Збірник Задач з Фізики Для Розвязування з Використанням Компютера Лопатинський Чех

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JKL<H HK<1LB 1 G:MDB MDJ:2GB

G:P1HG:EVGBC MG1<?JKBL?L ³EV<1<KVD: IHE1L?OG1D:´
1/EhiZlbgkvdbc
<1Qo
A;1JGBDA:>:Q
AN1ABDB
êyjha\¶yam\Zggy
a\bdhjbklZggyfdhfi’xl_jZ
J_dhf_g^h\Zgh Fgkl_jkl\hf hk\lb gZmdb MdjZgb
yd gZ\qZevgbc ihk[gbd êy klm^_gl\ \bsbo gZ\qZevgbo aZdeZ^\
Ev\\
<b^Z\gbpl\h GZphgZevgh]h mg\_jkbl_lm ³Ev\\kvdZ ihel_ogdZ´
2006
M>D 53(076)
D 839
;;D 22.3
J_dhf_g^h\Zgh Fgkl_jkl\hf hk\lb gZmdb MdjZgb
yd gZ\qZevgbc ihk[gbd êy klm^_gl\ \bsbo gZ\qZevgbo aZdeZ^\
(ebkl –2228 \^ j)
J_p_ga_glb
A< KlZkxd aZ\ dZn_^jb nabqgh lZ [hf_^bqgh
_e_dljhgdb Ev\\kvdh]h gZphgZevgh]h mg\_jkbl_lm
f_g 1\ZgZ NjZgdZ ^hdlhj na-fZl gZmd ijhn_khj
< 1 <Zc^Zgbq ijhn_khj dZn_^jb aZ]Zevgh nabdb

MdjZgkvdh]h ^_j`Z\gh]h ekhl_ogqgh]h mg\_jkbl_lm
dZg^ na-fZl gZmd
EhiZlbgkvdbc 1/ Qo <1.
D 839 A[jgbd aZ^Zq a nabdb êy jha\¶yam\Zggy a \bdhjbklZg-
gyf dhfi¶xl_jZ GZ\q ihk[gbd – Ev\\ <b^Z\gbpl\h GZph-
gZevgh]h mg\_jkbl_lm ³Ev\\kvdZ ihel_ogdZ´ – 316 k
ISBN 966-553-539-0
Ihk[gbd fklblv aZ^Zq ^h \ko hkgh\gbo jhaê\ dmjkm
aZ]Zevgh nabdb GZ ihqZldm dh`gh]h a \kfgZ^pylb jhaê\

gZ\_^_gh hkgh\g nhjfmeb aZdhgb yd g_h[o^g êy jha\ yam\Zggy

¶
aZ^Zq pvh]h jhaêm <k aZijhihgh\Zg aZ^Zq ^hpevgh jha\’yam\Zlb

a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\ i_jkhgZevgh]h dhfi’xl_jZ
>ey klm^_gl\ \bsbo l_ogqgbo gZ\qZevgbo aZdeZ^\
Fh`_ [mlb dhjbkgbf \bdeZ^ZqZf i^ qZk i^]hlh\db ^h \bdhgZg-

gy \ijZ\ a nabdb
;;D 22.3
© EhiZlbgkvdbc 1/, Qo <1 2006

© GZphgZevgbc mg\_jkbl_l
ISBN 966-553-539-0 ³Ev\\kvdZ ihel_ogdZ´
2
<KLMI
>hjh]bcqblZqm
L\hc m\Za ijhihgm}lvky ijbgpbih\h gh\bc gZ\qZevgbc

ihk[gbd \ ydhfm ih^Z}lvky ihgZ^ 800 nabqgbo aZ^Zq êy jha\’yam-
\Zggy aZ ^hihfh]hx dhfi’xl_jZ
M a[jgbdm ih^Zgh aZ^Zq lZdbo lbi\
AZ^Zq i^ qZk jha\’yam\Zggy ydbo \bgbdZxlv j\gyggy
\bkhdbo kl_i_g\ Z[h ljZgkp_g^_glg j\gyggy yd gZcajmqgr_
jha\’yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\ lZ dhfi’xl_jZ.
2. AZ^Zq \ ydbo lj_[Z \bagZqZlb _dklj_fmfb nmgdpc ydsh p
_dklj_fmfb g_fhèb\h agZclb ZgZelbqgh
3. AZ^Zq ^_ \bgbdZ} ihlj_[Z agZoh^blb \bagZq_gbc gl_]jZe
h[qbke_ggy ydh]h fhèb\_ levdb qbkeh\bfb f_lh^Zfb
AZ^Zq sh ijb\h^ylv ^h ^bn_j_gpZevgbo j\gygv (gh^
aZklhkm\Zggy qbkeh\bo f_lh^\ agZqgh r\b^r_ ijb\h^blv ^h h^_j-
`Zggy \îh\^ g` i^ qZk jha\’yam\Zggy ZgZelbqgbf kihkh[hf).
AZ^Zq \ ydbo aZ h^g}x l}x kZfhx nhjfmehx lj_[Z
\bdhgZlb h[qbke_ggy [Z]Zlh jZa\ ahdj_fZ ijb ih[m^h\ ]jZnd\
< a[jgbdm ih^Zgh aZ^Zq ^h \ko jhaê\ dmjkm aZ]Zevgh nabdb
>h dh`gh]h jhaêm ^Z}lvky dhjhldbc \klmi a hibkZggyf hkgh\gbo
aZdhg\ lZ nhjfme gZ hkgh\ ydbo lj_[Z jha\’yam\Zlb aZ^Zq pvh]h
jhaêm Djf pvh]h, gZ ihqZldm dh`gh]h jhaêm gZ\_^_gh ijbdeZ^b
jha\’yaZggy – aZ^Zq yd \dexqZxlv ZgZea nabqgh kml \b\_^_ggy
nhjfme yd \bdhjbklh\mxlv êy jha\’yaZggy p} aZ^Zq >h jha\’yad\
pbo aZ^Zq gZ\_^_gh ijh]jZfb êy dhfi’xl_jZ fh\Zfb IZkdZev Z[h K++.
<b[j gZa\Zgbo fh\ ijh]jZfm\Zggy amfh\e_gbc lbf sh a]^gh a gZ\-
qZevgbf ieZghf i^ qZk \b\q_ggy dmjkm aZ]Zevgh nabdb klm^_glb \`_
\heh^xlv ijZdlbqgbfb gZ\bdZfb \bdhjbklZggy gZa\Zgbo fh\ ijh]jZ-
fm\Zggy >ey jha\’yaZggy aZijhihgh\Zgbo m a[jgbdm aZ^Zq qblZq fh`_
\bdhjbklh\m\Zlb c gr fh\b ijh]jZfm\Zggy
3
P_ g_ hagZqZ} sh \k aZ^Zq a dmjkm aZ]Zevgh nabdb lj_[Z
jha\’yam\Zlb levdb aZ ^hihfh]hx dhfi’xl_jZ AZ]Zevgh\^hfh sh }
\_ebdZ devdklv aZ^Zq êy jha\’yam\Zggy ydbo ah\kf g_ ihlj[gh
h[qbke_gv, – p_ lZd a\Zg ydkg aZ^Zq <_ebdZ devdklv aZ^Zq sh
jha\’yamxlvky ZgZelbqgh GZ gZr ih]ey^ êy klm^_gl\ aZ]Zevgh-
l_ogqgbo ki_pZvghkl_c jhamfgZ ^haZ aZ^Zq a aZklhkm\Zggyf dhfi’x-
l_jZ – 20–30 % \^ aZ]Zevgh devdhkl aZ^Zq >ey klm^_gl\ dhfi’xl_j-
gbo ki_pZevghkl_c D1 DG DK 1; lZ ki_pZevghkl_c “IjbdeZ^gZ
nabdZ´ ³IjbdeZ^gZ fZl_fZlbdZ´ aZ^Zq a \bdhjbklZggyf dhfi’xl_jZ
ih\bgg klZgh\blb 35–40 % \^ aZ]Zevgh devdhkl aZ^Zq
AZ^Zq j_dhf_g^m}lvky jha\’yam\Zlb \ lZdc ihke^h\ghkl
Z <b\q_ggy mfh\b aZ^Zq lZ aZibk M ahrbl êy ijZdlbqgbo
aZgylv lj_[Z aZibkZlb mfh\m aZ^Zq ih\gklx, Z lZdh` ajh[blb
kdhjhq_gbc aZibk M kdhjhq_ghfm aZibk ih\bgg [mlb \dZaZg qbk-
eh\ agZq_ggy g_afggbo \_ebqbg lZ \^hdj_fe_g afgg \_ebqbgb
Ijb \ko aZibkZo nabqgbo \_ebqbg [Z`Zgh ^hljbfm\Zlbkv aZ]Zevgh-
ijbcgylbo ihagZq_gv Mfh\Z aZ^Zq ih\bggZ [mlb \b\q_gZ ^h ih\-
gh]h jhamfggy mk\^hfe_ggy \ko nabqgbo y\bs ijhp_k\ ijh
yd \ gc c^_lvky ;_a ]eb[hdh]h jhamfggy \ko gxZgk\ mfh\b aZ^Zq
g_ fh`_ [mlb fh\b ijh mkio \ jha\’yam\Zgg p} aZ^Zq
[ :gZea aZ^Zq Ob[gbf } my\e_ggy ijh l_ sh ydsh aZ^Zq
jhajh[e_gh êy dhfi’xl_jZ lh gZlbkdZggyf devdho deZ\r deZ\Z-
lmjb ^m`_ ijhklh r\b^dh jha\’yaZlb. P_ ah\kf g_ lZd
>ey dhfi’xl_jZ lj_[Z kdeZklb ijh]jZfm ijbqhfm kihqZldm
g_h[o^gbc jmglh\gbc ZgZea aZ^Zq :gZea i_j_^[ZqZ} a’ykm\Zggy
nabqgh kml aZ^Zq Ikey pvh]h ih\bgg [mlb \klZgh\e_g nmgdph-
gZevg aZe_`ghkl f` \_ebqbgZfb sh ih^Zg \ mfh\ aZ^Zq lZ
\_ebqbghx ydm lj_[Z \bagZqblb 1gh^ êy djZsh]h jhamfggy mfh\b
aZ^Zq g_h[o^gh jh[blb jbkmghd Z[h ko_fm Sh[ aZ[_ai_qblb gnhj-
fZlb\gklv jbkmgdZ, ch]h lj_[Z \bdhgm\Zlb klZjZggh ]jZfhlgh
<bdhjbklh\mxqb kmpevg rljboh\ eg gZ jbkmgdm lj_[Z qldh
\bêblb ]heh\g ^_lZe gZ nhg ^jm]hjy^gbo. Levdb \ lZdhfm jZa
jbkmghd [m^_ _n_dlb\gbf ihfqgbdhf m jha\’yam\Zgg aZ^Zq
\ Ih[m^h\Z Ze]hjblfm jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq kdeZ^Zggy ijh]jZfb
:e]hjblf – p_ kljh]Z qldZ kbkl_fZ ijZ\be ydZ \bagZqZ}
ihke^h\gklv ^c gZ^ ^_ydbfb h[’}dlZfb ydZ aZ kdgq_ggm devdklv
djhd\ ijb\h^blv ^h ^hky]g_ggy ihklZ\e_gh f_lb. <bdhjbklh\mxqb
aZ]Zevghijbcgyl kbf\heb ih[m^m\Zlb [ehd-ko_fm Ze]hjblfm \hgZ
fh`_ [mlb egcghx jha]Zem`_ghx Z[h pbdeqghx >h[j_ \bdhgZgZ
4
[ehd-ko_fZ Ze]hjblfm – aZihjmdZ mkirgh]h kdeZ^Zggy ijh]jZfb
Ikey ih[m^h\b Ze]hjblfm lj_[Z kdeZ^Zlb ijh]jZfm Lhqgbc ^_-
lZevgbc i_j_ed hi_jZpc ^h^Z\Zggy \^gfZggy fgh`_ggy ê_g-
gy i^g_k_ggy ^h kl_i_gy lhsh gZ \ko klZ^yo j_ZeaZp Ze]hjblfm
gZab\Zxlv ijh]jZfhx Hl`_ \bdhjbklh\mxqb fZl_fZlbqg lZ nabq-
g nhjfmeb yd [meb h^_j`Zg i^ qZk ZgZeam aZ^Zq lj_[Z \klZ-
gh\blb lhqgm ihke^h\gklv ogvh]h \bdhjbklZggy i^ qZk h[qbke_gv
] GZeZ]h^`_ggy ijh]jZfb KdeZ^_gm ijh]jZfm gZ[bjZxlv gZ
dhfi’xl_j lZ \êZ]h^`mxlv Ydsh ijh]jZfZ kdeZ^_gZ ijZ\bevgh
qbkeh\ agZq_ggy aZ^Zgbo \_ebqbg } j_Zevgbfb lh ijh]jZfZ ijZpx-
\Zlbf_ [_a gZeZ]h^`m\Zggy Ydsh m kdeZ^Zgg ijh]jZfb ^hims_g
ihfbedb lh ijh]jZfZ g_ ijZpx} lj_[Z gZeZ]h^`m\Zlb GZeZ-
]h^`_ggy ijh]jZfb ihey]Z} \ lhfm sh ihlj[gh agZclb \bijZ\blb
ihfbedb AZ]Zehf m % \biZ^d\ ijh]jZfm g_h[o^gh gZeZ]h^`m-
\Zlb. LZdh` gZeZ]h^`_ggy fh`_ [mlb ihlj[gbf, ydsh g_ \jZoh\Zgh
hkh[eb\hkl fh\b ijh]jZfm\Zggy M pc dgb`p \k ijh]jZfb gZ\_-
^_gh m gZeZ]h^`_ghfm \b]ey^
^ :gZea h^_j`Zgh]h j_amevlZlm HljbfZ\rb rmdZgm \_ebqb-
gm ihlj[gh ijhZgZeam\Zlb sh[ i_j_dhgZlbky qb \îh\^Z} \hgZ
mfh\ aZ^Zq
:\lhjb kih^\Zxlvky sh p_c ihk[gbd [m^_ dhjbkgbf êy
qblZqZ a ^\ho ijbqbg Jha\’yamxqb aZijhihgh\Zg aZ^Zq qblZq agZq-
gh ih]eb[blv agZggy lZ jhamfggy nabqgbo y\bs aZdhg\ ch]h
agZggy klZgmlv fpgrbfb. JZahf a lbf, qblZq \^hkdhgZeblv gZ\bdb
ijh]jZfm\Zggy mk\^hfblv ijZdlbqg_ \bdhjbklZggy aZkh[\ ijh]jZ-
fm\Zggy êy j_Zevgbo dhgdj_lgbo aZ^Zq
:\lhjb \bkeh\exxlv sbjm \^yqgklv j_p_ga_glZf ijhn A KlZ-
kxdm ijhn < <Zc^Zgbqm lZ ^hp_glm L Djmr_evgbpvdc yd ajh[beb
jy^ klhlgbo aZm\Z`_gv lZ ^Zeb dhjbkg ihjZ^b klhkh\gh afklm [Z]Z-
lvho aZ^Zq a[jgbdZ Z lZdh` Zkbkl_glm ;: >Zgbe\m aZ \b]hlh\e_ggy
jbkmgd\ a \bdhjbklZggyf dhfi¶xl_jgh ]jZndb <^yqg lZdh` mkf
dhe_]Zf a dZn_^jb nabdb GZphgZevgh]h mg\_jkbl_lm ³Ev\\kvdZ
ihel_ogdZ´ aZ ^h[jhabqeb\klv lZ mqZklv \ h[]h\hj_gg aZ^Zq a[jgbdZ
5
1. D1G?F:LBD:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
R\b^dklv υ f_oZgqgh]h jmom \ aZ]Zevghfm \b]ey^
ds
υ= ,
dt
^_ s – reyo t – qZk
Ijbkdhj_ggy
dυ d 2 s
a= = 2 .
dt dt
>ey ijyfhegcgh]h j\ghfjgh]h jmom
s
υ= = const,
t
a = 0.
>ey ijyfhegcgh]h j\ghafggh]h jmom
at 2
S = υt + ,
2
υ = υo + at ,
a =const.
< pbo j\gyggyo ijbkdhj_ggy a ^h^Zlg_ i^ qZk j\ghijbkdh-
j_gh]h jmom \^’}fg_ i^ qZk j\ghkih\evg_gh]h .
I^ qZk djb\hegcgh]h jmom ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy ^hj\gx}
a= at 2 + an 2 ,
6
^_ . – lZg]_gpZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy . – ^hp_gljh\_ ijbkdhj_ggy
ijbqhfm
t n
dυ υ2
aτ = , an = ,
dt R
^_ υ – r\b^dklv jmom R – jZ^mk djb\bgb ljZ}dlhj m pc lhqp
Ijb h[_jlZevghfm jmk \ aZ]Zevghfm \b]ey^ dmlh\Z r\b^dklv
& = dϕ ,
dt
Z dmlh\_ ijbkdhj_ggy
dω d 2ϕ
0= = 2 .
dt dt
>ey j\ghfjgh]h h[_jlZevgh]h jmom dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx}
= ϕ = 2π = 2πν ,
t T
^_ T – i_jh^ h[_jlZggy – qZklhlZ h[_jlZggy lh[lh devdklv
h[_jl\ aZ h^bgbpx qZkm
Dmlh\Z r\b^dklv & a\yaZgZ a egcghx r\b^dklx υ ki\\^-
ghr_ggyf
υ = &5.
LZg]_gpZevg_ ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy ijb h[_jlZevghfm
jmk fh`mlv [mlb \bjZ`_g lZd
.t = 05,
.n = &²R.
IjbdeZ^b jha\’yaZggy aZ^Zq

AZe_`gklv ijbkdhj_ggy leZ a \^ qZkm t i^ qZk ihklm-
iZevgh]h jmom hibkm}lvky j\gyggyf a = 0,4 + 0,3t ^_ t – qZk, k.
2
Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm jmom leh ijhc^_ reyo f,
ydsh ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx} fk?
7
Jha\¶yaZggy
Ijbkdhj_ggy r\b^dklv jmom leZ \aZ}fha\’yaZg
dυ
a= .
dt
A\^kb dυ = adt
dυ = (0,4 + 0,3t2) dt
υ= ∫ (0,4 + 0,3t2) dt
υ = υ 0 + 0,4t + 0,1 t3.

Hkdevdb f` r\b^dklx reyohf kgm} ki\\^ghr_ggy
ds
υ= .
dt
ds = υ dt = ( υ 0 + 0,4t + 0,1t3) dt
s= ∫ ( υ 0 + 0,4t + 0,1t3) dt
s = υ 0 t + 0,2t2 + 0,025t4.
Py aZe_`gklv reyom \^ qZkm ihdeZ^_gZ \ hkgh\m jh[hlb

ijh]jZfb
Program Kin2117;
Uses CRT;
Var S,V,t,t1,c :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
S:=152;
V:=2;
t:=0;
t1:=0.02;
C:=t*t;
While (S-V*t-0.2*C-0.025*C*C)>0 do
8
Begin
C:=T*t;
t:=t+t1;
End;
Writeln(´t´=,t:6:2);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t = 8,38 k.
2. FZoh\_ dhe_kh h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh egcgZ r\b^dklv ch]h
lhqhd gZ h[h^ afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf υ = 1 + 3t + 0,2t³, ^_ t – qZk, k.
AZ ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm h[_jlZggy egcgZ r\b^dklv lhqhd gZ h[h^
fZoh\bdZ [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 25,8 fk" <bagZql_ dmlh\m r\b^dklv
h[_jlZggy fZoh\bdZ m p_c kZfbc fhf_gl qZkm ydsh ch]h lhqdZ sh
jhafs_gZ gZ kf [eb`q_ ^h hk, fZ} egcgm r\b^dklv fk.
Jha\’yaZggy
>ey \bagZq_ggy qZkm lj_[Z jha\’yaZlb j\gyggy lj_lvh]h
kl_i_gy GZcajmqgr_ p_ jh[blb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
[2, 7] >ey \bagZq_ggy dmlh\h r\b^dhkl \bdhjbklh\mxlv ki\\^gh -
r_ggy f` egcghx lZ dmlh\hx r\b^dhklyfb
υ = &#;
υ = &(R– l ),
^_ υ – egcgZ r\b^dklv lhqhd gZ h[h^ dhe_kZ υ1 – egcgZ
r\b^dklv lhqhd sh jhafs_g gZ \^^Ze l [eb`q_ ^h p_gljZ dhe_kZ
Jha\’yam\Zggy kbkl_fb pbo ^\ho j\gygv ^Z}
υ − υ1
ω= .
l
GZ hkgh\ pbo ki\\^ghr_gv kdeZ^_gh ijh]jZfm êy dhfi’xl_jZ
Program Kin2115;
Uses CRT;
Var a,V1,V2,V,t,t1,R,W :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
V1:=25.8;
9
V2:=19.35;
R:=0.08;
t:=0;
t1:=0.001;
While V<V1 do
Begin
a:=t*t*t;
V:=1+3*t+0.2*a;
t:=t+t1;
End;
W:=(V1-V2)/r;
Writeln(´t=´,t:6:3);
Writeln(´W=´,W:6:2)
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t = k & = jZ^k
AZ^Zq
1.1. L\_j^_ leh jmoZ}lvky ihklmiZevgh lZd sh reyo ydbc
\hgh ijhoh^blv afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf S = At–Bt²–Ct4, ^_ : = 14 fk,
< = 1,2 fk², K = 0,15 fk Q_j_a ydbc qZk r\b^dklv jmom leZ
4
af_grblvky \^\q" Ydbc reyo ijhc^_ leh aZ p_c qZk"

1.2. AZe_`gklv r\b^dhkl jmom leZ \^ qZkm hibkm}lvky j\-
gyggyf υ = 2 + 1,5t + 2t². AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo 216 f?
1.3. AZe_`gklv ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm i^ qZk ihklmiZevgh]h jmom
aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^ Z = < + Kt2, ^_ t – qZk, k < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl qZkm
(t ijbkdhj_ggy ^hj\gx} fk2 \ fhf_gl qZkm k ijbkdhj_ggy
[m^_ fk2. Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm jmom r\b^dklv [m^_
^hj\gx\Zlb 14 fk ydsh ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv fk?
1.4. AZe_`gklv ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm ijb ihklmiZevghfm jmk
aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^ Z = <t + 2t2, ^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a h^gm k_dmg^m \^
ihqZldm jmom r\b^dklv leZ ijb pvhfm jmk ^hj\gx\ZeZ 2 1 fk.
6
Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm jmom leh ijoc^_ reyo 5 f?
1.5. AZe_`gklv r\b^dhkl \^ qZkm ijb ihklmiZevghfm jmk
aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^ υ = 2t – 4t2 + 1,4t4, ^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^
fhf_glm ihqZldm jmom ijbkdhj_ggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 6 fk2?
10
1.6. AZe_`gklv r\b^dhkl \^ qZkm ijb ihklmiZevghfm jmk
leZ aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^
υ = 2t – 4t2 + 0,35t4,
^_ t – qZk, k Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm
1.7. AZe_`gklv ijhc^_gh]h lehf reyom \^ qZkm hibkm}
j\gyggy S = 4,8t – 2,2t + 0,2t . <bagZqblb _dklj_fZevg_ agZq_ggy
2 4 5
r\b^dhkl leZ.
1.8. <bagZqblb reyob, yd ijhoh^blv leh sh \evgh iZ^Z}, aZ
i_jrm lZ dh`gm gZklmigm k_dmg^b ^h 20 k ikey ihqZldm iZ^ggy
Hihjm ih\ljy g_ \jZoh\m\Zlb
1.9. DZfgv dbgmlh \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm a r\b^dklx υ = 20 fk.
o
GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl \bkhlb gZ ydc [m^_ dZfgv, \^ qZkm

<aylb gl_j\Ze qZkm \^ ^h k Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy
^hj\gx} 10 fk .
2
1.10. L\_j^_ leh h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk aZ aZdh-

ghf 3 = a t – bt² – ct , a = 12 jZ^k, b = 1,2 jZ^k², c = 0,14 jZ^k .
4 4
Q_j_a ydbc qZk leh amibgblvky"

1.11. L\_j^_ leh h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk aZ aZdh-
ghf 3 = a t + bt² + ct , a = 0,5 jZ^k, b = 1,2 jZ^k², c = 0,15 jZ^k .
4 4
Q_j_a kdevdb qZkm \^ ihqZldm jmom [m^_ ^hky]gmlh dmlh\h r\b^-
dhkl jZ^k?
1.12. FZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ jmoZ}lvky ih dhem lZd sh dml ih\hjhlm
jZ^mkZ ydbc kihemqZ} lhqdm a p_gljhf dheZ afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf
3 = a t + bt² + ct , ^_ a = 0,4 jZ^k, b = 0,6 jZ^k², c = 0,02 jZ^k Q_j_a
4 4
ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm jmom ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb [m^_
^hj\gx\Zlb 45 fk ? JZ^mk dheZ sh } ljZ}dlhj}x jmom lhqdb
2
^hj\gx} kf.
1.13. Dhe_kh h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh aZe_`gklv dmlZ ih\hjhlm
jZ^mkZ pvh]h dhe_kZ \^ qZkm aZ^Z}lvky j\gyggyf 3 = a t + bt² + ct , 4
^_ a = 0,5 jZ^k, b = 0,3 jZ^k², c = 0,04 jZ^k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^
4
ihqZldm fhf_glm h[_jlZggy lZg]_gpZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ

h[h^ dhe_kZ [m^_ fZlb lZd_ kZf_ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy, yd ghjfZevg_
ijbkdhj_ggy p} kZfh lhqdb"
1.14. Dhe_kh h[_jlZ}lvky aZ lZdbf kZfbf aZdhghf, yd m aZ^Zq
1.13. Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm h[_jlZggy ih\g_ ijbkdh-
j_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^ dhe_kZ kl\hjx\Zlbf_ dml 6 ]jZ^mk\ a ghj-
fZevgbf ijbkdhj_ggyf p} kZfh lhqdb"
11
1.15. FZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ jmoZ}lvky ih dhem lZd sh aZe_`gklv
reyom \^ qZkm aZ^Zxlv j\gyggyf S = At + Bt² + Ct ^_ : =1 fk,
4
< = 0,2 fk², K = 0,07 fk . Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm jmom
4
ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy p} lhqdb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 160 fk², dheb

\^hfh sh q_j_a k ikey ihqZldm jmom ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy p}
lhqdb ^hj\gx\Zeh fk²?
1.16. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h]h ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm hibkm}lvky j\-
gyggyf 0 = 3 + 2t , ^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm
2
h[_jlZggy dmlh\Z r\b^dklv pvh]h leZ [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy

139 jZ^k ydsh ihqZldh\Z dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx\ZeZ jZ^k?
1.17. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h]h ijbkdhj_ggy ε fZoh\bdZ \^ qZkm t
hibkm}lvky j\gyggyf ε = 0,12+0,4t ^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^
2
fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^ fZoh-

\bdZ [m^_ kl\hjx\Zlb dml 0 a lZg]_gpZevgbf ijbkdhj_ggyf p}
D
kZfh lhqdb"
1.18. Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm h[_jlZggy lZg]_gpZevg_
ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^ fZoh\bdZ fZlbf_ lZd_ kZf_ qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy, yd ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy p} kZfh lhqdb" H[_jlZggy
a^ckgx}lvky aZ lZdbf kZfbf aZdhghf, yd m aZ^Zq 7.
1.19. Dhe_kh jZ^mkhf R = 25 kf h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh aZe_`-
gklv egcgh r\b^dhkl lhqhd yd e_`Zlv gZ h[h^ dhe_kZ \^ qZkm
jmom aZ^Zgh j\gyggyf υ = A + Bt + Ct , ^_ :=1 kf, < = 3 kfk ,
2 2
K = 0,1 kfk <bagZqblb dml sh ml\hj_gbc \_dlhjhf ih\gh]h ijbk-

3
dhj_ggy a jZ^mkhf dhe_kZ \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 1,2,3, ... 10 k ikey

ihqZldm jmom
1.20. Dhe_kh h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh aZe_`gklv dmlh\h r\b^dhkl
\^ qZkm aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^
ω = At + 1,5t 3 ,
^_ t – qZk, k, : – ^_ydbc dh_np}gl <bagZqblb qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h

dhe_kh ^hky]g_ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl 26 jZ^k ydsh \ ihqZldh\bc
fhf_gl (t = dmlh\_ ijbkdhj_ggy ^hj\gx\Zeh jZ^k . 2
1.21. Dhe_kh jZ^mkhf R = 0,12 f h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh

aZe_`gklv dmlZ ih\hjhlm ch]h jZ^mkZ \^ qZkm aZ^ZgZ m \b]ey^
ϕ = At 2 + 1, 2t 3 + 0,5t 4 ,
12
^_ t – qZk, k, : – ^_ydbc dh_np}gl <bagZqblb qZk sh ijhc^_ \^
ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ^h lh]h fhf_glm dheb lhqdZ gZ h[h^ dhe_kZ [m^_
fZlb egcgm r\b^dklv 8 fk < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl dmlh\_ ijbk-
dhj_ggy dhe_kZ ^hj\gx\Zeh jZ^k2.
1.22. >bkd jZ^mkhf R = 4 kf h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk
lZd sh aZe_`gklv dmlh\h r\b^dhkl \^ qZkm aZ^Z}lvky j\gyggyf
ω = At 2 + Dt 4 ,
^_ : = 0.8 jZ^k3, D = 0,05 jZ^k5 Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm jmom
ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqhd gZ h[h^ ^bkdZ [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 8 fk2?
1.23. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h r\b^dhkl \^ qZkm ijb h[_jlZevghfm
jmk dhe_kZ aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
ω = 1, 4t + 2t 2 ,
^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm h[_jlZggy dhe_kh ajh[blv
ih\gbo h[_jl\"
1.24. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h]h ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm ijb h[_jlZev-

ghfm jmk dhe_kZ aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
ε = 3 + 2t 2 ,
^_ t – qZk, k Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm h[_jlZggy dhe_kh ajh[blv
ih\gbo h[_jl\"
1.25. GZdj_kelv ljZ}dlhjx jmom leZ sh dbgml_ i^ dmlhf
α = 40D ^h ]hjbahglm a r\b^dklx 30 fk Hij ih\ljy g_ \jZoh\m\Zlb
< d Z a \ d Z AZibrlv hdj_fh aZe_`ghkl r\b^dhkl reyom
\^ qZkm \ ijh_dpyo gZ hk o lZ m A h^_j`Zgbo j\gygv \bagZql_ qZk
i^chfm \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm jmom ^h fhf_glm, dheb \_jlbdZevgZ
kdeZ^h\Z r\b^dhkl ^hj\gx} gmex qZk kimkdZggy \bkhlm i^chfm
lZ ^Ze_dklv ihevhlm <bdexqb\rb a \bjZa\ x(t) lZ y(t qZk h^_j`lv
ljZ}dlhjx jmom leZ y(x).
1.26. A ydhx r\b^dklx lj_[Z dbgmlb f’yq jbk sh[
ihljZiblb \ [Zkd_l[hevg_ devp_" AgZclb ihqZldh\ r\b^dhkl êy
jagbo dml\ " <aylb ^ZiZahg dml\ \^ D ^h D q_j_a D). Hihjm
ih\ljy ^Zf_ljZ f’yqZ g_ \jZoh\m\Zlb L = h = 2,5 f.
< d Z a \ d Z Lj_[Z \b\_klb j\gyggy ljZ}dlhj m(o I^klZ-
\b\rb oL, mh h^_j`lv a\’yahd f` dmlhf db^Zggy . g_h[o^ghx
ihqZldh\hx r\b^dklx db^Zggy
13
Jbk 1.
1.27. EolZj, sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^^Ze f \^ \_jlbdZevgh

klgb, db^Z} gZ g_ k\leh\bc ³aZcqbd´ EolZj j\ghfjgh h[_jlZ-
}lvky \^ghkgh \_jlbdZevgh hk fZ} qZklhlm h[_jlZggy ,5 h[k. I^
qZk h[_jlZggy eolZjy ³aZcqbd´ [`blv ih klg ih ]hjbahglZevgc
ijyfc Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl r\b^dhkl ³aZcqbdZ´ a ydhx
\g i_j_fsZ}lvky ih klg \^ qZkm
1.28. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl ijbkdhj_ggy “aZcqbdZ”
\^ qZkm G_h[o^g ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 27.
1.29. FZrbgkl _e_dljhiha^Z sh gZ[eb`Z}lvky ^h lmg_ex \
ijyfh\bkgc kd_e ih^Z} a\mdh\bc kb]gZe \ lhc fhf_gl dheb \^k-
lZgv ^h kd_e [meZ 0 f r\b^dklv iha^Z hibkm\ZeZkv \bjZahf
υ = (20 + 2t + 0,9t 2 ) fk.
Q_j_a ydbc qZk fZrbgkl ihqm} a\md kb]gZem \^[blh]h kd_-
e_x ydsh r\b^dklv a\mdm \ ih\lj 332 fk?
1.30. FZrbgkl _e_dljhiha^Z sh \^^Zey}lvky \^ lmg_ex \
ijyfh\bkgc kd_e ih^Z} a\mdh\bc kb]gZe \ lhc fhf_gl dheb
\^klZgv \^ kd_e [meZ f r\b^dklv iha^Z hibkm\ZeZkv \bjZahf
υ = (20 + 2t + 0,9t 2 ) fk.
14
1.31. FZrbgkl _e_dljhiha^Z sh jmoZ}lvky iZjZe_evgh ^h
ijyfh\bkgh kd_e ydZ } gZ \^^Ze L = 700 f \^ aZeagbqgh dhe
ih^Z} a\mdh\bc kb]gZe R\b^dklv iha^Z hibkm\ZeZkv \bjZahf
υ = (25 + 2t + 0,9t 2 ) fk.
1.32. FZrbgkl _e_dljhiha^Z sh gZ[eb`Z}lvky ^h lmg_ex \
ijyfh\bkgc kd_e ih^Z} a\mdh\bc kb]gZe \ lhc fhf_gl dheb \^k-
lZgv ^h kd_e [meZ 8 f ijbkdhj_ggy iha^Z hibkm\Zehkv \bjZahf
a = (2 − 1,8t ) fk2.
e_x ydsh r\b^dklv a\mdm \ ih\lj 332 fk? IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv
_e_dljhiha^Z [meZ 52 fk.
1.33. A ]ZjfZlb \bimklbeb ihke^h\gh ^\Z kgZjy^b a r\b^dk-
lx υ = 650 fk i_jrbc – i^ dmlhf . = 60º ^h ]hjbahglm ^jm]bc –
i^ dmlhf . = 45º Zabfml h^bg lhc kZfbc G_olmxqb hihjhf
1
ih\ljy \bagZqblb gl_j\Ze qZkm f` \bkljeZfb ijb ydhfm kgZjy^b

2
aldgmlvky h^bg a h^gbf

1.34. <^klZgv \^ ]ZjfZlb ^h pe s = 9000 f. =ZjfZlZ pev
jhalZrh\Zg gZ h^gc ]hjbahglZe <bagZqblb qZk ihevhlm kgZjy^Z ^h
pe ydsh r\b^dklv kgZjy^Z ijb ihklje υ = 400 fk. Hihjm
ih\ljy g_ \jZoh\m\Zlb
o
1.35. RZc[Z dh\aZxqb ih ]hjbahglZevgc ih\_jog evh^m fZ}

r\b^dklv υ = 28 fk ihljZiey} m \_jlbdZevgm riZjm rbjbghx
l = 1,2 f lZ ]eb[bghx h = 34 f R\b^dklv rZc[b i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ
^h iZjZe_evgbo klghd riZjb <bagZqblb devdklv m^Zj\ rZc[b h[
klgdb riZjb ydsh ijb dh`ghfm m^Zj h[ klgdm rZc[Z \ljZqZ} %
ihi_j_^gvh r\b^dhkl
15
2.>BG:F1D:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1. A]^gh a ^jm]bf aZdhghf GvxlhgZ aZibr_fh j\gyggy jmom
dυ d 2x
m = m 2 = F. (2.1)
dt dt
^_ m – fZkZ leZ υ – r\b^dklv F – Ze]_[jZqgZ kmfZ kbe sh ^xlv
gZ leh x – reyo
:e]_[jZqgZ kmfZ kbe m pvhfm j\gygg fh`_ [mlb klZehx Ze_
fh`_ aZe_`Zlb \^ dhhj^bgZlb r\b^dhkl qZkm lhsh. P_ ^bn_j_g-
pZevg_ j\gyggy ZgZelbqgh e_]dh ijRklh jha\’yam}lvky g_ aZ\`^b
Ydsh \bdhjbklZlb qbkeh\bc f_lh^ lh fh`gZ h^_j`Zlb lZd j\gyggy
∆t
∆υ = F ( x, υ , t ) ,
m
∆t
υ n +1 = υ n + F ( x,υ , t ) , (2.2)
m
∆x = υ ∆t ,
xn +1 = xn + υ∆t , (2.3)
t n+1 = t n + ∆t (2.4)
Ydsh \^hf ihqZldh\ mfh\b x υ ijb = lh p nhjfmeb

o o 9
^Zxlv afh]m agZclb ydbfb [m^mlv x ,υ q_j_a qZk ∆ ihlf x ,υ

1 1 9 2 2
s_ q_j_a ∆ l ^ Ydsh \jZom\Zlb sh ijhf`hd qZkm ∆ ih\bg_g

W 9
[mlb ^h\he fZebf lh p_c ijhp_k h[qbke_gv ^m`_ ^h\]bc [_a

h[qbkex\Zevgh l_ogdb ch]h a^ckg_ggy g_fhèb\_
16
< j_Zevgbo aZ^ZqZo lj_[Z \jZoh\m\Zlb kbem l_jly ydZ aZe_-
`blv \^ r\b^dhkl jmom υ . AZ fZebo r\b^dhkl_c kbeZ l_jly
aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl egcgh :e_ aZ \_ebdbo r\b^dhkl_c py
aZe_`gklv gZ[m\Z} \b]ey^m
FTp = Aυ + Bυ 3 , (2.5)
^_ : < – dh_np}glb
KbeZ ly`ggy
PP ,
) =* (2.6)
5
^_ m m – fZkb le sh \aZ}fh^xlv, R – \^^Zev f` p_gljZfb pbo
1 2
le; * = ⋅ + ⋅ f d] – ]jZ\lZpcgZ klZeZ
−
3. J\gyggy jmom leZ afggh fZkb M gZijbdeZ^ jZd_lb a

r\b^dklx u \bldZggy ]Za\ \bljZlhx iZeb\Z \ k_dmg^m µ
j\gyggy F_s_jkvdh]h
M ∆υ + µ∆tu = F ∆t , (2.7)
^_ F – ah\grgy kbeZ gZijbdeZ^, kbeZ ly`ggy >m`_ \Zèb\h
^hljbfm\Zlbky ijZ\beZ agZd\ <b[jZ\rb ^h^Zlgbc gZijyf hk x ,
gr \_ebqbgb lj_[Z \\Z`Zlb ^h^Zlgbfb Z[h \^’}fgbfb aZe_`gh \^
lh]h yd \hgb kijyfh\Zg \a^h\` hk x Z[h \ ijhlbe_`gbc [d gZ
jbk. 2, Z ah[jZ`_gh \biZ^hd ijbkdhj_ggy jZd_lb gZ jbk. 2, [ –
]Zevfm\Zggy jZd_lZ ijb ]Zevfm\Zgg \bdb^Z} kljmfgv ]Za\ \i_j_^
\gZke^hd qh]h r\b^dklv af_grm}lvky
Jbk 2
17
J\gyggy F_s_jkvdh]h \^ghkgh x (t) – p_ lZdh` ^bn_j_g-
pZevg_ j\gyggy ^jm]h]h ihjy^dm
⎛ ∆υ dυ d 2 x ⎞
⎜ ≈ = ⎟. (2.8)
⎝ ∆t dt dt 2 ⎠
Jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq gZ ^\h\bfjgbc jmo fklblv _e_f_glb

jha\’yad\ aZ^Zq a ^bgZfdb h^gh\bfjgh]h jmom GZijbdeZ^ ydsh
\b[jZgh ijyfhdmlgm kbkl_fm dhhj^bgZl lh lj_[Z kdeZklb j\gyggy
jmom êy dh`gh dhhj^bgZlgh hk hdj_fh LZd, êy jmom aZ gZy\ghkl
kbeb l_jly fZlbf_fh
d 2x dx
m 2
= Fx – A . (2.9)
dt dt
>ey dhkfqgbo ljZ}dlhjc yd jhalZrh\Zg [ebavdh \^ fZk
ly`ggy ieZg_l ijbjh^gbo kmimlgbd\ m \biZ^dZo sh ah[jZ`_g
gZ jbk. jbk fZ}fh
mM Fx a − x Fy p − y
F=G ; = ; = ; (2.10)
r2 F r F r
r2 = (a – x)2 + (p – y)2, (2.11)
^_ j – ijbpevgbc iZjZf_lj Z – \^klZgv \^ dhkfqgh jZd_lb ^h

ieZg_lb
Jbk 3
18
Jbk 4
AZklhkh\Zgbc m lZdhfm jZa f_lh^ ijb^Zlgbc êy [m^v-ydbo

jmo\ i^ ^}x [m^v-ydbo kbe 1 p_c f_lh^ aZ\`^b ^Zklv ^h[j
j_amevlZlb aZ mfh\b sh kbeb \^hf Z[h o fh`gZ h[qbkeblb
Jh[hlZ kbeb F ijb i_j_fs_gg s fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ
^hihfh]hx nhjfmeb
d: = Fds, (2.12)
^_ F – ijh_dpy kbeb gZ gZijyf reyom ds – êygdZ reyom Sh[
agZclb jh[hlm :, lj_[Z \bdhgZlb gl_]jm\Zggy yd_ ih\bggh [mlb
ihrbj_g_ gZ \_kv reyo s.
M qZklbgghfm \biZ^dm klZeh kbeb sh ^} i^ g_afggbf
dmlhf ^h i_j_fs_ggy fZ}fh
: Fs cos ., (2.13)
^_ . – dml f` kbehx F lZ i_j_fs_ggyf s.
Ihlm`gklv fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
dA
N= . (2.14)
dt
>ey klZeh ihlm`ghkl
A
N= , (2.15)
t
^_ A – jh[hlZ sh \bdhgm}lvky aZ qZk t.
Ihlm`gklv fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ lZdh` aZ nhjfmehx
N = F υ cos ., (2.16)
lh[lh ihlm`gklv \bagZqZ}lvky ^h[mldhf r\b^dhkl jmom gZ ijh_d-
px kbeb gZ gZijyf jmom
19
Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y leZ fZkhx m sh jmoZ}lvky a r\b^dklxυ ,
^hj\gx}
mυ 2
W= . (2.17)
2
Ijb djb\hegcghfm jmk kbeZ sh ^} gZ fZl_jZevgm lhqdm
fh`_ [mlb jhadeZ^_gZ gZ ^\ kdeZ^h\ lZg]_gpZevgm lZ ghjfZevgm
GhjfZevgZ kdeZ^h\Z
mυ 2
F= (2.18)
R
} ^hp_gljh\hx kbehx ^_ υ – egcgZ r\b^dklv jmom leZ fZkhx m
R – jZ^mk djb\bgb ljZ}dlhj m pc lhqp
Ihl_gpZevgZ _g_j]y kbe ly`ggy
m1m2
W=–G . (2.19)
R
AgZd fgmk hagZqZ}, sh dheb R ijyfm} ^h [_af_`ghkl, lh
ihl_gpZevgZ _g_j]y ^\ho le sh \aZ}fh^xlv, ^hj\gx} gme_\ ijb
a[eb`_gg pbo le ihl_gpZevgZ _g_j]y af_grm}lvky
IjbdeZ^ jha\’yaZggy aZ^Zq
1. GZ ]hjbahglZevghfm klhe e_`blv eZgpx] qZklbgZ ch]h a\-
rm}lvky q_j_a djZc klheZ \gba AZ]ZevgZ ^h\`bgZ eZgpx]Z l = 3 f ;
^h\`bgZ qZklbgb eZgpx]Z sh a\rm}lvky x = 0,8 f <bagZql_ qZk
akm\Zggy eZgpx]Z ydsh dh_np}gl l_jly N = .
< d Z a \ d Z GZibrlv j\gyggy jmom \ ydhfm j_amevlmxqhx
kbehx [m^_ jagbpy f` kbehx ly`ggy sh ^} gZ qZklbgm eZgpx]Z
sh a\bkZ} kbehx l_jly h[ kle l} qZklbgb eZgpx]Z ydZ
aZebrbeZkv m p_c fhf_gl gZ klhe
Jha\’yaZggy
Afggm ^h\`bgm qZklbgb eZgpx]Z ydZ a\rm}lvky ihagZq_gh
q_j_a x GZ ]hjbahglZevgc ih\_jog klheZ jhafs_gZ qZklbgZ
eZgpx]Z ^h\`bghx l – x <gZke^hd akm\Zggy eZgpx]Z kbeZ sh
20
ijb\h^blv ch]h \ jmo, [m^_ afgghx Lhfm jmo eZgpx]Z [m^_
ijbkdhj_gbf, Ze_ g_ j\ghijbkdhj_gbf Hl`_ px aZ^Zqm gZc\b]^-
gr_ jha\ýam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
J\gyggy jmom eZgpx]Z fZlbf_ \b]ey^
d 2x x l−x
m 2
= m ( )g – m ( )g k,
dt l l
^_ m ( x )g – kbeZ sh kijyfh\ZgZ \ gZijyf jmom eZgpx]Z kijbqb-

l
gy} ijbkdhj_ggy m ( l − x )g k – kbeZ l_jly ydZ kijyfh\ZgZ ijhlb
l
jmom eZgpx]Z J\gyggy jmom fh`gZ a\_klb ^h kijhs_gh]h \b]ey^m
d 2x g
= ( x (1 + k) – kl).
dt 2 l
>ey jha\’yam\Zggy pvh]h ^bn_j_gpZevgh]h j\gyggy gZc\b]^-
gr_ \bdhjbklZlb qbkeh\bc f_lh^ >ey pvh]h \\_^_fh ihagZq_ggy
dx
υ= .
dt
Lh^
dυ g
= ( x(1 + k ) − kl ) ;
dt l
g
υ n+1 = υ n + ( xn (1 + k ) − kl )ûl ;
l
xn+1 = xn + υ n ût
tn+1 = tn + ¨t .
AgZxqb ihqZldh\ agZq_ggy x , υ , ijb t = 0, [m^_fh agZoh^blb

