46. Dottles have to be ........................................... before they are filled.
47. Electricity is produced in a fuel cell by ... the... process of combining oxygen with hydrogen.
48. Egypt needs an increase in the …………..extraction............. of oil from below the sea.
49. Electricity is produced in a turbine ........by........ rotating an electromagnet inside coils of copper wire.
50. First the milk ......is....... heat-treated in the UHT plant; then it ……is... homogenized.
51. Food can be preserved by having the water removed from it using the ........ dehydration........ process. If
the food is frozen before it is dried, the process is called ............ freeze-drying............ .
52. Fat floats to the surface of cold milk, unless you use the process of .... Homogenization ... , which
distributes the fat evenly throughout the milk.
53. Fortunately the shelves in the warehouse are made of steel instead of wood, which means that they are
incapable of ...... being burnt......... if there is a fire.
54. The dish on a satellite earth station is considerably larger than the satellite dish on a car or house.
55. The Suez Canal is an important waterway........ connecting ....... the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
56. The Aswan High Dam has controlled the flow of the River Nile since 1970, when its construction was completed.
57. The pulp is pumped into a large headbox or vat....... which........ acts as a storage container for the pulp
before it is poured onto the wire screen.
58. The sail should not be made of a material which has good water ....... absorption .........because we don't
want the sail to become too heavy in a storm.
59. Terrestrial radio covers Cairo, but satellite radio has ... considerably ... wider coverage, because it can
cover the whole of Africa.
60. The ... outcome ... of the football match was a 3-1 win for the Port Said team.
61. The gas pipe is checked carefully ... in order that..... any damage can be discovered .
62. The high Dam has controlled the flow of the River Nile ..... since .... 1970 .
63. The strong wind was responsible ... for ..... the collapse of the bridge.
64. The cost of cotton clothes will be lowered by the .... production.... of more raw cotton fibre.
65. The function of a turbine in a hydro- electric power is the … generation …..of electrical power.
66. The ... fastest.... Land vehicle in the world is a jet - powered car.
67. The paper machine has two ends. Wet wood pulp is fed into the .......... of the machine, and dry paper
emerges from the dry end
68. The paper making process is usually carried out on a paper machine
69. The farmers in that region cut down all the trees, which ........ caused....... the soil to be eroded by the
wind and turned the region into desert.
70. The flavour of the milk is changed ... owing to... the high temperature of UHT.
71. The wind blows on the blades at high speed, which ... causes ... their rotation.
72. The pumping station .. was .... built five years ago.
73. The wire screen on a paper machine is used .. for... drying the wood pulp.
74. The process by which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current is called electrolysis
75. The process by which hydrogen and oxygen are combined in order to produce an electric current is
electrolysis in ......... reverse .....
76. The main purpose of an oil rig is the extraction of oil from below the ground or from below the sea bed.
77. The most important process in the operation of a diescl engine is the ....... injection......... of diesel oil
directly into the combustion chamber.
78. The main reason why I'm applying for a job with your company is your excellent ....... provision ......... of
training opportunities .
79. The function of the …. detector....... in a digital radio system is to extract the sound wave from a
modulated sine wave.
80. The aeroplane moved faster and faster along the runway and then……… take off ……...
81. The secretary .......... take down........ everything that the managers said at the meeting.
82. The first stage in producing pure alumina is the ..... mining..... process, in which raw bauxite is extracted
from the ground.
83. The bauxite solution is passed through the .. filters.... in order to remove any impurities or large pieces.

84. The particles are removed from the tank and sent to the .... rotary kiln ....... which is a kind of oven where
the particles are heated and dried to form a white powder called alumina.
85. The process described above is the .. refining. process, in which raw bauxite is refined into pure alumina.
86. The fine white powder which is fed into the aluminium smelting pot is called pure…… alumina …….
87. The process by which alumina powder is changed into the metal aluminium is called ..... smelting..... .
88. The cables of suspension bridges must be strong but flexible, to resist the horizontal .... wind..... load
caused by strong air currents.
89. The piers of a bridge need to be made of concrete with great compressive strength to protect them from
the ..... dynamic..... load when a boat crashes into them.
90. The special coating on gas pipes ............ prevent............... moisture from corroding the pipe metal.
91. The milk …is….... homogenized before ……being…....... transferred to the bottling plant.
92. The annual …………turnover………..of the dairy company is more than LE 50 million.
93. The teacher gives us a very clear ...........handout................ which explains every lesson
94. The ............handover............. of the company from Mr Wassef Hussein to his son was
95. The function ........of...... the blow-out preventer on the surface of an oil rig is ...to... prevent burning oil
escaping from the borehole.
96. The hole in a spinneret allows molten plastic ....to.. be extruded, and also forces the plastic ..to.... take the
shape ...of... a long thin filament.
97. The tarmac layer cannot poured until after several layers of aggregate have been laid and compressed.
98. The aeroplane made a safe ........................................ and flew smoothly into the air.
99. The annual ......................................... of the cotton mill is ten thousand bales of cotton.
100. The main ......................................... to the aluminium smelting process is bauxite.
101. The .........excavation............... of the Sheikh Zayed Canal was completed last year.
102. The ................conversion............... of low to high-voltage electricity is done by a transformer.
103. There was a ...........fluctuation................... in the lake water level between 147 m and 182 m.
104. The electrical ...............installation................ must be completed before the wall is painted.
105. The strong wind was responsible .........for....... the collapse of the Tacoma bridge.
106. The movement of the blades leads .........to....... the rotation of the shaft.
107. The disc brake inside the nacelle of the wind turbine prevents the shaft .from.. moving in an emergency.
108. The River Nile flows from south to north. This means that Cairo is ...... upstream........ of Banha, but
Tanta is ........ downstream....... of Banha.
109. The .. output.. of water pumped out from the Mubarak Pumping Station is 334 cubic metres per
second.
110. The ............... of a bridge is the weight of the bridge alone, excluding all the vehicles and other things
which the bridge carries.
111. The ............... is used for carrying objects from one part of a factory to another. It consists of a long,
moving stip of rubber or plastic.
112. The most important part of a centrifugal pump is the ................................ This is a set of vanes which
rotate at high speed and push the water through the pump.
113. The replacement of the old dairy farm by a new automated dairy has resulted ..... in.... the
production ....of..... milk which is 100% uncontaminated.
114. The new canal ……has…..... not ......been... excavated yet, so I think that the excavation will
not ....be........... completed next month.
115. The new pumping station ....was..... installed in 2004, but the electrical cables ....have..... not ....been.....
connected yet. They will .....be.... connected next year.
116. The .... Nacelle..... is a housing on a wind turbine. It is located behind the hub and the blades, and
contains the turbine.
117. The ..... anemometer.... on a wind turbine measures the wind speed.
118. The bauxite solution is passed through the .....……..... in order to remove any impurities or large
pieces.
119. The .......................................... of two roads is the point where the two roads cross each other.
120. Toxic gases are released from the drainage system by means of the ….... vent..... system, which consists
of a set of pipes connected to the waste system.
121. The fine white powder which is fed into the aluminium smelting pot is called ... ……………….....
122. Nylon is a ........ A water-resistant ....... fabric, which is why it is used for making raincoats.
123. Natural gas has the disadvantage ...that... it has no smell, and so it cannot be detected.by.. human senses.

124. Next, the filtered solution is fed into the ...... precipitator..... where particles of alumina are separated
from the solution.
125. Molten iron is heated to a high temperature ... By.. blowing oxygen into it.
126. Molten plastic is extruded through a device called a ....... Spinneret......... , which looks like a shower
head and contains many small holes.
127. Many scientists believe that the increase in global warming is the result of the ..... reduction........... in
tropical rain forests around the world.
128. My friend has ..... take over............. from Mr Waheed as the new supervisor.
129. Milk can be stored on a shelf in a shop for many weeks if it has been given ........ UHT ...... treatment.
130. Many dairy farms in Egypt today are completely ........... automat.............. which means that the milk is
processed by machines, not humans.
131. Many people prefer to drink ........... homogeniz............. milk because they don't like a thick layer of fat
on the surface of the milk.
132. More wind turbines were built, which resulted ………in….an increase in electricity production.
133. Metal containers are used in the ........... canning............. process for sealing boiled food, but plastic and
glass can also be used.
134. My uncle's company is very successful. It has an annual .... turnover .. of LE 1 million.
135. Hydrogen-fuelled cars produce water vapour as an exhaust, and of course water has the advantage
of ....... being ........ non-toxic.
136. Hydrogen is turned into liquid form .. by cooling.... the gas to minus 253 C.
137. How often do the brakes .. to be... tested?
138. How .... many ... nails do you need?
139. Hydrogen is one of the gases found in ....... air ...... .
140. Hydrogen fuel cells use the principle that the ....... combination......... of hydrogen and oxygen will
produce electricity and water.
141. Hanan has many ........... achievements.......... to write in her CV. For example she won three prizes at
school for being the top science student of the year.
142. Hydrogen is incapable of ....being.... used as a fuel until it has ...been. cooled to a very low temperature.
143. In order to decide how strong a pump is, we need to calculate the .... head..... of the pump, which is the
total distance between the surface of the water and the outlet.
144. In a turbine, the part which rotates is called a .... rotor..... , and the fixed part which does not move is
called a ..... stator... .
145. In raw milk, most of the fat floats to the surface. But if the milk is ................ all the fat is split up and
spread throughout the whole milk. know that three automated dairy farms .... have been..... set up in the
last five years, but I don't know exactly when they ..... were.... set up.
146. In a hydro-electric system, water flows into the dam through the ........ inflow........ tunnel, and then flows
quickly down to the turbines.
147. In a hydro-electric system, after the water has powered the turbine, it flows out of the dam and into the
river via the ........ outflow........ pipe.
148. In a hydro-electric turbine, a rotating magnet (called the rotor) moves inside a non-moving copper coil
149. In an air conditioner, the refrigerant fluid passes into the evaporator where it is ........ vaporiz................
(in other words, changed from liquid to gaseous form).
150. In the process of"......... pasteurization................ the milk is heated, but not boiled.
151. In the ....... qualifications........ section of your CV, you should write down all the certificates, diplomas
152. In the . education.. section of his CV, Mahmoud wrote the years he spent at school and technical college.
153. In the Western Desert, roads expand in the heat of the day, and contract at night. They must be made
from materials which can resist this ..... thermal..... load.
154. Iron ore is made into steel ........ by....... the process of smelting.
155. I recommend that the deck of the new bridge should .. be constructed.... using the most hi-tech materials.
156. If the supervisor ...... had checked......... the safety equipment, the accident would not have happened.
157. If the driver had looked at his mirror before turning left, he ....... would have avoided........ the accident.
158. If the warehouse had been guarded by a policeman, the boxes ... would not have... been stolen,
159. If you want to make milk safe without spoiling its flavour you need to .... sterilize.. it.
160. If a single polyester filament is used, it is called a ... mono-filament... thread. When two or more
filaments are twisted together to form a stronger thread, this is called a multi filament thread.