0 0 0
lZd agZq_ggy x lZ υ aZ hklZggfb nhjfmeZfb ^hlb ^hdb o g_

n 1 n +1
^hj\gx\Zlbf_ l . GZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^ylv qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy qZkm

21
Program Dyn228;
Uses CRT;
Var g,L,k,t,t1,V,X,z :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
t:=0;
V:=0;
g:=9.81;
L:=3;
k:=0.1;
X:=0.8;
t1:=0.01;
While X<L do
Begin
Z:=(X*(1+k)-k*L)*g*t1/L;
V:=V+Z;
x:=x+V*t1;
t:=t+t1;
End;
Writeln('t=',t:6:2, 's');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t k

2. JZd_lZ fZkhx 300 l klZjlm} a A_fe Q_j_a ydbc qZk \hgZ

^hky]g_ \bkhlb 40 df ydsh dh`gh k_dmg^b \bdb^Z} 1000 d] ijh^md-
l\ a]hjyggy a r\b^dklx 4 dfk ?
Jha\¶yaZggy
>ey jha\’yaZggy aZ^Zq \bdhjbklh\mxlv j\gyggy F_s_jkvdh]h
M ¨# + ût u = F ¨t ,
^_ M – fZkZ jZd_lb u – r\b^dklv \bldZggy ]Za\ a jZd_lb –
shk_dmg^gZ \bljZlZ iZevgh]h Ydsh gZijyf \]hjm \\Z`Zlb ^h^Zlgbf
lh u < 0, F < 0 Dheb F = Const lh p_ j\gyggy e_]dh jha\’yam}lvky
ZgZelbqgh Ydsh ` \jZoh\m\Zlb l_jly h[ ih\ljy af_gr_ggy kbeb
ly`ggy a \bkhlhx lh lj_[Z \bdhjbklh\m\Zlb qbkeh\bc f_lh^
22
G_oZc
MM 3
F=– .
( R3 + x) 2
Lh^
M3 µ∆tu
¨υ = – – ;
( R3 + x) 2
M
γ M3 µ∆tu
υ n+1 = υ n – − .
( R3 + x) 2
M
FZkZ jZd_lb af_grm}lvky aZ aZdhghf
¨M = – ût ;
Mn+1 = Mn – ¨ t.
Djf pvh]h,
xn+1 = xn + υ n ∆t ;
tn+1 = tn + ût.
Qhlbjb hklZgg j\gyggy ihdeZ^_gh \ hkgh\m jh[hlb ijh]jZfb
I^ qZk jh[hlb ijh]jZfb qZk gZjhsm}lvky fZebfb ijhf`dZfb ût
h[qbkex}lvky dh`gbc jZa M, x,υ Dheb o – G h[qbke_ggy
ijbibgyxlvky gZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^blvky qZk lZ r\b^dklv jZd_lb
Program Dyn2211;
Uses CRT;
Var Mz,T1,U,m,M1,H,Rz,T :double;
X,G,V : real;
Begin
Clrscr;
G:=6.7*exp(-11*ln(10));
Mz:=5.967*exp(24*ln(10));
U:=4000;
M1:=1000;
M:=300000;
H:=40000;
Rz:=6.37*exp(6*ln(10));
23
T1:=1;
V:=0;
X:=0;
T:=0;
While (H-X)>0 do
Begin
V:=V+G*T1*Mz/(Rz+X)/(Rz+X)+M1*T1*U/M;
M:=M-M1*T1;
X:=X+V*T1;
T:=T+T1;
End;
Textcolor(4);
Writeln('T=',T:6:1);
Writeln('V=',V:6:1);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t k # fk

AZ^Zq
2.1. A ydhx fZdkbfZevghx r\b^dklx l_ieh\ha fh`_ \_alb iha^
fZkhx m=2000 l ydsh \g jha\b\Z} kbem ly]b F=245 dG " KbeZ
l_jly hihjm ih\ljy hibkm}lvky \bjZahf (2.5), ^_ A = 10 d] k ,
4
B = 30 d] ⋅ k f 2 .
Ydm ihlm`gklv jha\b\Z} l_ieh\ha "
2.2. Ydh r\b^dhkl ^hky]g_ iha^ fZkhx m = 2 ⋅ 10 d] , ydsh
6
kbeZ ly]b l_ieh\haZ F = 25 ⋅ 10 H aZ i_jrm o\bebgm \^ ihqZldm

4
jmom" M jha\’yam\Zgg \jZoh\m\Zlb \’yad_ l_jly h[ ih\ljy \ hkyo aZ

(2.5) ^_ A = 10 H ⋅ c f , B = 30 H ⋅ c f .
4 3 3
2.3. GZ ydm \^klZgv aZ ljb o\bebgb \^’^_ \^ amibgdb iha^

fZkhx 2000 l, sh ijb\h^blvky \ jmo l_ieh\hahf a kbehx ly]b
245000 G " <jZom\Zlb \’yad_ l_jly \ ih\lj lZ hkyo aZ (2.5) ^_
A = 10 4 d] k ; < = 30 d] ⋅ k f 2 .
Yd ^h\]h iZjZrmlbkl fZkhx m = 70 d] fh`_ g_ jhadjb\Zlb
2.4.
iZjZrml i^ qZk aZly`gh]h kljb[dZ ydsh p_c kljb[hd \bdhgm}lvky a
24
\bkhlb 7 df " < fhf_gl jhadjb\Zggy iZjZrmlZ ^h a_fe ih\bggh
aZebrZlbkv 1 df KbeZ hihjm ih\ljy fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ
^_ A = 5 H ⋅ c f , < = 10 H ⋅ c f .
−2 3 3
2.5. IZjZrmlbkl fZkhx m = 70 d] i^ qZk aZly`gh]h kljb[dZ

dheb iZjZrml s_ g_ jhadjblbc ^hky]Z} fZdkbfZevgh r\b^dhkl
40 f k. Ydm dgp_\m r\b^dklv [m^_ fZlb p_c iZjZrmlbkl ijb
kih\evg_ghfm jmk ikey jhadjb\Zggy iZjZrmlZ" Ijb jhadjblhfm
iZjZrml kbeZ hihjm fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ ^_ A = 100 d] k,
< = 0,25 G ⋅ k f .
3 3
2.6. Ydm fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x [m^_ fZlb leh fZkhx

m = 2 d], sh iZ^Z} \ ih\lj" AZe_`gklv kbeb hihjm ih\ljy \^ r\b^-
dhkl hibkm}lvky ^_ : = 0,3 G ⋅ k / f , < = 0,002 G ⋅ k / f .
3 3
Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 f/k . 2
2.7. Leh fZkhx m = 0,5 d] iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h

r\b^dhkl aZ qZk t = 5 k ijhoh^blv \^klZgv S = 90 f <bagZqblb
dh_np}gl hihjm r ijb jmk leZ \ ih\lj ydsh ijbkdhj_ggy
\evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 fk . 2
2.8. Leh iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl aZ qZk

t = 6 k ijhoh^blv \^klZgv S = 140 f <bagZqblb fZkm pvh]h leZ
ydsh dh_np}gl hihjm ijb jmk \ ih\lj r = 0,12 d]k Ijbkdhj_ggy
\evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9.81 fk . 2
2.9. Leh fZkhx m = 0,3 d] iZ^Z} [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl \

ih\lj <bagZqblb qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h \hgh ijhc^_ reyo S = 120 f,
ydsh dh_np}gl hihjm r = 0,21 d]k Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy
g = 9,81 fk .
2
2.10. FZxqb ihqZldh\m r\b^dklv υ = 90 df]h^ Z\lhfh[ev

o
fZkhx m = 1040 d] a \bfdg_gbf ^\b]mghf i^ ^}x kbeb hihjm aZ qZk

t = 10 k ijhoh^blv reyo s = 200 f <\Z`Zxqb kbem hihjm ijhihjpc-
ghx ^h r\b^dhkl \bagZqblb dh_np}gl hihjm
2.11. FZxqb ihqZldh\m r\b^dklv υ = 108 df]h^ Z\lhfh[ev
a \bfdg_gbf ^\b]mghf i^ ^}x kbeb hihjm aZ qZk t = 12 k ijhoh^blv
o
reyo s = 300 f <bagZqblb fZkm Z\lhfh[ey ydsh dh_np}gl hihjm

r = 44 d]k.
2.12. :\lhfh[ev fZkhx m = 1400 d] jmoZ}lvky ih ]hjbahglZevgc
^hjha a r\b^dklx υ = 108 df]h^. Ikey \bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk
t = 10 k \g ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 210 f Ydbf [meh qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy
kbeb hihjm jmoh\ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey, ijb r\b^dhkl 108 df]h^?
25
2.13. :\lhfh[ev fZkhx m = 1000 d] jmoZ}lvky ih ]hjbahg-
lZevgc ^hjha a r\b^dklx υ = 108 df]h^ YdZ dhjbkgZ ihlm`gklv
^\b]mgZ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey ydsh ikey \bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk
t = 15 k \g ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 270 f?
2.14. :\lhfh[ev ^_ ih ]hjbahglZevgc ^hjha a r\b^dklx
υ = 90 df]h^ DhjbkgZ ihlm`gklv ^\b]mgZ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey ijb
lZdhfm jmk ^hj\gx} 44 d<l. <bagZqblb fZkm pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey
dheb \^hfh sh ikey \bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk t = 17 k \g ijh`-
^`Z} reyo s = 270 f.
lZevgc ^hjha j\ghfjgbf jmohf fZ} dg_lbqgm _g_j]x 630 d>`.
<bagZqblb dhjbkgm ihlm`gklv ^\b]mgZ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey ydsh ik-
ey \bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk t = 11 k \g ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 270 f.
lZevgc ^hjha j\ghfjgbf jmohf fZ} fimevk 27500 d]f/k <bagZ-
qblb dhjbkgm ihlm`gklv ^\b]mgZ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey ydsh ikey
\bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk t = 14 k \g ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 230 f.
2.17. :\lhfh[ev fZkhx m = 1200 d] jmoZ}lvky j\ghfjgbf
jmohf ih ]hjbahglZevgc ^hjha lZd sh aZ qZk t = 30 k ijhoh^blv
reyo s = 750 f. Ikey \bfdg_ggy ^\b]mgZ aZ qZk t = 12 k \g
1
ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 215 f Yd_ [meh qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy kbeb hihjm

1 2
jmoh\ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey i^ qZk j\ghfjgh]h jmom?

2
2.18. Leh dh\aZ} a]hjb \gba ih djb\c ihobec ih\_jog ydZ }

qZklbghx [qgh ih\_jog pbeg^jZ AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo
:<, ydsh \hgh ihqZeh jmoZlbkv [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl jbk 5)?
JZ^mk hkgh\b pbeg^jZ R = 2 f, dml α = 45 L_jlyf ag_olm\Zlb
o
Jbk 5.
26
2.19. Leh dh\aZ} ih lZdc kZfc ih\_jog yd m aZ^Zq 2.18 Ze_
dh_np}gl l_jly f` lehf ih\_jog_x k=0,15. AZ ydbc qZk \^
ihqZldm jmom leh ijhc^_ iheh\bgm reyom :<" IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv
leZ ^hj\gx\ZeZ gme_\.
2.20. <bagZqblb qZk jmom leZ gZ reyom :< ^b\ aZ^Zqm 8.
jbk 5 ydsh ihobeZ ih\_jogy jmoZ}lvky \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm a ijbk-
dhj_ggyf a = 3 f k .2
2.21. <bagZqblb qZk jmom leZ gZ reyom :< ^b\ aZ^Zqm 8),
ydsh ihobeZ ih\_jogy jmoZ}lvky \_jlbdZevgh \gba a ijbkdhj_ggyf
a = 3 f k2 .
2.22.Leh dh\aZ} a]hjb \gba ih djb\c ihobec ih\_jog ydZ }
qZklbghx [qgh ih\_jog pbeg^jZ jbk 6 AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_
reyo :< ydsh jZ^mk hkgh\b pbeg^jZ R = 1,2 f " Dmlb α = 30 , o
β = 10 Dh_np}gl l_jly k = 0,06.

o
Jbk 6
2.23. GZ ihobec iehsbg ydZ kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml

α = 30 e_`blv eZgpx] lZd sh \ky ch]h ^h\`bgZ jhafs_gZ gZ
o
ihobec iehsbg, Z gb`gc dg_pv eZgpx]Z gZ j\g gb`gvh]h djZx

iehsbgb FZkZ eZgpx]Z m = 4,5 d] , ch]h ^h\`bgZ l = 3 f <bagZql_
qZk akm\Zggy \k} ^h\`bgb eZgpx]Z a iehsbgb ydsh dh_np}gl
l_jly eZgpx]Z h[ iehsbgm k = 0,12.
2.24. GZ ihobec iehsbg ydZ kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml α = 30 ,o
e_`blv eZgpx] lZd sh iheh\bgZ ch]h ^h\`bgb a\rm}lvky q_j_a

\_jogc djZc iehsbgb \gba AZ]ZevgZ ^h\`bgZ eZgpx]Z l = 4 f, ch]h
27
fZkZ l = 5 d] <bagZql_ qZk akm\Zggy \kvh]h eZgpx]Z a ihobeh
iehsbgb ydsh dh_np}gl l_jly eZgpx]Z h[ iehsbgm k = 0,1.
2.25. IeZlnhjfZ fZkhx m = 2Â10 d] ihqbgZ} jmoZlbkv
4
ijZ\hjmq jbk 7 i^ ^}x klZeh ]hjbahglZevgh kbeb F = 1,5 ⋅ 10 G.

4
A g_jmohfh]h [mgd_jZ gZ g_ \bkbiZ}lvky ikhd R\b^dklv \bkb-

iZggy ikdm klZeZ ^hj\gx} µ = 200 d]k. AZ ydbc qZk ieZlnhjfZ
ijh^_ reyo S = 12 f? L_jlyf dhek h[ j_cdb ag_olm\Zlb
Jbk 7
2.26. AZ ydbc qZk ieZlnhjfZ ijh^_ reyo S = 12 f ydsh \jZoh-

\m\Zlb l_jly f` dhe_kZfb j_cdZfb Dh_np}gl l_jly k = 1gr
ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 5.
2.27. <habd a ikdhf ihqbgZ} jmoZlbkv ih ]hjbahglZevgc
ih\_jog i^ ^}x klZeh kbeb F = 190 G sh a[]Z}lvky aZ gZijyfdhf
a \_dlhjhf r\b^dhkl Ikhd \bkbiZ}lvky q_j_a hl\j \ ^g a klZehx
r\b^dklx µ = 5 d]k <bagZqblb ijbkdhj_ggy r\b^dklv \habdZ \
fhf_gl qZkm t = 10 k ydsh \ fhf_gl t = \habd a ikdhf fZ\ fZkm
m = 120 d] ch]h r\b^dklv ^hj\gx\ZeZ gmex Dh_np}gl l_jly f`
o
dhe_kZfb \habdZ ih\_jog_x k = 0,05.

2.28. <bagZqblb r\b^dklv \habdZ ch]h ijbkdhj_ggy ^b\
aZ^Zqm 7 \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 10 k ydsh gZ gvh]h ^} kbeZ F = 170 G,
sh kijyfh\ZgZ i^ dmlhf . = 30 ^h ]hjbahglm 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg
D
\aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 7.

2.29. Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm jmom ^b\ aZ^Zqm 8 \habd
a ikdhf [m^_ fZlb r\b^dklv fk" Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a
mfh\b aZ^Zq 7 lZ 8.
a ikdhf [m^_ fZlb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x >`" Ihlj[g qbkeh\
^Zg \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 8.
28
a ikdhf [m^_ fZlb ijbkdhj_ggy 2,9 fk " Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb
2
a mfh\b aZ^Zq 8.

2.32. Ydm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x [m^_ fZlb \habd ^b\ aZ^Zqm 7)
\ fhf_gl qZkm t = 12 k ydsh gZ gvh]h ^} kbeZ F = 160 G sh kijy-
fh\ZgZ i^ dmlhf . ^h ]hjbahglm 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a
D
mfh\b aZ^Zq 7.

2.33. Gb`gc dg_pv \_jlbdZevgh jhafs_gh]h ^_j_\’ygh]h
klh\iZ gZ \bkhl h = 4 f gZ^ j\g_f \h^b ]eb[hdh \h^hcfb AZ ydbc
qZk klh\i ih\gklx aZgmjblvky m \h^m ydsh ch]h \îmklblb"
<bkhlZ klh\iZ L = 8 f, ]mklbgZ ^_j_\Z 600 d]f ]mklbgZ \h^b
3
! = 1000 d]f ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 fk .

3 2
2.34. >_j_\’ygbc klh\i ^h\`bghx L = 8 f ih\gklx aZgmj_gbc

m ]eb[hdm \h^hcfm \ljbfm}lvky m \_jlbdZevghfm iheh`_gg lZd
sh \_jogc ch]h dg_pv gZ j\g \h^b Ydsh klh\i \îmklblb lh
\gZke^hd lh]h sh ]mklbgZ ^_j_\Z ρ =700 d]f } f_grhx aZ ]mk-
3
lbgm \h^b klh\i [m^_ jmoZlbkv \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm GZ ydm gZc[ev-

rm \bkhlm gZ^ ih\_jog_x \h^b i^gf_lvky \_jogc dg_pv klh\iZ"
2.35. Gb`gc dg_pv \_jlbdZevgh jhafs_gh]h ^_j_\’ygh]h
klh\iZ } gZ \bkhl h = 4 f gZ^ j\g_f j^bgb \bkhdh pbkl_jgb AZ
ydbc qZk klh\i ih\gklx aZgmjblvky m j^bgm ydsh ch]h \îmklblb"
M gb`gc qZklbg pbkl_jgb } \h^Z a\_jom ydh – rZj ]Zkm aZ\lh\rdb
Z = 2 f <bkhlZ klh\iZ L = 6 f, ]mklbgZ ^_j_\Z ! = 650 d]f ]mklbgZ
3
\h^b ! = 1000 d]f ]mklbgZ ]Zkm ! = 800 d]f ijbkdhj_ggy \ev-

1
3 3
gh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,8 fk .

2 3
2
2.36. Fkyqgbc fh^mev fZkhx 1 l gZ[eb`Z}lvky ^h Fkypy a

r\b^dklx 1 df k a \^klZg 50 df ih ijyfc, sh a’}^gm} og
p_gljb GZ fh^me } iZeb\h ijh^mdlb ]hjggy ydh]h ^\b]mg \bdb^Z}
a r\b^dklx 4 df k Yd lj_[Z d_jm\Zlb \bljZlhx iZeb\Z sh[
aZ[_ai_qblb f’ydm ihkZ^dm" I^ qZk a[eb`_ggy a ih\_jog_x Fkypy
r\b^dklv ih\bggZ [mlb [ebavdhx ^h gmey.
2.37. Dhkfqgbc dhjZ[_ev fZkhx 1000 d] iêlZ} ^h Fkypy
Dheb \^klZgv Z ^b\ jbk 3) ^hj\gx} 21 ⋅ 10 df Z ijbpevgZ \^k-
3
lZgv j = 7 ⋅ 10 df lh r\b^dklv dhjZ[ey υ = 1500 fk GZdj_kelv

3
xo
ljZ}dlhjx ihevhlm ih[ebam Fkypy FZkZ Fkypy ^hj\gx}

7,3 ⋅ 10 d] jZ^mk Fkypy 1,7 ⋅ 10 df .
22 3
29
2.38. R\b^dklv dhkfqgh]h dhjZ[ey υ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h gZi-
jyfdm gZ p_glj FZjkZ ^b\ jbk IjbpevgZ \^klZgv j = 6 ⋅ 10 df
3
Yd [m^_ jmoZlbkv dhkfqgbc dhjZ[_ev ijb r\b^dhklyo 2916 f k lZ

1500 f k ? GZdj_keblb ljZ}dlhj jmom dhjZ[ey m pbo ^\ho \biZ^dZo
JZ^mk FZjkZ df fZkZ – 6,377 ⋅10 d]
23
2.39. I_jrZ dhkfqgZ r\b^dklv êy ^_ydh ieZg_lb # fk.

JZ^mk p} ieZg_lb R df JZd_lZ fZkhx m = 2000 d] klZjlm} a
ih\_jog p} ieZg_lb Q_j_a ydbc qZk jZd_lZ ^hky]g_ \bkhlb h = 30 df,
ydsh dh`gh k_dmg^b \hgZ \bdb^Z} = d]c ijh^mdl\ a]hjyggy a
r\b^dklx u = 3 df/k? <bagZqblb r\b^dklv jZd_lb gZ \bkhl h.
2.40. Rlmqgbc kmimlgbd ^_ydh ieZg_lb a^ckgx} ih\gbc h[_jl
ih dheh\c hj[l aZ qZk L o\ JZ^mk p} ieZg_lb R = 930 df JZd_lZ
fZkhx m = 2100 d] klZjlm} a ih\_jog p} ieZg_lb Q_j_a ydbc qZk
jZd_lZ ^hky]g_ \bkhlb h = 35 df ydsh dh`gh k_dmg^b \hgZ \bdb^Z}
= 16 d]c ijh^mdl\ a]hjyggy a r\b^dklx u = 3 dfk" <bagZqblb
r\b^dklv jZd_lb gZ \bkhl h.
2.41. Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy gZ ih\_jog ^_ydh ieZg_-
lb g = 1,8 fk JZ^mk p} ieZg_lb R = 915 df JZd_lZ fZkhx
2
m = 2050 d] klZjlm} a ih\_jog p} ieZg_lb Q_j_a ydbc qZk jZd_lZ

^hky]g_ \bkhlb h = 36 df ydsh dh`gh k_dmg^b \hgZ \bdb^Z}
= 14 d]c ijh^mdl\ a]hjyggy a r\b^dklx u = 3 dfk" <bagZqblb
r\b^dklv jZd_lb gZ \bkhl h.
2.42. FZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ fZkhx m = 2 d] jmoZ}lvky i^ ^}x
^_ydh afggh kbeb aZ aZdhghf x = 10 – 2t + t² + 0,2t³. <bagZqblb qZk
mijh^h\` ydh]h fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ ijhc^_ \^klZgv o f <ba-
gZqblb ihlm`gklv ydZ aZljZqZ}lvky gZ jmo lhqdb \ p_c fhf_gl qZkm
2.43. <bagZqblb devdklv m^Zj\ rZc[b h[ klgdb riZjb ydsh
ijb dh`ghfm m^Zj h[ klgdm rZc[Z \ljZqZ} % ihi_j_^gvh _g_j]
1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 1.35.
2.44. <belZxqb a ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgh]h kl\heZ ]\bg-
l\db dmey fZkhx m = 0,01 d] fZ} r\b^dklv υ = 700 fk <bagZql_
r\b^dklv p} dme gZ \^^Ze L = 200 f \^ kl\heZ ydsh kbeZ hihjm
i^ qZkm jmom p} dme \ ih\lj aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
F = Aυ + Bυ , ^_ : = 0,002 G ⋅ k / f , < = 3Â G ⋅ k / f .
3 -9 3 3
2.45. < gZijyf, i_ji_g^bdmeyjghfm ^h jmom ljZf\Zcgh]h

o
\Z]hgZ, m ljZf\Zc kljeyxlv a ]\bgl\db lZd sh \^klZgv \^ fkpy

ihkljem ^h \Z]hgZ L = 200 f <Z]hg rbjbghx s = 2,4 f jmoZ}lvky a
30
r\b^dklx υ = 54 df]h^ <bagZqblb afs_ggy dmevh\bo ijh[hg m
klgdZo \Z]hgZ ydsh r\b^dklv dme ijb \bevhl a ]hjbahglZevgh]h
kl\heZ ^hj\gx\ZeZ 700 fk. Kbem hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb
lZd yd m aZ^Zq 2.44.
2.46. >_j_\’ygbc [jmkhd fZkhx m = 8 d] aZ ^hihfh]hx ^h\]h]h
rgmjdZ ih^\r_gh ^h kl_e < gvh]h kljeyxlv a ]\bgl\db a \^klZg
s = 100 f R\b^dklv dme ijb \bevhl a kl\heZ ]\bgl\db ^hj\gx-
\ZeZ 800 fk FZkZ dme m = 0,008 d] <bagZqblb
Z fbll}\m r\b^dklv dme i_j_^ \emqZggyf \ [jmkhd kbem
1
hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb lZd yd m aZ^Zq 4);

[ \bkhlm i^gylly [jmkdZ
2.47. I^ qZk ihkljem a ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgh ]\bgl\db
dmey \ kl\he jmoZ}lvky a ijbkdhj_ggyf a = 32 ⋅ 10 fk . >h\`bgZ
4 2
kl\heZ ]\bgl\db s = 0,7 f, fZkZ dme m = 0,01 d] <bagZqblb fbll}\m

r\b^dklv dme
Z \ fhf_gl \bevhlm dme a kl\heZ
[ \ lhqp ljZ}dlhj sh } gZ \^klZg L = 420 f \^ kl\heZ
kbem hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb lZd yd m aZ^Zq 4).
2.48. A ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgh ]\bgl\db kljeyxlv m
a_feygbc \Ze a \^klZg L = 230 f GZ ydm ]eb[bgm m jmgl ijhgbdg_
dmey ydsh kbeZ hihjm jmglm F = 6 ⋅ 10 G FZkZ dme m = 0,01 d]
3
r\b^dklv ijb \bevhl a kl\heZ υ = 700 fk Kbem hihjm ih\ljy

o
lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb lZd yd m aZ^Zq 4.

2.49. A ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgh ]\bgl\db kljeyxlv m
a_feygbc \Ze a \^klZg L = 230 f GZ ydc ]eb[bg m jmgl r\b^-
dklv dme [m^_ \ljbq f_grhx, g` gZ ihqZldm aZ]eb[e_ggy" KbeZ
hihjm ]jmglm F = 6 ⋅ 10 G FZkZ dme m = 0,01 d] r\b^dklv ijb
3
\bevhl a kl\heZ υ = 700 fk Kbem hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex-

o
\Zlb lZd yd m aZ^Zq 4.

2.50. K_j_^gy kbeZ lbkdm ihjhoh\bo ]Za\ i^ qZk ihkljem a
]ZjfZlb F = 6,4· 10 G >h\`bgZ kl\heZ S = 2 f fZkZ kgZjy^Z m = 4 d].
5
<bagZqblb r\b^dklv kgZjy^Z gZ \^klZg L = 900 f \^ ]ZjfZlb ydsh

\bklje ajh[e_gh \ ]hjbahglZevghfm gZijyf Kbem hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z
h[qbkex\Zlb aZ ^_ A = 0,002 G ⋅ k / f , < = 3 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ k / f .
−9 3 3
2.51. Ijb ihklje kgZjy^ jmoZ}lvky \ kl\he j\ghijbkdhj_-

gbf jmohf mijh^h\` qZkm t = 0,005 k. >h\`bgZ kl\heZ S = 2 f fZkZ
kgZjy^Z m = 4 d] <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv kgZjy^Z \ fhf_gl \bevhlm a kl\heZ
31
[ r\b^dklv kgZjy^Z gZ \^klZg L = 900 f \^ ]ZjfZlb ydsh
\bklje ajh[e_gh \ ]hjbahglZevghfm gZijyf Kbem hihjm ih\ljy
lj_[Z \jZoh\m\Zlb .
*
2.52. <belZxqb a kl\heZ ]\bgl\db dmey fZkhx m = 0,008 d]

fZ} r\b^dklv υ = 800 fk sh kijyfh\ZgZ ]hjbahglZevgh Ijhe_-
l\rb \ ih\lj \^klZgv L = 190 f py dmey ijh[b\Z} ^_devdZ ^hshd
yd jhafs_g gZ g_\_ebdc \^^Ze h^gZ \^ h^gh Kdevdb ^hshd
ijh[’} dmey ydsh k_j_^gy kbeZ hihjm i^ qZk jmom dme \ ^_j_\
F = 14,9 dG? KbeZ hihjm ih\ljy aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl . Lh\sbgZ *
h^g} ^hrdb d = 20 ff.

o
2.53. <belZxqb a kl\heZ ]\bgl\db, dmey fZkhx m = 0,01 d]

fZ} r\b^dklv υ = 800 fk ydZ kijyfh\ZgZ ]hjbahglZevgh I^ qZk
ihevhlm dme \ ih\lj \bgbdZ} kbeZ hihjm . <bagZqblb
*
Z q_j_a ydbc qZk r\b^dklv dme af_grblvky \^\q?

[ gZ ydc \^klZg \^ fkpy ihkljem fbll}\_ agZq_ggy r\b^-
dhkl [m^_ \^\q f_gr_ g` ijb \bevhl a kl\heZ"
2.54. Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey \emqZggy dme \ fr_gv [m^_ ihqmlh
a\md \^ ihkljem a ]\bgl\db sh } gZ \^klZg L = 710 f \^ fr_g"
IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv dme ijb ihklje υ = 800 fk fZkZ dme
m = 8 ] Kbem hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb aZ nhjfmehx .
0
*
R\b^dklv a\mdm \ ih\lj υ = 330 fk.

3
*
Kbem hihjm ih\ljy h[qbkex\Zlb aZ ^_ A = 0,002 G ⋅ k / f ,
< = 3 ⋅ 10 −9 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 .
32
>BG:F1D:H;?JL:EVGH=HJMOM
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1. J\gyggy h[_jlZevgh]h jmom l\_j^h]h leZ \^ghkgh ^_ydh
hk ih^[g ^h j\gygv ihklmiZevgh]h jmom aZ mfh\b lZdbo aZfg
reyo S – dml ih\hjhlm ϕ ; r\b^dklv υ = ds – dmlh\Z
dt
r\b^dklv ω = dϕ ; ijbkdhj_ggy dυ d s
dmlh\_ ijbkdhj_ggy
2
= –
dt dt dt 2
d ω d 2ϕ
= 2 ;
dt dt
fZkZ m – fhf_gl g_jp J;
kbeZ F – fhf_gl kbeb M = [r, F ] ; M = r F sinα.
Hl`_ j\gyggy ihklmiZevgh]h jmom F dp ^jm]bc aZdhg
dt
GvxlhgZ ^_ p = mυ i_j_l\hjblvky gZ j\gyggy
dL
M= ; L z = Jω , (3.1)
dt
^_ F – fhf_gl kbeb L – fhf_gl fimevkm & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv
Lhfm lml fh`gZ dhjbklm\Zlbkv ijh]jZfZfb ZgZeh]qgbfb ^h
lbo sh \bdhjbklh\m\Zebkv ijb jha\’yam\Zgg aZ^Zq ^jm]h]h jhaêm
2. Nhjfmeb êy \bagZq_ggy fhf_glm g_jp m gZcijhklrbo
\biZ^dZo
J = mr – fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ Z[h dhe_kh hkgh\gZ fZkZ ydh]h
2
jhaihê_gZ ih h[h^m
33
J=
mR 2
– h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc ^bkd ydsh \kv h[_jlZggy
2
ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj ^bkdZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h iehsbgb (3.2)
– h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv ydsh \kv h[_jlZggy
2
ml
J=
3
ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h kljb`gy
– h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv ydsh \kv h[_jlZggy
2
ml
J=
12
ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h gvh]h;
- = PU – h^ghj^gZ kmpevgZ dmey ydsh \kv ijhoh^blv

q_j_a p_glj dme (3.3)
Fhf_gl g_jp leZ J \^ghkgh ^h\evgh hk ^hj\gx} kmf
fhf_glm g_jp J \^ghkgh hk iZjZe_evgh ^h p} sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
z
p_glj fZk leZ ^h[mldm fZkb leZ m gZ d\Z^jZl \^klZg f` hkyfb d
c
Jz = Jc + md2. (3.4)
3. Ijb h[_jlZgg gZ hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf \’yad_ l_jly
fhf_gl ]Zevf\gbo kbe F aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl &:
T
M L = − aω − bω 3 , (3.5)
^_ Z b – dh_np}glb
4. Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y leZ sh h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk
Jω 2
W= , (3.6)
2
^_ ω – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv J – fhf_gl g_jp leZ Ydsh leh h[_jlZ-
}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj fZk Z p_glj fZk jmoZ}lvky
ihklmiZevgbf jmohf a r\b^dklx υ lh dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y pvh]h leZ
mυ 2 J ω 2
W= + . (3.7)
2 2
5 Eh]ZjbnfqgZ kijZev fh`_ [mlb hibkZgZ nhjfmehx
! . _oj E3), (3.8)
^_ . b – dhgklZglb 3 – dml iZjZ[heqgZ kijZev – ! = 2 j 3,
2
(3.9)
^_ j – dhgklZglZ kijZev :jof_^Z – ! = . 3, (3.10)
^_ . – dhgklZglZ 3 – dml
34
IjbdeZ^bjha\’yaZggyaZ^Zq
1. Dmey fZkhx m = 2 d] a hl\hjhf sh ijhoh^blv ih ^Z-
f_ljm gZkZ^`_gZ gZ ]hjbahglZevgbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L =50 kf.
Dmey fh`_ [_a l_jly dh\aZlb ih pvhfm kljb`gx >h dme ijbdji-
1
e_gh ijm`bgm ^jm]bc dg_pv ydh aZdjie_gbc gZ hk IhqZldh\Z

^h\`bgZ ijm`bgb L =15 kf Kljb`_gv jZahf a dme_x ihqbgZ}
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm
2
kljb`gy H[_jlZggy \^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x kbeb F = 1,5 G sh

ijbdeZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh ^h h^gh]h a dgp\ kljb`gy Ijb h[_jlZgg gZ
hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly sh kijbqbgy} \bgbd-
g_ggy ]Zevf\gh]h fhf_glm ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5)
(Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ; b = 0,00091 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ). <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm
3
dmlh\m r\b^dklv ijb h[_jlZgg kljb`gy lZ Z[khexlg_ \b^h\`_ggy

ijm`bgb ijb ^hky]g_gg fZdkbfZevgh dmlh\h r\b^dhkl ydsh
dh_np}gl ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb k = 230 Gf.
Jha\’yaZggy
I^ qZk h[_jlZggy gZ dmex ^} ^hp_gljh\Z kbeZ
Fn = P&2R,
^_ m – fZkZ dme & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv R – jZ^mk dheZ ih ydhfm
jmoZ}lvky dmey
R = L +x,
^_ L – ihqZldh\Z ^h\`bgZ ijm`bgb x – Z[khexlg_ \b^h\`_ggy
ijm`bgb Jhev ^hp_gljh\h kbeb \bdhgm} kbeZ ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb
F = k x.
Hl`_,
m &2 R = k x,
m &2 (L + x) = k x.
A pvh]h ki\\^ghr_ggy fh`gZ \bagZqblb rmdZgm \_ebqbgm x

mω 2 L
x= .
k − mω 2
35
M ijZ\c qZklbg pvh]h \bjZam & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv dme ydm
fh`gZ \bagZqblb a \bjZam sh hibkm} j\ghfjg_ h[_jlZggy dme
F – Fl = 0.
^_ F – fhf_gl kbeb F ydbc fh`gZ aZibkZlb F = F l /2, Fl –
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl &:
Fl = aω + bω 3 .
Hl`_,
Fl
− aω − bω 3 = 0.
2
P_ dm[qg_ j\gyggy gZc\b]^gr_ jha\yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZg-
gyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
HklZggc \bjZa ihdeZ^_gh \ hkgh\m ijh]jZfb êy dhfi’xl_jZ
Program Obe2332;
Uses CRT;
Var m,l1,L2,F,a,b,k :real;
w,w1,x,c,d,M1,M2 :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
m:=2;
L1:=0.5;
L2:=0.15;
F:=1.5;
a:=0.028;
b:=0.00091;
k:=230;
W:=0;
W1:=0.01;
M1:=f*L1/2;
M2:=0;
While (M1-M2)>0 do
Begin
d:=w*W*W;
M2:=a*W+b*d;
W:=W+W1;
End;
36
C:=k-m*W*W;
X:=m*W*W*L2/C;
Textcolor(4);
Writeln('W=',W:6:2);
Writeln('X=',X:6:3);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v & = 6,1 jZ^k; s = 0,072 f.
2. AZ ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm h[_jlZggy Z[khexlg_ \b-

^h\`_ggy ijm`bgb [m^_ fZlb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy" Ihlj[g qbk-
eh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq FZkZ kljb`gy – 1 d] ^Zf_lj dme – 8 kf.
Jha\’yaZggy
Sh[ \bagZqblb fZdkbfZevg_ \b^h\`_ggy ijm`bgb o ^h ydh
ijb}^gZgZ dmey ijb h[_jlZevghfm jmk lj_[Z agZclb, \^ ydbo \_ebqbg
\hgh aZe_`blv <b^h\`_ggy ijm`bgb kijbqbgblv ^x kbeb ijm`ghkl
ijm`bgb gZ dmex Py kbeZ ijm`ghkl fh`_ [mlb aZibkZgZ lZd Fp= k x,
^_ k – dh_np}gl ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb M lZdhfm jZa kbeZ ijm`ghkl
\bdhgm} jhev ^hp_gljh\h kbeb NhjfmeZ ^hp_gljh\h kbeb
F = mω 2 ( L + x),
^_ x – Z[khexlg_ \b^h\`_ggy ijm`bgb & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv
L – ^h\`bgZ g_^_nhjfh\Zgh ijm`bgb Hl`_,
k x = 2&2 (L+ x).
Lh^
mω 2 L
x= .
k − mω 2
A hklZggvh]h \bjZam \b^gh sh fZdkbfZevg_ \b^h\`_ggy ijm-
`bgZ [m^_ fZlb lh^ dheb dmlh\Z r\b^dklv [m^_ gZc[evrhx
Hl`_ jha\’yamxqb aZ^Zqm kihqZldm lj_[Z agZclb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy
fZdkbfZevgh dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Z ikey pvh]h \bagZqblb qZk mijh-
^h\` ydh]h [m^_ ^hky]gmlZ py fZdkbfZevgZ dmlh\Z r\b^dklv J_-
amevlmxqbc fhf_gl kbeb i^ \ieb\hf ydh]h gZjhklZ} dmlh\Z r\b^-
37
dklv } afggbf Lhfm h[_jlZevgbc jmo dme [m^_ ijbkdhj_gbf Ze_
g_ j\ghijbkdhj_gbf h[_jlZggyf Hl`_ jha\’yaZlb px aZ^Zqm ZgZe-
lbqgbf f_lh^hf ^m`_ kdeZ^gh GZc\b]^gr_ jha\’yam\Zlb a
\bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
Ijb kdeZ^Zgg ijh]jZfb êy dhfi’xl_jZ êy \bagZq_ggy fZd-
kbfZevgh dmlh\h r\b^dhkl \bdhjbklZgh pbde \ ydhfm ihklmih\h
gZjhklZ} dmlh\Z r\b^dklv & \^ gmey ^h lZdh \_ebqbgb aZ ydh [m^_
aZ[_ai_q_gZ mfh\Z j\ghfjgh]h h[_jlZggy
FR − aω − bω 3 = 0.
Ikey pvh]h \ ijh]jZf hj]Zgah\Zgh s_ h^bg pbde \ ydhfm
\bagZqZ}lvky qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ajhklZ} \^ gmey
^h fZdkbfmfm
Program Ober2336;
Uses CRT;
Var ms,mk,M,Mt,F,a,b,c,n,k,x,z:real;
Lp,Ls,t,t1,W,W1,W2,J,Js,Jk:real;
Begin
Clrscr;
ms:=1;
Mk:=2;
Ls:=0.5;
Lp:=0.15;
F:=1.5;
k:=230;
a:=0.028;
b:=0.00091;
M:=F*Ls/2;
Mt:=0;
W:=0;
W1:=0.01;
While (M-Mt)>0 do Begin
c:=b*W*W*W;
Mt:=a*W+c;
W:=W+W1;
End;
Js:=ms*Ls*Ls/12;
38
W2:=0;
t:=0;
t1:=0.01;
While W2<(W-0.02) do
Begin
c:=b*W2*W2*W2;
Mt:=a*W2+c;
n:=k-mk*W2*W2; x:=mk*W2*W2*Lp/n;
Jk:=mk*(Lp+x)*(Lp+x);
J:=Js+Jk;
z:=(M-Mt)/J;
W2:=W2+z*t1;
t:=t+t1;
End;
Writeln('t=',t:6:2, 'c');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t = 7,26 k.
3. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff fZkhx 2,6 d] a]gmlbc

m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,041 jZ^ KijZev
-1
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe \kv i_j-

i_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_jlZggy \^-
[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 88 G ⋅ f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zev-
D
f\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Fl Z & + b & , ^_
1 1
3
a = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,00025 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb

3
Z fhf_gl g_jp kijZe sh^h hk h[_jlZggy

1 1
[ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h kijZe

Jha\’yaZggy
>ey \bagZq_ggy fhf_glm g_jp kijZe \kx ^h\`bgm lj_[Z
jhaêblb gZ _e_f_glZjg \^jadb kijZe dh`gZ a ydbo fZ} ^h\`bgm
^m]b sh \îh\^Z} dmlm djhdm ^bkdj_lbaZp ¨3. Hl`_ ^h\`bgZ
_e_f_glZjgh]h \^jadZ kijZe
∆l = ρ∆ϕ ,
^_ ! – jZ^mk
39
FZkZ _e_f_glZjgh]h \^jadZ kijZe
Dπd 2 ∆l
∆m = ,
4
^_ D – ]mklbgZ fZl_jZem kijZe d – ^Zf_lj kljb`gy kijZe
Fhf_gl g_jp _e_f_glZjgh]h \^jadZ kijZe
J = ∆mρ 2 .
Hkdevdb jagbf _e_f_glZjgbf \^jadZf kijZe \îh\^Zxlv
g_h^gZdh\ jZ^mkb sh[ agZclb fhf_gl g_jp \k} kijZe, lj_[Z
hj]Zgam\Zlb pbde \ ydhfm êy dh`gh]h _e_f_glZ \bagZqZxlv jZ^mk
\îh\^gbc fhf_gl g_jp AZ]Zevgbc fhf_gl g_jp kijZe
fh`gZ \bagZqblb yd kmfm fhf_gl\ g_jp \ko _e_f_gl\
Sh[ agZclb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h kijZe,
lj_[Z \bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv sh j_Zeam}lvky aZ
^hihfh]hx s_ h^gh]h pbdem ydbc } m ^jm]c qZklbg ijh]jZfb AgZc-
rh\rb dmlh\m r\b^dklv h[qbkexxlv dg_lbqgm _g_j]x aZ nhjfmehx
Jω 2
E= .
2
Ijh]jZfZ êy dhfi’xl_jZ fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Zk422;
Uses CRT;
Var d,Dh,n,F,F1,Pi,S,J,a,b :real;
L,m,m1,Ro,J1,L1,L2 :real;
a1,b1,E,W,dW,Mt,Mo,c :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
Dh:=7900;
d:=0.008;
F:=0;
F1:=0.017444;
Pi:=3.1416;
m1:=2.6;
S:=Pi*d*d/4;
L:=m1/s/Dh;
L1:=0;
J:=0;
40
a:=0.02;b:=0.041;
While L1<=L do
Begin
Ro:=a*exp(b*F);
L2:=Ro*F1;
m:=Dh*S*L2;
J1:=m*Ro*Ro;
J:=J+J1;
F:=F+F1;
L1:=L1+L2;
End;
a1:=0.015;
b1:=2.5E-4;
Mo:=88;
Mt:=0;
W:=0;
dW:=0.01;
While Mt<=Mo do Begin
W:=W+dW;
c:=b1*W*W*W;
Mt:=a1*W+c;
End;
E:=J*W*W/2;
Writeln('J=',J:4:3);
Writeln('E=',E:4:0);
Readln;
End.
d] f ?
<îh\^v J Â 2 ; >`
AZ^Zq
3.1. Kdevdb qZkm iZ^Z} he\_pv aZ\^h\`db l = 18 kf sh
ihklZ\e_gbc gZ \kljy" <\Z`Zcl_ sh he\_pv gZ ihqZldm _dki_jb-
f_glm \ôbe_gbc gZ 1º \^ \_jlbdZe
3.2. <bagZqblb dgp_\m dmlh\m r\b^dklv i^ qZk iZ^ggy
^_j_\Z \bkhlhx l = 15 f IhqZldh\_ \ôbe_ggy \^ \_jlbdZevgh]h
iheh`_ggy 10º <\Z`Zlb ^_j_\h h^ghj^gbf kmpevgbf kljb`g_f
41
3.3. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dmlh\h r\b^dhkl \^ qZkm
êy ajaZgh]h ^_j_\Z \bkhlhx 18 f sh iZ^Z} IhqZldh\_ \ôbe_ggy
\^ \_jlbdZevgh]h iheh`_ggy 10º <\Z`Zlb ^_j_\h h^ghj^gbf
kmpevgbf kljb`g_f
3.4. <bagZqblb dgp_\m egcgm r\b^dklv jmom \_jrbgb
klh\iZ \bkhlhx 15 f sh \iZ\ ikey ajam\Zggy <\Z`Zlb sh gZ
ihqZldm klh\i [m\ \ôbe_gbc \^ \_jlbdZevgh]h iheh`_ggy gZ 5º.
3.5. Dhe_kh fZkhx 1 d] sh jhaihê_gZ ih h[h^m jZ^mkhf
0,35 f h[_jlZ}lvky a dmlh\hx r\b^dklx 10,5 jZ^ k gZ hk a
j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf ]Zevfm}lvky levdb l_jlyf gZ hk Fhf_gl
]Zevf\gbo kbe fh`gZ \bagZqblb aZ ^_ a = 2,8 ⋅10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ,
−2
b = 9,1 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k . Dhe_kh amibgy}lvky dheb dmlh\Z r\b^dklv

−4 3
^hj\gx} 0,1 jZ^ k. <bagZql_ qZk amibgdb dhe_kZ

< d Z a \ d Z GZibrlv j\gyggy h[_jlZevgh]h jmom Ihlf
kdhjbklZcl_kv gZjhsm\Zggyf dmlh\h r\b^dhkl ω dheb ω ≤ 0,1,
ijbibglv h[qbke_ggy lZ \b\_^lv gZ _djZg ^bkie_y qZk.
3.6. Ydj _e_dljh^\b]mgZ fZkhx m = 16 d] h[_jlZ}lvky a qZklh-
lhx n = 50 h[k. Ikey \bfdg_ggy kljmfm ch]h ]Zevfm\Zggy
\^[m\Z}lvky aZ jZomghd fhf_glm kbeb l_jly sh \bgbdZ} gZ hk
a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf ^b\ aZ^Zqm ), ^_ Z = 2,8· 10 GÂf· k;-3
b = 9,1Â GÂfÂk Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm \bfdg_ggy kljmfm

-7 3
qZklhlZ h[_jlZggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb h[k" <\Z`Zlb ydj h^ghj^-

gbf kmpevgbf pbeg^jhf jZ^mk ydh]h R = 0,3 f.
3.7. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 2 d]
aZ\^h\`db l = 1,2 f h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
k_j_^bgm i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb Kljb`_gv h[_jlZ}lvky
a dmlh\hx r\b^dklx ω = 12 jZ^ k gZ hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf
]Zevfm}lvky levdb l_jlyf gZ hk Fhf_gl ]Zevf\gbo kbe aZe_`blv
\^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl, yd \ aZ^Zq 3.5. Kljb`_gv amibgy}lvky dheb
dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx} 0,08 jZ^ k <bagZql_ qZk amibgdb
h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy
3.8. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dmlh\h r\b^dhkl kljb`gy
\^ qZkm fZxqb ^Zg mfh\b aZ^Zq 3.7.
3.9. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl qZkm ]Zevfm\Zggy dhe_kZ
\^ ch]h fZkb aZ mfh\hx aZ^Zq 3.5.
42
3.10. A ydhx fZdkbfZevghx dmlh\hx r\b^dklx h[_jlZ}lvky
dhe_kh ydsh ^h ch]h h[h^m ih ^hlbqgc ijbdeZ^_gZ klZeZ kbeZ
F = 5 H " JZ^mk dhe_kZ R = 0,35 f Fhf_gl ]Zevf\gbo kbe fh`gZ
\bagZqblb aZ , ^_ Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 9,1 ⋅10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k .
−4 3
3.11. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dmlh\h r\b^dhkl j\gh-

fjgh]h h[_jlZggy dhe_kZ g_h[o^g ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 3.5 \^
kbeb sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh ^h ch]h h[h^Z.
3.12. H^ghj^gZ kmpevgZ dmey fZkhx 32 d] ^Zf_ljhf
d = 12 kf ijb\h^blvky \ h[_jlZevgbc jmo gZ\dheh hk sh
ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj dme i^ ^}x klZeh ^hlbqgh kbeb
F = 12 H A[evr_ggx dmlh\h r\b^dhkl dme ijhlb^} fhf_gl
kbeb l_jly \ hk ydbc hibkm}lvky (3.5) ^_ Z = 2,8 ⋅10 G ⋅ k ⋅ f ,
−2
b = 9,1 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb:
−4 3
Z qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h [m^_ ^hky]gmlZ dmlh\Z r\b^dklv 8 jZ^k;

[ fZdkbfZevgm r\b^dklv, a ydhx h[_jlZ}lvky dmey.
3.13. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db l = 0,8 B ,
sh fZ} fZkm m = 6 d], ijb\h^blvky \ h[_jlZevgbc jmo gZ\dheh
hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h
ch]h ^h\`bgb i^ ^}x kbeb F = 2 H Py kbeZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h
a dgp\ kljb`gy \ gZijyf, i_ji_g^bdmeyjghfm ^h ch]h ^h\-
`bgb A[evr_ggx dmlh\h r\b^dhkl kljb`gy ijhlb^} fhf_gl
kbeb l_jly \ hk ydbc hibkm}lvky (3.5), ^_ a = 0,028 G ⋅ k ⋅ f ,
b = 9,1 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb
−4 3
Z dmlh\m r\b^dklv ydm fZlbf_ kljb`_gv q_j_a k ikey

ihqZldm jmom
[ egcgm r\b^dklv dgpy kljb`gy q_j_a 8 c ikey ihqZldm jmom
\ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv kljb`gy
3.14. >\ h^ghj^g kmpevg dme h^gZdh\h]h jZ^mkZ R = 5 kf
aZdjie_g gZ dgpyo h^ghj^gh]h kmpevgh]h kljb`gy fZkhx
m = 1 d] <^klZgv f` p_gljZfb dmev 0,6 f FZkZ dh`gh dme
1,2 d] Dme jZahf a kljb`g_f h[_jlZxlvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb
fZxlv dmlh\m r\b^dklv 30 jZ^ k H[_jlZggy ijhoh^blv gZ hk a
j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf ]Zevfm}lvky levdb l_jlyf gZ hk Fhf_gl
43
]Zevf\gbo kbe aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl, lZd kZfh, yd \
aZ^Zq 3.5 Q_j_a ydbc qZk h[_jlh\Z kbkl_fZ [m^_ fZlb dmlh\m
r\b^dklv 10 jZ^ k ?
3.15. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc ^bkd fZkhx m = 20 d] ^Zf_ljhf
d = 0,2 f ihqbgZ} h[_jlZlbkv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 5 H sh
ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h[h^Z ^bkdZ H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ hk a j^dbf
afZsm\Zggyf GZ pc hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly \gZke^hd qh]h
h[_jlZevghfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} fhf_gl kbeb l_jly sh fh`_ [mlb
h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ a = 0,06 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 8 ⋅10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k Q_j_a
−3 3
ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^

^bkdZ [m^_ kijyfh\Zg_ i^ dmlhf α = 60 ^h gZijyfm egcgh
,
r\b^dhkl p} lhqdb"

3.16. Ih ihobec ih\_jog, sh hibkZgZ \ aZ^Zq 2.18 dhlblvky
h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc pbeg^j fZkhx m = 1,5 d] jZ^mkhf
R = 6 kf <bagZqblb egcgm r\b^dklv p_gljZ fZk pbeg^jZ \ lhqp
B ydsh gZ ihqZldm jmom \ lhqp A ch]h r\b^dklv υ = 0 . o
<bagZql_ qZk jmom pbeg^jZ gZ reyom AB .

3.17. Ih ihobec ih\_jog, sh hibkZgZ \ aZ^Zq 2.18 dhlblvky
h^ghj^gZ kmpevgZ dmey fZkhx m = 2 d] jZ^mkhf R = 4 kf .
<bagZqblb egcgm r\b^dklv p_gljZ fZk dme \ lhqp B ydsh gZ
ihqZldm jmom \ lhqp A r\b^dklv υ = 0 <bagZql_ qZk jmom dme
o
gZ reyom AB .
3.18. FZoh\bd kdeZ^Z}lvky a \Z`dh]h h[jmqZ fZkhx m = 7 d],
ydbc a¶}^gZgbc a klmibp_x aZ ^hihfh]hx ribpv Dh`gm ribpx
1
\\Z`Zlb h^ghj^gbf kmpevgbf kljb`g_f a fZkhx m = 0,5 d]

^h\`bghx R = 20 kf FZoh\bd h[_jlZ}lvky a dmlh\hx r\b^dklx
2
ω = 80 jZ^k, gZ hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf ]Zevfm}lvky levdb l_j-

lyf gZ hk <bagZqblb qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h dhe_kh amibgblvky Qbk-
eh\ ^Zg ijh ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl \aylb a aZ^Zq 3.5.
3.19. GZ fZoh\_ dhe_kh sh hibkZg_ \ aZ^Zq 3.18 ^} klZeZ
^hlbqgZ kbeZ F = 6 G <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv a
ydhx h[_jlZ}lvky dhe_kh
3.20. GZ fZoh\_ dhe_kh sh hibkZg_ \ aZ^Zq 18 ^} klZeZ ^hlbq-
gZ kbeZ F = 6 G Q_j_a ydbc qZk dhe_kh [m^_ fZlb dmlh\m r\b^dklv
7 jZ^k ydsh ihqZldh\Z dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx\ZeZ gme_\?
44
d = 0,3 f sh jhafs_gbc ]hjbahglZevgh ihqbgZ} h[_jlZlbkv
gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 6 G ydZ
ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h[h^Z pvh]h ^bkdZ H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ hk a
j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf GZ pc hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly \gZke^hd qh]h
h[_jlZevghfm fhf_glm ijhlb^} fhf_gl kbeb l_jly Fl = – D& – E& , 3
^_ a = 0,06 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,008 G ⋅ f ⋅ k GZ djZx ^bkdZ e_`blv

3
ly]Zj_pv dh_np}gl l_jly f` gbf lZ ^bkdhf k Q_j_a ydbc

qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ly]Zj_pv akmg_lvky a ^bkdZ"
3.22. Ihkm^bgZ m nhjf ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ a ^Zf_ljhf ^gZ
d = 20 kf dmlhf gZobem [qgbo klghd ^h ]hjbahglZe . = 60º ijb\h-
^blvky \ h[_jlZggy gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf
GZ pc hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly \gZke^hd qh]h h[_jlZevghfm fhf_glm
ijhlb^} fhf_gl kbeb l_jly lZdbc yd m aZ^Zq 1. Q_j_a ydbc qZk
\^ ihqZldm h[_jlZggy dhgqgh ihkm^bgb dmevdZ sh e_`blv gZ ^g
p} ihkm^bgb [m^_ \bdbgmlZ a ihkm^bgb" KbeZ F = 34,1 G ijbdeZ^_-
gZ ^hlbqgh ^h ^gZ ihkm^bgb Fhf_gl g_jp ihkm^bgb J = 0,06 d] ⋅ f .
2
3.23. Ihkm^bgZ, sh fZ} nhjfm ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ, ijb\h^blvky \

h[_jlZggy lZd kZfh, yd m aZ^Zq 3.22. Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm
h[_jlZggy dhgqgh ihkm^bgb rZc[Z sh e_`blv gZ ^g ihkm^bgb
[m^_ \bdbgmlZ a p} ihkm^bgb ydsh dh_np}gl l_jly f` rZc[hx
lZ ihkm^bghx k = 0,08? KbeZ sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh ^h ihkm^bgb,
F = 27,78 G.
3.24. Dmey fZkhx m = 2 d] a hl\hjhf sh ijhoh^blv ih ^Z-
f_ljm gZkZ^`_gZ gZ ]hjbahglZevgbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L =50 kf.
Dmey fh`_ [_a l_jly dh\aZlb ih pvhfm kljb`gx >h dme ijbdji-
1
e_gh ijm`bgm ^jm]bc dg_pv ydh aZdjie_gbc gZ hk IhqZldh\Z

^h\`bgZ ijm`bgb L =15 kf Kljb`_gv jZahf a dme_x ihqbgZ}
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm
2
kljb`gy H[_jlZggy \^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x kbeb F = 1,5 G sh ijbd-

eZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh ^h h^gh]h a dgp\ kljb`gy I^ qZk h[_jlZggy gZ hk
a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly sh kijbqbgy} \bgbdg_g-
gy ]Zevf\gh]h fhf_glm, lZdh]h yd m aZ^Zq 3.5. AZ ydbc qZk \^
ihqZldm h[_jlZggy Z[khexlg_ \b^h\`_ggy ijm`bgb [m^_ fZlb qbk-
eh\_ agZq_ggy ff" FZkZ kljb`gy – 1 d] ^Zf_lj dme – 8 kf.
Dh_np}gl ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb k = 230 Gf.
3.25. GZ [ZjZ[Zg jZ^mkhf R = 0,2 f fZkhx m = 20 d] sh
fh`_ h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh ]hjbahglZevgh hk gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hfbc
o
45
rgmj ^h dgpy ydh]h ijbdjie_gbc \ZglZ` fZkhx m = 12 d] AZ ydbc
qZk \ZglZ` ijb jhadjmqm\Zgg rgmjZ himklblvky gZ \^^Zev h = 10 f?
;ZjZ[Zg \\Z`Zlb h^ghj^gbf kmpevgbf pbeg^jhf ;ZjZ[Zg h[_jlZ-
}lvky gZ\dheh hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf l_jly gZ pc hk kijbqbgy}
\bgbdg_ggy fhf_glm kbeb l_jly ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ
(3.5), ^_ Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 9,1Â G ⋅ f ⋅ k . <bagZqblb
-3 3
Z qZk, mijh^h\` ydh]h \ZglZ` m himklblvky \gba gZ f;

[ fZdkbfZevgm egcgm r\b^dklv \ZglZ`m m;
\ qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h \ZglZ` m [m^_ fZlb egcgm r\b^-
dklv 2 fk.
3.26. ;ZjZ[Zg jZ^mkhf R = 0,3 f lZ fZkhx m = 30 d] [ZjZ[Zg
jZ^mkhf R = 0,1 f lZ fZkhx m = 6 d] a’}^gZg `hjkldh fh`mlv
1 1
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh kievgh ]hjbahglZevgh hk jbk 8).

2 2
Jbk 8
GZ ih\_jogx [ZjZ[Zg\ gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hf ljhkb, ^h dgp\
ydbo ijbdjie_gh \ZglZ` fZkZfb m = 9 d] m = 8 d] GZ hk a
j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf \bgbdZ} l_jly fhf_gl kbeb ydh]h
3 4
M t = aω + bω 3 ,
^_ & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv kievgh]h h[_jlZggy [ZjZ[Zg\ dh_np}glb
Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 9,1Â G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb:
-3 3
Z fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv i^ qZk h[_jlZggy kbkl_fb

[ZjZ[Zg\
[ qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h [m^_ ^hky]gmlZ fZdkbfZevgZ dmlh\Z
r\b^dklv
\ qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h [m^_ ^hky]gmlh dmlh\h r\b^dhkl 9 jZ^k.
46
3.27. GZ pbeg^jbqgbc \Ze sh fh`_ h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh
]hjbahglZevgh hk gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hfbc rgmjhd, ^h dgpy ydh]h
ijbdjie_gh \ZglZ` fZkhx d]. I^ qZk h[_jlZggy \ZeZ gZ hk
\bgbdZ} l_jly sh kijbqbgy} \bgbdg_ggy fhf_glm kbeb l_jly
Fl = Z& b&3,
^_ & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv Z = 0,028 GÂfÂk, b = 0,0008 GÂfÂk .
3
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ZeZ ydsh \ZglZ`

\îmklblb JZ^mk \ZeZ R = 0,15 f.
3.28. GZ ^\Z `hjkldh a’}^gZg pbeg^jbqg [ZjZ[Zgb jZ^mkZfb
hkgh\ R = 0,1 f R = 0,2 f gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hf ljhkb jbk. 9). >h \ev-
gbo dgp\ ljhk\ ijbdjie_g \ZglZ` fZkZfb m = 2 d] m = 6 d] F`
1 2
ly]Zjp_f m ]hjbahglZevghx ih\_jog_x dh_np}gl l_jly k = 0,04.

1 2
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv [ZjZ[Zg\ ydsh \ZglZ` m

1
\îmklblb Fhf_gl kbeb l_jly gZ hk [ZjZ[Zg\ fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc

2
aZ ^_ Z = 0,028 GÂfÂk, b = 0,00091 GÂfÂk .

3
Jbk 9
3.29.GZ ^\Z `hjkldh a’}^gZg pbeg^jbqg [ZjZ[Zgb jZ^mkZfb

hkgh\ R1 = 0,08 f R = 0,2 f gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hf ljhkb jbk 10).
>h \evgbo dgp\ ljhk\ ijbdjie_gh \ZglZ` fZkZfb m = 1,5 d]
2
m = 5 d] F` ly]Zjp_f m ihobehx iehsbghx dh_np}gl l_jly

1
k <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv [ZjZ[Zg\ ydsh

2 1
\ZglZ` m \îmklblb Fhf_gl kbeb l_jly gZ hk [ZjZ[Zg\ fh`_

[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ , ^_ Z = 0,028 GÂfÂk, b = 0,00091 GÂfÂk .
2
3
47
Jbk 10
3.30. P_gljbnm]Z \ ydc lj_gmxlv ZkljhgZ\l\ ijb\h^blvky \

h[_jlZggy i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 26 GÂ f H[_jlZggx
p_gljbnm]b ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc
aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,8 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,4 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb fZdkb-
3
fZevgm kbem sh ijblbkdZ} ZkljhgZ\lZ fZkhx m = 70 d] ^h kb^ggy

ydsh jZ^mk dheZ, ih ydhfm \g h[_jlZ}lvky, ^hj\gx} f.
3.31. H^ghj^gm f^gm kmpevgm dmex jZ^mkhf R = 10 kf ijb-
\h^ylv \ h[_jlZggy gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj H[_j-
lZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 120 GÂf, ydhfm ijh-
lb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl fh`_
D
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5), ^_ a = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 1 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k .

−6 3
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h dme

3.32. GZ dgpyo g_\Z]hfh]h kljb`gy ^h\`bghx kf aZdji-
e_gh ^\ k\bgp_\ dme ^Zf_ljhf ih kf dh`gZ Kljb`_gv jZahf a
dmeyfb ijb\h^blvky \ h[_jlZevgbc jmo i^ ^}x h[_jlZevgh]h
fhf_glm F = 8 GÂ f H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ hk sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb GZ pc
hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly ydZ kijbqbgy} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh h[qbk-
ex}lvky aZ ^_ a = 0,022 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,0085 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZ-
3
qblb fZdkbfZevgbc fhf_gl fimevkm dmev i^ qZk h[_jlZggy.

d = 0,2 f ihqbgZ} h[_jlZlbkv i^ ^}x kbeb F = 12 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ
^hlbqgh ^h h[h^Z ^bkdZ H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ hk a j^dbf
afZsm\Zggyf GZ pc hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly ydZ fh`_ [mlb h[qbk-
e_gZ aZ (3.5), ^_ Z = 0,06 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,008 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb
3
Z qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ^bkdZ ^hky]g_ qbkeh-

\h]h agZq_ggy 1,16 >`;
[ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ^bkdZ
48
3.34. H^ghj^gZ kmpevgZ aZeagZ dmey ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,18 f
ihqbgZ} h[_jlZlbkv i^ ^}x kbeb F = 14 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh
^h djZx dme LhqdZ ijbdeZ^Zggy kbeb gZ \^^Ze d/2 \^ hk
h[_jlZggy ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj dme H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky
gZ hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf gZ pc hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly, lZdZ
kZfZ, yd m aZ^Zq 33. Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm h[_jlZggy dg_-
lbqgZ _g_j]y dme ^hj\gx\Zlbf_ >`?
3.35. Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey ihqZldm h[_jlZggy fhf_gl fimevkm
h^ghj^gh]h kmpevgh]h ^bkdZ [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 0,482 d] ⋅ f / k ? 2
Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 3.33.

3.36. Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y \ZeZ sh h[_jlZ}lvky a klZehx dmlh\hx
r\b^dklx gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk, ^hj\gx} >`. QZklhlZ
h[_jlZggy \ZeZ n = 6 h[k Ikey ijbibg_ggy ^ h[_jlZevgh]h fhf_glm
kbeb dmlh\Z r\b^dklv \ZeZ af_grm\ZeZkv aZ jZomghd l_jly sh
\bgbdZeh \ i^rbigbdZo Fhf_gl kbeb l_jly fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ
(3.5), ^_ a = 0,012 G ⋅ k ⋅ f , b = 0,00061 G ⋅ f ⋅ k . Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^
3
ihqZldm kih\evg_gh]h jmom fhf_gl fimevkm \ZeZ af_grblvky \ljbq?

3.37. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx
L = 20 kf lZ ^Zf_ljhf d = 10 ff ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZevgbc jmo
gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^bdm-
eyjgZ ^h gvh]h H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb
F = 110 GÂ f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^
D
dmlh\h r\b^dhkl fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_
Z = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 2,5Â G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb
-6 3
Z fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy hk h[_jlZggy

[ fhf_gl fimevkm kljb`gy
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy
3.38. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc klZe_\bc kljb`_gv m \b]ey^ aj-
aZgh]h dhgmkZ a jZ^mkZfb R = 6 ff lZ R =3 ff gb`gvh \_jogvh
hkgh\ <bkhlZ pvh]h ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ h = 30 kf. Kljb`_gv h[_jlZxlv
1 2
gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a lhgrbc dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ

i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ch]h \bkhlb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x
fhf_glm kbeb F = 110 G ⋅ f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl
D
lZdbc yd m aZ^Zq 37 <bagZqblb
Z fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy sh^h hk h[_jlZggy
3.39. <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy sh
hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 38 ydsh h[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ\dheh hk ydZ
49
ijhoh^blv q_j_a lh\klrbc dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h
ch]h \bkhlb <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk h[_jlZggy
3.40. <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h]h
kljb`gy sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 38 ydsh h[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky
gZ\dheh hk ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgZ ^h ch]h \bkhlb <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy \^ghkgh
hk h[_jlZggy
3.41. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc klZe_\bc kljb`_gv m \b]ey^ ajaZgh
ijZf^b fZ} ^h\`bgm L = 40 kf Hkgh\hx ijZf^b } d\Z^jZlb a
klhjhgZfb Z = 15 ff Z = 25 ff \îh\^gh Kljb`_gv h[_jlZ}lvky
gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a lhgrbc dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g-
1 2
^bdmeyjgZ ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm

kbeb F = 110 GÂ f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl lZdbc yd m
D
aZ^Zq 38 <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk h[_jlZggy
lZ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy
3.42. <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy sh
hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 41 ydsh h[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky gZ\dheh hk
ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h
ch]h ^h\`bgb. <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy hk h[_jlZggy
3.43. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc klZe_\bc kljb`_gv m \b]ey^ aj-
aZgh ijZf^b fZ} ^h\`bgm L = 40 kf Hkgh\b ijZf^b – j\gh-
klhjhgg ljbdmlgbdb a klhjhgZfb Z = 16 ff Z = 30 ff \îh\^gh
Kljb`_gv h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a lhgrbc
1 2
dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy

a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 110 GÂ f ydhfm ijhlb^}
D
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl lZdbc yd m aZ^Zq 37 <bagZqblb
Z fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk h[_jlZggy
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy
3.44. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc klZe_\bc kljb`_gv sh hibkZgbc
\ aZ^Zq 43, ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZevgbc jmo gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a lh\klrbc dg_pv kljb`gy ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ch]h
^h\`bgb <bagZqblb
Z fhf_gl g_jp kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk h[_jlZggy
3.45. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff lZ fZkhx 2,9 d]
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,003 f /jZ^). KijZev
2
50
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe \kv i_j-
i_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehrbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_jlZggy
\^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm F = 90 G ⋅ f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zev-
D
f\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Fl Z & + b & 1 1
3
^_ a = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = =0,00025 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb

3
Z fhf_gl g_jp kijZe \^ghkgh hk h[_jlZggy

1 1

3.46. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L = 0,8 f h[_j-
lZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm
kbeb F = 130 G ⋅ f . H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl
F] .& E& ^_ . = 0.01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,0006 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , & – dmlh\Z
3 3
r\b^dklv h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy FZdkbfZevgZ dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y

h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy ? = 570 >` <bagZqblb fZkm kljb`gy
3.47. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L = 0,9 f
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_j-
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x
fhf_glm kbeb F = 140 G ⋅ f . H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\-
gbc fhf_gl F] .& E& , ^_ . = 0.01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,0006 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ,
3 3
& – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy FZdkbfZevgZ dg_lbqgZ

_g_j]y h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy ? =350 >` <bagZqblb fZkm kljb`gy
3.48. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L = 0,75 f h[_j-
lZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_j-
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x kbeb
F = 190 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h a dgp\ kljb`gy lZ gZijyfe_gZ
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ^h\`bgb pvh]h kljb`gy H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glm
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl F] .& + E& ^_ . = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ,
3
b = 0,0006 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy kljb`gy FZdkb-

3
fZevgbc fhf_gl fimevkm h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy L = 22 d]Âf /k. <ba- 2
gZqblb fZkm kljb`gy

3.49. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe (. = 0,02 f, b = 0,04 jZ^ ) a devdklx \bld\
-1
n = 12. <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh

ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc
jhafs_gZ kijZev
3.50. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 9 ff ^h\`bghx f
a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,04 jZ^ ). <ba-
-1
51
gZqblb fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,04 jZ^ <bagZqblb dev-
-1
dklv \bld\ kijZe ydsh fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh

hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ieh-
sbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev, ^hj\gx} J = 0,02 d]Âf . 2

iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j f /jZ^ a devdklx \bld\ n = 5.
2
<bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy sh^h hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a

3.53. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 9 ff fZkhx 2,7 d] a]-
gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,041 jZ^ ). <ba-
-1
gZqblb fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a

3.54. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff lZ fZkhx 2,8 d]
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f /jZ^ <bagZqblb
2
fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj

kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
3.55. F^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h
-1
kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^b-

dmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev J = 0,04 d] ⋅ f Ikey
2
pvh]h kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh a kljb`gy ml\hjx}lvky devp_

<bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp devpy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj devpy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_g_ devp_
3.56. F^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
-1

2
pvh]h kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh kljb`_gv \bijyfey}lvky <bagZqblb

fhf_gl g_jp pvh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj
kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb
-1

2
pvh]h kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh a kljb`gy ml\hjx}lvky iZjZ[heqgZ

kijZev j = 0,002 f /jZ^). <bagZqblb fhf_gl g_jp iZjZ[heqgh
2
52
kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyj-
gh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Fhf_gl g_jp
-1
lZdh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe

i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev ^hj\gx}
J = 0,03 d]Âf . Px kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv
2
q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh-

\bc fhf_gl F = 70 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . *
<bagZqblb Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy [ devdklv \bld\ kijZe \ fZd-

kbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe i^ qZk h[_jlZggy.
3.59. Ijyfbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff fZ} fhf_gl
g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdm-
eyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb J = 0,38 d] ⋅ f . Ihlf p_c kljb`_gv a]bgZxlv
2
lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe (Z = 0,02 f, b =

= 0,05 jZ^ Px kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
-1
p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl

F = 75 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb
*
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
[ fhf_gl g_jp kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gh kijZev
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe
3.60. Ijyfbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db L = 1,5 f fZ} fhf_gl
g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_j-
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb J = 0,42 d] ⋅ f . Ihlf p_c kljb`_gv
2
a]bgZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f,

b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Px kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
-1
p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl

F = 55 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl**. <bagZqblb
Z fZkm kljb`gy
[ ^Zf_lj kljb`gy
\ fhf_gl g_jp kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev
] devdklv \bld\ kijZe
^ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe
*
=Zevf\gbc fhf_gl aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl (3.5) ^_
Z1 = 0,015 G· f· k, b1 = 0,00025 G· f· k3.
53
3.61. Kmpevg_ devp_ a aZeagh]h ^jhlm aZ\^h\`db f fZ}
fhf_gl g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj devpy i_j-
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc e_`blv devp_ J = 0,022 d] ⋅ f . 2
Ikey jhajaZggy pvh]h devpy h^_j`Zgbc ^jl a]bgZxlv m nhjf

eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe (Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Px kijZev
-1
h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^b-

dmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 95 G ⋅ f chfm
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z fZkm ^jhlygh]h devpy
[ fhf_gl g_jp eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijh-
oh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc
e_`blv kijZev
\ devdklv \bld\ kijZe
] fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe
3.62. Kmpevg_ devp_ a f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 6 ff fZ}
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc } devp_ J = 0,023 d] ⋅ f Ikey
2
jhajaZggy pvh]h devpy h^_j`Zgbc ^jl a]bgZxlv m nhjf eh]Zjbn-

fqgh kijZe (Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Px kijZev h[_jlZxlv
-1
gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h

iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 90 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^}
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z fZkm ^jhlygh]h devpy
[ fhf_gl g_jp eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc } kijZev
\ devdklv \bld\ kijZe;
] fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe
3.63. Kmpevg_ devp_ a f^gh]h ^jhlm fZkhx m = 0,5 d] fZ}
i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc } devp_ J = 0,025 d] ⋅ f Ikey
2
jhajaZggy pvh]h devpy h^_j`Zgbc ^jl a]bgZxlv m nhjf eh]Zjbn-

fqgh kijZe (Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Px kijZev ijb\h^ylv \
-1
h[_jlZevgbc jmo gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_j-

i_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 90 G ⋅ f ,
chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlygh]h devpy
[ fhf_gl g_jp eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc } kijZev
54
] fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h kijZe
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,0002 f /jZ^) Fhf_gl g_jp lZdh kijZe
2
\^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h

iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev ^hj\gx} J = 0,025 d]Âf LZdm
2
kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe

i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl kl\hjx-
}lvky kbehx F = 230 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^hlbqgh ^h dgpy gZc[ev-
rh]h jZ^mkZ kijZe H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl ^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
[ devdklv \bld\ kijZe
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe
3.65. Ijyfbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff fZ}
fhf_gl g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb J = 0,48 d] ⋅ f . Ihlf p_c
2
kljb`_gv a]bgZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb iZjZ[heqgh kijZe

(j = 0,0002 f /jZ^). LZdm kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh-
2
^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe

H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 45 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl
^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
p_glj i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc agZoh^blvky kijZev
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h kijZe
3.66. Ijyfbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db L = 1,45 f fZ}
fhf_gl g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb J = 0,35 d] ⋅ f Ihlf p_c
2
kljb`_gv a]bgZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb iZjZ[heqgh kijZe

(j = 0,0002 f /jZ^). LZdm kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh-
2
^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe

H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 52 G ⋅ f chfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl
^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z fZkm kljb`gy
[ ^Zf_lj kljb`gy
\ fhf_gl g_jp kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
] devdklv \bld\ kijZe
^ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe i^ qZk h[_jlZggy.
55
3.67. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 1,4 d]
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ch]h k_j_^bgm i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb a^ckgxxqb h[k. Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y
kljb`gy ? = 1200 >`. Ihlf kljb`_gv a]bgZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ}
nhjfb iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,0002 f /jZ^). <bagZqblb
2
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
p_glj i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc agZoh^blvky kijZev
\) devdklv \bld\ kijZe
3.68. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 10 ff a]gmlbc lZd sh
fZ} nhjfm eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe (Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^ ). Fhf_gl
-1
g_jp lZdh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe

i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev ^hj\gx}
J = 0,065 d]Âf Ikey pvh]h kljb`_gv ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g
2
gZ[bjZ} nhjfb iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,0002 f /jZ^). LZdm kijZev

2
h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g-

^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe H[_jlh\bc fhf_gl F = 40 G ⋅ f ,
ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ^b\ aZ^Zqm . <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
[ fZkm kljb`gy
\) devdklv \bld\ eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe;
]) devdklv \bld\ iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
^) fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h kijZe
3.69. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 6 ff
fZkhx m = 480 ] ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe
:jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^). <bagZqblb
Z devdklv \bld\ kijZe
[ dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlZevgh]h jmom kijZe ydsh \hgZ
jh[blv n = 30 h[k gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
3.70. AZeagbc kmpevgbc h^ghj^gbc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 280 ]
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ch]h k_j_^bgm i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgh ^h ^h\`bgb a^ckgxxqb n = 28 h[k. <gZke^hd pvh]h kljb-
`_gv fZ} dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ? = 300 >` Ihlf kljb`_gv ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,011 fjZ^). <bagZqblb
[ fhf_gl g_jp kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj
kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_gZ kijZev
56
3.71. AZeagbc kmpevgbc h^ghj^gbc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 280 ]
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ch]h dg_pv i_ji_g^bdm-
eyjgh ^h ^h\`bgb a^ckgxxqb n = 25 h[k. Kljb`_gv fZ} dg_lbqgm
_g_j]x ? = 880 >` Ihlf ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ}
nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,011 fjZ^). <bagZqblb
3.72. Kmpevg_ devp_ sh \b]hlh\e_g_ a aZeagh]h kljb`gy fZ}
^Zf_lj 36 kf Devp_ h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
p_glj devpy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_g_ p_ devp_
Devp_ a^ckgx} h[k fZ} dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ? = 720 >` Ihlf
devp_ jhajaZxlv ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \hgh gZ[bjZ} nhjfb
kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,011 fjZ^). <bagZqblb
3.73. F^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d ff a]bgZxlv lZd sh
\g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z . fjZ^ LZdm kijZev
dmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe Ydsh kijZev h[_jlZlb a qZklhlhx
n = 33 h[k lh \hgZ [m^_ fZlb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ? = 920 >`.
<bagZqblb
[ ^h\`bgm kljb`gy a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
3.74. F^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff a]bgZxlv lZd sh
\g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ LZdm kijZev
dmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe Ydsh kijZev h[_jlZlb a qZklhlhx
n = 32 h[k lh \hgZ [m^_ fZlb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ? = 900 >`. Ihlf
kijZev :jof_^Z ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \hgZ i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Z-
jbnfqgm kijZev . = 0,02 f; b = 0,05 jZ^ ). <bagZqblb
-1
Z devdklv \bld\ kijZe :jof_^Z

[ devdklv \bld\ eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
\ fhf_gl g_jp kijZe :jof_^Z \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe
] fhf_gl g_jp eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijh-
oh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe
^ ^h\`bgm kljb`gy a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
57
3.75. F^gbc h^ghj^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7,5 ff a]b-
gZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,011 fjZ^)
a devdklx \bld\ n = 4. <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
[ fhf_gl g_jp ijyfh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb
] dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe ydsh \hgZ h[_jlZ}lvky a qZklh-
lhx n = 25 h[k \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe
3.76. F_lZe_\bc h^ghj^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]b-
gZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,011 fjZ^)
a devdklx \bld\ n = 3. <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
[ ]mklbgm fZl_jZem kljb`gy
\ fhf_gl g_jp ijyfh]h kljb`gy \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb
] fhf_gl g_jp kijZe :jof_^Z \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv
^ dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe ydsh \hgZ h[_jlZ}lvky a qZklh-
lhx n = 55 h[k \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe
3.77. AZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 6,5 ff a]bgZxlv lZd
sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ LZdm
kijZev h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe Ydsh kijZev h[_jlZlb a qZk-
lhlhx n = 37 h[k lh \hgZ [m^_ fZlb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ? = 940 >`.
Ihlf kijZev :jof_^Z ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \hgZ i_j_l\hjx}lvky m
iZjZ[heqgm kijZev j = 0,002 f Â jZ^ ). <bagZqblb
2 -1
Z devdklv \bld\ kijZe :jof_^Z

[ devdklv \bld\ iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
] fhf_gl g_jp iZjZ[heqgh kijZe \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb kijZe.
58
F?O:G1QG1DHEB<:GGY1O<BE1
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
J\gyggy ]Zjfhgqgh]h dheb\Zggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb a pbd-
1.
eqghx qZklhlhx & Zfielm^hx A :
x(t ) = A sin (&9 + ϕ ) ,
^_ 3 – ihqZldh\Z nZaZ x – afs_ggy dheb\gh lhqdb \^ iheh`_ggy

j\gh\Z]b Fh`gZ \bdhjbklZlb lZdh` ki\\^ghr_ggy ω = 2π T ^_
T – i_jh^ dheb\Zgv
J\gyggy a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv
x(t ) = A e cos(ωt + ϕ ) , Z[h x(t ) = A e sin(ωt + ϕ ) ,
o
− β ⋅t
o
− β ⋅t
^_ A – ihqZldh\Z Zfielm^Z A e = A(t ) – ihlhqgZ Zfielm^Z;

o o
− β ⋅t
β – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
2. Ijb ^h^Z\Zgg ^\ho ]Zjfhgqgbo dheb\Zgv a [ebavdbfb
qZklhlZfb x = A sin ω t lZ x = A sin ω t h^_j`mxlv j_amevlmxq_
dheb\Zggy
1 1 2 2
ω1 − ω 2 ω + ω2
x(t ) = 2 A cos t ⋅ sin 1 t.
2 2
:fielm^Z lZdh]h dheb\Zggy x = 2 A cos ω O

1 − ω2
2
⋅t LZd_
j_amevlmxq_ dheb\Zggy gZab\Zxlv [bllyf
59
3. Ijb ^h^Z\Zgg \aZ}fgh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgbo dheb\Zgv
x = A1 sin ωt ;
y = A2 sin(ωt + α ) ,
^_ α – jagbpy nZa pbo dheb\Zgv ljZ}dlhjy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb

hibkm}lvky j\gyggyf
x2 y2 2 xy
2
+ 2
− cos α = sin 2 α .
A1 A2 A1 A2
AZe_`gh \^ jagbp nZa α ljZ}dlhjy fZlbf_ \b]ey^ _eikZ

Z[h ijyfh
Ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 0,5 d] sh i^\r_gbc gZ ijm`bg a
dh_np}glhf ijm`ghkl k = 1,23 Gf a^ckgx} a]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy
yd hibkmxlvky j\gyggyf
x(t ) = 0,_-t sin &W.
<bagZqblb dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy , ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 7,9 k
dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ly]Zjpy fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy >`.
Jha\’yaZggy
R\b^dklv leZ yd_ a^ckgx} a]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy \ [m^v-ydbc
fhf_gl qZkm fh`gZ \bagZqblb aZ nhjfmehx
υ = Aω exp(− β t ) cos(ω t ) − Aβ exp(− β t ) sin(ω t ) ,
^_ : – ihqZldh\Z Zfielm^Z a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv & – pbdeqgZ qZk-
lhlZ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy t – qZk A nhjfmeb dg_lbqgh _g_j]
mυ 2
Ek = .
2
fh`gZ \bagZqblb r\b^dklv
2 Ek
υ= .
m
60
Pbdeqgm qZklhlm fh`gZ \bagZqblb aZ \^hfbfb dh_np}glhf
ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb k lZ fZkhx m
k
ω = .
m
Hl`_,
2 Ek k k k
=A exp(-W) cos( t) – $ exp(-W) sin( t).
m m m m
M pvhfm \bjZa yd g_\^hf_ \bklmiZ} dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
ydbc } ki\fgh`gbdhf i_j_^ _dkihg_glhx m ihdZagbdm kl_i_gy P_
hagZqZ} sh fZ}fh kijZ\m a ljZgkp_g^_glgbf j\gyggyf yd_ gZc-
ajmqgr_ jha\’yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\
Program Kol2425;
Uses CRT;
Var A,k,m,t,B,B1,E :real;
c,d,f,g,V,Pi,W :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
m:=0.5;
k:=1.23;
A:=0.3;
t:=7.9;
E:=0.025;
Pi:=3.14;
W:=sqrt(k/m);
V:=sqrt(2*E/m);
B:=0;
B1:=0.0001;
C:=A*W*exp(-B*t);
d:=C*cos(W*t);
f:=A*B*exp(-B*t);
g:=f*sin(W*t);
While (V-d+g)<0 do
Begin
C:=A*W*exp(-B*t);
61
d:=C*cos(W*t);
f:=A*B*exp(–B*t);
g:=f*sin(W*t);
B:=B+B1;
End;
Textcolor(4);
Writeln(' B=',B:6:2);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v
AZ^Zq
4.1. GZibkZlb j\gyggy ]Zjfhgqgh]h dheb\Zevgh]h jmom a
Zfielm^hx : = 5 kf ydsh aZ qZk t = 1 o\ a^ckgx}lvky dheb\Zgv
ihqZldh\Z nZaZ dheb\Zgv ϕ = π/4. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd pvh]h jmom
4.2. GZibkZlb j\gyggy ]Zjfhgqgh]h dheb\Zevgh]h jmom a
Zfielm^hx : = 50 ff i_jh^hf L = 4 k ihqZldh\hx nZahx ϕ = π/4.
<bagZqblb afs_ggy x dheb\gh lhqdb \^ iheh`_ggy j\gh\Z]b,
ydsh t = 1,5 k GZdj_keblb ]jZnd pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h jmom
4.3. GZdj_keblb gZ h^ghfm ]jZndm ^\Z ]Zjfhgqg dheb\Zggy a
h^gZdh\bfb Zfielm^Zfb h^gZdh\bfb i_jh^Zfb, Ze_ a jagbp_x
nZa Z π/4; [ π/2; \ π; ] π.
4.4. J\gyggy dheb\Zgv fZl_jZevgh lhqdb fZ} \b]ey^
o : sin ωt Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl \^ qZkm \ f_`Zo h^gh]h
i_jh^m dg_lbqgh ihl_gpZevgh lZ ih\gh _g_j] lhqdb
4.5. Ih[m^m\Zlb ljZ}dlhjx sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb ^h^Z\Zgg
^\ho \aZ}fgh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgbo dheb\Zgv a h^gZdh\bfb Zfielm-
^Zfb êy ydbo \^ghr_ggy qZklhl ^hj\gx} Jagbpy nZa – 90º.
4.6. Dheb\Zggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb \^[m\Zxlvky aZ aZdhghf
x = A exp( − β t ) sin ωt , ^_ x – afs_ggy A – ihqZldh\Z Zfielm^Z
o
β – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy ω = 2π T GZdj_keblb ]jZnd dheb\Zgv

ydsh β = 0,02 .
4.7. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl afs_ggy \^ qZkm êy
j_amevlmxqh]h dheb\Zggy sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb ^h^Z\Zgg ^\ho dheb-
\Zgv h^gZdh\h]h gZijyfm a h^gZdh\bfb Zfielm^Zfb lZ qZklhlZfb
\^ghr_ggy ydbo ^hj\gx} 1,22.
62
4.8. FZl_fZlbqgbc fZylgbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1 f \klZgh\e_gbc \
enl sh jmoZ}lvky a ijbkdhj_ggyf D Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd
aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv fZylgbdZ \^ ijbkdhj_ggy D .
4.9. Lhgdbc h^ghj^gbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db l = 1 f fh`_
\evgh dheb\Zlbkv gZ\dheh ]hjbahglZevgh hk sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ
\^klZg [ \^ ch]h k_j_^bgb Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m
dheb\Zgv kljb`gy \^ x.
4.10. Kmpevgbc h^ghj^gbc ^bkd jZ^mkhf R = 0,24 f dheb-
\Z}lvky \^ghkgh ]hjbahglZevgh hk sh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ieh-
sbgb ^bkdZ jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg [ \^ p_gljZ ^bkdZ Ih[m^m\Zlb
]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv ^bkdZ \^ [ .
4.11. M \^djblm a h[ho dgp\ * -ih^[gm ljm[dm a iehs_x
ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam S=0,4 kf r\b^dh \eb\Zxlv jlmlv fZkhx P .
2
Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv jlml \ ljm[p \^

fZkb jlml P .
4.12. GZ g_\Z]hfc g_jhaly`gc gblp aZ\^h\`db l = 50 kf
i^\r_gh f_lZe_\m pbeg^jbqgm ihkm^bgm \bkhlhx 12 kf. >Zf_lj
hkgh\b pbeg^jZ gZ[Z]Zlh f_grbc aZ \bkhlm Ihkm^bgZ aZih\g_gZ
^j[gbf k\bgp_\bf ^jh[hf fZkhx 80 ] M ^g ihkm^bgb } hl\j q_j_a
ydbc ^j[ \bkbiZ}lvky a r\b^dklx 4 ] gZ k F_lZe_\m ihkm^bgm
gZ[eb`_gh fh`gZ \\Z`Zlb h^ghj^gbf kljb`g_f sh fZ} fZkm 15 ].
Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv pvh]h nabqgh]h
fZylgbdZ \^ qZkm
4.13. G_\Z]hfZ ihjh`gbklZ dmey jZ^mkhf R = 6 kf jbk 11)
fZ} \k_j_^bg \ gb`gc lhqp aZdjie_gbc ly]Zj_pv \\Z`Zlb ch]h
ahk_j_^`_gbf m pc lhqp. GZ ]hjbahglZevgc ih\_jog kn_jZ [m^_ \
j\gh\Za ydsh ly]Zj_pv \ gZcgb`qhfm iheh`_gg jbk. 10, Z dheb
kn_jm ljhob i_j_dhlblb jbk 10, [ lh ly]Zj_pv fZlbf_ [evrm ih-
l_gpZevgm _g_j]x, g` m iheh`_gg Z. <bagZqblb i_jh^ dheb\Zgv
p} dme ydsh \ôbeblb \^ iheh`_ggy j\gh\Z]b gZ g_\_ebdbc
dml \îmklblb
< d Z a \ d Z <bdhjbklZcl_ j\gyggy ^bgZfdb h[_jlZevgh]h
jmom l\_j^h]h leZ gZ\dheh fbll}\h hk lhqdb ^hlbdm ]hjbahg-
lZevgh ih\_jog
dL
M= ; / = -ω .
dt
63
<jZomcl_ sh fhf_gl g_jp - – g_ dhgklZglZ ^bn_j_gpx-
\Zlb fhf_gl fimevkm / lj_[Z yd ^h[mlhd ^\ho afggbo
Z [
Jbk
4.14. Nabqgbc fZylgbd ml\hj_gh a h[jmqZ, \ky fZkZ ydh]h

jhafs_gZ gZ h^gZdh\c \^klZg \^ p_gljZ dheZ pvh]h h[jmqZ P_c
h[jmq fh`_ dheb\Zlbkv lZd sh lhqdZ i^\km gZ \^^Ze x \^ p_gljZ
h[jmqZ ijb dheb\Zggyo iehsbgZ \ ydc } h[jmq, jhafs_gZ \_jlb-
dZevgh AZ ydh]h agZq_ggy x i_jh^ dheb\Zgv pvh]h fZylgbdZ [m^_
fgfZevgbf" JZ^mk h[jmqZ R = 0,4 f.
4.15. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv h[jmqZ
\^ \^^Ze \^ lhqdb i^\km ^h p_gljZ h[jmqZ Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg
\aylb a aZ^Zq 4.14.
4.16. J\gyggy a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
π
x =5e-0,1t sin t f.
2
<bagZqblb r\b^dklv lhqdb sh dheb\Z}lvky \ fhf_glb qZkm
0, L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L, 8L, 9L.
4.17. J\gyggy a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv aZ^Zg_ m \b]ey^
x =:e- sin &W,
9
^_ : = 5 f, & = π . <bagZqblb dh_np}gl a]ZkZggy ydsh q_j_a qZk