161. If the majority of vehicles in a city use hydrogen fuel cells, this will greatly reduce the ..... Emission.......
of greenhouse gases in the city.
162. Inside the smelting pot the electric current flows from a positive .... anode... to a negative ... cathode.......
through the electrolyte.
163. If the special coating is destroyed, this … Let ... the moisture corrode the metal.
164. If a valve is broken, it will …… prevent .... the engineers from switching off the gas.
165. I like the ...setup... of your new computer equipment on your desk or degrees which you have received.
166. If you completed a course in industrial safety while you worked in that factory, you can include this in
the .......... training........... section of your CV.
167. If you want to slow down the growth of bacteria in food by cooling it, use the ..... refrigeration..... method
of preservation.
168. If holes ……... drilled in the sides of the Tacoma deck, the wind ....................... able to flow through the
holes, and the deck ………... resisted the wind. Then the deck …………..... twisted by the wind.
169. If the engineers……had…... attached a curved shield to the deck, the winds deflected by it, and then the
winds …….….... able to move the deck.
170. If the deck and the suspenders ……..... thicker, and if they…..... made of stronger materials, the force
of the wind ……... able to break the bridge.
171. If bridge engineers in the 1940s .................... understood more about forces, materials, loads and
shapes, they …………..... built such a weak bridge.
172. If you hold a bucket of water and rotate it around your head, the water will be pushed to the bottom of
the bucket. This is caused by ..... centrifugal.... force.
173. Speeding cars are detected by laser beams ... emitted ... by a speed gun.
174. Spandex is capable .. of being stretched.... to 500% of its original size, without breaking, and returning
to its original size and shape.
175. Should the deck of the new bridge ... be.. made of fibreglass?
176. Since the equipment is new, it does not .. need to be... checked for the first year.
177. Since leaving school, Waleed has had about five years of .......... experience........... working in electronics
shops and factories.
178. Sterilizing the bottles and other equipment in a dairy results .... in..... the production ......of..... a high-
quality and hygienic milk product.
179. Some bridges have hinges between the deck and the piers. This allows the deck ..... to.... move slightly,
and prevents the deck ....from..... breaking under pressure.
180. Several million tons of aluminium ....have been..... produced since 2002, but the government hopes that
much more will ....be..... produced in the future.
181. We need to use aerial photography to calculate ... the length of ... that pipeline.
182. When the wood pulp is dried on the wire mesh, the fibres of pulp begin to …..adhere ….together and
form a thin layer of paper.
183. When the surface of the sea is heated by the sun, this causes ... vaporization... to happen.
184. When you twist the handle of a screwdriver, this puts a ... compressive ... force on the screw.
185. Water is pushed outwards from the centre of a rotating impeller by ... centrifugal ... force.
186. What are your main .................?
187. What were your ...... recommendations........?
188. When you apple for a new job, you should ask what your[ come – income – welcome – coming ] will be.
189. What are your …….. interests – Hany ? Do you play any sports or musical instruments?
190. Wood pulp can be made into paper at home by ... using... a wire screen and two presses.
191. Water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen using the principle ... of... electrolysis.
192. Water flows down from the dam to the hydro-electric turbine ... via... tunnels.
193. When you invent a new device or machine, you build a ....... prototype… , which is a single model of the
machine. If this ........... works well, you can then manufacture thousands of copies of the machine.
194. When clothes have been cleaned in a laundry, they are usually pressed and smoothed in the …......
calendar.... which consists of a pair of hot, smooth iron rollers.
195. When Cairo was struck by an earthquake in 1992, many buildings collapsed because the ..... seismic.....
load of the earthquake was too great for them.
196. We need to calculate the total weight resting on the piers of the bridge. In order to do this, we add
together the ...... Dead.... load (the weight of the bridge itself) and the .......... load
197. When you start a new job, you should work hard from the …………outset………………..

198. What are your ....... interests.............. Hamid? Do you play any sports or musical instruments?
199. Water and electricity are produced in the fuel cell by the process of combining hydrogen with oxygen. ?
200. When the raw cotton ...has... been picked and ginned, it can ……be……….. taken to the spinning mill.
201. When you apply for a new job, you should ask what your ……….……will be.
202. What was the ............ of the Tacoma Bridge collapse? Was anyone injured? Were any cars destroyed?
203. What brings ........about........ the generation of electricity in a wind turbine?
204. What's the purpose of the wind vane? It's ......for.......... detecting the direction of the wind.
205. Water is taken (or pulled) into a lift pump via the .......... Intake ...... pipe.
206. What's the purpose ....of..... the nacelle on a wind turbine? It's used ....for..... containing the turbine
and the main shaft.
207. Water must be filtered and cleaned in water ................ before it can be stored in a water tower and used
for drinking.
208. Long, thin filaments of plastic fibre can be extruded through the holes of the …. spinneret ......... which
looks like a shower head in a bathroom.
209. Large valves on the pipeline …… allow ….... the engineers to switch off the gas in an emergency.
210. Radar is used for detecting the .... distance.. of an object from the radar.
211. Raw bauxite is taken by conveyor belt to the crusher, .... where it is broken.. into small pieces .
212. Radar is a system which is used for detecting the .... motion ....of an object from the radar. reduction
means to make something less.
213. Raw cotton is cleaned and seeds taken out of it by ...means... of a ginning machine.
214. Raw milk is changed into pasteurized milk ...by...... heating it ....to... about 63°C ...for... half an hour.
215. Oil reserves can be increased by the .... extraction ........ of more oil from the seabed.
216. On the other hand, a ....... Synthetic......... fibre is one which has been manufactured by humans using
technology. For example, nylon and polyester are .... Synthetic..... fibres.
217. Once the milk ……has been …..…... pasteurized, flavours can .........be............ added to it.
218. Glass has ..... strong..... shatter - resistant properties.
219. Petrol has been used as a motor fuel.... at ...... the beginning of the 20 century.
220. incapable of being burnt if there is a fire .
221. Pieces of bauxite are carried to the crusher by means of a long moving belt called a … conveyor belt …
222. Polyester is a good material for making sails, because it can ... withstand ... abrasion.
223. Vent pipes are added to a water pipe system in order to allow harmful gases to escape from the system.
224. Velocity is converted into water pressure by a ..... pump .
225. ......................... is a force that squeezes a material together.

Rewrite the sentences to give the same meaning:

1) Satellite radio is a new technology. In this technology digital radio waves are transmitted to earth by
satellite. [which]
 Satellite radio is a new technology, in which digital radio waves are transmitted to earth by satellite.
2) An oscillator produces a sine wave this sine wave is the modulated so that it can carry data such as music
and voices. [which]
 An oscillator produces a sine wave, which is then modulated so that it can carry data such as music and voices.
3) Nowadays in Cairo you can see that many radio receivers are equipped with patch antennas. These
patch antennas are able to receive satellite radio signals. [which]
 Nowadays in Cairo you can see that many radio receivers are equipped with patch antennas, which are
able to receive satellite radio signals.
4) The paper making process begins in the "wet end". This consists of the headbox and the wire section [which]
 paper making process begins in the " wet end ", which consists of the headbox and the wire section .
5) The pulp is pumped to the headbox. From the headbox, it is poured evenly onto the wire section.
] from which [
 The pulp is pumped to the headbox, from which it is pourd evenly onto the wire section.
6)The satellite transmitting this radio programme was launched last year, [which]
 The satellite which transmits this radio programme was launched last year.
7)Bauxite is carried by the conveyor belt to the crusher. The bauxite is broken by this crusher into small
pieces [by which]
 Bauxite is carried by the conveyor belt to the crusher, by which it is broken into small pieces.

8) The final result of the refining process is a white powder called alumina. This product is then taken to
the smelting plant [which]
 The final result of the refining process is a white powder called alumina, which is then taken to the
smelting plant.
9) The electro-magnet rotates inside coils of copper wire. As a result, electricity is generated. [which ]
 The electro-magnet rotates inside coils of copper wire, which leads to the generation of electricity.
10) The wind suddenly blew at 100 kph. As a result, the turbine broke down. [which]
 The wind subbenly blew at 100 kph, which was responsible for the break down of the turbine .
11) More raw cotton was picked this year. As a result, more cotton yarn was produced [which]
 More raw cotton was picked this year, which resulted in the production of more cotton yarn was
produced.
12) A strong wind blew around the Tacoma bridge. As a result, the bridge twisted suddenly [which; cause]
 A strong wind blew around the Tacoma bridge, which caused the sudden tarsion of the bridge.
13) Very little rain fell last year. As a result, the water level was reduced [which]
 Very little rain fell last year, which brought about the reduction in the water level .
14) It rained very little last year. As a result, the water level was reduced [which]

15) The satellite receives digital signals ,these signals are then transmitted to radio receivers on earth( which
 The satellite receive digital signals which are transmitted to radio receivers on earth.
16) Music and sports programmes are sent by fibre-optic cable to the earth station Hero they are mixed and
transmitted to the satellite. [where]
 Music and sports programmes are sent by fibre-optic cable to the earth station, where they are mixed
and transmitted to the satellite.
17) Terrestrial radio signals are sent by fibre-optic cable to an antenna tower, From this tower the signals
are transmitted to all radios within a 65 km radius. [from where]
 Terrestrial radio signals are sent by fibre-optic cable to an antenna tower, from where the signals are
transmitted to all radios within a 65 km radius.
18) The small pieces of bauxite are dissolved in the digester. The solution flows from this digester into the
filter [from where]
 The small pieces of bauxite are dissolved in the digester, from where the solution flows into the filter.
19) Alumina is taken by a conveyor belt to a large hopper. The alumina is poured from this hopper into a
large steel pot. [from where]
 Alumina is taken by a conveyor belt to a large hopper, from where it is poured into a large steel pot.
20) Polyester filament is capable of being used in many different ways. [able]
 Polyster filament is able to be used in many different ways.
21) Copper is able to conduct electricity well. [ability]
 Copper has the ablity to conduct electricity well.
20 Solar panels are made of a plastic which is able to resist scratches. [capability]
 Solar panels are made of a plastic which has capability to resists scratches.
21 Spandex is capable of being stretched 500% without breaking. [able]
 Spandex is able to be stretched 500 % with out breaking.
22 Spandex has the ability to return to its original size after stretching. [capable]
 Spandex is capable of returing to its original size after stretching.
23 Most thermoplastics can be recycled easily. [capable]
 Most thermoplastic are capable of being recycled easily.
24 Lead is not used in making aeroplane parts because it is very heavy in relation to its size [due]
 Lead is not used in making aeroplane parts due to its high density.
25 Polycarbonate is often used for making sunglasses because it does not scratch easily and does not break
when it is dropped [due; resistance]
 Polycarbonate is often used for making sunglasses due to its scratch resistance and impact resistance
26 The Tacoma bridge collapsed because the wind twisted the deck [due; torsional force]
 The tocoma bridge collapsed due to the torsional force of the wind on the deck.
27 Crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used in cars, because impurities arc present in the crude
oil. [due]
 Crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used in cars, due to the presence of impurities in the crude oil.
28 HDPE plastic is used for making the milk bottles, due to its impermeability and resistance to impact
]because[