2
t = 3,9 k \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm dheb\Zggy r\b^dklv dheb\gh lhqdb
^hj\gx\ZeZ fk.
64
x = :_ sin &W,
- t
^_ :=5 f, ω = π , = Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm

2
dheb\Zggy r\b^dklv dheb\gh lhqdb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb fk?
x = _ sin 2,5W f,
- t
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy t – qZk, k <bagZqblb afs_ggy dheb\gh

lhqdb \^ iheh`_ggy j\gh\Z]b \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 0,7 k \^ ihqZldm
dheb\Zggy ydsh r\b^dklv p} lhqdb \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 0,12 k
1
^hj\gx\ZeZ fk.
2
4.20. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = _ sin t f,
- t π
2
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl
aZ]ZkZggy ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 3,85 k r\b^dklv fZl_jZevgh
lhqdb ^hj\gx\ZeZ fk.
4.21. Dheb\Zggy ly]Zjpy fZkhx ] hibkmxlvky \bjZahf
x = 4_ sin t f,
- tπ
2
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl
aZ]ZkZggy ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 4,1 k \^ ihqZldm dheb\Zggy
dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ly]Zjpy fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy ,25 >`.
4.22. Ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 0,4 d] sh i^\r_gbc gZ ijm`bg a
dh_np}glhf ijm`ghkl k = Gf a^ckgx} a]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy
yd hibkmxlv nhjfmehx
x = 0,2 _ sin &t f.
– t
<bagZqblb eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy ydsh \ fhf_gl

qZkm t = 0,05 k \^ ihqZldm dheb\Zggy ly]Zj_pv fZ\ fimevk d]· fk.
4.23. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb fZkhx m = 10 ]
ih^Zgh m \b]ey^
π
x = 2e − β t sin t f,
2
65
^_ β – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb dh_np}gl hihjm r ydsh \ fh-
f_gl qZkm t = 3,7 k r\b^dklv fZl_jZevgh lhqdb ^hj\gx\ZeZ fk.
4.24. <bagZqblb dh_np}gl hihjm r sh i^ qZk a]ZkZxqbo
dheb\Zgv fZl_jZevgh lhqdb fZkhx m = 10 ] ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm
t = 3,7 k dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y lhqdb ^hj\gx\ZeZ 0,017 >`. :fielm^Z
: = 2 f, & = /2.
4.25. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy fZl_jZevgh lhqdb fZkhx m = 10 ]
aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = 1, 2e− β t sin 2π t f,
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb dh_np}gl hihjm r ydsh
\ fhf_gl qZkm t = 2,05 k fimevk p} dheb\gh lhqdb ^hj\gx\Z\
0,01 d] ⋅ f / k .
4.26. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy ly]Zjpy fZkhx m = 200 ] sh
i^\r_gbc gZ ijm`bg, ih^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = 0, 2e− β t sin 2π t f,
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb ^h[jhlgklv p} dheb\Zevgh
kbkl_fb ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 2,08 k dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ly]Zjpy
^hj\gx\ZeZ 0,072 >`.
4.27. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy ly]Zjpy fZkhx m = 200 ] sh i^\-
r_gbc gZ ijm`bg, ih^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = 0, 2e− β t sin ωt f,
kbkl_fb ydsh q_j_a qZk t = 1,02 k r\b^dklv ly]Zjpy ^hj\gx\ZeZ
1,05 fk Dh_np}gl `hjkldhkl ijm`bgb k = 8 Gf.
4.28. <bagZqblb ^h[jhlgklv dheb\Zevgh kbkl_fb m \b]ey^
ijm`bggh]h fZylgbdZ ydsh q_j_a qZk t = 2,08 k sh fbgm\ \^
ihqZldm dheb\Zggy r\b^dklv ly]Zjpy ^hj\gx\ZeZ υ = 0,82 fk.
1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb ia aZ^Zq 4. 26.
4.29. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy ly]Zjpy fZkhx m = 200 ] sh
i^\r_gbc gZ ijm`bg, aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = Ae − β t sin ωt f,
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy <bagZqblb dh_np}gl hihjm r ydsh \
fhf_gl qZkm t = 1,03 k dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ly]Zjpy ^hj\gx\ZeZ 52 >`.
Dh_np}gl ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb k = 10 Gf Z fZdkbfZevgZ ihl_gpZevgZ
_g_j]y klbkgmlh ijm`bgb gZ ihqZldm dheb\Zgv ^hj\gx\ZeZ >`.
66
4.30. A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy ly]Zjpy fZkhx m = 200 ], sh
i^\r_gbc gZ ijm`bg aZ^Zgh m \b]ey^
x = Ae − β t sin ωt f,
kbkl_fb ydsh q_j_a qZk t = 2,04 k r\b^dklv ly]Zjpy ^hj\gx\ZeZ
0,92 fk Dh_np}gl ijm`ghkl ijm`bgb k = 8 Gf Z fZdkbfZevgZ
ihl_gpZevgZ _g_j]y klbkgmlh ijm`bgb gZ ihqZldm dheb\Zgv ^hj\-
gx\ZeZ 0,16 >`.
4.31. Ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 0,4 d] i^\r_gbc ^h ijm`bgb
\b^h\`m} gZ l = 16 kf Ihlf p_c ly]Zj_pv \ôbeyxlv m \_jlb-
dZevghfm gZijyf \g dheb\Z}lvky aZ aZdhghf
x = 0, 06e− β t sin ω t f.
<bagZqblb eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy pbo dheb\Zgv
ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 3,21 k dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ly]Zjpy fZeZ
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy ? = 0,042 >`.
4.32. Ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 0,6 d] sh i^\r_gbc gZ ^\ho h^gZ-
dh\bo ihke^h\gh kihemq_gbo ijm`bgZo a^ckgx} dheb\Zggy yd
hibkmxlvky nhjfmehx
x = 0,32e− β t sin ω t f.
Dh_np}gl `hjkldhkl h^g} ijm`bgb k = 2,6 Gf <bagZqblb
dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 7,78 k dg_lbqgZ
_g_j]y ly]Zjpy fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy >`.
4.33. <bagZqblb dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm 4.32), ydsh
ijm`bgb gZ ydbo i^\r_gh ly]Zj_pv kihemq_g iZjZe_evgh G_h[o^g
qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 4.32 Z fZkZ ly]Zjpy m = 1,625 d].
4.34. Lhgdbc h[jmq i^\r_gbc gZ ljvho iZjZe_evgbo gbldZo
h^gZdh\h ^h\`bgb l = 1 f dh`gZ Gbldb ijbdjie_g \ lhqdZo gZ
h[h^ h[jmqZ lZd sh \^^Ze f` lhqdZfb ijbdjie_ggy h^gZdh\.
IehsbgZ \ ydc jhafs_gbc h[jmq – ]hjbahglZevgZ Ydsh h[jmq
\b\_klb a iheh`_ggy j\gh\Z]b aZdjmqm\Zggyf \îmklblb lh \g
a^ckgx\Zlbf_ a]ZkZxq djmlbevg dheb\Zggy yd fh`mlv [mlb
hibkZg aZ ^hihfh]hx nhjfmeb
x = 0,12e − βt sin ωt f.
67
<bagZqblb eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy λ djmlbevgbo
dheb\Zgv h[jmqZ ydsh \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 5,55 k egcgZ r\b^dklv
lhqhd h[jmqZ fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy υ = 0,011 fk.
4.35. =hjbahglZevgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh
\_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy <bagZqblb
fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy kljb`gy ydsh \g h[_jlZ-
}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 170 G, ijbdeZ^_gh ^h h^gh]h dgpy
kljb`gy Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl F ydbc fh`_ t
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 1,5 ⋅ 10 GÂfÂk FZkZ

−4 3
kljb`gy m = 0,12 d] ch]h fh^mev ijm`ghkl ? = 7,05Â Gf ^Zf_lj

10
d = 5 ff R\b^dklv a\mdm \ kljb`g υ = 6400 fk.

4.36. <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x h[_jlh\h]h
kljb`gy sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 4.35.
4.37. =hjbahglZevgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh
\_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy H[_jlZ}lvky kljb-
`_gv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 140 G, ijbdeZ^_gh ^h ^jm]h]h dgpy
kljb`gy Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl F ydbc fh`_ t
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 1,5 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ c .

−4 3
FZkZ kljb`gy m = 0,12 d] ch]h fh^mev ijm`ghkl ? = 7,05Â Gf, 10
^Zf_lj d = 7 ff R\b^dklv a\mdm \ kljb`g υ = 6400 fk <bagZqblb

Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv kljb`gy
4.38. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 9 ff fZkhx 2,9 d]
a]gmlbc lZd sh fZ} nhjfm eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Fh^mev ijm`ghkl
fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 1,27Â IZ r\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \
11
fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 3710 fk Eh]ZjbnfqgZ kijZev fh`_ [mlb hib-

kZgZ aZ nhjfmehx ! . exp(E3 ^_ . = 0,02 f, b = 0,041 jZ^ KijZev -1
h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe, \kv h[_j-

lZggy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehrbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_j-
lZggy \^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm F = 88 G· f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zev-
D
f\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Fl Z & + b & , ^_
1 1
3
a = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 0,00025 G ⋅ f ⋅ c <bagZqblb

3

1 1

4.39. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]gmlbc lZd sh
gZ[jZ\ nhjfm eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ydZ fZ} n \bld\ Fh^mev
68
ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 1,27Â IZ r\b^dklv ihrbj_g-
11
gy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 3710 fk Eh]ZjbnfqgZ kijZev

fh`_ [mlb hibkZgZ aZ nhjfmehx ! = . exp(E3 ^_ . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,041 jZ^ . <bagZqblb fZkm kljb`gy
-1
4.40. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf

eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe (. f b = 0,04 jZ^ ) ydZ fklblv n = 12
-1
\bld\ Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 2,05Â IZ r\b^- 11
dklv ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 4785 fk KijZev

h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe \kv
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_jlZggy
\^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 125 G ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h lh]h
dgpy kijZe sh fZ} gZc[evrbc jZ^mk H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb-
^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Fl Z & + 1
+ b & , ^_ a = 0,014 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 0,00025 G ⋅ f ⋅ c <bagZqblb

3 3

1 1 1
[ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe.

4.41. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff fZkhx 2,1 d]
a]gmlbc lZd sh fZ} nhjfm iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,003 f /jZ^). 2
Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 1,27Â IZ r\b^dklv11
ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 3710 fk KijZev h[_j-

lZ}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe \kv i_ji_g-
^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_jlZggy \^-
[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm F = 260 G· f ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\-
D
gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb
*

[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv kijZe
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe i^ qZk h[_jlZggy.
4.42. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,003 f /jZ^), ydZ fklblv n = 10
2
\bld\ Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j=1,27Â IZ r\b^- 11
dklv ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 3710 fk <bagZqblb

fZkm kljb`gy
4.43. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 6 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,003 f /jZ^) ydZ fklblv n = 8 \bld\
2
Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 2,05Â IZ r\b^dklv11
*
=Zevf\gbc fhf_gl aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl Fl Z1& +
+ b1 & 3
^_ a1= 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b1 = 0,00025 G ⋅ f ⋅ c .
3
69
ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 4785 fk KijZev h[_jlZ-
}lvky gZ\dheh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe \kv i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgZ ^h iehrbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev H[_jlZggy \^[m\Z-
}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 210 G ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h lh]h dgpy
kijZe sh fZ} gZc[evrbc jZ^mk H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^}
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_
a = 0,015 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ; b = 2,5 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb
−4 3

[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv kijZe
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kijZe.
4.44. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 9 ff fZkhx m = 8,8 d]
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,003 f /jZ^). Fh^mev
2
ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 2,05Â IZ r\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy

11
a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 4785 fk. <bagZqblb

Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
4.45. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff ^h\`bghx
L = 7 f a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,003 f /jZ^).
2
Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 1,27Â IZ r\b^dklv

11
ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 3710 fk. <bagZqblb

Z fZkm kljb`gy
kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb, \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev
\) devdklv \bld\ kijZe
4.46. F_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8,5 ff ^h\`bghx
L = 8 f a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ydZ hibkm}lvky nhj-
fmehx ! . exp(E3 ^_ . = 0,015 f, b = 0,04 jZ^ . Fh^mev ijm`-
-1
ghkl fZl_jZem kljb`gy ?j = 3,05Â IZ r\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy

11
a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 6400 fk. <bagZqblb

Z fZkm kljb`gy
kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb, \ ydc jhalZrh\ZgZ kijZev
4.47. L_fi_jZlmjZ Zlfhkn_jgh]h ih\ljy afgx}lvky a \bkh-
lhx Z aZ aZdhghf
L L1 – kÂZ2,
70
^_ k = 0,57· 10 Df , L – l_fi_jZlmjZ ih\ljy gZ j\g fhjy
-6 2
<bagZqblb qZk ijhoh^`_ggy a\mdh\h o\be a \bkhlb df ^h

1
ih\_jog a_fe
4.48. L_fi_jZlmjZ ih\ljy [ey ih\_jog A_fe ^hj\gx}
L = 300 D Ijb a[evr_gg \bkhlb \hgZ ihgb`m}lvky gZ ¨L = 0,007 D
gZ dh`gbc f_lj \bkhlb AZ ydbc qZk a\md ^hky]g_ \bkhlb h = 8 df?
4.49. R\b^dklv a\mdm \ ih\lj [ey ih\_jog A_fe ^hj\gx}
322 fk. A a[evr_ggyf \bkhlb l_fi_jZlmjZ ih\ljy ihgb`m}lvky gZ
¨L = 0,007 D gZ dh`gbc f_lj \bkhlb AZ ydbc qZk a\md ^hky]g_
\bkhlb h = 9 df?
4.50. Lbkd ih\ljy [ey ih\_jog A_fe ^hj\gx} IZ ch]h
5
]mklbgZ ! = 1,29 d]f . A a[evr_ggyf \bkhlb l_fi_jZlmjZ ih\ljy

3
ihgb`m}lvky gZ ¨L = 0,008 D gZ dh`gbc f_lj \bkhlb AZ ydbc qZk

ikey kihkl_j_`_ggy [ebkdZ\db kihkl_j]Zq ihqm} a\md ]jhfm ydsh
jhajy^ \^[m\ky \ a_gl gZ \bkhl h = 5 df?
71
5. HKGH<BFHE?DMEYJGH2N1ABDB
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1.Devdklv fhe_dme ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam ∆n sh fZxlv r\b^dhkl
\ f_`Zo \^ υ ^h υ + ∆υ aZ FZdk\_eehf ^hj\gx}
m 3/ 2 mυ 2 2
∆n = 4π n( ) exp(− )υ ∆υ ,
2π kT 2kT
^_ n – devdklv \ko fhe_dme m – fZkZ h^g} fhe_dmeb k – klZeZ
;hevpfZgZ L – l_fi_jZlmjZ
QZklbgZ fhe_dme sh fZxlv r\b^dhkl \ pvhfm gl_j\Ze
^hj\gx} ∆n n . <hgZ aZe_`blv \^ gl_j\Zem ∆υ . Ajmqgr_ dhjbk-
lm\Zlbkv \_ebqbghx ∆n /(n∆υ ) . P_ qZklbgZ fhe_dme sh fZxlv r\b^-
dhkl \ h^bgbqghfm gl_j\Ze dυ , [ebavd ^h agZq_ggy r\b^dhkl υ .
<_ebqbgZ
dn
= f m (υ )
ndυ
gZab\Z}lvky nmgdp}x jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb
∆n m 3/ 2 mυ 2 2
= 4π ( ) exp(− )υ .
n∆υ 2π kT 2kT
2. AZ \_ebdbo ]mklbg ]Zam \_ebdbo lbkdZo fZebo h[’}fZo Z
kZf_ lZdbo sh ]Za [ebavdbc ^h aj^`_ggy klZg ]Zam hibkm}lvky
j\gyggyf <Zg-^_j-<ZZevkZ êy h^gh]h fhey
a
(p+ )(Vo − b) = RT ,
Vo
^_ Z – ihijZ\dZ gZ lbkd b – ihijZ\dZ gZ h[’}f
72
IjbdeZ^jha\’yaZggyaZ^Zq
>h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx ijbdjie_gh k\bgp_\bc
ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 4,4 d] Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f himklblvky m
\h^m gZ ]eb[bgm h = 10 f" IhqZldh\bc h[’}f dme V = 4 e IhqZldh\m
r\b^dklv dme \\Z`Zlb lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} gmex L_fi_jZlmjZ \h^b
o
ih \kc ]eb[bg h^gZdh\Z l_jlyf f` rZjZfb \h^b lZ fZkhx ]mfh\h

dme g_olm\Zlb :lfhkn_jgbc lbkd ^hj\gx} IZ.
Jha\’yaZggy
=mfh\Z ih\ljygZ dmey a f_lZe_\bf ly]Zjp_f [m^_ jmoZlbky
i^ \ieb\hf j\gh^cgh kbe kbeb ly`ggy mg lZ kbeb :jof_^Z
F Hl`_ j\gh^cgZ kbeZ
a
F = mg − Fa .
I^ qZk jmom ih\ljygZ ]mfh\Z dmey [m^_ afgx\Zlb ]eb[bgm
aZgmj_ggy sh kijbqbgblv afgb lbkdm \h^ygh]h klh\iZ ydbc k\h}x
q_j]hx, kijbqbgylbf_ afgm h[’}fm dme <gZke^hd pvh]h afgx\Z-
lbf_lvky kbeZ :jof_^Z hl`_, jmo dme a ly]Zjp_f [m^_ afggbf
Ze_ g_ j\ghafggbf P_ agZqblv sh ijbkdhj_ggy jmom ly]Zjpy a
dme_x [m^_ afggbf Hl`_ êy jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq ^hpevgh \bdh-
jbklh\m\Zlb qbkeh\bc f_lh^ Ijh]jZfZ êy dhfi’xl_jZ ih[m^h\ZgZ
lZd sh \ky ]eb[bgZ h êblvky gZ fZe _e_f_glb ∆h GZ[eb`_gh
fh`gZ \\Z`Zlb sh gZ _e_f_gl ∆h jmo ly]Zjpy a dme_x [m^_
j\ghijbkdhj_gbf ijbkdhj_ggy gZ pc êygp
mg − ρbV1 g − ρbVt g
a= ,
m
^_ m – fZkZ k\bgp_\h]h ly]Zjpy ρ – ]mklbgZ \h^b
b V1 – h[´}f
ih\ljygh dme V – h[’}f ly]Zjpy H[’}f ly]Zjpy
t
m
Vt =
ρc
^_ ρ – ]mklbgZ k\bgpx H[’}f ih\ljygh dme fh`_ [mlb
\bagZq_gbc aZ aZdhghf ;hcey–FZjhllZ
c
PV
V1 = ,
P + ρb gh
^_ h – ]eb[bgZ aZgmj_ggy
73
AZ \^hfbf ijbkdhj_ggyf \bagZqZxlv qZk jmom gZ reyom ∆h :
at 2
∆h = υot + .
2
A hklZggvh]h
−2υo + 4υo2 + 8a∆h
t= .
2a
M gZklmighfm _e_f_gl ∆h agh\m \bagZqZxlv a, t l ^
H[qbke_ggy ijbibgyxlvky dheb ly]Zj_pv a dme_x ijhc^mlv \bagZ-
q_gm mfh\hx aZ^Zq ]eb[bgm gZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^blvky kmfZjg_
agZq_ggy qZkm
Program MOL2521;
Uses CRT;
Var V,V1,V3,m,h,h1,h2,g :real;
t,t1,R,R1,k,a,d,P :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
m:=4.4;
V:=0.004;
h:=10;
g:=9.81;
R:=1000;
R1:=11300;
h1:=0.0001;
h2:=0;
t:=0;
t1:=0;
V1:=V;
V3:=0;
P:=100000;
While h2<h do
Begin
k:=m-V1*R-m*R/R1;
a:=k*g/m;
d:=sqrt(4*V3*V3+8*h1*a);
74
t1:=(d-2*V3)/(2*a);
V3:=V3+a*t1;
h2:=h2+h1;
V1:=P*V/(P+R*g*h2);
t:=t+t1;
End;
Writeln(' t=',t:6:2, 'c');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t = 7,37 k.
AZ^Zq
5.1. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dh_np}glZ ^bnma \h^gx \^
l_fi_jZlmjb \ gl_j\Ze 100 K < T < 600 K aZ klZeh]h lbkdm P = 10 IZ.
5
5.2. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dh_np}glZ \’yadhkl Zahlm

\^ l_fi_jZlmjb \ gl_j\Ze 100 K < T < 600 K.
5.3.Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dh_np}glZ l_iehijh\^-
ghkl \h^gx \^ l_fi_jZlmjb \ gl_j\Ze 100 K < T < 600 K.
5.4. >\Z lhgdhklgg jZ^Zevg pbeg^jb ^h\`bghx L = 10 kf
dh`gbc fh`mlv \evgh h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh kievgh hk Z JZ^mk R
[evrh]h pbeg^jZ ^hj\gx} 5 kf F` pbeg^jZfb } aZahj jhafjhf
d = 2 ff H[b^\Z pbeg^jb agZoh^ylvky \ ih\lj m ghjfZevgbo mfh-
\Zo <gmljrgc pbeg^j h[_jlZxlv a klZehx qZklhlhx n = 20 k . -1
Ah\grgc pbeg^j aZ]Zevfh\Zgbc Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl

1
qZklhlb h[_jlZggy n ah\grgvh]h pbeg^jZ ydsh ch]h jha]Zevfm-

\Zlb \^ qZkm FZkZ ah\grgvh]h pbeg^jZ m = 100 ].
2
5.5 . >h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx ijbdjie_gh

*
k\bgp_\bc ly]Zj_pv fZkhx 4,4 d] Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f
himklblvky m \h^hcf gZ ]eb[bgm h = 10 f? IhqZldh\bc h[’}f dme
^hj\gx\Z\ V = 4 e FZkhx ]mfh\h h[hehgdb lZ l_jlyf f` rZjZfb
\h^b ag_olm\Zlb GZ ih\_jog \h^hcfb l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 290 D Z a
o
]eb[bghx l_fi_jZlmjZ af_grm}lvky gZ ]jZ^mkZ gZ dh`gbc f_lj

aZ]eb[e_ggy IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv dme ^hj\gx\ZeZ gme_\ :lfh-
kn_jgbc lbkd jZ = 10 IZ.
5
5.6*. >h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx ijbdjie_gh

k\bgp_\bc ly]Zj_pv fZkhx 1,95 d] Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f
*
:\lhjhf pbo aZ^Zq } Y Oheh^.

75
i^gf_lvky gZ ih\_jogx \h^hcfb ydsh gZ ihqZldm _dki_jbf_glm
\hgZ [meZ gZ ]eb[bg h = 10 f Z ihqZldh\bc h[’}f ^hj\gx\Z\ e?
FZkhx ]mfh\h h[hehgdb lZ l_jlyf f` rZjZfb \h^b ag_olm\Zlb
L_fi_jZlmjm \h^b ih \kc ]eb[bg \\Z`Zlb h^gZdh\hx
5.7*. M gb`gc qZklbg \bkhdh pbkl_jgb } \h^Z Z gZ^ g_x – rZj
]Zkm lh\sbghx Z = 2 f >h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx
ijbdjie_gh k\bgp_\bc ly]Zj_pv fZkhx 2,85 d] Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a
ly]Zjp_f i^gf_lvky gZ ih\_jogx j^bg ydsh gZ ihqZldm _dki_jb-
f_glm \hgZ [meZ gZ ]eb[bg h = 5 f Z ihqZldh\bc h[’}f ^hj\gx\Z\
3 e" FZkhx ]mfh\h h[hehgdb lZ l_jlyf f` rZjZfb j^bg ag_olm\Zlb
L_fi_jZlmjm j^bg ih \kc ]eb[bg \\Z`Zlb h^gZdh\hx
5.8. Jha\’yaZlb aZ^Zqm 5.7 aZ mfh\b sh gZ ih\_jog \h^hcfb
l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 290 D Z a ]eb[bghx l_fi_jZlmjZ af_grm}lvky gZ
]jZ^mkZ gZ dh`gbc f_lj aZ]eb[e_ggy
5.9. =hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgm ljm[dm a aZdjblbfb lhjpyfb
h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 4800 G ⋅ f gZ\dheh \_jlbdZev-
gh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a lhjp\ GZ pc hk a j^dbf afZ-
sm\Zggyf \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly fhf_gl ydh fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gbc aZ
(3.5), ^_ Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 9,1 ⋅ 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ c < ljm[p fklblvky
−4 3
\m]e_dbkebc ]Za aZ l_fi_jZlmjb L D >h\`bgZ ljm[db L = 100 kf.

<bagZqblb \^ghr_ggy dhgp_gljZpc fhe_dme \ ijhlbe_`gbo lhjpyo
ljm[db ijb fZdkbfZevgc dmlh\c r\b^dhkl h[_jlZggy
5.10. <bagZqblb \^ghr_ggy lbkd\ fhe_dme \ ijhlbe_`gbo lhj-
pyo ljm[db ijb fZdkbfZevgc dmlh\c r\b^dhkl h[_jlZggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm
5.9 ydsh ljm[dm h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 5300 G ⋅ f .
5.11. <bagZqblb \^ghr_ggy ]mklbg ]Zam \ ijhlbe_`gbo lhjpyo
ljm[db ijb fZdkbfZevgc dmlh\c r\b^dhkl h[_jlZggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm
5.9 ydsh ljm[dm h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 5100 G ⋅ f .
5.12. Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy \^gh-
r_ggy dhgp_gljZpc fhe_dme m ijhlbe_`gbo lhjpyo ljm[db [m^_
^hj\gx\Zlb ^b\ aZ^Zqm 5.9" FZkZ ljm[db m = 3 d] j\ghfjgh
jhaihê_gZ ih \kc ^h\`bg
5.13. <djblZ a h[ho dgp\ lhgdZ ijyfZ ljm[dZ ^h\`bghx
l = 0,8 f h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a
k_j_^bgm H[_jlZggy \^[m\Z}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 300 H,
ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h a dgp\ H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glm ijhlb^}
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_
a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 10 G ⋅ f ⋅ c . <bagZqblb lbkd ih\ljy
-6 3
76
\k_j_^bg ljm[db J ydsh lbkd [ey lhjp\ ^hj\gx} Zlfhkn_jghfm J D
= 105 IZ. L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 290 D.
5.14. M kdevdb jZa\ \^jagy}lvky k_j_^gy ^h\`bgZ \evgh]h
ijh[]m fhe_dme ih\ljy \k_j_^bg ljm[db \^ k_j_^gvh ^h\`bgb
ijh[]m gZ dgp p} kZfh ljm[db ^b\ aZ^Zqm 5.13" Qbkeh\ ^Zg
lj_[Z \aylb lZd F = 400 H, l = 0,9 f, T = 300 K, P = 10 IZ, o
5
a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 10 HÂfÂk .

-6 3
5.15. <bagZqblb jagbpx ]mklbgb ih\ljy \ dgp ljm[db lZ \

k_j_^bg ^b\ aZ^Zqm 5.13 Qbkeh\ ^Zg lj_[Z \aylb lZd F = 350 H,
l = 0,85 f, T = 293 K, P = 10 IZ, a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 10 HÂfÂk .
5 -6 3
5.16. GZ ydc \bkhl gZ^ j\g_f fhjy Zlfhkn_jgbc lbkd }

o
lZdbf yd \ p_gljZevgc qZklbg ljm[db sh hibkZgZ \ aZ^Zq 5.13?

Qbkeh\ ^Zg m pc aZ^Zq lj_[Z \aylb lZdbfb F = 185 H, l = 0,94 f,
T = 285 K, P = 10 IZ, a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 10 HÂfÂk .
5 -6 3
5.17. GZdj_kelv ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl ¨n/(n¨ υ ) \^ r\b^dhkl υ

o
êy dbkgx ijb l_fi_jZlmjZo 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, 600 K, 700 K, 800 K.
5.18. YdZ qZklbgZ fhe_dme Zahlm ijb 150 K fZxlv r\b^dhkl
D
\^ 300 fk ^h 375 fk?

5.19. < [Zehg fklblvky 2,5 ] dbkgx ijb l_fi_jZlmj 300 D.
<bagZqblb devdklv fhe_dme dbkgx, r\b^dhkl ydbo \ gl_j\Ze \^
250 fk ^h 300 fk.
5.20. >ey ]Zahih^[gh]h Zahlm \bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh
r\b^dhklyf fhe_dme υ = 300 fk υ = 600 fk \îh\^Zxlv
h^gZdh\ agZq_ggy nmgdp jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f(υ ).
1 2
5.21. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb Zahlm agZq_ggx r\b^dhkl υ = 370 fk

fhe_dme \îh\^Z} agZq_ggy nmgdp jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhk-
lyfb f = 2,1Â10 kf?
-3
5.22. AZ ydbo qbkeh\bo agZq_gv r\b^dhkl_c fhe_dme Zahlm nmgd-

m
py jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb ^hj\gx} f = 1,77 ⋅ 10 kf? −3
L_fi_jZlmjZ Zahlm L = 350 D.

m
5.23. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ êy

Zahlm fZ} \ljbq [evr_ agZq_ggy êy r\b^dhkl fk g` êy
r\b^dhkl fk?
5.24. >ey ydh]h ]Zam ijb l_fi_jZlmj L = 310 D r\b^dhkl
ch]h fhe_dme 550 fk \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ
f = 0,00161 kf?
5.25. AZ ydh]h agZq_ggy r\b^dhkl fhe_dme êy l_fi_jZlmjb
L = 290 D nmgdp jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb êy fhe_dme
77
Zahlm êy fhe_dme \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam [m^mlv fZlb h^gZdh\ qbkeh\
agZq_ggy" (GZ ]jZndm ^\ djb\ jhaihêm i_j_lbgZxlvky).
5.26. <bagZqblb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy nmgdp jhaihêm fhe_dme
aZ r\b^dhklyfb êy lZdh r\b^dhkl ydc \îh\^Z} lhqdZ i_j_lbgm
]jZnd\ nmgdp jhaihêm dbkgx lZ nmgdp jhaihêm fhe_dme
\h^gx ijb h^gZdh\c l_fi_jZlmj L = 300 D.
5.27. Fhe_dmeZf ydh]h ]Zam gZe_`blv nmgdpy jhaihêm aZ
r\b^dhklyfb ydsh ]jZnd p} nmgdp fZ} lhqdm i_j_lbgm a ]jZn-
dhf nmgdp jhaihêm ]_ex ijb r\b^dhkl fhe_dme υ = 767 fk.
L_fi_jZlmjb h[ho ]Za\ h^gZdh\ L = 293 D.
5.28. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb lhqdZ i_j_lbgm ]jZnd\ nmgdpc
jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb êy \h^gx lZ \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam
\îh\^Z} r\b^dhkl fk?
5.29. AZ ydh]h agZq_ggy r\b^dhkl fhe_dme \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam
]jZndb nmgdpc jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb êy l_fi_jZlmj
L = 280 D L = 330 D [m^mlv fZlb h^gZdh\ qbkeh\ agZq_ggy" GZ
]jZndm ^\ djb\ jhaihêm i_j_lbgZxlvky <bagZqblb qbkeh\_
1 2
agZq_ggy nmgdp jhaihêm êy lhqdb i_j_lbgm ]jZnd\

5.30. Fhe_dmeZf ydh]h ]Zam gZe_`Zlv nmgdp jhaihêm aZ r\b^-
dhklyfb ydsh og ]jZndb êy l_fi_jZlmj L = 290 D L = 320 D
fZxlv lhqdm i_j_lbgm ydc \îh\^Z} r\b^dklv fhe_dme υ = 614 fk.
1 2
5.31. IjbeZ^ Rl_jgZ a jZ^mkZfb pbeg^j\ 2 kf kf h[_j-

lZ}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 50 G ⋅ f . H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_
a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 1,5Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c <bagZqblb afs_ggy jbkdb
-6 3
kj[eZ sh jhaibex}lvky ijb l_fi_jZlmj 927 K ydsh fheyjgZ fZkZ

D
kj[eZ d]fhev.

5.32. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb jhaibex}lvky f^v m ijbeZ^ Rl_j-
gZ a jZ^mkZfb pbeg^j\ kf kf ydsh afs_ggy jbkdb f^
^hj\gx} kf ijb ^ h[_jlh\h]h fhf_glm 38 G ⋅ f " H[_jlh\hfm
fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc
aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,04 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 3.6Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c FheyjgZ fZkZ
-5 3
f^ d]fhev.

5.33. M ijbeZ^ Rl_jgZ a jZ^mkZfb pbeg^j\ kf kf
afs_ggy jbkdb Zlhf\ jhaibex\Zgh j_qh\bgb ^hj\gx} 5 kf
ijb ^ h[_jlh\h]h fhf_glm G ⋅ f H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijh-
lb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_
a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 2Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c . <bagZqblb fZl_jZe ^jhlbgb
-6 3
a ydh \belZxlv Zlhfb m ijbeZ^ Rl_jgZ ijb l_fi_jZlmj t = 947 K

D
78
5.34. < p_gljbnma fklblvky ^_ydbc ]Za ijb l_fi_jZlmj
L = 271 D. Jhlhj p_gljbnm]b jZ^mkhf r = 0,4 f h[_jlZ}lvky i^ ^}x
fhf_glm kbeb F = 160 G ⋅ f <bagZqblb fheyjgm fZkm ]Zam ydsh
lbkd [ey klgdb jhlhjZ m jZaZ [evrbc, g` \ ch]h p_glj
H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb
h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 1,2Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c .
-6 3
5.35. < p_gljbnma fklblvky ^_ydbc ]Za ijb l_fi_jZlmj

L = 291 D. Jhlhj p_gljbnm]b jZ^mkhf r = 0,68 f h[_jlZ}lvky i^
^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 140 G ⋅ f <bagZqblb fZkm fhe_dmeb pvh]h
]Zam ydsh lbkd [ey klgdb jhlhjZ m jZaZ [evrbc, g` \ ch]h
p_glj H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 1,2Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c .
-6 3
5.36. < p_gljbnma fklblvky ]Za djbilhg Jhlhj p_gljbnm]b

jZ^mkhf r = 0,38 f h[_jlZ}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 146
G ⋅ f <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ]Zam \ p_gljbnma ydsh lbkd [ey
klgdb jhlhjZ m jZaZ [evrbc, g` \ ch]h p_glj <\Z`Zlb sh
l_fi_jZlmjZ ]Zam ih \kvhfm h[’}fm p_gljbnm]b h^gZdh\Z H[_jlZx-
qhfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbk-
e_gbc aZ nhjfmehx ^_ a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c , b = 1,2Â G ⋅ f ⋅ c .
-6 3
5.37. Jhlhj p_gljbnm]b h[_jlZ}lvky i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb

F = 178 G ⋅ f AgZc^lv qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy jZ^mkZ jhlhjZ p_gl-
jbnm]b ijb ydhfm aZ pbo mfh\ lbkd [ey klghd jhlhjZ [m\ [b
\^\q [evrbf, g` gZ ch]h hk Dh_np}glb Z = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ c ,
b = 0,5Â-6 G ⋅ f ⋅ c 3 , T = 300 D, = 0,029 d]fhev.
5.38.GZdj_kelv djb\ nmgdp êy dfhey j_Zevgh]h ]Zam
P(V) 1
Zahlm sh fZ} ihijZ\db

4

. = 1,36Â Gf /dfhev b = 3,85· 10 f /dfhev
5 -2 3
ijb jagbo l_fi_jZlmjZo R = 8,31 >`/(fhevÂ D).
79
HKGH<BL?JFH>BG:F1DB
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
Ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k \ ^_Zevghfm ]Za \bdhjbklh\mxlv
j\gyggy ImZkkhgZ
pV γ = const ,
^_ p – lbkd ]Zam V – h[’}f γ – ihdZagbd Z^Z[Zlb ydbc fh`gZ

\bjZablb q_j_a devdklv kl_i_g\ \evghkl L :
i+2
γ = .

PV ⎡ ⎛ V ⎤
γ −1
⎞
Jh[hlZ ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k A = 1 1 ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ 1
γ − 1 ⎢ ⎝ V2
⎟⎟ ⎥,
⎣ ⎠ ⎥⎦
^_ J – ihqZldh\bc lbkd V , V – ihqZldh\bc lZ dgp_\bc h[’}fb
\îh\^gh
1 1 2
Jh[hlZ ijb ahl_jfqghfm jharbj_gg j_Zevgh]h ]Zam \^

h[’}fm V ^h V ):
1 2
⎛ V − νb ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
A = νRT ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − ν 2 a⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟,
⎝ V1 − νb ⎠ ⎝ V1 V2 ⎠
^_ a b – dhgklZglb ν – devdklv fhe\ R – mg\_jkZevgZ ]Zah\Z
klZeZ
J\gyggy >l_jq êy j_Zevgh]h ]Zam
⎛ a ⎞
P (V − b) = RT exp⎜ − ⎟.
⎝ RTV ⎠
80
IjbdeZ^jha\’yaZggyaZ^Zq
Ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k h[’}f ]Zam afgb\ky \^ V = 20 e ^h
V = 5 e [meZ \bdhgZgZ jh[hlZ : = – 3700 >` <bagZqblb dh_np}gl
1
ImZkkhgZ ydsh ihqZldh\bc lbkd J = =10 IZ.

2
5
1
Jha\’yaZggy
Jh[hlZ ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ
nhjfmehx
PV V
A= 1 1
(1 − ( 1 )(γ −1) ),
γ −1 V2
^_ J – ihqZldh\bc lbkd ]Zam V ,V – ihqZldh\bc dgp_\bc h[’}fb

1 1 2
]Zam – dh_np}gl ImZkkhgZ M pc nhjfme g_\^hfZ \_ebqbgZ } m

agZf_ggbdm h^gh]h a ki\fgh`gbd\ lZ m ihdZagbdm kl_i_gy Hl`_ p_
ljZgkp_g^_glg_ j\gyggy >ey ch]h jha\ïyaZggy \bdhjbklZ}fh \bjZa
PV V
F (γ ) = A − 1 1
(1 − ( 1 )(γ −1) ).
γ −1 V2
Dh_np}glm ImZkkhgZ ijbk\hx}fh agZq_ggy lh^ ijh]-
jZfZ ih\bggZ ijZpx\Zlb lZd Dh_np}gl ImZkkhgZ lj_[Z gZjhsm-
\Zlb fZebfb ijhf`dZfb ∆γ dh`gbc jZa agZoh^blb F (γ ) Z` ^hlb
^hdb [m^_ \bdhgZgZ mfh\Z F (γ ) = 0. Ikey \bdhgZggy p} mfh\b
h[qbke_ggy ijbibgyxlvky gZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^blvky qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy dh_np}glZ ImZkkhgZ
Program MOL258;
Uses CRT;
Var G,G1,V1,V2,P,A,x,y,z :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
V1:=0.02;
V2:=0.005;
A:=-3700;
P:=100000;
G:=1.1;
81
G1:=0.01;
X:=P*V1;
Y:=V1/V2;
Z:=G-1;
While (A-X/Z*(1-exp(z*ln(y))))<0 do Begin
G:=G+G1;
Z:=G-1;
End;
Writeln(‘ G=‘,G:6:2);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v γ = 1,40.
AZ^Zq
6.1. Ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k h[’}f ]Zam afgb\ky \^ V = 10 e ^h
[meZ \bdhgZgZ jh[hlZ : >` <bagZql_ devdklv
1
V2 = 30 e
kl_i_g\ \evghkl êy pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihqZldh\bc lbkd J = 2· 10 IZ.
5
6.2. Ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm klbkdZgg h^gh]h fhey ]Zam \^ h[’}fm

1
V = 4 e ^h V = 1 e [meZ \bdhgZgZ jh[hlZ : = – 4686 >` <bagZqblb

devdklv kl_i_g\ \evghkl êy pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_-
1 2
jZlmjZ ch]h [meZ L = 320 D.

6.3. >\b]mg \gmljrgvh]h a]hjyggy >ba_ey fZ} klmigv Z^Z[Z-
1
lbqgh]h klbkdm klmigv Z^Z[Zlbqgh]h jharbj_ggy <bagZ-

qblb ihdZagbd iheljhib ydsh ihlm`gklv ^\b]mgZ N = 36,8 d<l,
\bljZlZ iZevgh]h gZ h^gm ]h^bgm d] l_iehl\hjgZ a^Zlgklv
iZevgh]h – 46· 10 >`d].
6
6.4. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a ahohjb

Z^Z[Zlb lZ ahl_jfb 1ahl_jfqgbc ijhp_k \^[m\Z}lvky aZ fgfZevgh
l_fi_jZlmjb pbdem DD> lZdh]h pbdem % <bagZqblb, m kdevdb
jZa\ \ f_`Zo lZdh]h pbdem afgx}lvky Z[khexlgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ
6.5. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a ah[Zjb
l_fi_jZlmjb pbdem DD> lZdh]h pbdey % <bagZqblb, m kdevdb
6.6. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a ahohjb
Z^Z[Zlb lZ ahl_jfb 1ahl_jfqgbc ijhp_k \^[m\Z}lvky aZ fZdkbfZevgh
82
l_fi_jZlmjb pbdem DD> lZdh]h pbdem = 39 % <bagZqblb, m kdevdb
6.7. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a ah[Zjb
l_fi_jZlmjb pbdem DD> lZdh]h pbdem = 48 % <bagZqblb, m kdevdb
jZa\ m f_`Zo lZdh]h pbdem afgx}lvky Z[khexlgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ
6.8. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} ijyfbc pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a
Z^Z[Zlb ah[Zjb lZ ahohjb <bagZqblb ihdZagbd Z^Z[Zlb ydsh
DD> pbdem = 44 % ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k h[’}f ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam
a[evrm}lvky \ n jZa\
6.9. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} ijyfbc pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a
Z^Z[Zlb ah[Zjb lZ ahohjb <bagZqblb ihdZagbd Z^Z[Zlb ydsh
DD> pbdem = 20 % ijb Z^Z[Zlghfm ijhp_k h[’}f ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam
af_grm}lvky \ n jZaZ.
6.10. 1^_Zevgbc ]Za a^ckgx} pbde ydbc kdeZ^Z}lvky a ahl_j-
fb ah[Zjb lZ ahohjb DD> pbdem = 31 %, Z ihdZagbd Z^Z[Zlb
M kdevdb jZa\ a[evrm}lvky h[’}f ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam i^ qZk
ahl_jfqgh]h ijhp_km \ lZdhfm pbde?
6.11. F_lZe fZkhx d] gZ]j\Zxlv ^h l_fi_jZlmjb ieZ\e_ggy
ih\gklx jhaieZ\eyxlv AfgZ _gljhi ^hj\gx} 375 >`D <bagZ-
qblb l_fi_jZlmjm ieZ\e_ggy f_lZem ydsh ch]h ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZ-
lmjZ L =27 K iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k =126 >`/(d]Â D iblhfZ l_i-
D
D
ehlZ ieZ\e_ggy = 22,6 d>`d].

6.12. J^bgm fZkhx 0,395 d] gZ]j\Zxlv ^h l_fi_jZlmjb dbig-
gy ih\gklx \biZjh\mxlv AfgZ _gljhi ^hj\gx} 188 >`D <ba-
gZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dbiggy p} j^bgb ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZ-
lmjZ L =18 K iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k = 2510 >`/(d]Â D iblhfZ
D
D
l_iehlZ iZjhml\hj_ggy r = 1586 d>`d].

6.13. F_lZe fZkhx m = 0,8 d] sh fZ\ ihqZldh\m l_fi_jZlmjm
17 K gZ]j\Zxlv ^h l_fi_jZlmjb ieZ\e_ggy ih\gklx jhaieZ\ex-
D
xlv \ j^dhfm klZg ^h\h^ylv ^h l_fi_jZlmjb K AfgZ _gljhi

D
^hj\gx\ZeZ ûS =1275 >`D <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ieZ\e_ggy

pvh]h f_lZem ydsh ch]h iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv m l\_j^hfm klZg
k = 896 >`(d]Â D m j^dhfm kj = 1084 >`(d]ÂD iblhfZ l_iehlZ
ieZ\e_ggy = 3,22Â >`d].
5
6.14. <h^m fZkhx 2 d] gZ]j\Zxlv ^h l_fi_jZlmjb dbiggy

8 % \^ aZ]Zevgh fZkb \biZjh\mxlv \ mfh\Zo \bkhdh]j’y AfgZ _gl-
83
jhi ^hj\gx} >`D <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dbiggy p} \h-
^b ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZlmjZ t =12 K iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv D
D
k = 4190 >` /(d] ⋅ D ) , iblhfZ l_iehlZ iZjhml\hj_ggy r = 22,6Â 5
>`d].
6.15. >\Z [Zehgb dh`gbc h[’}fhf V = 0,02 f kihemq_gh 3
ljm[dhx a djZghf < h^ghfm [Zehg fklblvky \h^_gv i^ lbkdhf

j = 1,01Â IZ ijb l_fi_jZlmj L = 273 D m ^jm]hfm – ]_ec ijb
1
5
1
lbkdm j = 2,02 ⋅ 10 IZ ;Zehgb l_jfhahevh\Zg Ydsh djZg \^djb-

2
5
lb lh aZ]ZevgZ afgZ _gljhi kbkl_fb ûS = 14,4 >`D. <bagZqblb

ihqZldh\m l_fi_jZlmjm ]_ex
6.16. H^bg fhev ^_Zevgh]h ]Zam i_j_oh^blv a i_jrh]h klZgm
(j = 10 IZ, V = 12 e, T = 200 K m ^jm]bc j = 3· 10 IZ, V =7 e,
5 5
T = 280 K ch]h fheyjgZ l_ieh}fgklv afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf

1 1 1 2 2
K L ^_ = 0,09 >`/(fhevÂD <bagZqblb devdklv klmi_g\ \ev-

2
2
ghkl fhe_dme pvh]h ]Zam

6.17. Jh[hlZ sh \bdhgm}lvky j_Zevgbf ]Zahf i^ qZk ahl_j-
fqgh]h jharbj_ggy \^ h[’}fm V = 10 e ^h V = 40 e, ^hj\gx}
10333 >`. <bagZqblb devdklv fhe\ pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihijZ\db
1 2
Z = 0,137 GÂf /fhev , b = 3,16· 10 f /fhev L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 300 D.

4 2 -5 3
6.18. J_Zevgbc ]Za sh fZ} fhey, ahl_jfqgh jharbjx}lvky

\^ h[’}fm V = 11 e ^h h[’}fm V \bdhgm}lvky jh[hlZ : = 5000 >`.
<bagZqblb dgp_\bc h[’}f V ydsh ihijZ\db a = 0,137 GÂf /fhev ,
1 2
4 2
2
b = 3,16Â f /fhev L_fi_jZlmjZ ]Zam L = 280 D.

-5 3
6.19. J_Zevgbc ]Za sh fZ} fhey, ahl_jfqgh jharbjx}lvky

\^ h[’}fm V ^h h[’}fm V = 38 e \bdhgm}lvky jh[hlZ : = 5200 >`.
<bagZqblb ihqZldh\bc h[’}f V ydsh ihijZ\db a = 0,137 GÂf /fhev ,
1 2
4 2
1
b = 3,16Â f /fhev L_fi_jZlmjZ ]Zam L = 290 D.
-5 3
6.20. Jh[hlZ sh \bdhgm}lvky j_Zevgbf ]Zahf i^ qZk ahl_jfqgh-

]h jharbj_ggy \^ h[’}fm V = 12 e ^h V = 34 e ^hj\gx} >`.
<bagZqblb fZkm pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihijZ\db Z = 0,137 GÂf /fhev ,
1 2
4 2
b = 3,16· 10 f /fhev L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 288 D.

-5 3
6.21. Jh[hlZ sh \bdhgm}lvky j_Zevgbf ]Zahf i^ qZk ahl_j-

fqgh]h jharbj_ggy \^ h[’}fm V = 13 e ^h V = 37 e ^hj\gx}
4600 >`. <bagZqblb devdklv fhe_dme pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihijZ\db
1 2
Z = 0,137 GÂf /fhev , b = 3,16· 10 f /fhev L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 286 D.

4 2 -5 3
6.22. J_Zevghfm ]Zam gZ^Zgh devdklv l_iehlb Q = 7564 >` \g

ahl_jfqgh jharbjy}lvky \^ h[’}fm V = 15 e ^h V = 45 e. <bagZqblb 1 2
84
devdklv fhe\ pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihijZ\dZ b = 3,16· 10 f /fhev.
-5 3
L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 292 D.
6.23. J_Zevghfm ]Zam gZ^Zgh devdklv l_iehlb Q = 3782 >`
\g ahl_jfqgh jharbjy}lvky \^ h[’}fm V = 15 e ^h V = 45 e.
<bagZqblb fZkm pvh]h ]Zam ydsh ihijZ\dZ b = 3,16· 10 f /fhev
1 2
-5 3
L_fi_jZlmjZ L = 290 D FheyjgZ fZkZ lZdh]h ]Zam = 0,032 d]fhev.

6.24. J_Zevgbc ]Za i_j_[m\Z} i^ lbkdhf J = 2Â IZ aZcfZ}
5
h[’}f V = 15 e <bdhjbklh\mxqb j\gyggy >l_jq \bagZql_ l_fi_-

jZlmjm pvh]h ]Zam IhijZ\db . = 0,137 GÂf /fhev , b = 3,16Â f /fhev.
4 2 -5 3
85
?E?DLJHKL:LBD:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
KbeZ F , a ydhx \aZ}fh^xlv ^\Z lhqdh\ aZjy^b q q2 , sh
jhalZrh\Zg gZ \^^Ze r :
1
q1q2
F= ,
4πε oε r 2
^_ ε = 8,85 ⋅ 10 N f – _e_dljbqgZ klZeZ,

−12
ε – \^ghkgZ ^_e_dl-
jbqgZ ijhgbdgklv k_j_^h\bsZ.
o
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey

F
E= ,
q
^_ q – aZjy^ gZ ydbc ^} kbeZ F .

GZijm`_gklv _e_dljhklZlbqgh]h ihey lhqdh\h]h aZjy^m
q
E= .
4πε oε r 2
beh\Z egy – p_ lZdZ egy ^hlbqgZ ^h ydh m i_\gc lhqp _e_dl-
C
jbqgh]h ihey ^Z} gZijyf \_dlhjZ gZijm`_ghkl E ?d\ihl_gpZevgZ
ih\_jogy – ]_hf_ljbqg_ fkp_ lhqhd h^gZdh\h]h ihl_gpem Ihl_gpZe
ϕ êy lhqhd ihey sh kl\hjx}lvky lhqdh\bf aZjy^hf q ^hj\gx}
q
ϕ= .
4πε oε r
86
A\’yahd f` gZijm`_gklx E lZ ihl_gpZehf ϕ êy [m^v-
ydh]h _e_dljhklZlbqgh]h ihey
E = − gradϕ .
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljhklZlbqgh]h ihey \ [m^v-ydc lhqp ^hj\-
gx} ]jZ^}glm ihl_gpZem \ pc lhqp \aylhfm a h[_jg_gbf agZdhf
AgZd fgmk \dZam} gZ l_ sh \_dlhj gZijm`_ghkl _e_dljhklZlbqgh]h
ihey kijyfh\Zgbc \ [d kiZ^m ihl_gpZem
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey sh ml\hj_g_ [_af_`gh ^h\-
]hx aZjy^`_ghx gbldhx,
τ
E= ,
2πε oε a
^_ 2 – egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gblp lZ . – \^klZgv \^ gbldb ^h
lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZxlv gZijm`_gklv
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey sh ml\hj_g_ [_af_`gh
\_ebdhx j\ghfjgh aZjy^`_ghx iehsbghx,
σ
E= ,
2ε oε
^_ 1 – ih\_jog_\Z ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ iehsbg
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey sh ml\hj_g_ j\ghfjgh lZ
jaghcf_ggh aZjy^`_gbfb [_af_`gh \_ebdbfb ^\hfZ iZjZe_evgbfb
iehsbgZfb,
σ
E= .
ε oε
GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey sh kl\hj_g_ aZjy^`_ghx dme_x,
q
E= ,
4πε oε r 2
^_ q – aZjy^ dme jZ^mkhf R; r – \^^Zev \^ p_gljZ dme ^h lhqdb \ ydc
\bagZqZxlv gZijm`_gklv ijbqhfm r > R.
1g^mdpy _e_dljbqgh]h ihey D \bagZqZ}lvky a ki\\^ghr_ggy
D = 0o0E = 1.
87
?e_dljh}fgklv iehkdh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ
ε oε S
C= ,
d
^_ S – iehsZ dh`gh ieZklbgb dhg^_gkZlhjZ, d – \^^Zev f`
ieZklbgZfb
?e_dljh}fgklv kn_jbqgh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ
4πε oε Rr
K= ,
R−r
^_ r – jZ^mk \gmljrgvh R – jZ^mk ah\grgvh kn_jb pvh]h
dhg^_gkZlhjZ.
?e_dljh}fgklv pbeg^jbqgh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ
K = 2πε oε L ,
R
ln
r
^_ L – \bkhlZ dhZdkZevgbo pbeg^j\ r R – jZ^mkb \gmljrgvh]h
ah\grgh]h pbeg^j\ \îh\^gh
?g_j]y \^hdj_fe_gh]h aZjy^`_gh]h ijh\^gbdZ fh`_ [mlb
\bagZq_gZ aZ h^g}x a lZdbo ljvho nhjfme
qU CU 2 q2
W= ,W= ,W= .
2 2 2C
<_ebqbgZ
ED ε oε E 2
Wo = =
2 2
gZab\Z}lvky h[’}fghx ]mklbghx _g_j] _e_dljbqgh]h ihey
?e_dljhg e_lblv \^ h^g} ieZklbgb pbeg^jbqgh]h dhg^_gkZ-
lhjZ ^h ^jm]h Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` ieZklbgZfb 3 d< jZ^mkb
pbeg^j\ sh ml\hjxxlv h[deZ^db dhg^_gkZlhjZ ^hj\gxxlv \^-
ih\^gh r =3 kf R = 3,5 kf <bagZqblb
88
1) qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h _e_dljhg ijhoh^blv \^klZgv f`
h[deZ^dZfb
r\b^dklv a ydhx _e_dljhg ijboh^blv ^h ^jm]h h[deZ^db
jh[hlm kbe _e_dljbqgh]h ihey
Jha\’yaZggy
GZ _e_dljhg sh jmoZ}lvky f` h[deZ^dZfb aZjy^`_gh]h
pbeg^jbqgh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ ^} kbeZ ydZ fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ lZd
F = Eq,
^_ ? – gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey q – aZjy^ _e_dljhgZ GZijm-
`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ a nhjfmeb
τ
E= ,.
2πε o x
^_ o – \^klZgv \^ hk pbeg^jZ ^h lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZ}lvky
gZijm`_gklv τ – aZjy^ sh ijbiZ^Z} gZ h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb
pbeg^jZ <_ebqbgZ τ fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ a ki\\^ghr_ggy
K = 2πε o L = q = τ L .
R U U
ln
r
A pvh]h ki\\^ghr_ggy
2πε oU
τ= ,
R
ln
r
^_ U – jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ Lh^
gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey
?= U .
R
x ln
r
A p} nhjfmeb \b^gh sh _e_dljbqg_ ihe_ \ pbeg^jbqghfm
dhg^_gkZlhj g_h^ghj^g_ Hl`_, i^ qZk jmom _e_dljhgZ \ dhg^_g-
kZlhj gZ gvh]h ^} g_ihklcgZ kbeZ lhfm ijbkdhj_ggy jmom _e_dl-
jhgZ } afgghx \_ebqbghx
89
Sh[ \bagZqblb g_\^hf \_ebqbgb \^^Zev f` h[deZ^dZfb
dhg^_gkZlhjZ r – r (reyo ydbc ijhoh^blv _e_dljhg), lj_[Z ih^-
eblb gZ fZe \^jadb ∆r lZd sh[ ijbkdhj_ggy gZ dh`ghfm a gbo
2 1
fh`gZ [meh gZ[eb`_gh \\Z`Zlb g_afggbf Hl`_ ijbkdhj_ggy

F Eq Uq
a= = = .
m m mx ln R
r
QZk jmom _e_dljhgZ gZ \^jadm ∆r fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gbc a
ki\\^ghr_ggy
at 2 −2υ + 4υ 2 + 8a∆r
∆r = υt + ⇒t = .
2 2a
Dgp_\Z r\b^dklv gZ \^jadm ∆r \hgZ [m^_ ihqZldh\hx
r\b^dklx gZ \^jadm ∆r ) n +1
υn +1 = υn + at .
>\ hklZgg nhjfmeb } hkgh\gbfb êy kdeZ^Zggy ijh]jZfb êy
dhfi’xl_jZ
Program Es2612;
Uses CRT;
Var r1,r2,x,x1,a,b,d,t,t1,m :real;
U,W,q,V :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
r1:=0.03;r2:=0.035;
U:=3000;
x:=r2;x1:=0.0001;
m:=9.1*exp(-31*ln(10));
q:=1.6*exp(-19*ln(10));
b:=U/(ln(r2/r1));
t:=0;V:=0;
While x>r1 do
Begin
a:=q*b/(x*m);
90
d:=sqrt(4*V*V+8*x1*a);
t1:=(d-2*V)/(2*a);
V:=V+a*t1;
x:=x-x1;
t:=t+t1;
End;
W:=m*V*V/2*1e15;
V:=V*0.001;
t:=t*1e12;
Writeln(' t=',t:6:1, ' ps');
Writeln(' V=',V:6:1, ' km/s');
Writeln(' A=',W:6:1, ' fj');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t =319 ik; υ = 3,2 ⋅ 10 6 fk; : = 5 ⋅ 10 −16 >`.
AZ^Zq
7.1. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kbeb \aZ}fh^ ^\ho aZjy^\
( q = 5 ⋅ 10 De q = 3 ⋅ 10 De ) m \Zdmmf \^ \^klZg r f` gbfb
1
−8
2
−8
\ ^ZiZahg afgb p} \^klZg \^ 1 kf ^h 10 kf .

7.2. Leh sh fZ} aZjy^ q = 7 ⋅ 10 De dh\aZ} a]hjb \gba ih
−6
djb\c ihobec ih\_jog ydZ } qZklbghx [qgh ih\_jog pbeg^jZ

jZ^mkhf R = 0,8 f AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo AB ^b\ jbk 5),
ydsh ihobeZ ih\_jogy jhalZrh\ZgZ \ h^ghj^ghfm \_jlbdZevghfm
_e_dljbqghfm ihe" GZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey kijyfh\ZgZ
a\_jom \gba ? = 7000 <f FZkZ leZ m = 532 ].
7.3. AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo AB ^b\ aZ^Zqm 7.2 ydsh
ihobeZ ih\_jogy sh jhafs_gZ \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe jmoZ}lvky
\]hjm a ijbkdhj_ggyf a = 2 f k ? 2
7.4. AZ ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo AB ^b\ aZ^Zqm 7.2 ydsh
ihobeZ ih\_jogy jmoZ}lvky \gba a ijbkdhj_ggyf a = 2 f k Z gZi- 2
jm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey kijyfh\ZgZ \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm"

7.5. YdZ jh[hlZ \bdhgm}lvky ijb i_j_fs_gg lhqdh\h]h
aZjy^m q = −2 ⋅ 10 De a lhqdb sh } gZ \^klZg r = 4 kf \^
−8
1
91
p_gljZ aZjy^`_gh dme m lhqdm ydZ } gZ \^klZg r = 2 kf \^
p_gljZ p} kZfh dme Dmey fZ} jZ^mk 1 kf ih\_jog_\m ]mklbgm
2
aZjy^m σ = 10 De kf . <bagZqblb qZk jmom aZjy^m q gZ \^klZg

−9 2
r − r FZkZ aZjy^m m = 2 ⋅ 10 d]. −10
7.6. GZ \^klZg r = 6 kf \^ p_gljZ aZjy^`_gh dme jhalZrh-

2 1
\Zgbc lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 4 ⋅ 10 De I^ ^}x _e_dljbqgh]h ihey sh

−9
kl\hj_g_ aZjy^`_ghx dme_x aZjy^ i_j_fsm}lvky ^h \^klZg r = 3 kf.

<bdhgm}lvky jh[hlZ : = 8 fd>` <bagZqblb aZjy^ dme q lZ qZk
2
mijh^h\` ydh]h lhqdh\bc aZjy^ jmoZ\ky gZ reyom r – r FZkZ

o
1 2
lhqdh\h]h aZjy^m m = 2 ⋅ 10 d]. −8
7.7. ?e_dljbqg_ ihe_ ml\hj_g_ ihablb\gh aZjy^`_ghx dme_x

< pvhfm _e_dljbqghfm ihe ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ afgbeZ k\hx r\b^dklv
\^ 2 ⋅ 10 fk ^h 8 ⋅ 10 fk jmoZxqbkv gZ reyom r – r . r = 3 kf
5 5
r = 5 kf – p_ \^klZg \^ p_gljZ aZjy^`_gh dme gZ ydbo i_j_[m\ZeZ

2 1 1
ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ gZ ihqZldm \ dgp jmom <bagZqblb aZjy^ dme lZ

2
qZk jmom ZevnZ-qZklbgdb gZ reyom r – r .

7.8. Lhqdh\bc aZjZ^ q = 2Â De i_j_fsm}lvky a lhqdb sh
2 1
-8
} gZ \^klZg r = 4 kf \^ p_gljZ aZjy^`_gh dme m lhqdm sh

} gZ \^klZg r = 2 kf \^ p_gljZ p} kZfh dme <bdhgm}lvky jh[hlZ
1
: = 4Â >`. <bagZqblb ih\_jog_\m ]mklbgm aZjy^m dme ydsh

2
-5
jZ^mk ^hj\gx} kf <bagZqblb qZk jmom aZjy^m gZ \^klZg r – r ,

ydsh ch]h fZkZ m = 2Â d].
2 1
-10
7.9. ?e_dljbqg_ ihe_ ml\hj_g_ ^h^Zlgh aZjy^`_ghx [_a-

f_`gh ^h\]hx pbeg^jbqghx gbldhx a egcghx ]mklbghx aZjy^m
2 ⋅ 10 De f Ydm r\b^dklv h^_j`blv _e_dljhg i^ ^}x ihey
−7
gZ[ebab\rbkv ^h gbldb a \^klZg 1 kf ^h \^klZg 0,5 kf \^

gbldb" AZ ydbc qZk [m^_ ijhc^_gZ py \^klZgv"
7.10. ?e_dljbqg_ ihe_ ml\hj_g_ ^h^Zlgh aZjy^`_ghx [_af_`-
gh ^h\]hx pbeg^jbqghx gbldhx JmoZxqbkv i^ ^}x pvh]h ihey
\^ lhqdb sh } gZ \^klZg x = 1 kf \^ gbldb ^h lhqdb x = 4 kf ,
1 2
ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ afgbeZ k\hx r\b^dklv \^ 2 ⋅10 ^h 3⋅10 f k .

5 6
<bagZqblb egcgm ]mklbgm aZjy^m gZ gblp lZ qZk, mijh^h\` ydh]h

\^[meZkv py afgZ r\b^dhkl
7.11. GZ \^klZg r = 4 kf \^ [_af_`gh ^h\]h aZjy^`_gh
1
pbeg^jbqgh gbldb jhalZrh\Zgh lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 2 ⋅10 De I^ −9
92
^}x _e_dljhklZlbqgh]h ihey aZjy^ q i_j_fsm}lvky ^h \^klZg
r = 2 kf \bdhgm}lvky jh[hlZ A = 5 ⋅ 10 >` <bagZqblb egcgm
−6
]mklbgm aZjy^m pbeg^jbqgh gbldb lZ qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h aZjy^

2
i_j_fsZ}lvky gZ \^^Ze r − r . FZkZ lhqdh\h]h aZjy^m m = 10 d]. -12

2 1
gh ^h\]hx pbeg^jbqghx gbldhx JmoZxqbkv i^ ^}x pvh]h ihey

\^ lhqdb sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ \^klZg o = 1 kf \^ gbldb ^h lhqdb
o = 4 kf, ijhlhg afgb\ k\c fimevk \^ gmey ^h 3,4Â d] ⋅ f / k .
1
-21
<bagZqblb egcgm ]mklbgm aZjy^m gZ gblp lZ qZk jmom ijhlhgZ gZ

2
reyom o – o .
2 1
gh ^h\]hx pbeg^jbqghx gbldhx JmoZxqbkv i^ \ieb\hf pvh]h

ihey \^ lhqdb sh jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg o = 1 kf \^ gbldb ^h
lhqdb o = 3 kf, ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ afgbeZ k\hx dg_lbqgm _g_j]x \^
1
gmey ^h W = 13,36Â >` <bagZqblb egcgm ]mklbgm aZjy^m gZ

2
-15
gblp lZ qZk jmom ZevnZ-qZklbgdb gZ reyom o – o .

7.14. Ih ihobec iehsbg jbk 12), sh kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml
2 1
α = 30 , jmoZ}lvky aZjy^`_g_ leh q = 4 ⋅ 10 De fZkhx m = 6 ].

D −8
IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv leZ ^hj\gx} gmex Py ihobeZ iehsbgZ jha-

fs_gZ \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe sh kl\hj_g_ ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZrh\Zgbf
aZjy^`_gbf pbeg^jhf a egcghx ]mklbghx aZjy^m τ = 8 ⋅ 10 Def −6
LjZ}dlhjy jmom leZ \kv pbeg^jZ \ h^gc \_jlbdZevgc iehsbg AZ

ydbc qZk leh ijhc^_ reyo KF? <^^Zev KN = 10 kf L_jlyf f` lehf
ihobehx iehsbghx ag_olm\Zlb <^klZgv \^ hkgh\b ihobeh iehsbgb
^h hk aZjy^`_gh]h pbeg^jZ kf.
Jbk 12
7.15. <bagZqblb qZk jmom aZjy^`_gh]h leZ \ _e_dljbqghfm

ihe ih ihobec iehsbg ydsh f` lehf iehsbghx } l_jly
(k = Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 7.14.
93
7.16. <bagZqblb qZk jmom aZjy^`_gh]h leZ \ _e_dljbqghfm
ihe ih ihobec iehsbg ydsh l_jly \^kmlg}, Z aZjy^ leZ ^h^Zlgbc
q = 6 ⋅ 10 De Ihlj[g gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 7.14.
−9
7.17. < fhf_gl qZkm t a h^g} ieZklbgb iehkdh]h dhg^_g-

kZlhjZ \be_l\ _e_dljhg [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl F` ieZklbgZfb
pvh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ ijbdeZ^_gZ gZijm]Z sh afgx}lvky \ qZk aZ aZ-
dhghf U = 0,2+Kt ^_ K = 100 <k. <^klZgv f` ieZklbgZfb l = 5 kf.
A ydhx r\b^dklx _e_dljhg iê_lblv ^h ijhlbe_`gh ieZklbgb" AZ
ydbc qZk _e_dljhg ijhc^_ px \^klZgv"
7.18. < fhf_gl qZkm t a h^g} ieZklbgb iehkdh]h dhg^_g-
kZlhjZ a klZgm kihdhx ihqZ\ jmoZlbkv ijhlhg F` ieZklbgZfb pvh-
]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ ijbdeZ^_gZ gZijm]Z sh afgx}lvky \ qZk aZ aZdh-
ghf U = 0,2+Kt ^_ K = 80 <k . <^klZgv f` ieZklbgZfb l = 4 kf A
2 2
ydhx r\b^dklx ijhlhg iê_lblv ^h ijhlbe_`gh ieZklbgb" AZ

ydbc qZk ijhlhg ijhc^_ px \^klZgv"
7.19. JZ^mk \gmljrgvh dme \Zdmmfgh]h kn_jbqgh]h dhg^_g-
kZlhjZ r = 1 kf jZ^mk ah\grgvh dme R = 4 kf F` dmeyfb
ijbdeZ^_gZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ < <bagZqblb qZk, mijh^h\`
ydh]h ijhlhg ijhoh^blv \^klZgv f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ
7.20. GZ [ZjZ[Zg jZ^mkhf R = 0,2 f fZkhx m = 20 d] sh fh`_
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh ]hjbahglZevgh hk gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hfbc rgmj ^h
o
dgpy ydh]h ijbdjie_gbc \ZglZ` fZkhx m = 17 d] <ZglZ` m fZ} aZjy^

q = 4Â De ch]h jmo \^[m\Z}lvky \ h^ghj^ghfm _e_dljbqghfm ihe
-5
gZijm`_gklx ? = 120000 <f sh kijyfh\Zg_ \_jlbdZevgh \gba

;ZjZ[Zg \\Z`Zlb h^ghj^gbf kmpevgbf pbeg^jhf \g h[_jlZ}lvky
gZ\dheh hk a j^dbf afZsm\Zggyf gZ pc hk \bgbdZ} l_jly sh
kijbqbgy} \bgbdg_ggy fhf_glm kbeb l_jly ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbk-
e_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 9,1Â G ⋅ f ⋅ k <bagZqblb
-5 3
Z fZdkbfZevgm egcgm r\b^dklv \ZglZ`m m;

[ qZk aZ ydbc \ZglZ` m ^hky]g_ r\b^dhkl f/k;
\ qZk aZ ydbc \ZglZ` m ^hky]g_ fZdkbfZevgh r\b^dhkl
] fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x [ZjZ[ZgZ
7.21. Jha\’yaZlb aZ^Zqm 7.20 ydsh _e_dljbqg_ ihe_ kijyfh\Z-
g_ \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm
7.22. ;ZjZ[Zg jZ^mkhf R = 0,3 f lZ fZkhx m = 2 d] [ZjZ[Zg
jZ^mkhf R = 0,1 f lZ fZkhx m = 0,6 d] a’}^gZg `hjkldh fh`mlv
1 1
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh kievgh ]hjbahglZevgh hk (^b\ jbk GZ ih-

2 2
\_jogx [ZjZ[Zg\ gZfhlZgh g_\Z]hf ljhkb, ^h dgp\ ydbo ijbdji-

94
e_gh \ZglZ` fZkZfb m3 = 2,5 d] m4 = 0,3 d] GZ hk a j^dbf afZsm-
\Zggyf \bgbdZ} l_jly fhf_gl kbeb ydh]h
Mt = aω + bω 3 ,
^_ & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv kievgh]h h[_jlZggy [ZjZ[Zg\ dh_np}glb
Z = 0,028 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 9,1Â G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 . BZglZ` m3 fZ} aZjy^
-3
q =4Â De ch]h jmo \^[m\Z}lvky \ h^ghj^ghfm _e_dljbqghfm

-5
ihe gZijm`_gklx ? = 130000 <f sh kijyfh\Zg_ \_jlbdZevgh

\gba <bagZqblb:
a) fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv i^ qZk h[_jlZggy kbkl_fb
[ZjZ[Zg\;
[) qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h [m^_ ^hky]gmlh fZdkbfZevgh dmlh\h
r\b^dhkl
7.23. >h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx ijbdjie_gh
f^gbc \ZglZ` fZkhx m = 4,4 d] sh fZ} aZjy^ q = 8 ⋅ 10 −5 De Q_j_a
ydbc qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f himklblvky gZ ]eb[bgm h = 6 f m pbkl_jg a
ljZgknhjfZlhjgbf fZklbehf" IhqZldh\Z r\b^dklv dme υ 0 = Z
ihqZldh\bc h[’}f – 6 e Pbkl_jgZ a fZklbehf \ h^ghj^ghfm _e_dl -
jbqghfm ihe gZijm`_gklx ? = 120000 <f yd_ kijyfh\Zg_ a\_jom
\gba :lfhkn_jgbc lbkd J = 105 IZ.
7.24. Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f fZkhx m = 6,4 d] himk-
lblvky gZ ]eb[bgm h = 6 f m pbkl_jg a ljZgknhjfZlhjgbf fZklbehf
ydsh _e_dljbqg_ ihe_ kijyfh\Zg_ \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm" 1gr ihlj[g
qbkeh\ ^Zg lj_[Z \aylb a aZ^Zq 7.23.
7.25. >h ih\ljygh dme a ]mfh\hx h[hehgdhx ijbdjie_gh f^-
gbc ly]Zj_pv fZkhx m = 1,56 d] sh fZ} aZjy^ q = 8Â-5 De Q_j_a ydbc
qZk dmey a ly]Zjp_f i^gf_lvky gZ ih\_jogx ljZgknhjfZlhjgh]h fZk-
lbeZ" GZ ihqZldm _dki_jbf_glm dmey [meZ gZ ]eb[bg h = 6 f ihqZldh\Z
r\b^dklv dme υ 0 = 0, ihqZldh\bc h[’}f – V = 3 e. M fZklbe } \_jlb-
dZevg_ h^ghj^g_ _e_dljbqg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx ? = 120000 <f sh
kijyfh\Zg_ \gba :lfhkn_jgbc lbkd ^hj\gx} 105 IZ.
7.26. Q_j_a ydbc qZk dmey a f^gbf ly]Zjp_f fZkhx m = 3,7 d]
i^gf_lvky a ^gZ pbkl_jgb gZ ih\_jogx ydsh _e_dljbqg_ ihe_ kijy-
fh\Zg_ \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm" 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 7.25.
7.27. <bagZqblb qZk aZgmj_ggy ih\ljygh dme gZ ]eb[bgm
h = 6 f, ydsh l_fi_jZlmjZ \_jogo rZj\ fZklbeZ to = 7 DK, Z gZ
]eb[bg \hgZ af_grm}lvky gZ º gZ dh`gbc f_lj aZ]eb[e_ggy 1gr
ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg lj_[Z \aylb a aZ^Zq 7.23.
95
7.28. FZl_fZlbqgbc fZylgbd aZ\^h\`db l = 0,5 f fZ} dmevdm
fZkhx 10 ] sh aZjy^`_gZ aZjy^hf q = 4 ⋅ 10 −6 De . P_c fZylgbd
dheb\Z}lvky m \_jlbdZevghfm _e_dljbqghfm ihe sh kijyfh\Zg_
\gba Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl i_jh^m dheb\Zgv pvh]h fZylgb -
dZ \^ gZijm`_ghkl _e_dljbqgh]h ihey
7.29. M ijhklhj jhaihê_gh aZjy^ a h[’}fghx ]mklbghx
ρ = ρ o exp( −α r 3 ) ,
^_ !D = 6 ⋅ 10 −8 Def3, . = 70 1/f3, r – \^klZgv \^ p_gljZ kbkl_fb ^h

lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZ}lvky gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey GZ ydc
\^klZg \^ p_gljZ kbkl_fb gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey
^hj\gx} ? = 240 <f?
7.30. QZklbgdZ fZkhx m = 10-7 d] a \^’}fgbf aZjy^hf i_j_[m-
\Z} \ j\gh\Za m _e_dljbqghfm ihe iehkdh]h ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZ -
rh\Zgh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` ieZklbgZfb dhg-
^_gkZlhjZ U = 400 <, \^^Zev f` ieZklbgZfb d = 4 kf. M i_\gbc
fhf_gl qZkm gZ qZklbgdm ihqZeh ^ylb mevljZnhe_lh\_ \bijhfgx -
\Zggy, \gZke^hd qh]h \hgZ \ljZqZ} _e_dljhg\ aZ dh`gm fe-
k_dmg^m j\gh\Z]Z ihjmrm}lvky AZ ydbc qZk qZklbgdZ i_j_fk-
lblvky gZ \^klZgv s = 2 kf?
7.31. QZklbgdZ fZkhx m = 10-7 d] a \^’}fgbf aZjy^hf i_j_[m-
\Z} \ j\gh\Za m _e_dljbqghfm ihe iehkdh]h ]hjbahglZevgh jhalZ -
rh\Zgh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` ieZklbgZfb dhg-
^_gkZlhjZ U = 400 <, \^^Zev f` ieZklbgZfb d = 4 kf. M i_\gbc
fhf_gl qZkm gZ qZklbgdm ihqZeh ^ylb mevljZnhe_lh\_ \bijhfgx -
\Zggy, \gZke^hd qh]h \hgZ \ljZqZ} 1,04 ⋅ 10 6 _e_dljhg\ aZ qZk t = 1,3
k j\gh\Z]Z ihjmrm}lvky Ydbc reyo ijhc^_ qZklbgdZ mijh^h\`
qZkm hijhfg_ggy?
7.32. GZ \^klZg x = 5 kf \^ [_af_`gh ^h\]h \^’}fgh aZjy-
^`_gh gbldb jhalZrh\ZgZ fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ fZkhx m = 10-9 d] lZ aZjy-
^hf q = –3Â-13 De EgcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gblp 2 = 5 ⋅ 10 −8 Def. <^
ihqZldm jmom fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ hk\lex}lvky mevljZnhe_lh\bf k\l-
ehf \ljZqZxqb dh`gh fek_dmg^b _e_dljhg\ j\ghfjgh af_g-
rm} k\c aZjy^ Ydbc reyo ijhc^_ fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ aZ qZk t = 0,035 k?
7.33. GZ \^klZg x = 5 kf \^ [_af_`gh ^h\]h \^’}fgh aZjy-
^`_gh gbldb jhafs_gZ fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ fZkhx m = 10-9 d] lZ aZjy^hf
96
q = –3Â-13 De EgcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gblp 2 = 5 ⋅10 Def. <^
−8
ihqZldm jmom fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ hk\lex}lvky mevljZnhe_lh\bf k\l-

ehf \ljZqZxqb dh`gh fek_dmg^b _e_dljhg\ j\ghfjgh af_g-
rm} k\c aZjy^ AZ ydbc qZk fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ ijhc^_ reyo 8 ff?
7.34. IhjhrbgdZ sh aZjy^`_gZ \^’}fgbf aZjy^hf q =
= –3Â De i_j_[m\Z} \ j\gh\Za m _e_dljbqghfm ihe gZ^ ]hjbahg-
-12
lZevghx [_af_`gh \_ebdhx iehsbghx a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx

aZjy^m 1 = –8Â Def . M i_\gbc fhf_gl qZkm gZ ihjhrbgdm ihqZeh
-7 2
^ylb mevljZnhe_lh\_ \bijhfgx\Zggy, \gZke^hd qh]h \hgZ \ljZqZ}

4 _e_dljhg\ aZ dh`gm fek_dmg^m j\gh\Z]Z ihjmrm}lvky
\hgZ ihqbgZ} jmoZlbkv AZ ydbc qZk ihjhrbgdZ i_j_fklblvky
gZ \^klZgv s = 30 ff?
7.35. GZ \^klZg x = 5 kf \^ ih\_jog aZjy^`_gh dme
jhafs_gZ fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ fZkhx m = 4Â d] lZ aZjy^hf
-9
q = –7Â De Ih\_jog_\Z ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ dme 1 = 2 ⋅ 10 Def .

-13 −8 2
JZ^mk dme r = 3 kf. <^ ihqZldm jmom fZl_jZevgZ lhqdZ hk\lex-

}lvky mevljZnhe_lh\bf k\lehf \ljZqZxqb dh`gh fek_dmg^b
45 _e_dljhg\ j\ghfjgh af_grm} k\c aZjy^ AZ ydbc qZk fZl_-
jZevgZ lhqdZ ijhc^_ reyo 18 ff?
7.36. IhjhrbgdZ sh aZjy^`_gZ \^’}fgbf aZjy^hf, i_j_[m\Z}
\ j\gh\Za m _e_dljbqghfm ihe gZ^ ]hjbahglZevghx [_af_`gh \_eb-
dhx iehsbghx a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx aZjy^m 1 = –9Â Def . -7 2
KmfZjgZ fZkZ _e_dljhg\ sh kl\hjxxlv aZjy^ ihjhrbgdb

m = 4 ⋅ 10 d]. < i_\gbc fhf_gl qZkm gZ ihjhrbgdm ihqZeh ^ylb
−23
mevljZnhe_lh\_ \bijhfgx\Zggy, \gZke^hd qh]h \hgZ \ljZqZ}

5 _e_dljhg\ aZ dh`gm fek_dmg^m j\gh\Z]Z ihjmrm}lvky
\hgZ ihqbgZ} jmoZlbkv AZ ydbc qZk ihjhrbgdZ i_j_fklblvky
gZ \^klZgv s = 35 ff?
7.37. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db L f a]gmlbc m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . f, b = 0,065 jZ^ ). Ijh\^gbd
-1
aZjy^`_gbc egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm 2 = 3Â Def. -7
Lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 6Â De jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg

-9
5 kf \^ p_gljZ <bagZqblb

[ kbem a ydhx \aZ}fh^} aZjy^`_gZ kijZev a lhqdh\bf aZjy^hf
7.38. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh ki-
jZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,065 jZ^ ydZ fZ} i¶ylv \bld\ Ijh\^gbd
-1
97
kijZe aZjy^`_gbc egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ = 6Â Def. -7
Lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 8Â De jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf

-8
\^ p_gljZ <bagZqblb

Z ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ kijZe
7.39. F^gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,2 ff lZ fZkhx m = 80 ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,065 jZ^ ). Ih -1
\kc ^h\`bg pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ j\ghfjgh jhaihê_gbc aZjy^ 4Â De. -7
Lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 7Â De jhalZrh\Zgh gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 7 kf

-9
\^ p_gljZ <bagZqblb

[ ^h\`bgm ^jhlm kijZe
7.40. AZeagbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,9 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,065 jZ^ ). Ijh\^gbd
-1
aZjy^`_gbc egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ = 4Â Def. GZ -7
lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 9Â De sh jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg

-8
8 kf \^ p_gljZ ^} kbeZ F = 40 fG <bagZqblb

[ fZkm ^jhlm kijZe
7.41. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db L = 4,5 f a]gmlbc m
nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,0025 f /jZ^) Ijh\^gbd aZjy^`_-
2
gbc egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ = 4Â Def Lhqdh\bc

-7
aZjy^ q = 8Â De jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 5,5 kf \^

-9
p_gljZ <bagZqblb
7.42. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh ki-
jZe p = 0,0025 f /jZ^), ydZ fZ} qhlbjb \bldb Ijh\^gbd aZjy^`_-
2

-7
aZjy^ q =7Â De jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 6,5 kf \^

-8
p_gljZ <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ
7.43. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,1 ff lZ fZkhx m = 82 ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,0025 f /jZ^). Ih \kc
2
98
^h\`bg pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ j\ghfjgh jhaihê_gbc aZjy^ 5Â De. -7
Lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 7,5Â De jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg

-9
kf \^ p_gljZ <bagZqblb

7.44. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 1 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,0025 f /jZ^). Ijh\^gbd aZjy^`_gbc
2
egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ =7Â Def. GZ lhqdh\bc aZjy^

-7
q = 2Â De sh jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 7 kf \^

-8
p_gljZ ^} kbeZ F = 4,8 fG <bagZqblb

[ fZkm ^jhlm kijZe
7.45. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db L = 3,5 f a]gmlbc
m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,0035 fjZ^). Ijh\^gbd aZjy^`_gbc
egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ = 4Â Def Lhqdh\bc aZjy^
-7
q = 8Â De jhalZrh\Zgh gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 6,5 kf \^

-9
p_gljZ <bagZqblb
7.46. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
(. = 0,0035 fjZ^) ydZ fZ} rklv \bld\ Ijh\^gbd kijZe aZjy^`_-
-7
aZjy^ q = 7Â De jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 5,5 kf \^

-9
p_gljZ <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ kijZe
7.47. F^gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d =1,2 ff lZ fZkhx m = ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,0035 fjZ^). Ih \kc
^h\`bg pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ j\ghfjgh jhaihê_gbc aZjy^ 6Â De. -7
Lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 8Â De jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg

-9
4,5 kf \^ p_gljZ <bagZqblb

7.48. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 1 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
kijZe :jof_^Z (. = 0,0035 fjZ^). Ijh\^gbd kijZe aZjy^`_gbc
99
egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ gvhfm τ =7Â Def. GZ lhqdh\bc aZjy^
-7
q = 2Â De sh jhafs_gbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg 5,5 kf \^

-8
p_gljZ ^} kbeZ F = 25 fG <bagZqblb

[ fZkm ^jhlm kijZe
7.49. Lhgdbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db l = 0,08 f fZ} aZjy^ ydbc
j\ghfjgh jhaihê_gbc ih ^h\`bg kljb`gy a egcghx ]mklbghx
2 = 3 fdDef GZ \^klZg s = 0,03 f \^ kljb`gy jhafs_gbc
lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 8,85 gDe ydbc j\gh\^^Ze_gbc \^ dgp\
kljb`gy <bagZqblb kbem F \aZ}fh^ aZjy^m q a aZjy^hf kljb`gy
1
7.50. Lhgdbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff lZ fZkhx

1
m = 0,6 ] fZ} aZjy^ ydbc j\ghfjgh jhaihê_gbc ih ^h\`bg

kljb`gy a egcghx ]mklbghx 2 = 7 fdDef GZ \^klZg s = 0,04 f \^
kljb`gy jhalZrh\Zgh lhqdh\bc aZjy^ q = 90 gDe ydbc j\gh\^^Z-
e_gbc \^ dgp\ kljb`gy <bagZqblb kbem F \aZ}fh^ aZjy^m q a
1
aZjy^hf kljb`gy
1
7.51. LhgdZ ^jhlbgZ j\ghfjgh aZjy^`_gZ aZjy^hf q = 20 gDe.