 HDPE plastic is used for making the milk bottles, because it is impermeable and impact-resistant.
29 Fresh unpasteurized milk must be boiled before drinking, owing to the presence of bacteria in the milk
]because[
 Fresh unpasteurized milk must be boiled before drinking, because bacteria are present in the milk.
30 Plastic foil is used for sealing the milk bottles, due to its chemical resistance and tensile strength[because]
 Plastic foil is used for sealing the milk bottles, because it resists chemicals and is strong.
31 Aluminium is used for making lids for milk bottles, due to its lightness and corrosion-resistance [because]
 Aluminium is used for making lids for milk bottles, because it is light and resists corrosion.
32 Bridge suspender cables are made of this special steel owing to its ability to resist stretching [because]
 Bridge suspender cables are made of this special steel because it is incapable of being stretched.
33 21) A special thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of the room, [how; hot]
 A special thermometer is used for measuring how hot the room is
34 The paper machine has two ends. (How many ......?)
 How many ends does the paper machine have.
35 Please calculate the depth of the water under the bridge. [ how deep ]
 Please calculate how deep the water under the bridge is
36 Tell me the quantity of nails you need. [ How many…………..?]
 How many nails do you need?
37 Astronomers can calculate the temperature of the sun. [ how hot ]
 Astronomers can calculate how hot the tempreture of the sun is.
38 Plastic cling wrap is used for wrapping meats because liquids and gases cannot pass through this
material easily [owing]
 Plastic cling wrap is used for wrapping meats owing to its impermeability to liquids and gases.
39 Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in cooler boxes because it does not allow heat to pass through it
easily [owing]
 Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in cooler boxes owing to its good thermal in sulation.
40 Satellite radio produces CD-quality music because the signal does not have interference or fading[owing]
 Satellite radio produces CD quality music owing to the absence of interference or feding.
41 The hull of the Titanic was punctured by an iceberg because it was not impact-resistant [owing]
 The hull of the titanic was punctured by an icleberg, owing to its lack of impact-resistant.
42 Meat is often wrapped in PVC cling film because it is transparent and impermeable to gases and liquids
]owing to[
Meat is often wrapped in PVC cling film owing to its transparency and impermeability to gases and liquids.
43 Gas is sampled with the aim of discovering corrosion in the pipe. [in order that]
 Gas is sampled in order that any corrosion in the pipe can be discovered.
44 Markers are used so that the location of the pipeline can be seen. [in order to]
 Markers are used in order to see the location of the pipeline.
45 Aerial patrols are carried out so that people can discover damaged pipe sections.
[in order]
 Aerial patrols are carried out in order that damaged pipe sections can be discovered.
46 Red-light cameras are located at road intersections with the purpose of detecting dangerous drivers
]in order[
 Red-light cameras are located at road intersections in order to detect dangerous drivers.
47 Emergency staff are trained with the aim of responding quickly to a fire. [so that]
 Emergency staff are trained so that they can respond quickly to afire.
48 Engineers fly aeroplanes over the pipeline to see if anyone is digging near the pipeline. [so that]
 Engineers fly aeroplanes over the pipeline so that they can see if anyone is digging near the pipeline.
49 The drain pipes are connected to the vent system in order to remove dangerous gases from the house
]so; removed[
 The drain pipes are cannocted to the vent system so that dangerous gases are removed.
50 These days people normally pasteurize milk in order to sterilize it. (so that)
 These day people normally pasteurize milk so that it can be sterilized.
51 The water entering a house is controlled by a stop valve. [ that ]
 The water that enters a house is controlled by a stop valve.
52 Hydrogen has the disadvantage of having to be kept at a very low temperature. [that; you; must]
 Hydrogen has the disadvantage that you must keep it at a very low temperature.
53 Electric kettles are made of thermoset plastics because they can resist heat. [thermal; resistance

 Electric kettles are made of thermoset plastics because they have good thermal resistance.
54 When cotton is blended with polyester, the fabric has excellent crease resistance. [resistant]
 When cotton is blended with polyester, the fabric is very resistant to creases.
55 Pure polyester fabric withstands rubbing and resists water, [abrasion; resistance]
 Pure polyester fabric has good abrasion resistance and is water proof.
56 Polycarbonate is able to withstand scratches, and resists impact when it is dropped, [capable; resistance]
 Polycarbonate is capable of withstand scrtches and has good impact resistance.
57 Aluminium is highly resistant to corrosion [resists; well]
 Aluminium resists corrosion very well.
58 Hydrogen can be burnt when it is in a liquid form. [combustible]
 Hydrogen is combustible when it is in a liquid form.
59 Pure cotton fabric without polyester is very moisture-absorbent, [absorption]
 Pure cotton fabric without polyester has excellent moisture absorption.
60 Cotton absorbs moisture very well [excellent; absorption]
 Cotton has excellent absorption of moisture.
61 Some kinds of plastic can be recycled very easily [recyclable]
 Some kinds of plastic are very easily recyclable.
62 High-carbon steel has excellent resistance to impact [withstands]
 High- carbon steel with stand impact very well.
63 Aluminium is a useful material for making some aeroplane body parts because it does not corrode easily
]withstand[
 Aluminium is a useful material for making some aeroplane body parts because it is able to withstand
corrosion.
64 Stainless steel is used for making knives, because it is corrosion-resistant. [withstand]
 Stainless steel is used for making knives, because it iscapable of withstand corrosion.
65 Pipes are tested in order that any leaks can be discovered. [with the purpose of]
 Pipes are tested with the purpose of discovering any leaks.
66 The gas company is building the pipeline through Sinai to transport gas to Lebanon. [ with the aim of ]
 The gas company is building the pipeline through Sinai with the aim of transporting gas to Lebanon.
67 Suspension bridge cables are checked before use in order to test their tensile strength,
[with; purpose; of]
 Suspension bridge cables are checked before use with the purpose of testing their tensile strength.
68 Raw bauxite is sent to the crusher to break it into very small particles [with; aim]
 Raw bauxite is sent to the crusher with the aim of breaking it into very small particle.
69 Aluminium is not able to be magnetized [incapable]
 Molten aluminum is taken to a furnace, where it is mixed with another metal in this furnace to form an
alloy
70 Hydrogen is an important fuel for the future of motor cars because its exhaust is not poisonous. [toxicity]
 Hydrogen is an important fuel for the future of motor cars because its exhaust lacks toxicity.
71 Milk is usually pasteurised in order that the bacteria in the milk are destroyed, [to; destroy]
 Milk is usually pasteurised to destroy the bacteria in the milk.
72 The wind causes the blades to turn, which causes the shaft to rotate, [make]
 The wind makes the blades turn, which makes the shaft rotate.
73 The wind vane and the controller make the blades face towards the wind [cause]
 The wind vane and the controlle cause the blades face towards the wind .
74 The rotation of the shaft makes the magnet in the generator spin inside the copper coils [force]
 The rotation of the shaft forces the magnetin in the generator spin inside the copper.
75 The cables permit the electric current to flow from the wind turbine to the substation [let]
 The cables let the electric flow the wind turbine to the sub-station.
76 When there is too much water for a city, a water tank lets the extra water be stored until later [allow]
 When there is too much water for a city, a water tank allows the extra water be stored until later.
77 Once the bauxite has been extracted from the mine, it is taken to the crusher. [After]
 Once the bauxite has been extracted from the mine, it I taken to the crusher.
78 The government lent 20 million pounds to the building company, which led to the construction of a huge
road network, [construct]
 The government tent 20 million pounds to the building company. As a result, a huge road network was
constructed.