AgZclb gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey \ lhqp ydZ jhafs_gZ gZ
\^klZg 0,40 f \^ dgp\ ^jhlbgb gZ \^klZg 0,15 f \^ k_j_^bgb
7.52. Ijhlhg jhafs_gbc gZ hk lhgdh]h devpy jZ^mkhf
R =4 kf gZ \^klZg h = 3 kf \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} \^’}f-
gbc aZjy^ q = –20 gDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ijhlhg <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv ijhlhg q_j_a p_glj devpy
[ qZk jmom ijhlhgZ gZ reyom h.
7.53. A f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff lZ fZkhx m = 2 ]
\b]hlh\e_gh devp_ Ijhlhg jhafs_gbc gZ hk pvh]h devpy gZ \^k-
lZg h = 4 kf \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} \^’}fgbc aZjy^
q = –30 gDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ijhlhg <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv ijhlhg q_j_a p_glj devpy
[ qZk jmom ijhlhgZ gZ reyom h.
7.54. A kj[gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d =0,9 ff lZ fZkhx m = 2,5 ]
\b]hlh\e_gh devp_ :evnZ-qZklbgdZ jhafs_gZ gZ hk pvh]h devpy
gZ \^klZg h = 45 ff \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} \^’}fgbc
aZjy^ q = –50 gDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ZevnZ-qZklbgdm <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ q_j_a
p_glj devpy
100
[ _g_j]x ZevnZ-qZklbgdb \ fhf_gl ijhoh^`_ggy q_j_a
p_glj devpy
\ qZk jmom ZevnZ-qZklbgdb gZ reyom h.
7.55. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff \ _e_dljhg_cljZev-
ghfm klZg fZ} kmfZjgm fZkm \ko _e_dljhg\ yd \oh^ylv ^h kdeZ^m
Zlhf\ ^jhlm m = 0,002 ] A pvh]h ^jhlm \b]hlh\e_gh kmpevg_ devp_
:evnZ-qZklbgdZ jhafs_gZ gZ hk pvh]h devpy gZ \^klZg h = 40 ff
\^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} \^’}fgbc aZjy^ q = – 90 gDe ihqb-
gZ} ijbly]Zlb ZevnZ-qZklbgdm <bagZqblb
p_glj devpy
p_glj devpy
7.56. Kj[gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,75 ff \ _e_dljhg_cljZev-
Zlhf\ ^jhlm m = 0,0035 ] A pvh]h ^jhlm \b]hlh\e_gh eh]Zjbnfqgm
kijZev (. = 0, f, b = 0,06 jZ^ ). :evnZ-qZklbgdZ jhafs_gZ gZ
-1
hk p} kijZe gZ \^klZg h = 35 ff \^ p_gljZ KijZev hljbfm}

\^’}fgbc aZjy^ q = 140 gDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ZevnZ-qZklbgdm.
<bagZqblb
[ r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ q_j_a
p_glj kijZe
\ _g_j]x ZevnZ-qZklbgdb \ fhf_gl ijhoh^`_ggy q_j_a
p_glj kijZe
] qZk jmom ZevnZ-qZklbgdb gZ reyom h.
7.57. A kj[gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d =0,9 ff lZ fZkhx m = 2,5 ]
\b]hlh\e_gh devp_ :evnZ-qZklbgdZ jhafs_gZ gZ hk pvh]h devpy
gZ \^klZg h = 45 ff \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} \^’}fgbc
aZjy^ m \b]ey^ n = 4 ⋅10 gZêbrdh\bo _e_dljhg\ <gZke^hd pvh]h
11
devp_ ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ZevnZ-qZklbgdm <bagZqblb

p_glj devpy
p_glj devpy
101
7.58. Kj[gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,75 ff \ _e_dljhg_cljZev-
Zlhf\ ^jhlm m = 0,0035 ] A pvh]h ^jhlm \b]hlh\e_gh eh]Zjbnfqgm
kijZev (. = 0,017 f, b = 0,06 jZ^ ). :evnZ-qZklbgdZ jhafs_gZ gZ
-1
hk p} kijZe gZ \^klZg h = 35 ff \^ p_gljZ KijZev hljbfm}

\^’}fgbc aZjy^ m \b]ey^ n = 9 ⋅ 10 gZêbrdh\bo _e_dljhg\ <gZk-
11
e^hd pvh]h kijZev ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb ZevnZ-qZklbgdm <bagZqblb

[ r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ q_j_a
p_glj kijZe
\ _g_j]x ZevnZ-qZklbgdb \ fhf_gl ijhoh^`_ggy q_j_a
p_glj kijZe
] qZk jmom ZevnZ-qZklbgdb gZ reyom h.
102
8. IHKL1CGBC?E?DLJBQGBCKLJMF
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
KbeZ kljmfm 1 qbkeh\h ^hj\gx} devdhkl _e_dljbdb sh ijh-
oh^blv q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ aZ h^bgbpx qZkm
dq
I= .
dt
Ydsh 1 const, lh
q
I = .
t
=mklbgZ _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm
I
J= ,
S
^_ S – iehsZ ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam ijh\^gbdZ
KbeZ kljmfm sh ijhldZ} ih êygp h^ghj^gh]h ijh\^gbdZ
\îh\^gh ^h aZdhgm HfZ
U
I = ,
R
^_ U – jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo êygdb lZ R – hij p} êygdb.
Hij ijh\^gbdZ
l l
R=! = ,
S σS
^_ ! – iblhfbc hij 1 – iblhfZ _e_dljhijh\^gklv l – ^h\`bgZ
S– iehsZ ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam ijh\^gbdZ
103
Iblhfbc hij f_lZe\ lZd aZe_`blv \^ l_fi_jZlmjb
! = !D(1+ .t),
^_ ! – iblhfbc hij ijb 0 K, Z . – l_fi_jZlmjgbc dh_np}gl hihjm
D
D
Jh[hlZ _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm gZ êygp dheZ \bagZqZ}lvky

nhjfmehx
U 2t
A = IUt = I2Rt = .
R
Ihlm`gklv _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm
U2
P = IU = I2R = .
R
AZdhg HfZ êy aZfdgmlh]h _e_dljbqgh]h dheZ
E
I= ,
R+r
^_ E – ?JK ]_g_jZlhjZ R – ah\grgc hij r – \gmljrgc hij
^`_j_eZ kljmfm
AZdhgb Djo]hnZ êy jha]Zem`_gbo _e_dljbqgbo de: 1) êy
[m^v-ydh]h \maeZ \bdhgm}lvky mfh\Z, a]^gh a ydhx Ze]_[jZqgZ kmfZ
kljmf\ sh koh^ylvky m \mae, ^hj\gx} gme_\
∑I
i
i =0.
Kljmfb yd \oh^ylv m \mahe, \\Z`Zxlv ^h^Zlgbfb Z l sh

\boh^ylv a \maeZ, – \^’}fgbfb Ydsh gZijyfb kljmf\ kihqZldm
g_\^hf lh o \b[bjZxlv ^h\evgh >ey [m^v-ydh]h aZfdgmlh]h
dhglmjm jha]Zem`_gh]h _e_dljbqgh]h dheZ Ze]_[jZqgZ kmfZ kiZ^\
gZijm] gZ hdj_fbo êygdZo dheZ ^hj\gx} Ze]_[jZqgc kmf ?JK,
sh } \ pvhfm dhglmj
∑ξ i
i = Σ I i Ri .
Kljmf ?JK \\Z`Zxlv ^h^Zlgbfb ydsh \hgb a[]Zxlvky a

gZijyfhf h[oh^m dhglmjm P_c gZijyf \b[bjZxlv ^h\evgh
104
IjbdeZ^bjha\’yaZggyaZ^Zq
1. KbeZ kljmfm \ ijh\^gbdm hihjhf R = 80 Hf gZjhklZ} aZ
aZdhghf 1 = 0,2 + kt , ^_ k = 0,02 :k , t – qZk <bagZqblb devdklv
2 2
l_iehlb sh \bêy}lvky \ ijh\^gbdm mijh^h\` qZkm t = 30 k.

Jha\’yaZggy
Devdklv l_iehlb sh \bêy}lvky \ ijh\^gbdm a kljmfhf I,
h[qbkex}lvky aZ nhjfmehx aZdhgm >`hmey–E_gpZ
Q = I 2 Rt ,
^_ R – hij ijh\^gbdZ t – qZk ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm AZ p}x nhjfm-
ehx \bê_gZ devdklv l_iehlb h[qbkex}lvky lhqgh ydsh kbeZ
kljmfm g_ afgx}lvky a qZkhf :e_ m pc aZ^Zq kbeZ kljmfm afgx-
}lvky a qZkhf Lhfm êy jha\’yaZggy aZ^Zq \_kv qZk jhaê_gh gZ fZe
ijhf`db ût m lZdbc kihk[ sh[ fh`gZ [meh \\Z`Zlb kljmf g_afg-
gbf gZ mkvhfm ijhf`dm ¨t <bdhjbklh\mxqb qbkeh\bc f_lh^
h[qbkexxlv devdklv l_iehlb gZ dh`ghfm ijhf`dm qZkm ût
agZc^_g agZq_ggy Q ^h^Zxlvky.
Program Str2722;
Uses CRT;
Var Q,Q1,R,i,k,t,t1,t2 :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
R:=80;
k:=0.02;
t1:=30;
t2:=0.001;
t:=0;
i:=0.2+k*t*t;
Q:=0;
While t<=t1 do
Begin
i:=0.2+k*t*t;
Q1:=i*i*R*t2;
Q:=Q+Q1;
105
t:=t+t2;
End;
Q:=Q*0.001;
Writeln(' Q=',Q:7:1, ' kj');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v Q = d>`
2. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZevgbc

jmo gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ch]h dg_pv
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv kljb`gy ydsh ch]h h[_j-
lZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 28 G, ijbdeZ^_gh ^h
lh]h dgpy kljb`gy q_j_a ydbc g_ ijhoh^blv \kv h[_jlZggy Fhf_g-
lh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h
r\b^dhkl fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk,
b = 1,3Â HÂfÂk . <^hfh ydsh ^h kljb`gy i^dexqblb iZjZe_evgh
-5 3
grbc ijh\^gbd a hihjhf, \^\q [evrbf, g` hij kljb`gy lh

aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h a¶}^gZggy [m^_ R = 0,004 Hf >Zf_lj
=
kljb`gy d = 3 ff.
Jha\’yaZggy
Hij kljb`gy R fh`gZ \bagZqblb a ki\\^ghr_ggy f`
aZ]Zevgbf hihjhf iZjZe_evgh]h a¶}^gZggy R lZ iZjZe_evgh kihemq_-
gbfb hihjZfb R lZ 2R
3
1 1 1
= + .
R3 R 2 R
3R3
R= .
2
AgZxqb hij kljb`gy ch]h ^Zf_lj lZ iblhfbc hij fh`gZ

\bagZqblb ^h\`bgm kljb`gy
4 ρl πd 2 R
R= ⇒ l = .
πd 2 4ρ
106
Fhf_gl kbeb i^ \ieb\hf ydh]h a^ckgx}lvky h[_jlZggy
kljb`gy fh`gZ agZclb aZ nhjfmehx
M = Fl.
FZdkbfZevgZ dmlh\Z r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy kljb`gy fh`_ [mlb
\bagZq_gZ a ki\\^ghr_ggy
M = aω + bω 3 .
>ey jha\’yaZggy pvh]h j\gyggy fh`_ [mlb \bdhjbklZgZ ijh]-
jZfZ sh gZ\_^_gZ gb`q_
Program Z8Z;
Uses CRT;
Var a,b,F,R,Ro,R1,d,L,M,Mt,W,dW,c,Pi :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
F:=28;
a:=0.02;
b:=1.3E-5;
R1:=0.004;
Ro:=1.7E-8;
R:=3*R1/2;
d:=0.003;
Pi:=3.1416;
L:=Pi*d*d*R/Ro/4;
M:=F*L;
W:=0;dW:=0.01;
c:=b*W*W*W;
Mt:=a*W+C;
While M>=Mt do
Begin
W:=W+dW;
c:=b*W*W*W;
Mt:=a*W+C;
End;
Writeln('W=',W:4:0);
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v & jZ^k
107
AZ^Zq
8.1. >`_j_eh kljmfm a ?JK 2 < \gmljrgf hihjhf 0,5 Hf
aZfdgmlh gZ ah\grgc hij 5 Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl
ihlm`ghkl sh \bêy}lvky \ ah\grgvhfm dhe, \^ 5 .
8.2. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kbeb kljmfm \ dhe \^
ah\grgvh]h hihjm 5 >Zg ijh ^`_j_eh kljmfm \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.1.
8.3. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl gZijm]b gZ aZlbkdZqZo ^`_j_-
eZ kljmfm \^ hihjm 5 . >Zg ijh ^`_j_eh kljmfm \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.1.
8.4. Ih ijh\^gbdm hihjhf R = 50 Hf ijhoh^blv kljmf sh
afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf I = (12 – kt ):, ^_ t – qZk ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm
2
k = 0,06 k . Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl devdhkl l_iehlb sh

-2
\bêy}lvky \ ijh\^gbdm \^ qZkm

8.5. >h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ hihjhf R = 40 Hf i^dexq_gZ _e_dl-
jbqgZ gZijm]Z sh afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf u = (120 – kt ) B, ^_ 2
k = 0,06 k . <bagZqblb devdklv l_iehlb sh \bêy}lvky \ ijh\^-

-2
gbdm aZ qZk t k
8.6. H[qbkeblb hij ]jZnlh\h]h kljb`gy ^h\`bghx kf,
ydbc fZ} \b]ey^ djm]eh]h kljb`gy a i_j_jahf afggh]h jZ^mkZ
JZ^mk lhgrh]h dgpy kljb`gy r = 8 ff. AZe_`gklv jZ^mkZ kljb`gy
\^ ^h\`bgb hibkm}lvky j\gyggyf
1
r = r1 + kL2 ,
^_ k = 0,13 f Iblhfbc hij ]jZnlm ! = 3,9 ⋅ 10 Hf ⋅ f .

-1 −5
8.7. <bagZqblb kbem kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ]jZnlh\bc

kljb`_gv ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\ i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m
U = 60 < Z ^h\`bgZ kljb`gy 15 kf 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.6.
8.8. <bagZqblb devdklv _e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a ]jZnlh\bc kljb`_gv aZ qZk t = 6 o\ ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\
i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 4 < >h\`bgZ kljb`gy 14 kf.
1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.6.
8.9. L_fi_jZlmjZ f^gh]h pbeg^jbqgh]h ijh\^gbdZ } g_h^gZ-
dh\hx ih ^h\`bg AZe_`gklv l_fi_jZlmjb \^ ^h\`bgb hibkmxlv
j\gyggyf
t = to + nL2,
^_ t = 20 C – l_fi_jZlmjZ h^gh]h dgpy ijh\^gbdZ n = 0,01 ]jZ^f , L –
o 2
^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ >h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx} f ch]h ^Zf_lj

o
108
d = 0,4 ff iblhfbc hij ! = 1,7 ⋅ 10 Hf ⋅ f , l_fi_jZlmjgbc dh_np-
−8
}gl hihjm <bagZqblb hij ijh\^gbdZ aZ pbo mfh\

. = 4,2· 10-3 D-1
8.10. <bagZqblb devdklv l_iehlb sh \bêy}lvky f^gbf
ijh\^gbdhf a kljmfhf aZ qZk t = 7 o\ dheb ^h ch]h dgp\ ijbdeZ-
^_gh gZijm]m 40 < ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ 150 f 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg
\aylb a aZ^Zq 8.9.
q_j_a f^gbc ijh\^gbd aZ qZk t = 6 o\ ydsh ^h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ
i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 40 < Z ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ
135 f 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.9.
8.12. <bagZqblb ihlm`gklv _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm sh ijhoh-
^blv q_j_a f^gbc ijh\^gbd ydsh ^h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ i^dexqblb
_e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 40 < Z ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ f 1gr
qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.9.
q_j_a f^gbc ijh\^gbd aZ qZk t = 5 o\ ydsh ^h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ
i^dexqblb ^`_j_eh _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm a ?JK ε = 40 < \gmljr-
gf hihjhf r = 1,2 Hf Z ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ 110 f 1gr qbkeh\
^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.9.
8.14. <bagZqblb kbem kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a f^gbc
ijh\^gbd ydsh ^h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZi-
jm]m U = 40 < Z ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ f 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb
a aZ^Zq 8.9.
8.15. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey \ ijh\^gbdm
ydsh kbeZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_c ijh\^gbd ^hj\gx} : Z
^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ f 1gr qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.9.
8.16. AZ ydh gZijm]b gZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ sh hibkZgbc \
aZ^Zq 8.9 kbeZ kljmfm \ gvhfm ^hj\gx} 1,6 :?
8.17. GZ ijh\^gbd sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 8.9, ih^Zgh _e_dl-
jbqgm gZijm]m U = 36 < Kdevdb _e_dljhg\ ijhoh^blv aZ h^gm
k_dmg^m q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ" 1gr ihlj[g
qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 8.9.
8.18 F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,9 ff a]gmlh m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) <bagZqblb kbem
kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih kijZe ydsh gZ dgpyo ^jhlm kl\hjblb
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,5 <. Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 11.
8.19. <bagZqblb devdklv l_iehlb sh \bêy}lvky aZ qZk t = 2 o\
ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm ih ^jhlygc kijZe G_h[o^g qbkeh\ ^Zg
\aylb a aZ^Zq 8.18.
109
8.20. YdZ ihlm`gklv \bêy}lvky m ijh\^gbdm sh fZ} nhjfm
kijZe ydsh jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ U = 1,2 <?
G_h[o^g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.18.
8.21. <bagZqblb devdklv _e_dljhg\ sh ijhoh^ylv mijh^h\`
qZkm k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ ydbc fZ} nhjfm ki-
jZe ydsh jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ U = 1,6 <?
1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq 8.18.
8.22. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d ff a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Z-
jbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) <bagZqblb devdklv
\bld\ kijZe ydsh i^ qZk ih^Zggy _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U = 2,2 B gZ
dgp kijZe kbeZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih kijZe ^hj\gx} :
8.23. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,4 ff a]gmlh m nhjf
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,001 f /jZ^). Ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm
2
q_j_a px kijZev mijh^h\` qZkm t = 3 o\ kijZev \bêy} devdklv

l_iehlb Q = 600 >` <bagZqblb kbem kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih pc
kijZe ydsh devdklv \bld\ n = 12.
8.24. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,9 ff a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ-
[heqgh kijZe (j = 0,001 f /jZ^). <bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZ-
2
e ydsh ijb ih^Zgg _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U = 2 B gZ dgp kijZe

ihlm`gklv kljmfm sh \bêy}lvky gZ kijZe ^hj\gx} J = 25 <l.
8.25. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,6 ff a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Z-
jbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) <bagZqblb hij ^jhlm
kijZe ydsh devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 11.
8.26. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,9 ff a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ-
[heqgh kijZe (j f jZ^). <bagZqblb hij ^jhlm kijZe
2
ydsh devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 7.

8.27. F_lZe_\bc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff a]gmlh m nhjf
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) ydZ kdeZ^Z}lvky a
\bld\ Ydrh ^h dgp\ ^jhlm kijZe i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZi-
jm]m U = 1,65 <, lh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 = 3 :.
<bagZqblb iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem kijZe
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) ydZ kdeZ^Z}lvky a
\bld\ Ydrh ^h dgp\ ^jhlm kijZe i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZi-
jm]m U = 4,5 <, lh mijh^h\` qZkm t k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
ijh\^gbdZ ijhoh^blv De _e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m <bagZqblb
iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem kijZe
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,001 f /jZ^), ydZ kdeZ^Z}lvky a 8 \bld\
2
110
Ydrh ih kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 = 2 : lh gZ gc \bêy}lvky

ihlm`gklv J = 12,5 <l. <bagZqblb iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem kijZe
8.30. F_lZe_\bc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 1 ff a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ-

[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,001 f2/jZ^) ydZ kdeZ^Z}lvky a \bld\ Ydrh

^h dgp\ ^jhlm kijZe i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 3 <, lh

gZ pc kijZe \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 14 <l. <bagZqblb iblhfbc
hij fZl_jZem kijZe
8.31. F^gbc ^jl a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe

(. = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n =
Ydsh gZ

dgpyo ^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 2,5 < lh ih
kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 4 :. <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h
\b]hlh\e_gh kijZev
( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n

Ydsh ih

kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 4 : lh gZ gc \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv

J = 16 <l <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh kijZev

( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 10 Ydsh ih

kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 5 :, lh mijh^h\` qZkm t =10 k \bêy-

}lvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 68 >`. <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h
\b]hlh\e_gh kijZev

( a = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n
Ydsh gZ

dgpyo ^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 6 < lh mijh-

^h\` qZkm t = 24 k q_j_a kijZev ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^

Q = 150 De. <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh kijZev

8.35. F^gbc ^jl a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe

(j = 0,003 f2/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 10 Ydsh gZ dg-

pyo ^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,6 < lh ih
kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 3 :. <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h
\b]hlh\e_gh kijZev

(j = 0,003 f2/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n
Ydsh ih kijZe
ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 6 :, lh gZ gc \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv P = 18 <l.
<bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh kijZev


(j = 0,003 f2/jZ^). Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 15 Ydsh ih kijZe

ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 6 :, lh mijh^h\` qZkm t = 20 k \bêy}lvky

111
devdklv l_iehlb Q = 360 >`. <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]h-
lh\e_gh kijZev

(j = 0,003 f2/jZ^) Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n
Ydsh gZ dgpyo
^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 6 < lh mijh^h\`
qZkm t = 28 k q_j_a kijZev ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjZ^ Q = 120 De.

<bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh kijZev

8.39. <bagZqblb devdklv _e_dljhg\ sh ijhoh^ylv ijhly]hf

qZkm 15 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja f^gh]h ijh\^gbdZ ydbc fZ}
nhjfm iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,003 f2/jZ^) ydsh jagbpy ihl_g-

pZe\ gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ U = 1,6 <. Devdklv \bld\ kijZe

n ^Zf_lj ^jhlm d = 1,2 ff.

Jbk 13
8.40. < ko_f sh ah[jZ`_gZ gZ jbk. 13, 01 = 2,015 <, r1 = 0,013 Of,
02 = 2 B, r2 = 0,017 f, 03 = 2,031 B, r3 = 0,021 f, R = 5,37 f. <bagZ-
qblb \k ljb kljmfb lZ jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ gZ de_fZo ^`_j_e kljmfm.
8.41. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZev-
gbc jmo*. KbeZ F = 28 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl**. Hij kljb`gy R = 0,005 Hf, ch]h ^Zf_lj d = 3 ff. >ey
kljb`gy \bagZqblb Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy [ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m

r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy

*
H[_jlZggy \^[m\Z}lvky gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv
q_j_a dg_pv kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb a^ckgx}lvky
i^ ^}x kbeb F ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h ^jm]h]h dgpy kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdm-

eyjgh **^h ch]h ^h\`bgb
=Zevf\gbc fhf_gl aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl & fh`_

[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_ a = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 1,3 -5 G ⋅ f ⋅ k .
Â
3
112
8.42. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZevgbc
jmo KbeZ F = 11 G Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl .
* **
>Zf_lj kljb`gy d = 3 ff >ey h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy \bagZqblb

Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh ijb jhajaZgg kljb`gy
gZ ^\ j\g qZklbgb ikey a}^gZggy o iZjZe_evgh hij lZdh]h kih-
emq_ggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 0,002 Hf;
[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy
8.43. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh
\_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a lhqdm kljb`gy ydZ } gZ
\^klZg k = 20 kf \^ h^gh]h a ch]h dgp\ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm
dg_lbqgm _g_j]x kljb`gy ydsh ch]h h[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^
^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 28 G, ijbdeZ^_gh ^h ie_qZ l – k (l – ^h\`bgZ
kljb`gy Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc
aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ (3.5) ^_
a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 3Â HÂfÂk Hij kljb`gy R = 0,005 Hf ch]h
-5 3
^Zf_lj d = 3 ff.
8.44. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x
*
kbeb F = 23 G Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . **
>Zf_lj kljb`gy d = 3 ff >ey kljb`gy \bagZqblb

Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy dheb \^hfh ydsh ^h kljb`gy i^dexqblb
iZjZe_evgh grbc ijh\^gbd a hihjhf \^\q [evrbf, g` hij kljb`-
gy lh aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h a¶}^gZggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 0,004 Hf;
[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy
8.45. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 2,5 ff
h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 28 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F
*
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy

**
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy ydsh i^ ^}x gZijm]b U =1,5 < ih gvhfm

ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 220 :
[) fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv;
\) fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x.
*





Â
3
113
*
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy Z ^h\`bgm

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh ijb ijhoh^`_gg ih gvhfm kljmfm I = 200 :

mijh^h\` qZkm t = 20 c \bêy}lvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 2240 >`; [)
fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \) fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 30 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb-
*
^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy

**
dheb \^hfh sh i^ ^}x _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U = 2 < mijh^h\` qZkm

t = 10 k \bêy}lvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 15000 >`; [ fZdkbfZevgm
dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
8.48. =hjbahglZevgbc aZeagbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 4 ff
h[_jlZ}lvky i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 35 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh i^ ^}x _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U= 1,5 < gZ

kljb`g \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 500 <l; [ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m
r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh i^ qZk ijhoh^`_ggy _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm

1 = 150 : gZ kljb`g \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 350 <l; [ fZdkb-
fZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh ijb jagbp ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo kljb`gy

U = 4 < gZijm`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey \ kljb`g ? = 12 <f;
[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy
*





Â
3
114
Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh ijb jagbp ihl_gpZe\
gZ dgpyo kljb`gy U = 2 < q_j_a ch]h ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja aZ qZk k
ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 180 De;
[ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv
\ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
8.52. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 7 ff
h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a dg_pv kljb`-
gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb H[_jlZggy a^ckgx}lvky i^
^}x kbeb F = 12 G ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h ^jm]h]h dgpy kljb`gy i_ji_g-
^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh
ijb jagbp ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo kljb`gy U = 1,3 < q_j_a ch]h ihi_-
j_qgbc i_j_ja aZ qZk 6 k ijhoh^blv 8 ⋅ 10 _e_dljhg\; [ fZdkbfZevgm
22
dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x

8.53. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d ff
h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 8 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^}
*
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy

**
ydsh i^ ^}x gZijm]b U =1,2 < ih gvhfm ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 220 :;
h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 10 G. Fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb-
*
^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl . <bagZqblb êy kljb`gy Z ^h\`bgm kljb`gy

**
dheb \^hfh sh i^ qZk ijhoh^`_ggy ih gvhfm kljmfm I = 190 :

mijh^h\` qZkm t = 12 k \bêy}lvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 1600 >`;
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh i^ ^}x _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U = 1,5 <

mijh^h\` qZkm t = 8 k \bêy}lvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 14000 >`; [
fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
*

q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb a^ckgx-

}lvky i^ ^}x kbeb F ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h dgpy kljb`gy i_ji_g-

^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb

**
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 1,3 -5 G ⋅ f ⋅ k .
Â
3
115
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh i^ ^}x _e_dljbqgh gZijm]b U = 1,2 < gZ

kljb`g \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 370 <l; [ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m
r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh i^ qZk ijhoh^`_ggy _e_dljbqgh]h kljmfm

I = 160 : gZ kljb`g \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 270 <l; [ fZdkb-
fZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x
*

**
kljb`gy dheb \^hfh sh ijb jagbp ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo kljb`gy

U = 1,5 < q_j_a ch]h ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja aZ qZk 4 k ijhoh^blv 6 ⋅ 10 22
_e_dljhg\ [ fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv \ fZdkbfZevgm dg_-

lbqgm _g_j]x.
8.59. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(Z = 0,02 f; b = 0,06 1/jZ^). FZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ g_aZjy^`_gh]h
ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx} ] <bagZqblb hij ^jhlm p} kijZe
ydsh \hgZ fZ} \bld\
8.60. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe . = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 jZ^ a devdklx \bld\ n Ydsh gZ
-1
dgpyo lZdh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 4,5 <, lh

]mklbgZ kljmfm m pvhfm ijh\^gbdm [m^_ j = 21 :ff <bagZqblb
2
iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ

8.61. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(. = 0,02 f, b = 0,06 jZ^ a devdklx \bld\ n
-1
<bagZqblb
]mklbgm kljmfm m pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ydsh gZ ch]h dgpyo kl\hjblb
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 3,1 <.
*

q_j_a k_j_^bgm kljb`gy i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb a^ckgx-
}lvky i^ ^}x kbeb F ydZ ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h dgpy kljb`gy i_ji_g-

^bdmeyjgh ^h ch]h ^h\`bgb

**
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,02 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 1,3 -5 G ⋅ f ⋅ k .
Â
3
116
8.62. F^gbc ijh\^gbd hihjhf R = 0,3 Hf lZ ^Zf_ljhf
d =0,6 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^).
<bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZe
8.63. F^gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,4 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^). Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ
kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,9 < lh gZ gvhfm [m^_ \bê_gZ
ihlm`gklv J = 14 <l. <bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZe
8.64. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,35 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^). Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h
ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,5 < lh ih gvhfm
[m^_ ijhoh^blb kljmf 1 = 9 :. <bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZe
kijZe :jof_^Z . fjZ^). Ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhoh-
^blbf_ kljmf 1 = 7 : mijh^h\` qZkm t = 2 o\, lh \bê_gZ devdklv
l_iehlb [m^_ Q = 1470 >`. <bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZe
8.66. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
(. = 0,011 fjZ^). Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagb-
px ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,2 < lh ih gvhfm [m^_ ijhldZlb kljmf ]mklb-
ghx j = 25 :ff . <bagZqblb devdklv \bld\ kijZe
2

kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ
kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 1,8 < lh ijhly]hf ljvho o\bebg
gZ gvhfm [m^_ \bê_gZ devdklv l_iehlb Q = 1900 >`. <bagZqblb
devdklv \bld\ kijZe
kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ <bagZqblb kbem kljmfm m pvhfm
ijh\^gbdm ydsh gZ ch]h dgpyo kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\
U = 2,4 <. Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 6.
8.69. F^gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,65 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ <bagZqblb devdklv \b^-
e_gh l_iehlb ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZlb kljmf I = 10 :
ijhly]hf ^\ho o\bebg Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 5.
8.70. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
(. = 0,011 fjZ^). Devdklv \bld\ p} kijZe n = 4. <bagZqblb
]mklbgm kljmfm m lZdhfm ijh\^gbdm ydsh gZ ch]h dgpyo kl\hjblb
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 2 <.
8.71. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,7 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . 0,011 fjZ^). Devdklv \bld\ p} kijZ-
e n = 8. Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_g-
117
pZe\ U = 5,5 < lh ih gvhfm [m^_ ijhoh^blb kljmf 1 = 6 :. <bagZ-
qblb iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ
8.72. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,44 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^). Devdklv \bld\ p} ki-
jZe n = 7. Ydsh gZ dgpyo pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx
ihl_gpZe\ U = 5,5 < lh mijh^h\` qZkm t = 15 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ ijhoh^blv q = 70 De _e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m <bagZ-
qblb iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ
8.73. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
(. = 0,011 fjZ^). Devdklv \bld\ p} kijZe n = 6. Ydsh gZ dgpyo
pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 3,6 < lh ]mklbgZ
kljmfm m pvhfm ijh\^gbdm [m^_ j = 18 :ff <bagZqblb iblhfbc
2
hij fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ

8.74. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 2,2 < lh ih
gvhfm [m^_ ijhoh^blb kljmf 1 = 6,5 :. <bagZqblb fZkm ijh\^gbdZ a
ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
8.75. :exfg}\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_-
^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^). Devdklv \bld\ p} kijZe n = 10. Ydsh ih
pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf I = 8 : lh \bê_gZ gZ ijh\^-
gbdm ihlm`gklv [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy J = 15 <l <bagZqblb
fZkm ijh\^gbdZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
8.76. AZeagbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 4,2 < lh \b^-
e_gZ gZ ijh\^gbdm ihlm`gklv [m^_ J = 45 <l <bagZqblb fZkm
ijh\^gbdZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
8.77. Kj[gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf kijZe :jof_^Z
pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 6 < lh q_j_a ihi_-
j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ ijhly]hf qZkm 12 k ijhc^_ n = 1,8Â _e_dl-
20
jhg\ <bagZqblb fZkm ijh\^gbdZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ kijZev
118
?E?DLJHGG:L?HJ1YIJH<1>GHKL1F?L:E1<
L?JFH?E?DLJHGG:?F1K1Y
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
A ^hke^m KlxZjlZ Lhef_gZ fh`gZ \bagZqblb iblhfbc aZjy^
_e_dljhgZ
e Lυ o
= ,
m qR
^_ e – aZjy^ _e_dljhgZ; R – hij ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm m –
fZkZ _e_dljhgZ L – ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm q –
aZjy^ ydbc i_j_ghkblvky q_j_a i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ aZ qZk ]Zevfm\Zggy
υ o – egcgZ r\b^dklv ijh\^gbdZ \ fhf_gl ihqZldm ]Zevfm\Zggy
=mklbgm kljmfm gZkbq_ggy ijb l_jfh_e_dljhggc _fk \bagZ-
qZxlv aZ nhjfmehx JqZj^khgZ–>_rfZgZ
<L2exp  −
A
Jg ,
 kT 
^_ k = 1,38066Â-23 >`D – klZeZ ;hevpfZgZ; L – l_jfh^bgZfqgZ
l_fi_jZlmjZ dZlh^Z; : – jh[hlZ \boh^m _e_dljhg\ a f_lZem; < –
_fkcgZ klZeZ jagZ êy jagbo f_lZe\
IjbdeZ^jha\¶yaZggyaZ^Zq
=mklbgZ kljmfm gZkbq_ggy ijb l_jfh_e_dljhggc _fk a ]Zjy-
qh]h dZlh^Z \ _e_dljh\Zdmmfghfm ijbeZ^ afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf
jC = <L 2 exp[− A (kT )] ,

^_ jh[hlZ \boh^m A = 4 eB dh_np}gl B = 1,3· 105:/(f2· D2).
119
<bagZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh j C = 100 f: .
Jha\¶yaZggy
=mklbgm kljmfm gZkbq_ggy ijb l_jfh_e_dljhggc _fk \bagZ-
qZxlv aZ nhjfmehx JqZj^khgZ–>_rfZgZ
 A
js = BT 2 exp  −  ,
 kT 
^_ < – klZeZ L – Z[khexlgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ dZlh^Z : – jh[hlZ \boh^m
_e_dljhgZ a f_lZem k – klZeZ ;hevpfZgZ Yd \b^gh a nhjfmeb
g_\^hfZ \_ebqbgZ L } i^ agZdhf _dkihg_glb Z lZdh` ki\fgh`-
gbdhf i_j_^ _dkihg_glhx Hl`_ p_ ljZgkp_g^_glg_ j\gyggy yd_
gZc\b]^gr_ jha\ýam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
M lZdhfm jZa ijh]jZfZ êy dhfi’xl_jZ fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Str2716;
Uses CRT;
Var j,A,B,k,T :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
j:=1e5;
B:=1.3e5;
A:=6.4*exp(-19*ln(10));
k:=1.38*exp(-23*ln(10));
T:=300;
While (j-B*T*T*exp(-A/(k*T)))>0 do
T:=T+1;
Writeln(' T=',T:6:0,' K');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v L D
AZ^Zq
9.1. Pbeg^jbqgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_ljhf d = 8 ff jha-
fs_gbc \_jlbdZevgh iZ^Z} a \bkhlb h = 130 f M^Zjyxqbkv gb`-
gf lhjp_f h[ i_j_rdh^m \g jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\m}lvky <bagZqblb
120
aZjy^ sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja kljb`gy \ fhf_gl
m^Zjm <\Z`Zlb sh kbeZ hihjm ih\ljy i^ qZk iZ^ggy kljb`gy
aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
F0 = aυ + bυ 3 ,
^_ Z = 0,012 G ⋅ k / f , b = 9Â10-6 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 >h\`bgZ kljb`gy
^hj\gx} kf.
9.2. <bagZqblb kbem kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih ijh\^gbdm \
fhf_gl m^Zjm ^b\ aZ^Zqm ydsh ljb\Zeklv m^Zjm \\Z`Zlb lZdhx
sh ^hj\gx} k 1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 9.1.
9.3. <bagZqblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo
kljb`gy i^ qZk m^Zjm h[ i_j_rdh^m ^b\ aZ^Zqm ydsh ljb-
\Zeklv m^Zjm \\Z`Zlb lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} k Z ^h\`bgZ kljb`-
gy ^hj\gx} f.
9.4. Pbeg^jbqgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv sh jhafs_gbc \_jlb-
dZevgh fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 9 ff iZ^Z} a \bkhlb h = 150 f i^ qZk m^Zjm
gb`gf lhjp_f h[ i_j_rdh^m jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\m}lvky >h\`bgZ
kljb`gy L = 80 kf <bagZqblb devdklv _e_dljhg\ sh ijhoh^ylv
q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja kljb`gy \ fhf_gl m^Zjm <\Z`Zlb sh
kbeZ hihjm ih\ljy ijb iZ^gg kljb`gy aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
F0 = aυ + bυ 3 ,
^_ Z = 0,012 G ⋅ k / f , b = 9Â-6 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 .
9.5. Pbeg^jbqgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv sh jhafs_gbc \_j-
lbdZevgh fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 12 ff iZ^Z} a \bkhlb h = 350 f
\^Zjb\rbkv gb`gf lhjp_f h[ i_j_rdh^m jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\m}lvky
<bagZqblb aZjy^ sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja kljb`gy \
fhf_gl m^Zjm <\Z`Zlb sh kbeZ hihjm ih\ljy i^ qZk iZ^ggy
kljb`gy aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
F0 = aυ + bυ 3 ,
^_ Z = 0,012 G ⋅ k / f , b = 9Â-6 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 Fh^mev ijm`ghkl

fZl_jZem kljb`gy ? = 8,05· 1010 IZ r\b^dklv a\mdm \ kljb`g
^hj\gx} fk >h\`bgZ kljb`gy L = 90 kf.
9.6. Pbeg^jbqgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv sh jhafs_gbc \_j-
lbdZevgh fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 10 ff iZ^Z} a \bkhlb h = 380 f \^Zjb\rbkv
gb`gf lhjp_f h[ i_j_rdh^m jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\m}lvky >h\`bgZ
121
kljb`gy L = 80 kf <bagZqblb devdklv _e_dljhg\ sh ijhoh^ylv q_j_a
ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja kljb`gy \ fhf_gl m^Zjm <\Z`Zlb sh kbeZ hihjm
ih\ljy i^ qZk iZ^ggy kljb`gy aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
F0 = aυ + bυ 3 ,
^_ Z = 0,012 G ⋅ k / f , b = 9Â-6 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 Fh^mev ijm`ghkl

fZl_jZem kljb`gy ? = 8,05· 1010 IZ r\b^dklv a\mdm \ kljb`g
^hj\gx} fk.
9.7. F_lZe_\bc ^bkd jZ^mkhf r = 35 kf h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x klZeh
^hlbqgh kbeb F = 280 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h[h^m pvh]h ^bkdZ
H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc fh`_
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 3Â-6 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 <ba-
gZqblb fZdkbfZevgm jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ f` p_gljhf h[h^hf ^bkdZ
9.8. F_lZe_\bc h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc ^bkd lh\sbghx
d = 0,4 kf h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x klZeh ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 360 G sh
ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h[h^m pvh]h ^bkdZ H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ kbeb
F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ
^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 3Â-6 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ f` p_gljhf h[h^hf ^bkdZ Fh^mev ijm`ghkl
fZl_jZem ^bkdZ ? = 1,9Â11 IZ r\b^dklv a\mdm \ fZl_jZe ^bkdZ
υ = 5930 fk. FZkZ ^bkdZ d].
9.9. F_lZe_\bc h^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc ^bkd fZkhx m = 3 d] fZ}
fhf_gl g_jp \^ghkgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ch]h p_glj
J = 0,32 d]Âf2. P_c ^bkd h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x klZeh ^hlbqgh kbeb
F = 340 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h[h^Z pvh]h ^bkdZ H[_jlh\hfm fhf_g-
lh\ kbeb F ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl ydbc fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_-
gbc aZ ^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk, b = 3Â-6 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 <bagZqblb
fZdkbfZevgm jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ f` p_gljhf h[h^hf ^bkdZ
9.10. =hjbahglZevgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ^h\`bghx L = 0,7 f
h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a ch]h
dgp\ i^ ^}x kbeb F = 50 G H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^}
]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh aZe_`blv \^ dmlh\h r\b^dhkl ydbc fh`_
[mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,01 GÂfÂk, b = 3Â-6 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 <ba-
gZqblb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy jagbp ihl_gpZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ
dgpyo kljb`gy i^ qZk ch]h h[_jlZggy
9.11. =hjbahglZevgbc klZe_\bc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 1,2 d] h[_j-
lZxlv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a ch]h dgp\
i^ ^}x kbeb F = 50 G Kljb`_gv fZ} d\Z^jZlgbc i_j_ja a klhjhghx
122
d\Z^jZlZ k = 14 ff H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl
lZdbc yd m aZ^Zq 10 AgZclb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy jagbp ihl_g-
pZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy ijb ch]h h[_jlZgg
9.12. =hjbahglZevgbc pbeg^jbqgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv ^Zf_l-
jhf d = 7 ff lZ hihjhf R = 0,00044 Hf h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh \_jlb-
dZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a ch]h dgp\ i^ ^}x kbeb
F = 50 G H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl lZdbc
yd m aZ^Zq 10 AgZclb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy jagbp ihl_gpZe\
sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy i^ qZk ch]h h[_jlZggy
9.13. =hjbahglZevgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 1,2 d]
h[_jlZxlv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a ch]h
dgp\ i^ ^}x kbeb F = 50 G I_j_ja kljb`gy – j\ghklhjhggc
ljbdmlgbd klhjhgZ ydh]h k = 15 ff R\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy iha^h\`go
a\mdh\bo o\bev m fZl_jZe kljb`gy ^hj\gx} υ = 3500 fk fh^mev
Xg]Z ? = 8,7Â10 Gf2 H[_jlh\hfm fhf_glh\ ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl lZdbc yd m aZ^Zq 10 AgZclb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy jagbp
ihl_gpZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy ijb ch]h h[_jlZgg
9.14. >ey j_ZeaZp ^hke^m KlxZjlZ Lhef_gZ \bdhjbklZgh dh-
lmrdm a f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,6 ff ydbc gZfhlZgh gZ pbeg^-
jbqgbc dZjdZk ^Zf_ljhf D = 5 kf Px dhlmrdm ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZev-
gbc jmo i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 30 GÂf ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,01 G ⋅ k ⋅ f ,
b = 2,01 ⋅ 10 −7 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 Ikey ^hky]g_ggy dhlmrdhx fZdkbfZevgh
devdhkl h[_jl\ jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\mxlv AZ fimevkhf kljmfm sh
ch]h ihdZaZ\ [Zeklbqgbc ]Zev\Zghf_lj i^ qZk ]Zevfm\Zggy dhlmrdb
\bagZq_gh aZjy^ \ko ghk\ kljmfm yd ijhcreb q_j_a ]Zev\Zghf_lj
ijb ]Zevfm\Zgg dhlmrdb q = 1,17 ⋅ 10 −9 De <bagZqblb \^ghr_ggy
aZjy^m ghky kljmfm ^h ch]h fZkb
9.15. >ey j_ZeaZp ^hke^m KlxZjlZ Lhef_gZ \bdhjbklZgh
dhlmrdm a Zexfg}\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,5 ff ydbc gZfhlZgh
gZ pbeg^jbqgbc dZjdZk ^Zf_ljhf D = 6 kf Px dhlmrdm ijb\h^ylv
\ h[_jlZevgbc jmo i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 55 GÂf, ydhfm
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_
Z = 0,01 G ⋅ k ⋅ f , b = 2,01 ⋅ 10 −7 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 . Ikey ^hky]g_ggy dhlmr-
dhx fZdkbfZevgh devdhkl h[_jl\ jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\mxlv <ba-
gZqblb aZjy^ ydbc ihdZaZ\ [Zeklbqgbc ]Zev\Zghf_lj ijb ]Zevfm -
\Zgg dhlmrdb <^ghr_ggy aZjy^m ghky kljmfm ^h ch]h fZkb
\\Z`Zlb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx} e/m = 1,77 ⋅ 1011 Ded].
123
9.16. < ^hke^ KlxZjlZ Lhef_gZ \bdhjbklZgh dhlmrdm a
^jhlm ^h\`bghx L = 48 f ydbc gZfhlZgh gZ pbeg^jbqgbc dZjdZk
^Zf_ljhf D = 4 kf Hij ^jhlm R = 2 Hf Px dhlmrdm h[_jlZxlv
i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 16 GÂf ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc
fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ,
b = 2,01 ⋅ 10 −7 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 Ikey ^hky]g_ggy dhlmrdhx fZdkbfZevgh
devdhkl h[_jl\ jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\mxlv AZ fimevkhf kljmfm
ydbc ihdZaZ\ [Zeklbqgbc ]Zev\Zghf_lj i^ qZk ]Zevfm\Zggy dhlmr -
db \bagZq_gh aZjy^ \ko ghk\ kljmfm yd ijhcreb q_j_a ]Zev\Zgh-
f_lj ijb ]Zevfm\Zgg dhlmrdb q = 1,06 ⋅ 10 −9 De <bagZqblb \^gh-
r_ggy aZjy^m ghky kljmfm ^h ch]h fZkb
dhlmrdm a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,6 ff ydbc gZfhlZgh gZ
pbeg^jbqgbc dZjdZk ^Zf_ljhf D = 55 ff Px dhlmrdm ijb\h^ylv
\ h[_jlZevgbc jmo i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb F = 62 GÂf, ydhfm
ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gbc aZ ^_
Z = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 2,01 ⋅ 10 −7 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 . Ikey ^hky]g_ggy dhlmr-
dhx fZdkbfZevgh devdhkl h[_jl\ jZilh\h aZ]Zevfh\mxlv AZjy^
ydbc ihdZaZ\ [Zeklbqgbc ]Zev\Zghf_lj i^ qZk ]Zevfm\Zggy dhlmr -
db ^hj\gx\Z\ Â-9 De <^ghr_ggy aZjy^m ghky kljmfm ^h ch]h
fZkb \\Z`Zlb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx} e/m = 1,7588· 1011 Ded] <bagZqblb
fZl_jZe ^jhlm sh \bdhjbklZgbc m ^hke^.
dhlmrdm a kj[gh]h ^jhlm ydbc gZfhlZgh gZ pbeg^jbqgbc dZjdZk
^Zf_ljhf D = 70 ff Px dhlmrdm h[_jlZxlv i^ ^}x fhf_glm kbeb
F = 41 GÂf, ydhfm ijhlb^} ]Zevf\gbc fhf_gl sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbk-
e_gbc aZ ^_ Z = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 2,01 ⋅ 10 −7 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 . Ikey
^hky]g_ggy dhlmrdhx fZdkbfZevgh devdhkl h[_jl\ jZilh\h aZ]Zev-
fh\mxlv AZjy^ ydbc ihdZaZ\ [Zeklbqgbc ]Zev\Zghf_lj ijb ]Zevfm\Zg-
g dhlmrdb ^hj\gx\Z\ Â-9 De <^ghr_ggy aZjy^m ghky kljmfm ^h
ch]h fZkb \\Z`Zlb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx} e/m = 1,7588· 1011 Ded]. <ba-
gZqblb ^Zf_lj ^jhlm sh \bdhjbklZgbc m ^hke^.
9.19. Ijb i^\bs_gg l_fi_jZlmjb \hevnjZfm \^ ihqZldh\h
7 ^h T2 = 2500 K ]mklbgZ kljmfm gZkbq_ggy a[evrbeZkv \ jZaZ
<bagZqblb ihqZldh\m l_fi_jZlmjm \hevnjZfm
9.20. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb lhjch\Zgbc \hevnjZf [m^_ ^Z\Zlb lZdm
kZfm iblhfm _fkx ydm ^Z} qbklbc \hevnjZf ijb T = 2500 K " Dhgk-
lZglZ B1 êy qbklh]h \hevnjZfm ^hj\gx} 6 ⋅ 10 5 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) êy
124
lhjch\Zgh]h \hevnjZfm – 3 ⋅ 10 4 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) Jh[hlZ \boh^m êy
qbklh]h \hevnjZfm – 4,5 eB êy lhjch\Zgh]h – 2,63 eB .
9.21. :gh^gbc kljmf \ _e_dljhggc eZfi ^hj\gx} A <ba-
gZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dZlh^Z p} eZfib ydsh iehsZ ih\_jog \bijh-
fgx\Zggy dZlh^Z ^hj\gx} ff2 dhgklZglZ < = 3 ⋅ 10 4 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) ,
jh[hlZ \boh^m _e_dljhg\ a fZl_jZem dZlh^Z : = 2,63 _<.
9.22. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb kbeZ kljmfm gZkbq_ggy sh h^_j-
`mxlv a dZlh^Z lhjch\Zgh]h \hevnjZfm a \bijhfgx\Zevghx ih\_jo-
g_x ff2, [m^_ lZdhx kZfhx, yd a dZlh^Z qbklh]h \hevnjZfm a \bi-
jhfgx\Zevghx iehs_x ih\_jog ff2 ijb l_fi_jZlmj D?
1gnhjfZpx ijh dhgklZglb fh`gZ \aylb a aZ^Zq 20.
9.23. AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb Lw dZlh^ a qbklh]h \hevnjZfm [m^_
fZlb ]mklbgm kljmfm gZkbq_ggy \ jZaZ f_grm g` dZlh^ a lhj-
ch\Zgh]h \hevnjZfm ijb l_fi_jZlmj Lt = 1700 D" G_h[o^g dhgk-
lZglb fh`gZ \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 20.
9.24. KbeZ kljmfm \ _e_dljhgghfm imqdm fhglhjZ dhfi¶xl_jZ
fZ} lZd_ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy sh mijh^h\` qZkm t = 10 k ijhoh^blv aZjy^
q = 2,2 De. IehsZ \bijhfgx\Zevgh ih\_jog dZlh^Z S =2 ff2 <ba-
gZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dZlh^Z ydsh dh_np}gl < = 3 ⋅ 10 4 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) Z
jh[hlZ \boh^m _e_dljhg\ a lhjch\Zgh]h \hevnjZfm : = 2,63 _<.
fZ} lZd_ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy sh mijh^h\` qZkm t = 5 k ijhoh^blv
n = 6,8· 1018 _e_dljhg\ IehsZ \bijhfgx\Zevgh ih\_jog dZlh^Z
S = 1,8 ff2 <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dZlh^Z ydsh dh_np}gl
< = 3 ⋅ 10 4 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) Z jh[hlZ \boh^m _e_dljhg\ a lhjch\Zgh]h
\hevnjZfm : = 2,63 _<.
fZ} lZd_ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy sh ijhly]hf qZkm t = 10 k ijhoh^blv lZdZ
devdklv _e_dljhg\ sh ogy fZkZ m = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −11 d]. IehsZ \bijhf-
gx\Zevgh ih\_jog dZlh^Z S = 2,1 ff2 <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm dZlh-
^Z ydsh dh_np}gl < = 3 ⋅ 10 4 A /( f 2 ⋅ D 2 ) Z jh[hlZ \boh^m
_e_dljhg\ a lhjch\Zgh]h \hevnjZfm : = 2,63 _<.
125
10. ?E?DLJHF:=G?LBAF
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey G + sh kl\hj_gZ _e_f_g-

lhf kljmfm L GO \ lhqp gZ \^klZg U \^ GO (jbk aZ
aZdhghf ;h–KZ\ZjZ–EZieZkZ ^hj\gx}
LGO VLQ α
G+ = .
πU
Jbk
GZijyf G + \bagZqZ}lvky aZ ijZ\behf ijZ\h]h ]\bglZ GZi-

jm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey + sh kl\hj_g_ \kf ijh\^gbdhf ai
kljmfhf \bagZqZxlv gl_]jm\Zggyf
126
2. 1g^mdlb\gklv [Z]ZlhrZjh\h dhlmrdb \bagZqZxlv aZ gZ[eb-
`_ghx nhjfmehx
' 1
/≈µ µ ,
' + O + W
^_ ', O 9 – jhafjb sh \dZaZg gZ jbk 1 – devdklv \bld\
Jbk
3. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj dheh\h]h kljmfm
I
G= ,
2R
^_ R – jZ^mk dheh\h]h dhglmjm a kljmfhf
4. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey sh kl\hj_g_ [_af_`gh ^h\-
]bf ijyfhegcgbf ijh\^gbdhf
I
G ,
2π a
^_ a – \^klZgv \^ lhqdb \ ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv ^h

ijh\^gbdZ a kljmfhf
5. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk dheh\h]h kljmfm
R2 I
G= ,
2( R 2 + a 2 )3/ 2
^_ R – jZ^mk dheh\h]h dhglmjm a kljmfhf a – \^klZgv \^ lhqdb \
ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv ^h iehsbgb dhglmjm
127
6. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \k_j_^bg [_af_`gh ^h\]h]h
khe_gh^Z
H = In,
^_ n – devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb khe_gh^Z
7. GZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk khe_gh^Z kdgq_ggh
^h\`bgb
H = In(cos 1–cos 2)/2,
^_ 1 2 – dmlb f` \kkx khe_gh^Z jZ^mkhf-\_dlhjhf sh
ijh\_^_gbc a jha]ey^m\Zgh lhqdb ^h dgp\ khe_gh^Z
FZ]glgZ g^mdpy < a\¶yaZgZ a gZijm`_gklx G fZ]glgh]h
ihey ki\\^ghr_ggyf
< = hG,
^_ – \^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ ijhgbdgklv k_j_^h\bsZ lZ h – fZ]glgZ
dhgklZglZ <hgZ fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy h = 4· 10-7 =gf.
GZ aZfdgmlbc dhglmj a kljmfhf I \ fZ]glghfm ihe a
g^mdp}x < ^} iZjZ kbe a h[_jlh\bf fhf_glhf

M = BIS sin .,
^_ S – iehsZ dhglmjm . – dml f` gZijyfhf fZ]glgh]h ihey
ghjfZeex ^h iehs dhglmjm
10. GZ _e_f_gl ijh\^gbdZ a kljmfhf sh jhafs_gbc \ fZ]-
glghfm ihe ^} kbeZ :fi_jZ
dF=B· ·i dl· sin .,
^_ . – dml f` gZijyfZfb kljmfm fZ]glgh]h ihey
KbeZ sh ^} gZ aZjy^`_gm qZklbgdm ydZ jmoZ}lvky a
r\b^dklx υ \ fZ]glghfm ihe \bagZqZxlv aZ nhjfmehx Ehj_gpZ

F = q· υ · B· sin .,
^_ q – aZjy^ qZklbgdb . – dml f` gZijyfZfb r\b^dhkl qZklbgdb lZ
g^mdp fZ]glgh]h ihey
1g^mdlb\gklv khe_gh^Z
L = µ o µ n 2lS ,
^_ L – g^mdlb\gklv khe_gh^Z l – ^h\`bgZ khe_gh^Z S – iehsZ
ch]h ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam n – devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ
h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb khe_gh^Z
128
13. ?g_j]y fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm
LI 2
W= ,
2
^_ I – kbeZ kljmfm \ ijh\^gbdm L – g^mdlb\gklv ijh\^gbdZ
H[¶}fgZ ]mklbgZ _g_j] fZ]glgh]h ihey
HB µo µ H 2
Wo = = .
2 2
IjbdeZ^bjha\¶yaZggyaZ^Zq
1. Ih [_af_`gh ^h\]hfm ijyfhfm ijh\^gbdm L ijhoh^blv
kljmf 1 = 51 : <^jahd grh]h ijyfhegcgh]h ijh\^gbdZ ydbc fZ}
^h\`bgm l = 1,4 f jhafs_gh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h L lZd sh L lZ l
jhalZrh\Zg \ h^gc iehsbg <bagZqblb kbem sh ^ylbf_ gZ
ijh\^gbd l ydsh ih gvhfm ijhimklblb kljmf i = 22 : <^klZgv \^
ijh\^gbdZ L ^h [eb`qh]h dgpy ijh\^gbdZ l ^hj\gx} s = 3 kf.
Jha\¶yaZggy
GZ ijh\^gbd dl ih ydhfm ijhoh^blv kljmf i lZ ydbc jhaf-
s_gbc \ fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < ^} kbeZ :fi_jZ sh fh`_
[mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
dF = Bidl sin α .
A]^gh a mfh\hx aZ^Zq . = 90h sin α = 1 .
1g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey lj_[Z \bagZqZlb aZ nhjfmehx
µo µ I
B= ,
2π r
^_ r – \^^Zev \^ ijh\^gbdZ L ^h lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZxlv g^mdpx
fZ]glgh]h ihey Hkdevdb ijh\^gbd l jhalZrh\Zgbc i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh
^h ijh\^gbdZ L lh \ jagbo lhqdZo ijh\^gbdZ l g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h
ihey [m^_ fZlb g_h^gZdh\ qbkeh\ agZq_ggy >ey jha\¶yam\Zggy aZ^Zq
lj_[Z kdeZklb ijh]jZfm \ ydc ih\bg_g [mlb hj]Zgah\Zgbc pbde êy
[Z]ZlhjZah\bo h[qbke_gv _e_f_glZjgh kbeb lZ g^mdp fZ]glgh]h ihey
129
klhkh\gh dh`gh]h _e_f_glZ dl Jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq a \bdhjbklZggyf
fh\b ijh]jZfm\Zggy K fh`_ [mlb lZdbf
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float i, i1, l, l1, s, ds, r, b, mo, p, f, f1 ;
clrscr() ;
i = 51 ;
i1 = 22 ;
l = 1.4 ;
p = 3.1416 ;
s = 0.03 ;
ds = 0.005 ;
mo = 4*p*1e-7 ;
r=s;
f=0;
l1 = 0.01 ;
while (r <= (s+l))
{
b = mo*i/(2*p*r) ;
f1 = b*l1*i1 ;
f = f+f1 ;
r = r+ds ;
}
printf("F= %.4f",f) ;
getch( ) ;
}
<îh\^v F = 1,8 fG.
2. Ih ^\ho [_af_`gh ^h\]bo iZjZe_evgbo ijh\^gbdZo L1 i L2

ijhoh^ylv kljmfb 11 = 12 = 60 : \ ijhlbe_`gbo gZijyfZo <^^Zev
f` ijh\^gbdZfb L = 1,46 f <^jahd grh]h f^gh]h ijyfhegc-
gh]h ijh\^gbdZ ydbc fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 1,4 f jhafs_gh i_ji_g-
^bdmeyjgh ^h ijh\^gbd\ L1 i L2 lZd sh L1, L2 i l } \ h^gc iehsbg
lZ l jhalZrh\Zgbc f` ijh\^gbdZfb L1 i L2 H^bg a dgp\ ijh-
130
\^gbdZ l jhafs_gh gZ \^klZg s = 0,01 f \^ ijh\^gbdZ L1.
<bagZqblb \^^Zev, gZ ydm i_j_fklblvky ijh\^gbd l aZ qZk t =1,7 k,
ydsh gZ gvh]h ih^Zlb gZijm]m U = 3 <.
Jha\¶yaZggy
Ijh\^gbd l jhafs_gh m fZ]glghfm ihe sh kl\hj_g_
ijh\^gbdZfb L1 lZ L2, ih ydbo ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 Hkdevdb ^h
dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ l i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m lh ih gvhfm
[m^_ ijhoh^blb kljmf i Hl`_ gZ ijh\^gbd l [m^_ ^ylb kbeZ
:fi_jZ ydm fh`gZ h[qbkeblb aZ nhjfmehx
dF = Bidl sin α ,
^_ < – g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey yd_ kl\hjx}lvky ^\hfZ [_af_`gh
^h\]bfb ijh\^gbdZfb a kljmfhf FZ]glgm g^mdpx lj_[Z \bagZ-
qZlb aZ nhjfmehx
µo µ I
B= ,
2π r
^_ r – \^klZgv \^ ijh\^gbdZ a kljmfhf ^h lhqdb \ ydc
\bagZqZxlv fZ]glgm g^mdpx M lZdhfm jZa py \^klZgv } afgghx
\_ebqbghx Lhfm gZ jag _e_f_glb ijh\^gbdZ l [m^mlv ^ylb
g_h^gZdh\ kbeb :fi_jZ Sh[ agZclb kmfZjgm kbem :fi_jZ sh [m^_
^ylb gZ ijh\^gbd l a[hdm ijh\^gbd\ a kljmfZfb 11 lZ 12 lj_[Z
\bdhjbklZlb qbkeh\bc f_lh^
FZkm ijh\^gbdZ l fh`gZ \bagZqblb aZ nhjfmehx
Dlπ d 2
m= ,
4
^_ D – ]mklbgZ fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ d – ^Zf_lj ijh\^gbdZ
AgZxqb fZkm kbem sh ^} gZ ijh\^gbd aZ ^jm]bf aZdhghf
GvxlhgZ fh`gZ \bagZqblb ijbkdhj_ggy
a
F
.
m
Hkdevdb ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv ^hj\gx} gmex lh i_j_fs_g-
gy ijh\^gbdZ fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_g_ aZ nhjfmehx
at 2
S= .
2
131
Program F833;
Uses CRT;
Var i,i1,L,L1,r,B,Mo,P,ds :real;
Ro,d,U,R1,m,D1,a,t :real;
F,F1,F2,F3,F4,s,s1,s2,sp :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
i:=60;
L:=1.4;
P:=3.1416;
s:=0.01;
ds:=0.005;
Mo:=4*P*1e-7;
D1:=8600;
U:=3;
t:=1.7;
d:=0.0007;
sp:=P*d*d/4;
Ro:=1.7E-8;
R1:=Ro*L/sp;
i1:=U/R1;
m:=D1*L*sp;
r:=s;
F:=0;
L1:=0.01;
While r<=(s+L) do
Begin
B:=Mo*i/(2*P*r);
F1:=B*L1*i1;
F:=F+F1;
r:=r+ds;
End;
s2:=0.05;
r:=s2;
132
F2:=0;
While r<=(s2+L) do
Begin
B:=Mo*i/(2*P*r);
F3:=B*L1*i1;
F2:=F2+F3;
r:=r+ds;
End;
F4:=F+F2;
a:=F4/m;
s1:=a*t*t/2;
Writeln('S=',s1:4:2,' m');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v: S = 3,14 f.
AZ^Zq
10.1. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl gZijm`_ghkl fZ]glgh]h
ihey \^ \^klZg \^ p_gljZ dheh\h]h \bldZ a kljmfhf \a^h\` hk
>Zf_lj \bldZ 10 kf kbeZ kljmfm \ gvhfm I = 10 A .
10.2. >h dgp\ dheh\h]h \bldZ a f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf
d = 0,6 ff i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 0,7 < GZdj_keblb
]jZnd aZe_`ghkl gZijm`_ghkl fZ]glgh]h ihey \^ \^klZg \a^h\`
ijyfh ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj \bldZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h
iehsbgb pvh]h \bldZ KbeZ kljmfm m \bldm I = 10 :.
ihey \^ \^klZg \a^h\` hk khe_gh^Z ^h\`bghx kf ^Zf_ljhf
2 kf Devdklv \bld\ n = kbeZ kljmfm sh ijhldZ} ih \bldZo
khe_gh^Z I = 4 A .
10.4. < _e_dljhfZ]gl aZ]ZevgZ ^h\`bgZ ydh]h kf dhlmrdZ
fZ} gZfhldm a 1000 \bld\ Z iehsZ ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam hk_j^y
^hj\gx} kf2 KbeZ kljmfm \ h[fhlp fZ} agZq_ggy 0 ,2 A ;
S = 10 kf2 – iehsZ ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam aZahjZ f` gZdhg_qgbdZfb
jbk Yd aZe_`blv agZq_ggy g^mdp fZ]glgh]h ihey \^ \_eb -
qbgb pvh]h aZahjZ" <^ghkgm fZ]glgm ijhgbdgklv hk_j^y \\Z`Zlb

lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} 1200.
133
Jbk 6
10.5. GZ dZjdZk ^Zf_ljhf δ = 8 ff aZ\^h\`db l = 3 kf ^b\

jbk lj_[Z gZfhlZlb ^jl ^Zf_ljhf ff lZd sh[ h^_j`Zlb
dhlmrdm g^mdlb\gklx L = 1 f=g Kdevdb \bld\ lj_[Z gZfhlZlb
ydhx ih\bggZ [mlb lh\sbgZ gZfhldb W ?
< d Z a \ d Z <jZomcl_ sh aZ]ZevgZ devdklv \bld\ 1 = PQ ,
^_ P – devdklv rZj\ gZfhldb Z Q – devdklv \bld\ m h^ghfm rZj
<bjZalv 9 l q_j_a 2 Q ^Zf_lj ^jhlm GZ hkgh\ nhjfmeb
' 1
/=µ µ
' + O + W
kdeZ^lv j\gyggy \^ghkgh 1 lZ jha\¶y`lv ch]h
10.6. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj f_g-
rh hkgh\b ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ gZ [qgm ih\_jogx ydh]h gZfhlZgZ
h^ghrZjh\Z dhlmrdZ ih ydc ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 3 A <bldb
dhlmrdb sevgh ijbey]Zxlv h^bg ^h h^gh]h >Zf_lj ^jhlm ydbf
gZfhlZgZ dhlmrdZ ^hj\gx} ff JZ^mkb hkgh\ ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ
R = 6 kf , r = 3 kf \bkhlZ h = 9 kf .
10.7. Ih[m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl gZijm`_ghkl fZ]glgh]h
ihey \^ \bkhlb sh ijh\_^_gZ \a^h\` hk dhlmrdb ydZ fZ} nhjfm
ajaZgh]h dhgmkZ G_h[o^g qbkeh\ agZq_ggy iZjZf_lj\ p} dhlmr-
db \aylb a aZ^Zq
10.8. H^ghrZjh\Z dhlmrdZ gZfhlZgZ gZ dZjdZk sh fZ} nhjfm
qZklbgb ih\_jog kn_jb jZ^mkhf R = 4 kf Devdklv \bld\
1 = KbeZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih \bldZo dhlmrdb I = 2 : .
134
<bkhlZ dhlmrdb kf <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj
dhlmrdb jbk
Jbk 7
10.9. H^ghj^gbc kmpevgbc f^gbc ^bkd fZkhx m = 0,05 d]

jhalZrh\Zgbc \ fZ]glghfm ihe g^mdpy ydh]h < = 2 Le lZd sh
iehsbgZ ^bkdZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h egc g^mdp h^ghj^gh]h fZ] -
glgh]h ihey Ijb aZfbdZgg _e_dljbqgh]h dheZ ih êygp DE ^bkdZ
ijhoh^blv kljmf kbehx I = 26 : ^bkd ihqbgZ} h[_jlZlbkv Ydm
dmlh\m r\b^dklv fZlbf_ ^bkd q_j_a k ikey aZfbdZggy dheZ"
<jZom\Zlb \¶yad_ l_jly \ hk \gZke^hd qh]h fhf_gl pvh]h l_jly
afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf 0 = Dω + Eω

^_ D = G ⋅ f⋅k;
E = G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 JZ^mk ^bkdZ ^hj\gx} kf jbk
Jbk 8
135
10.10. <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm dmlh\m r\b^dklv h[_jlZggy
^bkdZ sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq 9.
10.11. <bagZqblb ihld fZ]glgh g^mdp sh i_j_lbgZ}lvky
jZ^mkhf Zb ^bkdZ : ^b\ jbk aZ ^\ o\bebgb h[_jlZggy a
fZdkbfZevghx dmlh\hx r\b^dklx 1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb
a aZ^Zq
10.12. Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ^bkdZ ^b\
aZ^Zqm dmlh\Z r\b^dklv ch]h h[_jlZggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb
16 jZ^k" 1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg lj_[Z \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq
10.13. < lhqp H jbk } _e_dljhg sh fZ} r\b^dklv
υ = 2 ⋅ 10 5 fk AZ \^kmlghkl fZ]glgh]h ihey p_c _e_dljhg ihljZi-
ey} gZ exfg_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg \ lhqdm Ydsh ih [_af_`gh
^h\]hfm ijh\^gbdm 01 ijhimklblb kljmf I = 10 A lh ^y kbeb
Ehj_gpZ kijbqbgblv \bdjb\e_ggy ljZ}dlhj _e_dljhgZ \g iZ^Z -
lbf_ gZ exfg_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg \ lhqp & .
Jbk 19
<bagZqblb afs_ggy [ ([ = $& ) _e_dljhgZ gZ _djZg ydsh

l0 = 5 ff , l = 30 ff ?e_f_glZjgbc aZjy^ H = ⋅
−
De fZkZ
−
_e_dljhgZ P = ⋅ d] .
10.14. < lhqp 2 jbk } ijhlhg sh ijbkdhj_gbc jagbp_x
ihl_gpZe\ U = 500 B AZ \^kmlghkl fZ]glgh]h ihey p_c ijhlhg
ihljZiey} gZ exfg_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg \ lhqdm $ . Ydsh ih [_af_`-
136
gh ^h\]hfm ijh\^gbdm 01 sh iZjZe_evgbc ^h _djZgZ ijhimklblb
kljmf I = 1 4 A lh ^y kbeb Ehj_gpZ kijbqbgblv \bdjb\e_ggy ljZ}dlh-
j ijhlhgZ \g iZ^Zlbf_ gZ _djZg \ lhqp & <bagZqblb afs_ggy [
([ = $& ) ijhlhgZ gZ _djZg ydsh l 0 = 4 ff , l 0 = 35 ff AZjy^
−
ijhlhgZ H = ⋅ De fZkZ ijhlhgZ P = ⋅ − d] .
10.15. Ih ihobec iehsbg sh kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml
α = 30h jmoZ}lvky aZjy^`_g_ leh q = 4 ⋅ 10 −4 De fZkhx ] IhqZl-
dh\Z r\b^dklv leZ ^hj\gx} fk Py ihobeZ iehsbgZ agZoh-
^blvky \ fZ]glghfm ihe ijyfh]h [_af_`gh ^h\]h]h ijh\^gbdZ a
kljmfhf 1 = 600 : LjZ}dlhjy ih ydc jmoZ}lvky leh ijh\^gbd a
kljmfhf – \ h^gc \_jlbdZevgc iehsbg <bagZqblb qZk jmom leZ
gZ reyom KF jbk NC = 1,2 f Dh_np}gl l_jly f` lehf
ihobehx iehsbghx k = 0,2.
Jbk 0
Jbk 1
137
10.16. <bagZqblb qZk jmom leZ gZ reyom KF ydsh l_jlyf f` l-
ehf iehsbghx ag_olm\Zlb Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq
10.17. Gd_e_\bc kljb`_gv iZ^Z} \ ih\lj a \bkhlb h = 2800 f.
I^ qZk iZ^ggy \bgbdZ} kbeZ hihjm sh fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ
(2.5 ^_ : = 0,01 G ⋅ k / f , < = 4 ⋅ 10 −4 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 <bagZqblb qb
[m^_ ajmcgh\ZgZ ^hf_ggZ kljmdlmjZ \ kljb`g gd_ex ydsh ihqZl-
dh\Z ch]h l_fi_jZlmjZ to = 227 hK" L_fi_jZlmjZ Dxj êy gd_ex
Lk = 627 D <\Z`Zlb sh ijb iZ^gg \ ih\lj aZ jZomghd l_jly
kljb`_gv gZ]j\Z}lvky FZkZ kljb`gy m = 8 d] iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv
gd_ex k = 442 >`d] D.
10.18. Ih [_af_`gh ^h\]hfm ijyfhfm ijh\^gbdm L ijhoh^blv
kljmf 1 = 51 : <^jahd grh]h ijyfhegcgh]h f^gh]h ijh\^gbdZ
ydbc fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 1,4 f jhafs_gh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h L lZd
sh L lZ l jhalZrh\Zg \ h^gc iehsbg <bagZqblb kbem sh ^ylbf_
gZ ijh\^gbd l ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\ i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m
U = 2 < <^klZgv \^ ijh\^gbdZ L ^h [eb`qh]h dgpy ijh\^gbdZ l
^hj\gx} s = 3 kf >Zf_lj pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx} d = 0,8 ff.
10.19. <bagZqblb ijbkdhj_ggy f^gh]h ijh\^gbdZ l sh hib-
kZgbc \ aZ^Zq 18.
10.20. <bagZqblb i_j_fs_ggy yd_ a^ckgblv ijh\^gbd l
mijh^h\` qZkm t = 1,7 k ^b\ aZ^Zqm ydsh ihqZldh\Z r\b^-
dklv pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx\ZeZ gmex Ydh r\b^dhkl ^hky]g_
p_c ijh\^gbd aZ qZk t?
10.21. Ih ^\ho [_af_`gh ^h\]bo iZjZe_evgbo ijh\^gbdZo L1 i
L2 ijhoh^ylv kljmfb 11 = 12 = 60 : \ ijhlbe_`gbo gZijyfZo <^^Zev
f` ijh\^gbdZfb L = 1,46 f <^jahd grh]h f^gh]h ijyfhegc-
gh]h ijh\^gbdZ ydbc fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 1,4 f jhafs_gh i_ji_g^b-
dmeyjgh ^h ijh\^gbd\ L1 i L2 lZd sh L1, L2 i l } \ h^gc iehsbg lZ
l jhalZrh\Zgbc f` ijh\^gbdZfb L1 i L2 H^bg a dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ
l jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^klZg s = 0,03 f \^ ijh\^gbdZ L1. <bagZqblb
kbem sh [m^_ ^ylb gZ ijh\^gbd l ydsh ih gvhfm ijhimklblb
kljmf 1 = 26 :.
10.22. <bagZqblb i_j_fs_ggy yd_ a^ckgblv f^gbc ijh\^-
gbd l ^b\ aZ^Zqm 21 aZ qZk t = 1,7 k ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\
i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 3 B. >Zf_lj pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ
^hj\gx} d = 0,7 ff.
10.23. <bagZqblb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x ydm [m^_ fZlb ijh\^gbd
l ^b\ aZ^Zqm 21 q_j_a qZk t = 1,9 k ikey ihqZldm ch]h jmom
138
10.24. Q_j_a ydbc qZk t ikey ih^Z\Zggy gZijm]b gZ f^gbc
ijh\^gbd l ^b\ aZ^Zqm 21 \g [m^_ fZlb dg_lbqgm _g_j]x a
qbkeh\bf agZq_ggyf W = 0,025 >`?
10.25. AgZclb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj iehkdh
kijZe sh ml\hj_gZ ijh\^gbdhf ih ydhfm ijhoh^blv kljmf
I = 6 A KijZev fklblvky f` dheZfb jZ^mk\ R = 0,1 f lZ
7 = 0,02 f AZ]ZevgZ devdklv \bld\ kijZe 1 = jbk
Jbk
10.26. AgZclb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey m lhqp jhalZrh-

\Zgc gZ hk iehkdh kijZe gZ \^klZg K = 12 kf \^ p_gljZ p} ki-
jZe Ih kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 10 A KijZev fklblvky f` dh-
eZfb jZ^mk\ # = 0,18 f lZ U = f fZ} N = 8 ih\gbo \bld\
ihey \^ \^klZg \^ p_gljZ \a^h\` hk iehkdh kijZe sh hibkZgZ \
aZ^Zq
10.28. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj iehk-
dh kijZe sh ml\hj_gZ f^gbf ijh\^gbdhf ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff,
^h dgp\ ydh]h i^dexq_gh gZijm]m U = 1,5 < KijZev fklblvky f`
dheZfb jZ^mk\ R = 0,16 f lZ r = 0,02 f AZ]ZevgZ devdklv \bld\
kijZe n Iblhfbc hij f^ ! =1,7Â-8 HfÂf.
10.29. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj eh]Z-
jbnfqgh kijZe (Z = 0,01 f, b = 0,08 jZ^-1) sh ml\hj_gZ ijh\^-
gbdhf ih ydhfm ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 = 8 : KijZev fZ} n \bld\
139
10.30. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey m lhqp sh jha-
fs_gZ gZ hk iehkdh eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe gZ \^klZg h = 10 kf \^
p_gljZ Ihlj[g qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq
ihey \^ \^klZg \^ p_gljZ \a^h\` hk iehkdh eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe sh hibkZgZ \ aZ^Zq 0.
10.32. <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj iehk-
dh eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ( a = 0,01 f, b = 0,07 jZ^-1) sh ml\hj_gZ
f^gbf ^jhlhf ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff KijZev fZ} n \bld\ ^h
dgp\ ^jhlm p} kijZe ijbdeZ^_gh jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 0,7 <.
10.33. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,9 ff lZ fZkhx m = 140 ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe ih gvhfm ijhoh^blv kljmf
1 = 6 : <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj p}
kijZe NhjfmeZ sh hibkm} kijZev lZdZ kZfZ, yd m aZ^Zq 29.
10.34. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 2 ff lZ fZkhx m = 250 ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe. >h dgp\ ^jhlm i^dexq_gh
_e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 0,7 < <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ p_glj p} kijZe NhjfmeZ sh hibkm} kijZev lZdZ kZfZ, yd
m aZ^Zq 29.
a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe. >h dgp\ ^jhlm i^dexq_gh
_e_dljbqgm gZijm]m ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm ijhly]hf qZkm
t = 180 k \bêy}lvky Q = 2000 >` _g_j] <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv
fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj p} kijZe NhjfmeZ sh hibkm} kijZev
lZdZ kZfZ yd m aZ^Zq 29.
10.36. Eh]ZjbnfqgZ kijZev (Z = 0,03 f, b = 0,05 jZ^-1).
ml\hj_gZ f^gbf ^jhlhf ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,5 ff >jl kijZe fZ}
^h\`bgm L = 12 f gZ dgpyo ^jhlm p} kijZe } jagbpy ihl_gpZe\
U = 6 < <bagZqblb
Z g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
10.37. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,9 ff lZ fZkhx m = 140 ]
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe p = 0,0007 f2/jZ^ Ih pc
kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 6 : <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ ijyfc ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj
kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\Zg \bldb
kijZe <^klZgv \^ iehsbgb kijZe ^h lhqdb \ ydc lj_[Z \bagZ-
qblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey ^hj\gx} kf.
140
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,0007 f2/jZ^) >h dgp\
^jhlm sh ml\hjx} kijZev i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m
U = 0,7 < <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh
jhafs_gZ gZ ijyfc, ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdm -
eyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\Zg \bldb kijZe <^klZgv \^
iehsbgb kijZe ^h lhqdb \ ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv
fZ]glgh]h ihey ^hj\gx} kf.
a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe (p = 0,0007 f2/jZ^) >h dgp\
^jhlm sh ml\hjx} kijZev i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m ijb
ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm aZ qZk t = 180 k \bêy}lvky devdklv l_iehlb
Q = 2000 >` <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh
jhafs_gZ gZ ijyfc ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^b -
dmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhalZrh\Zg \bldb kijZe <^klZgv \^
iehsbgb kijZe ^h lhqdb \ ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv
fZ]glgh]h ihey ^hj\gx} kf.
10.40. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,4 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe p = 0,0007 f2/jZ^ Devdklv \bld\ kijZe
n Ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm ih pc kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm
t = 2 o\ kijZev \bêy} devdklv l_iehlb Q = 3800 >` <bagZqblb

gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ ijyfc ydZ
ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h iehsbgb \ ydc
jhalZrh\Zg \bldb kijZe <^klZgv \^ iehsbgb kijZe ^h lhqdb \
ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey ^hj\gx} kf.
10.41. F^gbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,4 ff a]gmlbc m nhjf
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe p = 0,0007 f2/jZ^ Devdklv \bld\ kijZe
n ?e_dljbqgZ ihlm`gklv ydm kih`b\Z} kijZev ^hj\gx}
80 <l <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhaf-

s_gZ gZ ijyfc ydZ ijhoh^blv q_j_a p_glj kijZe i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh
^h iehsbgb \ ydc jhafs_g \bldb kijZe <^klZgv \^ iehsbgb
kijZe ^h lhqdb \ ydc lj_[Z \bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey ^hj\gx} kf.
10.42. >h dgp\ iehkdh eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe sh ml\hj_gZ
f^gbf ^jhlhf ^Zf_lj ydh]h d = 0,7 ff ih^Zgh _e_dljbqgm gZijm-
]m U = 1,4 < KijZev fZ} n \bld\ <bagZqblb kbem ydZ ^} gZ
ijhlhg sh ijbkdhj_gbc jagbp_x ihl_gpZe\ U1 = 6000 B \elZ} \
p_glj p} kijZe lZd sh \_dlhj ch]h r\b^dhkl a \_dlhjhf g^mdp
141
fZ]glgh]h ihey kl\hjx} dml . = 80h DhgklZglb eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe Z = 0,01 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1.
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm p} kijZe
ijhoh^blv kljmf kbehx I = 7 : lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \
p_glj p} kijZe G = 470 :f <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ sh ml\hjx} kijZev
10.44. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd ydbc fZ} hij R = 2 Hf a]gmlh m
nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe i^ \ieb\hf gZijm]b U = 15 < ijhoh^blbf_
kljmf lh \ p_glj p} kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx
G = 510 :f <bagZqblb
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh gZ ijh\^gbd p} kijZe
ih^Zlb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U < lh gZ gvhfm \bêy}lvky ih-
lm`gklv J = 150 <l Z \ p_glj p} kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_
gZijm`_gklx G = 610 :f <bagZqblb
10.46. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd ydbc fZ} hij R = 8 Hf a]gmlh
m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh
ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimkdZlb _e_dljbqgbc kljmf ijhly]hf qZkm
t = 3 o\ lh [m^_ \bê_gh devdklv l_iehlb Q = 160 d>` Z \ p_glj
p} kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 670 :f.
<bagZqblb
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe aZ qZk t k ijhimklblb _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^
q = 210 De lh \ p_glj p} kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_-
gklx G = 80 :f <bagZqblb
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ Ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm
142
ijhimkdZlb _e_dljbqgbc kljmf lZd sh[ aZ qZk t = 10 k q_j_a ihi_-
j_qgbc i_j_ja ijhcreh n = 9Â20 _e_dljhg\ lh \ p_glj p} kijZe
\bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 940 :f <bagZqblb
10.49. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh
kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm p} kijZe ijhoh-
^blv kljmf kbehx I = 7 : lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp
sh } gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ p} kijZe ^hj\gx}
G = 70 :f <bagZqblb
nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm
kijZe i^ \ieb\hf gZijm]b U = 11 < ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf lh \ lhqp
sh } gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ p} kijZe \bgbdg_
fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 50 :f <bagZqblb
10.51. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh
kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh gZ ijh\^gbd p} kijZe ih^Zlb
_e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 16 < lh gZ gvhfm \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv
J = 80 <l Z \ lhqp sh } gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ p}
kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 62 :f <bagZqblb
kijZe ijhimkdZlb _e_dljbqgbc kljmf mijh^h\` qZkm t = 4 o\ lh
[m^_ \bê_gh devdklv l_iehlb Q = 160 d>` Z \ lhqp sh } gZ
\^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ kijZe gZ hk \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_
10.53. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh ki-
jZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ
p} kijZe aZ qZk t k ijhimklblb _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 210 De
lh \ lhqp sh } gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ kijZe gZ hk \bgbdg_
fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 90 :f <bagZqblb
143
jZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZlb _e_dl-
jbqgbc kljmf lZd sh[ aZ qZk t = 8 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijhc-
reh n = 9Â20 _e_dljhg\ lh \ lhqp sh gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ
kijZe gZ hk \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 150 :f.
<bagZqblb
10.55 Ydsh ^h f_lZe_\h]h ijh\^gbdZ i^dexqblb iZjZe_evgh
grbc ijh\^gbd sh fZ} hij \ qhlbjb jZab [evrbc g` hij i_j-
rh]h lh aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h a¶}^gZggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb Hf.
I_jrbc f_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]bgZxlv lZd sh \g gZ[bjZ} nhjfb
iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih kijZe ijhimklblb
kljmf i^ ^}x gZijm]b U = 3 < lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey
\ lhqp sh } gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ kijZe gZ hk [m^_
G :f <bagZqblb
10.56 F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh
kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ lZd sh ^jhlygZ kijZev ihqbgZ}lvky ijb
dml 3 = 2 Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 7 : lh
g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe < = 0,07 fLe <bagZqblb
nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ >jhlygZ kijZev ihqb-
gZ}lvky ijb dml 3 = 2 Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe i^ \ieb\hf
gZijm]b U = 11 < ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf lh \ p_glj p} kijZe \bgbd-
g_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 50 :f <bagZqblb
jZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ >jhlygZ kijZev ihqbgZ}lvky ijb dml 3 = 2.
Ydsh gZ ijh\^gbd p} kijZe ih^Zlb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 16 <,
lh gZ gvhfm \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 80 <l, Z \ p_glj p} kijZe
\bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 50 :/f <bagZqblb
144
nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ >jhlygZ kijZev
ihqbgZ}lvky ijb dml 3 = 2 Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimkdZlb
_e_dljbqgbc kljmf ijhly]hf qZkm t = 4 o\ lh [m^_ \bê_gh devdklv
l_iehlb Q = 160 d>` Z \ p_glj kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_
jZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ >jhlygZ kijZev ihqbgZ}lvky ijb dml 3
Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe aZ qZk t = 30 k
ijhimklblb _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 210 De lh \ p_glj p} kijZe
\bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 70 :f <bagZqblb
jZe j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ >jhlygZ kijZev ihqbgZ}lvky ijb dml 3 = 2.
Ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZlb _e_dljbqgbc kljmf lZd sh[
aZ qZk t = 8 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijhcreh n = 9Â20 _e_dl-
jhg\ lh \ p_glj p} kijZe \bgbdg_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx
G = 150 :f <bagZqblb Z ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ sh ml\hjx}
kijZev [ devdklv \bld\ kijZe
10.62. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
(j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ lZd sh ^jhlygZ kijZev ihqbgZ}lvky ijb dml
3 = 2. >Zf_lj ^jhlm d = 2 ff Z ch]h fZkZ m = 250 ] Ydsh gZ
dgpyo ^jhlm sh ml\hjx} kijZev kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ lh
aZ qZk t = 180 k \bêblvky devdklv l_iehlb Q = 2000 >` <bagZ-
qblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
10.63. Iehsbgb \ ydbo jhafs_g ^\ eh]Zjbnfqg Z = 0,02 f,
b =0,05 1/jZ^ kijZe \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evg jhafs_g gZ \^klZg kf
h^gZ \^ h^gh P_gljb kijZe_c jhalZrh\Zg gZ h^gc ijyfc sh
i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h iehsbg <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \
lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ k_j_^bg \^jadZ ydbc kihemqZ} p_gljb
kijZe_c Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv iZjZe_evg kljmfb
I 1 = I 2 = 14 A. Devdklv \bld\ kijZe_c n1 = n2 = 8.
10.64. Iehsbgb \ ydbo jhafs_g ^\ eh]Zjbnfqg kijZe
(Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evg jhalZrh\Zg gZ
145
\^klZg kf h^gZ \^ h^gh* <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \
kijZe_c Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv iZjZe_evg kljmfb
I1 = I2 =12 A. >h\`bgZ ^jhlm i_jrh kijZe L1 = 7 f ^jm]h L2 = 5 f.
(Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evg jhalZrh\Zg gZ
\^klZg kf h^gZ \^ h^gh* <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \
kijZe_c Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv ZglbiZjZe_evg kljmfb
I1 = I2 = 12 A. >h\`bgZ ^jhlm i_jrh kijZe L1 = 7 f ^jm]h L2 = 5 f.
(Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ \aZ}fgh i_ji_g^bdmeyjg Z og p_gljb
a[]Zxlvky <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj pbo kijZ-
e_c Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv kljmfb I1 = I2 =12 A. Dev-
dklv \bld\ kijZe_c n1 = n2 = 7.
(Z f b = 0,05 1/jZ^ \aZ}fgh i_ji_g^bdmeyjg Z p_gljb kijZ-
e_c a[]Zxlvky <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj pbo
kijZe_c Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv kljmfb I1 = I2 = 10 A.
>h\`bgZ ^jhlm dh`gh kijZe L1 = L2 = 3 f.
10.68. Iehsbgb \ ydbo jhafs_g ^\ iZjZ[heqg kijZe
(j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evg jhafs_g gZ \^klZg kf
h^gZ \^ h^gh* <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp
sh jhafs_gZ gZ k_j_^bg \^jadZ ydbc kihemqZ} p_gljb kijZe_c
Ih ijh\^gbdZo kijZe_c ijhoh^ylv iZjZe_evg kljmfb 11 = 12 = 15 :.
Devdklv \bld\ kijZe_c n1 = n2 = 9.
10.69. Ljb h^gZdh\ eh]Zjbnfqg kijZe . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,05 jZ^-1 jhafs_g m ljvho iZjZe_evgbo iehsbgZo lZd sh
\^klZg f` gbfb ^hj\gxxlv ih kf* Dh`gZ kijZev \b]hlh\e_gZ
a f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 1 ff lZ fZkhx m = 300 ] Jagbpy
ihl_gpZe\ f` dgpyfb ^jhlm kijZe U = 10 < kljmfb m kijZeyo
iZjZe_evg <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey
Z \ p_glj k_j_^gvh kijZe
[ \ p_glj djZcgvh kijZe
\ devdklv \bld\ h^g} kijZe
*
P_gljb kijZe_c jhalZrh\Zg gZ h^gc ijyfc sh i_ji_g^bdm-