79 The untreated milk was contaminated by toxic bacteria, which was responsible for the transmission of
diseases to thousands of people. [transmit]
 The untreated milk was contaminated by toxic bacteria. As aresult, diseases were transmitted to
thousands of people.
80 Bauxite was discovered in this area two years ago, which resulted in the excavation of several mines.
]excavate[
 Bauxite was discovered in this area two years ago. As a result, several mines were excavated.
81 The Sheikh Zayed Canal needed huge amounts of water, which was the reason for the installation of 24
centrifugal pumps [install]
 The sheikh Zayed cannal needed huge amounts of water. As a result, 24 centrifugal pumps were
installed.
82 Oil was discovered under the sea bed last year, which led to the extraction of 20 million barrels of oil and
natural gas. [extract]
 Oil was discovered under the sea bed last year. As aresult, 20 million barrels of oil and natural gas were
83 During the last five years the amount of rainfall in Ethiopia changed, which brought about fluctuations
in the water levels in Lake Nasser. [fluctuate]
 During the last five years the amount of rainfall in Ethiopia changed. As aresult the water levels in lake
Nasser fluctuated.
84 If I (see) any damage. I would have reported it to the manager. (correct)
 If had seen any damage. I would have reported it to the manager.
85 The fire burnt the warehouse. (Begin with: The warehouse)
 The warehouse was burnt.
86 Aluminium (resist) corrosion very well. (correct)
 Aluminium resists corrosion very well.
87 Men bring bauxite from the mine. [ Bauxite ]
 Bauxite is brought from the mine.
88 How many countries does the satellite cove? [ I'd like to know ]
 I’d like to know how many countries the satellite coveres.
89 Spandex has the ability to return to its original size after stretching. [ capable ]
 Spandex is capable of returning to its original size after stretching.
90 Fresh milk has to processed before we can drink it. [ why ]
 Why milk has to be processed before we drink it?
91 You can combine aluminium with other materials. [ Aluminium ]
 Aluminium can be combined.
92 Most thermoplastics can be recycled easily. [ capable ]
 Most thermoplastics are being recycled easily.
93 Do all bottles have to be sterilized before they are used? [ must ]
 Do all bottles must be seterillized before they are used.
94 Milk is usually pasterurized in order that the bacteria in the milk are destroyed. [ to destroy ]
 Milk is usually pasterurized in order to destroy the bacteria in the milk.
95 How many panes of glass do you need? (I would like to know)
 I would like to know how many panes of glass you need.

Read the following, then answer the questions below:

Aircraft radar
A radar antenna at an airport has the capability of detecting the location and speed of aeroplanes. The
antenna switches on its transmitter and sends a short emission of high-frequency radio waves, lasting for
about one microsecond. The antenna then turns off its transmitter, turns on its receiver and listens for an
echo.
A high-speed clock measures how long the echo takes to arrive. Radio waves travel at the speed of light,
about 300 metres per microsecond. The data from the clock is passed to a computer, which calculates the
distance of the aeroplane. It is also capable of measuring the Doppler shift. (This is a change in the frequency
of a radio wave reflected by a moving object as it changes its location.) As a result, the radar equipment is
able to calculate the velocity of the aeroplane. Of course, the radio waves are capable of being reflected by
other objects, such as mountains. But the antenna filters out echoes from non-moving objects, and only
selects Doppler-shifted signals.

A Choose the correct answer:

(a) A microsecond is ........ a second.
A longer than B shorter than C the same as D 300 m
(b) The Doppler shift allows you to find out the ........ of an aeroplane.
A location B frequency C speed D distance
(c) What does the word its [line 6] refer to?
A receiver B transmitter C antenna D echo
(d) What does the word ft [line 9] refer to?
A computer B aeroplane C clock D distance
B Answer the questions:
(e) What do you think is the main function of the high-speed clock?
(f) If the antenna emits a radar signal and hears the echo from an aeroplane eight microseconds later, how
far away is the aeroplane from the antenna?
(g) What do you think is the advantage of the radar antenna selecting only Doppler-shifted signals?
(h) Do you think that radar equipment would be able to calculate the speed of an aeroplane if it could not
measure the Doppler shift? Give reasons.

Read this, and complete the sentences below with words from the text:
Radar speed guns
Radar is a device which uses radio waves to detect and monitor the location and speed of various
objects. The simplest function of radar is to tell you how far away an object is. To do this, the radar device
sends out a radio wave and listens for any echo. If there is an object in the path of the radio wave, it will
reflect the radio wave back to the radar device. Radio waves move through the air at a constant speed (the
speed of light), so the radar device can calculate how far away the object is, based on how long it takes the
radio signal to return. ' traveling Radar can also be used to measure the speed of an object, due to the
Doppler shift. Radio waves have a certain frequency. This is the number of oscillations per second. When the
radar gun and the car are both standing still, the echo will have the same wave frequency as the original
signal. Each part of the signal is reflected when it reaches the car, mirroring the original signal exactly.
But when the car is moving, each part of the radio signal is reflected at a different point in space, which
changes the wave pattern. When the car is moving away from the radar gun, the second segment of the
signal has to travel a greater distance to reach the car than the first segment of the signal. As the diagram
shows, this has the effect of "stretching out" the wave, or lowering its frequency. If the car is moving toward
the radar gun, the second segment of the wave travels a shorter distance than the first segment before being
reflected. As a result, the peaks and valleys of the wave are squeezed together and so the frequency
increases. Based on how much the frequency changes, a radar gun can calculate how quickly a car is moving
towards it or away from it.
(a) A device which emits radio waves to detect an object's location and speed is called…………………
b)The number of oscillations of a radio wave per second is called the .............................. of the wave.
(c)When the object is moving, it reflects radio waves which change in frequency according to the speed of the
object. This is called the ........................................................... .
•• Choose the correct answer from A, B or C
(a) If a car sounds its horn as it approaches you and passes you, how does the frequency change after it
passes you?
A from higher to lower B from lower to higher C no change
(b)If Car X is travelling towards the radar gun at 50 kph and Car Y is travelling towards the gun at 100 kph,
the frequency of the wave reflected from Car X will be .............. the frequency from Car Y.
A higher than B lower than C the same as

Read the following, then answer the questions below:

Natural gas
Pure natural gas lacks colour, shape and smell, but it has one important property which makes it very
important for industry. This is its combustibility. When it is burned, it is capable of producing a great deal
of energy. Other fossil fuels (such as coal and oil) are also combustible, but this one has two major
advantages. Firstly, it burns cleanly, resulting in the emission of considerably less toxic material into the air.
Secondly, it can be cooled and condensed into liquid form, called LNG. The volume of LNG is one-six-
hundredth the volume of natural gas. It is therefore cheaper and easier to transport LNG along pipes than

natural gas. Unfortunately, natural gas leaks can lead to serious accidents, due to its inability to be
detected by human senses. Potentially explosive leaks can only be detected by means of special equipment.
Despite this disadvantage, natural gas is a major'Egyptian industry. Today, 90 per cent of the Egyptian
power industry uses natural gas, which allows us to save more of our oil for export.
A Choose the correct answer:
a) The volume of natural gas is ........ than the volume of LNG.
A slightly greater B slightly smaller C much greater D much smaller ?
(b) Which one of the following is a property of natural gas but not of coal?
A visibility B combustibility C clean emissions D transportability
(c) What does the word This [line 2] refer to?
A industry B property C smell D natural gas
(d) What does the word one [line 4] refer to?
A oil B coal C natural gas D fossil fuel
B Answer the questions:
(e) What are the two main advantages of pure natural gas compared with oil?
(f) Which properties of natural gas make it impossible for humans to detect a natural gas leak without
special equipment? Why is this a disadvantage?
(g) If natural gas was incapable of being changed into liquid form, what effect would this have on the
natural gas industry?
(h) If natural gas had not been discovered in Egypt, how would this have changed Egypt's oil industry?

Read the following passage, then answer the questions:

Aluminium is a silvery-white material produced from a white powder called alumina. The basic raw
material is a rock called bauxite.
Pure aluminium has many useful properties e.g. it has low density, it is highly resistant to corrosion by
moisture or chemicals. It is an excellent conductor of electricity. It is non-magnetic and non-combustible.
These properties are valuable in the electronic industry.
Aluminium is used in a variety of applications including components for vehicles. It is used for
making frames for windows, doors and roofs. It is also used in the packaging industry (e.g foil) and in
making aeroplanes. Aluminium can be recyled -again and again and with no loss of quality or properties.
A. Answer the following questions;
1 - What is aluminium produced from?
2- Why is aluminium valuable in the electronics industry?
3- Is aluminium an excellent conductor of electricity?
4- What is aluminium used for?
B. Choose the correct answer from at b, c or d:
5- Aluminium ............ recycled again and again.
a) can't be b) can be c) couldn't be d) won't be
6- Aluminium is a ............. conductor of electricity.
a) good b) bad c) worse d) worst
7- Aeroplanes are made of aluminium because it is .......... to corrosion and rust.
a) resist b) resists c) resistant d) resisted
8- .............. is the raw material of aluminium.
a) Water b) Electricity c) Bauxite d) Powder
Read the following, then answer the questions:
It is possible to make your own paper at home . You will need a wire screen, several litres of pulp, a large
container to act as a vat, two large Hat wooden boards and two sheets of felt. To make the pulp, tear up
some old sheets of paper, put the pieces in a large container of water, heal the water and grind the mixure
with an electric mixer. Pour the mixure, which is now pulp, into the vat.
Then dip the wire screen into the pulp, so that a thin layer of pulp adheres to the screen. Place the
screen between the two sheets of felt, and the two boards. Press the boards hard together until the layer on
the screen is dry. Now you can pull the sheet of paper carefully off the screen .
A) Answer the following questions:
1- What do you need to make paper at home?
2- I low do you make the pulp?
3- Why do you dip the wire screen into the pulp?
4- What do you grind the mixture with?
B) Choose the correct answer from a. b .c or d:
5- A large container acts as a ...............
a) vat b) screen c) pulp d) paper
6- Put the pieces in a large container of...............
a) oil b) ice c) water d) fuel
7- Place the screen .............. the two sheets of felt,
a) under b)between c) on d) above
8- It is ............ to mate your own paper at home.
a) not easy b) impossible c) difficult d) possible
Read the following, then answer the questions:
You can your own radio using a few simple components: two pieces of wire, a metal rod, an earphone
and a detector. Hammer the rod into the ground. Strip the insulation off the end of a 3 – metre a piece of
wire. Wrap it around the rod 10 times to make a good connection. This is the earth wire.
Attach the detector to the other end of the earth wire. Take another piece of wire , 6 metres long, and
connect one end of it to the detector . This wire is your antenna Hang it in a tree, but make sure that the
bare end does not touch the earth . Connect the two leads from the earphone to each end of the detector. Put
on the earphone, and you will hear the radio station .
A. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the components of a radio?
2. How many pieces of wire do you need ?
3. Should (he bare ends touch each other ?
4. How will you hear the radio station ?
B) Choose the correct answer from a. b .c or d:
5. You should connect the two leads from the earphone lo each end of the ...... .
a) wire b) detector c) radio d) transmitter
6. It is very ...... to make a radio .
a) easy b) difficult c) not easy d) hard
7. You should hang the ....... in a tree .
a) earphone b) wire c) antenna d) detector
8. ...... the earphone lo hear the radio station .
a) Put b)Take c) Detect d) Put on

Read the following, then answer the questions:

There are several ways of food preservation . All raw food contains bacteria . The aim of food
preservation is to slow down the activity of the bacteria , or to kill the bacteria completely . Refrigeration
and freezing are two ways of preserving food . Refrigeration slows bacterial action . It takes food much
longer to spoil . Freezing stops bacterial action completely . Refrigeration does not change a food's taste, but
freezing has a small effect on the taste of meats and vegetable.
Canning is another way of preserving food. After boiling the food in the can to kill bacteria, you seal the
can to prevent any new bacteria from in, but when you boil the food its taste changes and may lose some
nutrition.
Freeze-drying is a special form of dehydration that removes all moisture and does not change the food's
taste. After freezing, the food is placed in a strong vacuum. The water in the food turns straight from ice into
vapour. This way is used for making instant- coffee and for preserving fruits.
A. Answer the following questions:
1- Why is food preservation important?
2- Mention some ways of preserving food.
3- Why is a can sealed after boiling the food?
4- Which way is used for preserving fruits?
B) Choose the correct answer from a. b .c or d:
5- Food should be preserved to prevent bacteria [ of – from – in – off ] spoiling it.
6- After boiling the food it must be [ sent – sold – eaten – sealed ]
7- In the freeze-drying way all moisture is [remove – removing – removed – removes ]
8- Refrigeration [ slows – slowing – slowed – slower ] bacterial action.

Translate into Arabic :

 All raw food contains bacteria. If is left for half a day the bacteria can spoil the food and cause disease.
The aim of food preservation is to slow down the activity of bacteria or kill it completely.
‫ الهدف من حفظ الطعام ابطىء حيويه‬. ‫ لو تركتة نصف يوم البكتريا تستطيع ان تتلف الطعام و تسبب فسادة‬.‫كل الطعام الخام يحتوى على بكتريا‬
‫البكتريا او قتلها تماما‬
 I work for the Arab Gas Pipeline Co. My company is building a natural gas pipeline from Egypt through
Jordan an Syria to Lebanon.
‫ شركتى تبنى خطا انابيب غاز طبيعى من مصر الى سوريا ولبنان ويمر من خالل االردن‬.‫انا اعمل فى الشركة العربية لخطوط انابيب الغاز‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪In Egypt, the speed limit for a car is 100 Km hour on highways. If you drive faster than this, the police‬‬
‫‪may detect your vehicle’s speed by using laser speed gun.‬‬
‫فى مصر السرعة القصوى للسيارة على الطرق السريعة ‪ 100‬كم فى الساعة‪ .‬لو السائق قاد اسرع من هذا – البوليس‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪A mobile phone tower is a tall structure, usually located outside a town or village, which is used for‬‬
‫‪transmitting and receiving mobile phone signals.‬‬
‫أبراج التليفون المحمول يكون بناء طويل ‪ ،‬عادة يوضع خارج المدن اوالقرى ‪ ،‬الذى يستخدم إلرسال واستقبال إشارات التليفون المحمول‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Hudrogen is one of the gases found in air. Many engineers believe that hydrogen can be used as a clean‬‬
‫‪fuel cars and other vehicles.‬‬
‫الهيدروجين¡ واحد من الغازات الموجودة فى الهواء‪ .‬عديد من المهندسين اعتمدوا الهيدروجين¡ انه يستطيع استخدامه كوقود نظيف للسيارة¡ والمركبات االخرى‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Some aluminium products are used in the packaging industry and in construction.‬‬
‫بعض منتجات االلمونيوم تستخدم فى صناعة التغليف واإلنشاءات‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Since the Tacoma Bridge collapse, engineers have learned a lot about bridge design.‬‬
‫منذ انهيار كوبرى تاكويا ‪ ،‬المهندسين تعلموا الكثير عن تصميم الكوبرى‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪The manager sent a memo to all staff in the electronics department.‬‬
‫المدير ارسل مذكرة الى الجميع فى قسم االلكترونيات‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫القمر الصناعى تكنولوجيا جديدة بدات فى ‪Satellite radio is a new technology which started in the 1990s 1990‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هذه االيام نستطيع تصنيع الياف صناعية من الزيت او الفحم‪Nowadays we can make synthetic fibres from oil or coal.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هل االتوبيس المتجه الى االسكندرية تعدى الحد االقصى للسرعة ?‪Was the bus going to Alexandria breaking the speed limit‬‬

‫‪Translate into English :‬‬

‫إن الزعفرانة من أحسن األماكن فى العالم لتحويل قوة الرياح إلى كهرباء‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫إن حد السرعة فى مصر هو مائة كيلو متر على الطرق السريعة‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫يتم تنفيذ كثير من المشروعات الصناعية فى كل أنحاء البالد‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫إن الرياح مصدر نظيف للطاقة‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫يجب على اللبن قبل شربه‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫إن الهيدروجين غاز خفيف جدا‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫يستخدم اليالستيك فى صناعة زجاجات اللبن‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫يمكن إعادة تدوير واستخدام المواد‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫يمكن إعادة تدوير بعض أنواع من البالستيك بسهولة‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫إن كوبرى توكاما هو أطول كوبرى معلق فى الواليات المتحدة‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫إن النحاس لديه القدرة على توصيل الكهرباء جيدا‪.‬‬ ‫‪-11‬‬
‫يجب على اللبن قبل شربه‬ ‫‪-12‬‬
‫ما هو الهدف من مشروعك؟‬ ‫‪-13‬‬
‫يمكن إعادة تدوير واستخدام معظم المواد‬ ‫‪-14‬‬
‫يتم تنفيذ كثير من المشروعات الصناعية فى كل أنحاء البالد‬ ‫‪-15‬‬