eyjgZ ^h iehsbg
146
10.70. Ih ijh\^gbdm sh a]gmlbc m \b]ey^ eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 8 : GZijm-
`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp ydZ jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ
\^^Ze o = 3 kf \^ p_gljZ G = 190 :f <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlm kijZe
\ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
10.71. Ijh\^gbd sh a]gmlbc m \b]ey^ eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(Z = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1) fZ} hij R = 2,2 Hf Ydsh ih pvhfm ijh\^-
gbdm ijhoh^blv kljmf ijb ydhfm \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 110 <l,
lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe
gZ \^^Ze o = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ, G = 130 :f. <bagZqblb
\ g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
10.72. Ijh\^gbd sh a]gmlbc m \b]ey^ eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 fZ} hij R = 2,6 Hf Ydsh ih pvhfm
ijh\^gbdm ijhoh^blv kljmf mijh^h\` qZkm t = 3 o\ lh kijZev
\bêblv devdklv l_iehlb Q = 27000 >` gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o kf \^
p_gljZ, G = 190 :f <bagZqblb Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlm kijZe [ dev-
dklv \bld\ kijZe
10.73. Hij ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy R = 1,7 Hf Ydsh gZ
dgpyo ^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 14 < lh ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 3 kf \^
p_gljZ G = 260 :f <bagZqblb Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlm kijZe [ devdklv
\bld\ kijZe
10.74. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijh-
oh^blbf_ kljmf ijb ydhfm mijh^h\` qZkm t = 16 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
i_j_ja ijhoh^blbf_ aZjy^ q = 130 De lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 3 kf \^
p_gljZ G = 100 :f <bagZqblb
147
kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe
ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf, ijb ydhfm ijhly]hf qZkm t = 12 k q_j_a ihi_j_q-
gbc i_j_ja ijhoh^blbf_ Â 20 _e_dljhg\ lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]gl-
gh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 7 kf
\^ p_gljZ G = 90 :f <bagZqblb
kijZe (. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1). P_c ijh\^gbd fZ} lZdbc hij
sh dheb ^h gvh]h i^dexqblb iZjZe_evgh grbc ijh\^gbd ydbc fZ}
\ljbq [evrbc hij lh aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h a¶}^gZggy [m^_ Hf.
Ydsh gZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\
U = 14 < lh ih kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh-
]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 5 kf \^
[ kbem kljmfm \ kijZe
] g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
10.77. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd sh fZ} hij R = 1,3 Hf a]gmlbc m
nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 Ydsh ih
ijh\^gbdm p} kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ lZdbc kljmf sh ch]h ihlm`gklv
[m^_ J = 140 <l, lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jha-
fs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 4 kf \^ p_gljZ G = 250 :f.
<bagZqblb
kijZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 jZ^-1 Ydsh [ lZdbc ijh\^gbd jhaj-
aZlb gZ ^\ h^gZdh\ qZklbgb h^_j`Zg \^jadb a¶}^gZlb iZjZe_ev-
gh lh aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h kihemq_ggy [m^_ Hf Ydsh ih ijh-
\^gbdm p} kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf mijh^h\` qZkm t = 2 o\ lh
\bê_gZ devdklv l_iehlb [m^_ Q = 2800 >` gZijm`_gklv fZ]-
glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 3 kf
\^ p_gljZ, G = 65 :f <bagZqblb
148
10.79. F^gbc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,1 ff a]gmlbc m
p} kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf ]mklbgZ ydh]h j =10,5 :ff2 lh
gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ hk kijZe
gZ \^^Ze o = 6 kf \^ p_gljZ G = 95 :f <bagZqblb
] g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf \^
p_gljZ
10.80. Hij ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh iZjZ[heqgm kijZev
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy R = 2,1 Hf Ydsh gZ
dgpyo ^jhlm kijZe kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 24 <, lh ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ kljmf gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 5 kf \^
[ kbem kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZe
p_gljZ
10.81. Hij ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh iZjZ[heqgm kijZev
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy R = 1,8 Hf Ydsh
ih ^jhl kijZe ijhoh^blbf_ lZdbc kljmf rh ch]h ihlm`gklv [m^_
J = 120 <l lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ
gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ G = 55 :f <bagZqblb
[ kbem kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZe
p_gljZ
10.82. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh
kijZe j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja pvh]h
ijh\^gbdZ mijh^h\` qZkm k ijhc^_ Â20 _e_dljhg\ lh gZijm-
149
`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ
\^^Ze o = 6 kf \^ p_gljZ [m^_ G = 70 :f <bagZqblb
p_gljZ
10.83. F_lZe_\bc ijh\^gbd ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff fZ} hij
R = 1,33 Hf P_c ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja pvh]h ijh\^-
gbdZ ijhly]hf qZkm t = 10 k ijhc^_ Â20 _e_dljhg\ lh gZijm`_-
gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze
o = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ [m^_ G = 80 :f <bagZqblb iblhfbc hij
fZl_jZem pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ
R = 1,5 Hf P_c ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja pvh]h
ijh\^gbdZ mijh^h\` qZkm t = 14 k ijhc^_ Â20 _e_dljhg\ lh
g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ hk kijZe gZ
\^^Ze o = 6 kf \^ p_gljZ [m^_ < = 0,21 fLe <bagZqblb:
Z kbem kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZe
[ ^h\`bgm ij\^gbdZ
\ iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimklblb
lZdbc kljmf sh[ ihlm`gklv ^hj\gx\ZeZ J = 94 <l lh g^mdpy
fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe [m^_ < = 0,54 fLe <bagZqblb:
[ ^h\`bgm ij\^gbdZ
R = 1,1 Hf P_c ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m fZ} nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh ki-
jZe . = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^ Ydsh ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t o\ [m^_ \bê_gh >`
l_iehlb lh g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe [m^_ < = 0,3 fLe.
<bagZqblb:
[ ^h\`bgm ij\^gbdZ
150
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,06 1/jZ^). Ydsh ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 40 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
ijhc^_ q = 440 De _e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m lh gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ p_glj kijZe [m^_ G = 510 :f <bagZqblb
[ ^h\`bgm ij\^gbdZ
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimklblb lZdbc
kljmf sh[ ihlm`gklv ^hj\gx\ZeZ J = 102 <l lh gZ hk kijZe gZ
\^klZg o = 8 kf \^ p_gljZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey [m^_
G = 88 :f <bagZqblb:
[ ^h\`bgm ij\^gbdZ kijZe
R = 1 Hf P_c ijh\^gbd a]gmlbc m nhjf iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^).
Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimklblb lZdbc kljmf sh[
mijh^h\` qZkm t = 70 k \bêbehkv Q = 6800 >` l_ieZ lh gZ hk
kijZe gZ \^klZg o = 7 kf \^ p_gljZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey [m^_ G = 68 :f <bagZqblb:
(j = 0,0025 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhimklblb lZdbc
kljmf sh[ mijh^h\` qZkm t = 30 k q_j_a ch]h ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
ijhcreh q = 380 De _e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m lh gZ hk kijZe gZ \^k-
lZg o = 7 kf \^ p_gljZ g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey [m^_ < = 0,14 fLe.
<bagZqblb:
151
10.91. F^gbc ijh\^gbd a]gmlh m nhjf eh]Zjbnfqgh ki -
jZe Z = 0,025 f; b = 0,06 1/jZ^ FZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ g_aZjy^`_-
gh]h ijh\^gbdZ m = 0,006 ] <bagZqblb g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \
p_glj kijZe ydsh ^h dgp\ ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe ijbdeZklb
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 4 < Devdklv \bld\ kijZe n = 7.
10.92. Ih ijh\^gbdm sh fZ} nhjfm eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe
(. = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 5 : \ p_glj p}
kijZe kl\hjx}lvky fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 380 :f Ihlf
kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv i_j_l\hjxxqb gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev [_a
afgb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm <bagZqblb
Z gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh } gZ hk iZjZ[heqgh
kijZe p = 0,002 f2/jZ^ gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ p} kijZe
[ devdklv \bld\ eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe;
\ devdklv \bld\ iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
kijZe \bgbdZ} fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 280 :f Ihlf ki-
jZev ^_nhjfmxlv i_j_l\hjxxqb m devp_ [_a afgb kljmfm m ijh-
\^gbdm <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h
dheh\h]h ijh\^gbdZ
kijZe \bgbdZ} fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 140 :f Ihlf
kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv i_j_l\hjxxqb m d\Z^jZl [_a afgb kljmfm m
ijh\^gbdm <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj
lZdh]h d\Z^jZlZ
10.95. >\ h^gZdh\ eh]Zjbnfqg kijZe . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,05 1/jZ^ jhafs_g m ^\ho iZjZe_evgbo iehsbgZo lZd sh
p_gljb kijZe_c jhalZrh\Zg gZ h^gc ijyfc ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ
^h pbo iehsbg <^klZgv f` p_gljZfb kijZe_c ^hj\gx} kf.
Dh`gZ kijZev \b]hlh\e_gZ a f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 1,2 ff lZ
fZkhx m = 210 ] Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` dgpyfb kijZe U = 25 <,
kljmfb m kijZeyo iZjZe_evg < lhqdm sh jhafs_gZ gZ k_j_^bg \^k-
lZg f` p_gljZfb kijZe_c \elZ} ijhlhg a r\b^dklx υ = 3 ⋅ 10 5 fk.
<bagZqblb
Z devdklv \bld\ dh`gh kijZe
[ kbem Ehj_gpa sh ^} gZ p_c ijhlhg ydsh gZijyf r\b^-
dhkl i_ji_g^bdmeyjgbc ^h gZijyfm g^mdp fZ]glgh]h ihey
\ jZ^mk djb\bgb ljZ}dlhj ijhlhgZ
152
10.96. >\Z f_lZe_\ ijh\^gbdb a]gml lZd sh \hgb fZxlv nhjfm
h^gZdh\bo eh]Zjbnfqgbo kijZe_c (. = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ KijZe
jhafs_g m ^\ho iZjZe_evgbo iehsbgZo lZd sh p_gljb kijZe_c
jhalZrh\Zg gZ h^gc ijyfc ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h pbo iehsbg
<^klZgv f` p_gljZfb kijZe_c ^hj\gx} kf Ih kijZeyo ijhoh^ylv
iZjZe_evg kljmfb I1 = I2 = 6 : < lhqdm F sh jhafs_gZ gZ k_j_^bg
\^klZg f` p_gljZfb kijZe_c \elZ} ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ a r\b^dklx
υ = 2 ⋅ 10 4 fk jZ^mk djb\bgb ljZ}dlhj R = 80 kf <bagZqblb
Z devdklv \bld\ dh`gh kijZe
[ g^mdpx fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp F
\ ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ dh`gh kijZe
10.97. Ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1,62 f a]gmlbc m nhjf ijZ-
\bevgh]h r_klbdmlgbdZ Ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZxlv kljmf \
p_glj r_klbdmlgbdZ \bgbdZ} fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 18 :f.
1) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm r_klbdmlgbd ^_-
nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev
(. = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 1/jZ^ <bagZqblb Z gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey \ p_glj kijZe [ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe
gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ
2) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm r_klbdmlgbd
^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev
(j = 0,002 f2/jZ^ <bagZqblb
Z gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg
3,3 kf \^ p_gljZ
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm r_klbdmlgbd
^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ kijZev :jof_^Z

(. = 0,011 f/jZ^ <bagZqblb
2,5 kf \^ p_gljZ
10.98. Ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1,42 f a]gmlbc m nhjf j\ghk-
lhjhggvh]h ljbdmlgbdZ Ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZxlv kljmf \
p_glj ljbdmlgbdZ \bgbdZ} fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 36 :f.
1) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ljbdmlgbd ^_nhj-
fmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,05 1/jZ^ <bagZqblb
153
Z gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj kijZe
[ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg
3,5 kf \^ p_gljZ
2) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ljbdmlgbd ^_-
nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev
3,1 kf \^ p_gljZ
3) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ljbdmlgbd ^_nhjfm-
xlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ kijZev :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^).
<bagZqblb
2,7 kf \^ p_gljZ
10.99. Ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1,34 f a]gmlbc m nhjf
d\Z^jZlZ Ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZxlv kljmf \ p_glj d\Z^-
jZlZ kl\hjx}lvky fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 32 :f.
1) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm d\Z^jZl ^_nhjfm-
xlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,051 jZ^-1 <bagZqblb
[ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf
\^ p_gljZ
2) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm d\Z^jZl ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev j = 0,002 f2/jZ^).
<bagZqblb
2,1 kf \^ p_gljZ
3) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm d\Z^jZl ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ kijZev :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^).
<bagZqblb
2,4 kf \^ p_gljZ
154
10.100. Ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1,14 f a]gmlbc m nhjf
devpy Ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZxlv kljmf \ p_glj devpy
kl\hjx}lvky fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 25 :f.
1) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm devp_ ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh \hgh i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev . = 0,02 f,
b = 0,05 jZ^-1 <bagZqblb:
[ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf
\^ p_gljZ
lZd sh \hgh i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev j = 0,002 f2/jZ^).
<bagZqblb
2,1 kf \^ p_gljZ
lZd sh \hgh i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ kijZev :jof_^Z . = 0,011 fjZ^).
<bagZqblb
2,4 kf \^ p_gljZ
10.101. Ijh\^gbd aZ\^h\`db l = 1,32 f a]gmlbc m nhjf ijZ-
\bevgh]h i’ylbdmlgbdZ Ih pvhfm ijh\^gbdm ijhimkdZxlv kljmf \
p_glj iµylbdmlgbdZ \bgbdZ} fZ]glg_ ihe_ gZijm`_gklx G = 28 :f.
1) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm i’ylbdmlgbd
^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ eh]Zjbnfqgm kijZev
(. = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^-1 <bagZqblb
[ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg
2,3 kf \^ p_gljZ
2) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm i¶ylbdmlgbd
^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ iZjZ[heqgm kijZev
2,6 kf \^ p_gljZ
155
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm i¶ylbdmlgbd
^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh \g i_j_l\hjx}lvky gZ kijZev :jof_^Z

(. = 0,011 fjZ^ <bagZqblb
2,4 kf \^ p_gljZ
(Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^-1 ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 14 : Devdklv \bld\
kijZe n = 4.
a) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb j\ghklhjhggvh]h ljbdmlgbdZ <ba-
gZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h ljbdmlgbdZ
[) G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfm-
xlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb d\Z^jZlZ <bagZqblb gZijm`_-
gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h d\Z^jZlZ
\ G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb ijZ\bevgh]h r_klbdmlgbdZ <bagZ-
qblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h r_klbdmlgbdZ
] G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfm-
xlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb dheh\h]h \bldZ <bagZqblb
gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h dheh\h]h \bldZ
10.103. Ih ijh\^gbdm sh fZ} nhjfm iZjZ[heqgh kijZe
(j = 0,002 f2 jZ^-1 ijhoh^blv kljmf I =15 : Devdklv \bld\
kijZe n =4.
Z G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb j\ghklhjhggvh]h ljbdmlgbdZ <bagZ-
qblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h ljbdmlgbdZ
[ G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfm-
10.104. Ih ijh\^gbdm sh fZ} nhjfm kijZe :jof_^Z
(Z = 0,012 f jZ^-1 ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 12 : Devdklv \bld\
kijZe n = 4.
156
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,05 jZ^-1 a devdklx \bld\ n Ih
ijh\^gbdm p} kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf \gZke^hd pvh]h gZ hk

kijZe gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey
fZ} devdklv\_ agZq_ggy G = 280 :f.
^ G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZev ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb ijZ\bevgh]h i’ylbdmlgbdZ <bagZ-
qblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj lZdh]h i’ylbdmlgbdZ
10.106. Ih \^jadm ijyfh]h ijh\^gbdZ aZ\^h\`db l = 0,9 f
ijhoh^blv kljmf <gZke^hd ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm \ lhqp sh jhaf-
s_gZ gZ \^klZg k = 8 kf \^ k_j_^bgb pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ gZijm`_-
gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy G = 25 :f.
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f,

157
Z kbem kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm
] gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf
\^ p_gljZ
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd
sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb iZjZ[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2 /jZ^).

<bagZqblb
\ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf
\^ p_gljZ
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd
sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb kijZe :jof_^Z Z = 0,011 f ⋅ jZ^ −1 ).

<bagZqblb
\ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg
25 ff \^ p_gljZ
10.107. Ih \^jadm f^gh]h ijyfh]h ijh\^gbdZ ^Zf_ljhf
d= 2 ff lZ fZkhx m = 20 ] ijhoh^blv kljmf <gZke^hd ijhoh^`_ggy
kljmfm \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg k = 7 kf \^ k_j_^bgb pvh]h
ijh\^gbdZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy G =
= 27 :f. G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv
lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f,
\^ p_gljZ
d =0,9 ff lZ hihjhf R = 0,02 Hf ijhoh^blv kljmf <gZke^hd ijhoh-
^`_ggy kljmfm \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg k =75 ff \^
k_j_^bgb pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey fZ} qbk-
eh\_ agZq_ggy G = 21 :f. G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm
ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Zjbnfqgh
kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,035 jZ^-1) <bagZqblb
158
\^ p_gljZ
d = 0,95 ff ijhoh^blv kljmf FZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ sh gZe_`Zlv
ZlhfZf pvh]h g_aZjy^`_gh]h f^gh]h ijh\^gbdZ me = 1,7 ⋅ 10 −6 d].
<gZke^hd ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm \ lhqp sh jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg
k = 7 kf \^ k_j_^bgb pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h
ihey fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy G = 19 :f. G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m
ijh\^gbdm ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb
eh]Zjbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,04 jZ^-1) <bagZqblb
\^ p_gljZ
10.110. Ih \^jadm ijyfh]h f_lZe_\h]h ijh\^gbdZ fZkhx
m = 7 ] ijhoh^blv kljmf <gZke^hd ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm \ lhqp sh
jhafs_gZ gZ \^klZg k = 7 kf \^ k_j_^bgb pvh]h ijh\^gbdZ,
gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy G = 22 :f.
Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem ijh\^gbdZ ? = 12,7 ⋅ 1010 IZ r\b^-
dklv a\mdm m pvhfm fZl_jZe υ = 3710 fk.
G_ afgxxqb kbeb kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm sh fZ} ^Zf_lj
d = 1 ff ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb eh]Z-

jbnfqgh kijZe Z = 0,02 f, b = 0,04 jZ^-1 <bagZqblb
\^ p_gljZ
d = 0,9 ff ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb iZjZ-

[heqgh kijZe j = 0,002 f2 /jZ^ <bagZqblb
159
\ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg kf
\^ p_gljZ
d = 0,85 ff ch]h ^_nhjfmxlv lZd sh ijh\^gbd gZ[bjZ} nhjfb

kijZe :jof_^Z Z = 0,012 f ⋅ jZ^ −1 <bagZqblb
\ gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey gZ hk kijZe gZ \^klZg
ff \^ p_gljZ
160
11.Y<BS??E?DLJHF:=G1LGH2 1G>MDP12
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
Y\bs_ _e_dljhfZ]glgh g^mdp ihey]Z} \ lhfm sh \ dhglmj
\bgbdZ} ?JK g^mdp \gZke^hd afgb ihlhdm fZ]glgh g^mdp N
djav ih\_jogx ydZ hohie_gZ dhglmjhf ?JK g^mdp fh`_ [mlb
\bagZq_gZ a aZdhgm _e_dljhfZ]glgh g^mdp
dΦ
= − .
dt
Ydsh ijyfhegcgbc ijh\^gbd ^h\`bghx l jmoZ}lvky a
r\b^dklx υ \ h^ghj^ghfm fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < lh ?JK
g^mdp fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ a nhjfmeb
= < υ l sin ..
=hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db f fh`_ h[_jlZ-
lbkv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a ch]h dgp\
<kv h[_jlZggy iZjZe_evgZ ^h egc g^mdp h^ghj^gh]h fZ]glgh]h
ihey g^mdpy ydh]h ^hj\gx} < = 0,08 Le jbk 2 Kljb`_gv ijb\h-
^ylv \ h[_jlZggy i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 12 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h
h^gh]h a ch]h dgp\ GZ hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly sh kijbqbgy}
\bgbdg_ggy ]Zevf\gh]h fhf_glm F] =Z&b&3, ^_ a = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k ,
b = 0,006 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ sh
\bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy
161
Jbk 23
Jha\¶yaZggy
Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy fh`_
[mlb \bagZq_gZ a aZdhgm NZjZ^_y êy _e_dljhfZ]glgh g^mdp
dΦ
= − ,
dt
dΦ
^_ – r\b^dklv afgb fZ]glgh]h ihlhdm <jZoh\mxqb l_ sh
dt
fZ]glgbc ihld dN = Bds cos 3, fh`gZ aZibkZlb
<v l 2 ,
^_ – devdklv h[_jl\ yd a^ckgx} kljb`_gv aZ h^bgbpx qZkm l –
^h\`bgZ kljb`gy < – g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey Dmlh\Z r\b^dklv a
ydhx h[_jlZ}lvky kljb`_gv fh`_ [mlb aZibkZgZ lZd & 2 Lh^
Bω l 2
= .
2
Hl`_ êy \bagZq_ggy jagbp ihl_gpZe\ lj_[Z agZclb dmlh\m
r\b^dklv & <hgZ fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ a mfh\b j\ghfjgh]h h[_j-
162
lZggy kljb`gy dheb fhf_gl kbeb F F l [m^_ aj\gh\Z`m\Zlbkv
]Zevf\gbf fhf_glhf F] Z & b &3 Lh[lh
F – F] = 0.
:[h
F l – a & – b &3 = 0.
A pvh]h j\gyggy lj_[Z \bagZqblb & Jha\ýaZlb lZd_ dm[qg_
j\gyggy gZc\b]^gr_ a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
Ijh]jZfZ êy jha\ïyam\Zggy p} aZ^Zq fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program EM2830;
Uses CRT;
Var B1,a,b,L,F,U,W,W1,c :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
B1:=0.08;
L:=1;
F:=12;
a:=0.01;
b:=0.006;
W:=0;
W1:=0.01;
C:=b*W*W*W;
While (F*L-a*W-C)>0 do
Begin
C:=b*W*W*W;
W:=W+W1;
End;
U:=B1*W*L*L/2;
Writeln('U=',U:7:3,' B');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v U <
AZ^Zq
11.1. ;_af_`gh ^h\]bc ijyfbc ijh\^gbd a kljmfhf 1 = 8 : lZ
I-ih^[gbc ijh\^gbd a jmohfhx i_j_fbqdhx jhalZrh\Zg \ h^gc
iehsbg yd ihdZaZgh gZ jbk I_j_fbqdm ^h\`bgZ ydh l = 20 kf
163
hij R = 4 Hf i_j_fsmxlv ijZ\hjmq a klZehx r\b^dklx
υ = 4 fk Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kljmfm \ i_j_fbqp \^
\^^Ze f` i_j_fbqdhx lZ ijyfbf ijh\^gbdhf Hij I-ih^[gh]h
ijh\^gbdZ lZ kZfhg^mdpy dhglmjm ^m`_ fZe
Jbk
11.2. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kljmfm \ i_j_fbqp \^
\^^Ze f` i_j_fbqdhx lZ ijyfbf ijh\^gbdhf aZ mfh\hx aZ^Zq
11.1 ydsh i_j_fbqdZ jmoZ}lvky a ijbkdhj_ggyf Z =4 fk2 IhqZl-
dh\Z r\b^dklv i_j_fbqdb ^hj\gx} gme_\
11.3. =hjbahglZevgbc f^gbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db f fh`_
h[_jlZlbkv gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a
ch]h dgp\ <kv h[_jlZggy iZjZe_evgZ ^h egc g^mdp h^ghj^gh]h
fZ]glgh]h ihey g^mdpy ydh]h ^hj\gx} < = 0,08 Le ^b\ jbk 23).
Kljb`_gv ijb\h^ylv \ h[_jlZggy i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = G
sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h h^gh]h a ch]h dgp\ GZ hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly
sh kijbqbgy} \bgbdg_ggy ]Zevf\gh]h fhf_glm F] =Z&b&3 ^_
a = 0,01 G ⋅ f ⋅ k , b = 0,006 G ⋅ f ⋅ k 3 .
Q_j_a ydbc qZk \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy jagbpy ihl_g-
pZe\ gZ dgpyo kljb`gy ^hky]g_ qbkeh\h]h agZq_ggy <" FZkZ
h[_jlh\h]h kljb`gy m = 1,7 d].
11.4. =hjbahglZevgbc f_lZe_\bc kljb`_gv ijb\h^ylv \ h[_j-
lZevgbc jmo gZ\dheh \_jlbdZevgh hk sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a h^bg a
ch]h dgp\ <kv h[_jlZggy iZjZe_evgZ ^h egc g^mdp h^ghj^gh]h
fZ]glgh]h ihey g^mdpy ydh]h ^hj\gx} < =30 fLe Kljb`_gv ijb-
\h^ylv \ h[_jlZggy i^ ^}x ^hlbqgh kbeb F = 240 G sh ijbdeZ^_gZ
^h h^gh]h a ch]h dgp\ GZ hk \bgbdZ} kbeZ l_jly sh kijbqbgy}
\bgbdg_ggy ]Zevf\gh]h fhf_glm F] = Z&b&3 ^_ a = 0,02 GÂfÂk,
b = 0,00012 GÂfÂk3, & – dmlh\Z r\b^dklv <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ sh \bgbdZ} gZ dgpyo kljb`gy ydsh fZkZ
164
kljb`gy m = 0,125 d] ch]h fh^mev ijm`ghkl ? = 1,27Â11 IZ,
^Zf_lj d =4 ff R\b^dklv a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ =3770 fk.
11.5 < iehsbg ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h egc g^mdp h^gh-
j^gh]h fZ]glgh]h ihey < = 0,8 Le jhalZrh\Zg iZjZe_evg rbgb
jbk sh aZfdgml gZ j_abklhj a hihjhf R Ih rbgZo fh`_ [_a
l_jly dh\aZlb ijh\^gbd ^h\`bghx L = 0,3 f lZ fZkhx m=100 ] i^

^}x klZeh kbeb F = 0,5 G Q_j_a qZk t = 2 k ijh\^gbd fZ\ r\b^dklv
υ = 8 fk <bagZqblb agZq_ggy hihjm R ydsh ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv
ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx\ZeZ gme_\ <^klZgv f` rbgZfb – L r\b^dklv
jmom ijh\^gbdZ iZjZe_evgZ ^h rbg ijh\^gbd jhafs_gbc i_ji_g -
^bdmeyjgh ^h rbg Hihjhf rbg lZ ijh\^gbdZ ag_olm\Zlb
Jbk
11.6. <bagZqblb g^mdpx h^ghj^gh]h fZ]glgh]h ihey \ ydhfm

ijh\^gbd ^h\`bghx L = 0,3 f jmoZ}lvky ih iZjZe_evgbo rbgZo i^
^}x klZeh kbeb F = 0,5 G ^b\ aZ^Zqm Hij j_abklhjZ aZ
^hihfh]hx ydh]h aZfdgmlh rbgb R = 6 Hf Q_j_a qZk t = 12 k sh
ijhcrh\ \^ ihqZldm ^ kbeb r\b^dklv ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx\ZeZ fk.
11.7. Hij j_abklhjZ aZ ^hihfh]hx ydh]h aZfdgmlh rbgb,
R =6 Hf <bagZqblb ^h\`bgm ijh\^gbdZ L 1gr ihlj[g qbkeh\
^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq
11.8. F^gbc kljb`_gv fZkhx m = 2 d] ^h\`bghx l = 1,5 f iZ^Z}
\ ih\lj a \bkhlb h = 80 f < dgp iZ^ggy kljb`_gv ihljZiey} \
h^ghj^g_ fZ]glg_ ihe_ a g^mdp}x < = 0,8 Le >h\`bgZ kljb`gy \_dlhj
r\b^dhkl ch]h jmom gZijyf g^mdp fZ]glgh]h ihey \aZ}fgh
i_ji_g^bdmeyjg <bagZqblb ?JK g^mdp sh \bgbdZ} \ kljb`g i^ qZk
jmom \ fZ]glghfm ihe I^ qZk iZ^ggy \ ih\lj \bgbdZ} kbeZ hihjm sh
fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ 5 ^_ : = 0,01ÂGÂkf, < =0,001 GÂ k3/f3.
11.9. <bagZqblb ?JK g^mdp sh \bgbdZ} \ kljb`g ijb
ch]h iZ^gg a \bkhlb h = 90 f ^b\ aZ^Zqm Ihi_j_qgbc
165
i_j_ja kljb`gy S = 16 ff2 fZkZ kljb`gy m = 3 d] g^mdpy
fZglgh]h ihey < = 0,7 Le ]mklbgZ f^ D = 8600 d]f3 dh_np}glb
: = 0,01 GÂkf, < = 0,001 GÂk3/f3 (qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy ^h\`bgb
[_aihk_j_^gvh g_ ih^Zxlv
11.10. <bagZqblb ?JK g^mdp sh \bgbdZ} \ kljb`g i^ qZk
iZ^ggy a \bkhlb h = 70 f ^b\ aZ^Zqm Ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
kljb`gy S = 12 ff2 ^h\`bgZ kljb`gy l = 2 f g^mdpy fZglgh]h ihey
< = 1 Le ]mklbgZ f^ D = 8600 d]f3 dh_np}glb : = 0,01 G ⋅ k / f ,
< = 0,001 G ⋅ k 3 / f 3 (qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy fZkb [_aihk_j_^gvh g_ ih^Zxlv
11.11. <bagZqblb ?JK g^mdp sh \bgbdZ} \ kljb`g ijb ch]h
iZ^gg a \bkhlb h = 70 f ^b\ aZ^Zqm >h\`bgZ kljb`gy l = 1,5 f,
g^mdpy fZglgh]h ihey < = 0,7 Le ]mklbgZ f^ D = 8600 d]f3,
dh_np}glb : = 0,01 GÂ kf, < = 0,001 GÂ k3/f3 fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ sh
\oh^ylv ^h kdeZ^m Zlhf\ kljb`gy me = 2 ] (qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy fZkb
kljb`gy [_aihk_j_^gvh g_ ih^Zg_
11.12. <bagZqblb ?JK g^mdp sh \bgbdZ} \ kljb`g ijb ch]h
iZ^gg a \bkhlb h = 85 f ^b\ aZ^Zqm 1.9 1g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey
< = 0,6 Le ]mklbgZ f^ D = 8600 d]f3 dh_np}glb : = 0,01 GÂ kf,
< = 0,0004 GÂk3/f3 ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja kljb`gy S = 18 ff2 iblhfbc
hij f^ ! = 1,7· 10-8 HfÂ f hij kljb`gy R = 0,003 Hf qbkeh\
agZq_ggy fZkb lZ ^h\`bgb kljb`gy [_aihk_j_^gvh g_ ih^Zg
11.13 Ih [_af_`gh ^h\]hfm ijyfhegcghfm ijh\^gbdm L
ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 = 75 : <^jahd grh]h ijyfhegcgh]h ijh\^-
gbdZ ydbc fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 80 kf jhafs_gh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h L
lZd sh L lZ l jhalZrh\Zg \ h^gc iehsbg Ijh\^gbd l i_j_fsm-
}lvky ihklmiZevgbf jmohf a r\b^dklx υ = 32 fk sh iZjZe_evgZ
^h ijh\^gbdZ L <bagZqblb ?JK ydZ g^mdm}lvky \ ijh\^gbdm l ,
ydsh [eb`qbc ch]h dg_pv gZ \^klZg s = 5 kf \^ ijh\^gbdZ L.
11.14 Jha\¶yaZlb ihi_j_^gx aZ^Zqm aZ mfh\b sh ijh\^gbd l
jmoZ}lvky a ijbkdhj_ggyf a = 8 fk2 <bagZqblb fbll}\_ agZq_ggy
?JK g^mdp \ ijh\^gbdm l \ lhc fhf_gl dheb \g a^ckgb\ i_j_f-
s_ggy d = 3 f lZ ch]h ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv [meZ υ 0 = 15 fk.
11.15. <bagZqblb fbll}\_ agZq_ggy ?JK g^mdp \ ijh\^gbdm l
^b\ aZ^Zqm 14 \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 4 k ydsh \g jmoZ}lvky a ijbk-
dhj_ggyf Z = 12 fk2 Z ihqZldh\Z r\b^dklv ch]h [meZ υ 0 = 17 fk.

11.16. Ih [_af_`gh ^h\]hfm ijyfhegcghfm ijh\^gbdm L
ijhoh^blv kljmf 1 = 75 : <^jahd grh]h ijyfhegcgh]h ijh\^-
166
gbdZ ydbc fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 1,2 f jhafs_gh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h L
lZd sh L lZ l jhalZrh\Zg \ h^gc iehsbg Ijh\^gbd l fZ} fZkm
m = 0,3 d] lZ i_j_fsm}lvky ihklmiZevgbf jmohf i^ ^}x kbeb
F = 2,8 G gZijyf ydh iZjZe_evgbc ^h ijh\^gbdZ L I^ qZk jmom
ijh\^gbdZ l \bgbdZ} kbeZ hihjm ydZ aZe_`blv \^ r\b^dhkl
Fo = Aυ + Bυ 3 ,
^_ : = 0,04 GÂkf, < = 1Â-4 GÂk3/f3.
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevg_ agZq_ggy ?JK ydZ g^mdm}lvky \
ijh\^gbdm l ydsh [eb`qbc ch]h dg_pv gZ \^klZg s = 5 kf \^
ijh\^gbdZ L.
11.17. Ih ijyfhfm [_af_`gh ^h\]hfm ijh\^gbdm ijhoh^blv
kljmf 1 : <^jahd grh]h ijyfh]h ijh\^gbdZ aZ\^h\`db
l = 70 kf jhafs_gbc i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h ^h\]h]h ijh\^gbdZ a
kljmfhf lZd sh ch]h [eb`qbc dg_pv gZ \^klZg d = 5 kf Dgp
ijh\^gbdZ l aZfdgml ah\g fZ]glgh]h ihey Hij mkvh]h aZfdgm-
lh]h dheZ R = 0,2 Hf <bagZqblb kbem F ydm lj_[Z ijbdeZklb ^h
ijh\^gbdZ l sh[ i_j_fsm\Zlb ch]h i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h egc
g^mdp a r\b^dklx υ = 25 fk.
11.18. Ydm ihlm`gklv ihlj[gh êy i_j_fs_ggy ijh\^gbdZ l
a r\b^dklx υ = 30 fk" 1gr g_h[o^g devdklv\ ^Zg \aylb a
aZ^Zq
167
Y<BS?K:FH1G>MDP12
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
Y\bs_ \bgbdg_ggy \ dhlmrp ?JK g^mdp \gZke^hd afgb
\eZkgh]h fZ]glgh]h ihlhdm gZab\Z}lvky kZfhg^mdp}x <gZke^hd
y\bsZ kZfhg^mdp kbeZ kljmfm \ _e_dljbqghfm dhe ijb \bfbdZgg
?JK kiZ^Z} aZ aZdhghf
5W
ξ −
L= H / ,
5
Z ijb \fbdZgg ?JK kbeZ kljmfm ajhklZ} aZ aZdhghf
ξ  5W  
L=  − H[S −   ,
5  / 
^_ # – Zdlb\gbc hij _e_dljbqgh]h dheZ / – g^mdlb\gklv dhlmr-
db 9 – qZk
1g^mdlb\gklv lhgdh]h f_lZe_\h]h devpy \a^h\` ydh]h ijhl-
dZ} ih\_jog_\bc kljmf fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
2a
L = µo a (ln − 2),
b
^_ a – jZ^mk devpy b – jZ^mk ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_g_ devp_
1g^mdlb\gklv khe_gh^Z
/ o n02 V,
^_ D – fZ]glgZ klZeZ – \^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ ijhgbdgklv hk_j^y n0 –
devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb V – h[¶}f
khe_gh^Z
168
Q_j_a qZk t = 0,06 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk kbeZ
kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ :.
Jbk
<bagZql_ Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = 9 Hf,

R2 = R3 = 18 Hf g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,8 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ
kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
Jha\¶yaZggy
Ijb \klZgh\e_ghfm j_`bf kbeZ kljmfm \ _e_dljbqghfm dhe
^hj\gx} kmf kbe kljmf\ sh ijhoh^ylv q_j_a dhlmrdm 1d lZ q_j_a
ljb iZjZe_evgh kihemq_g j_abklhjb 1j Ahdj_fZ
E
Ik = ,
Rk
^_ ? – ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm Rk – hfqgbc hij dhlmrdb Ijb jhafb-
dZgg dexqZ \ dhlmrp \bgbdZ} ?JK kZfhg^mdp ydZ i_j_rdh^`Z}
agbdg_ggx kbeb kljmfm ?JK kZfhg^mdp \bgbdZ} levdb \ dhlmrp
[h iZjZe_evgh a¶}^gZg j_abklhjb i^\^g ijh\^gbdb g_ fZxlv
g^mdlb\ghkl Ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ aZfdgml_ dheh kl\hjxxlv
levdb dhlmrdZ lZ iZjZe_evgh a¶}^gZg j_abklhjb sh i^dexq_g
ihke^h\gh ^h dhlmrdb < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl ikey jhafbdZggy
dexqZ kbeZ kljmfm \ pvhfm dhe h^gZdh\Z ^hj\gx} lhfm agZq_ggx
kljmfm sh [m\ m dhlmrp i_j_^ jhafbdZggyf dexqZ kljmf \
[_ag^mdlb\gbo j_abklhjZo agbdZ} jZilh\h Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ
aZlbkdZqZo dhlmrdb ikey \^dexq_ggy ^`_j_eZ \ [m^v-ydbc fhf_gl
U k = iR p ,
169
^_ – kbeZ kljmfm \ dhe agZq_ggy ydh]h aZe_`blv \^ qZkm AZe_`-
gklv kbeb kljmfm \ lZdhfm _e_dljbqghfm dhe fh`gZ agZclb a
aZdhgm HfZ êy aZfdgmlh]h dheZ
di
i ( Rk + R p ) = − L ,
dt
^_ L – g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb Rp – aZ]Zevgbc hij iZjZe_evgh a¶}^-
gZgbo j_abklhj\ R1, R2, R3 Ikey jhaê_ggy afggbo p_ j\gyggy
[m^_ fZlb \b]ey^
di Rk + R p
=− dt.
i L
Ikey gl_]jm\Zggy [m^_fh fZlb
i
di Rk + R p t
∫i
Ik
= −
L ∫0
dt ,
Rk + R p
i = I k exp(− t ).
L
HklZggy nhjfmeZ fh`_ gZ[jZlb lZdbc \b]ey^
Uk Rk + R p
i= exp(− t ).
Rk L
AZ]Zevgbc hij iZjZe_evgh a¶}^gZgbo j_abklhj\ R1, R2, R3
R1 R2 R3
Rp = .
R2 R3 + R1 R3 + R1 R2
Fh\hx ijh]jZfm\Zggy K jha\¶yaZggy aZ^Zq fh`_ [mlb lZdbf
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <math.h>
# define t 0.06
# define I 1.9
# define R 4.5
170
# define E 18
# define L 0.8
# define exp 2.71
void main (void)
{
float Rk = 0, dRk = 0.001, i = 2;
while (i>I) {
Rk+ = dRk; I = (E/Rk)*pow(exp,((-(Rk+R)/L)*t));
}
printf (“Opir = %.3f”, Rk);
getch ( );
}
<îh\^v Rk = 4,74 Hf
AZ^Zq
12.1. <bagZqblb hfqgbc hij \ _e_dljbqghfm dhe a g^mdlb\-

gklx L = 0,3 =g ydsh ijb aZfbdZgg dexqZ q_j_a k kbeZ
kljmfm ^hky]Z} agZq_ggy I = 1,31 A ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^h ydh]h
i^dexqZ}lvky py dhlmrdZ ξ = % .
12.2. <bagZqblb ^Zf_lj f^gh]h ^jhlm ydbf gZfhlZgh dhlmr-
dm g^mdlb\gklx =g sh fZ} \bld\ K_j_^gc ^Zf_lj h^gh]h
\bldZ 4 kf Ijb i^dexq_gg p} dhlmrdb ^h ^`_j_eZ kljmfm a ?JK
12 < aZ qZk k kbeZ kljmfm ^hky]Z} agZq_ggy I = 0,23 A <gmljr-
gf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
12.3. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kbeb kljmfm \^ qZkm \
dhlmrp g^mdlb\gklx =g ^h ydh i^dexq_gh ^`_j_eh kljmfm a
?JK < ydsh Zdlb\gbc hij dheZ Hf Ih[m^m\Zlb ZgZeh]qgbc
]jZnd êy dhlmrdb a g^mdlb\gklx =g ihj\gylb
12.4. DhlmrdZ g^mdlb\gklx =g } i^dexq_gZ ^h ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm a ?JK < <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh ikey
\^dexq_ggy \^ ^`_j_eZ ?JK dhlmrdZ aZfdgmlZ gZdhjhldh q_j_a
qZk 05 k kbeZ kljmfm \ gc [meZ I = 1 A.
12.5. Q_j_a k ikey aZfbdZggy dexqZ jbk kbeZ
kljmfm ^hky]eZ agZq_ggy :.
171
Jbk
<bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh g^mdlb\gklv

L = 0 ,01 =g , 5 = Hf 5 = Hf ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm 6 B .
12.6. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,004 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk
kbeZ kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ A <bagZql_ qbkeh\_ agZ-
q_ggy Zdlb\gh]h hihjm dhlmrdb ydsh hij R = Hf g^mdlb\-
gklv dhlmrdb L = 0 ,02 =g _e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm
fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 24 < .
Jbk
12.7. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,002 k ikey lh]h yd ^`_j_eh kljmfm

\^dexq_g_ \^ dhlmrdb dhlmrdZ aZfdgmlZ gZdhjhldh kbeZ kljmfm
\ gc ^hj\gx\ZeZ $ <bagZql_ devdklv \bld\ p} dhlmrdb
ydsh \hgZ gZfhlZgZ f^gbf ^jhlhf ^Zf_lj ydh]h ff g^md-
lb\gklv L = 0 ,02 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm – 12 <,
Z k_j_^gc ^Zf_lj \bld\ dhlmrdb kf.
12.8. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kbeb kljmfm \^ qZkm \
dhlmrp g^mdlb\gklx =g \^ ydh \^dexq_gh ^`_j_eh kljmfm
dhlmrdZ aZfdgmlZ gZdhjhldh :dlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb Hf Ih[m-
^m\Zlb ZgZeh]qgbc ]jZnd êy dhlmrdb a g^mdlb\gklx =g
ihj\gylb a ihi_j_^gf
172
12.9. Q_j_a t k ikey aZfbdZggy dexqZ jbk kbeZ
kljmfm ^hj\gx\ZeZ : <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh
g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,45 =g Z hihjb R1 = R3 =2 Hf, R2 = 3 Hf ?JK
^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
Jbk. 29
Jbk
12.10. Q_j_a qZk k ikey aZfbdZggy dexqZ jbk kbeZ

kljmfm \ dhe ^hj\gx\ZeZ : <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmr-
db ydsh g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,7 =g Z hihjb R1 = 5 Hf, R2 = 1 Hf,
R3 = 2 Hf ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} 12 <.
kljmfm \ dhe ^hj\gx\ZeZ : <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb
173
ydsh g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,8 =g Z hihjb R1 = 5 Hf, R2 = 1 Hf,
R3 = 2 Hf, R4 = 0,5 Hf ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
Jbk
Jbk

R3 = 5 Hf, R4 = 1 Hf ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
db ydsh g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,77 =g Z hihjb R1 = R2 = 0,5 Hf,
R3 = R4 = 1 Hf. ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
174
Jbk
12.14. A f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf ff gZfhlZgh dhlmrdm

ydZ fZ} g^mdlb\gklv =g <bagZqblb fZkm gZfhlZgh]h gZ dhlmr-
dm ^jhlm ydsh q_j_a qZk k ikey i^dexq_ggy ^h g_ ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm a ?JK < kljmf m pc dhlmrp fZ\ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy :.
<gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
R3 = 8 Hf ?JK ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ^hj\gx} <.
Jbk
175
Jbk 35

kbeZ kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ : <bagZql_ Zdlb\gbc hij
dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = 10 Hf, R2 = 8 Hf, R3 = 6 Hf g^mdlb\-
gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,4 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm
= 10 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
12.17. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,004 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk 36)
kbeZ kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ :.
Jbk
176
Jbk
<bagZql_ Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = 2 Hf,

R2 = 3 Hf, R3 = 6 Hf g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,7 =g ?e_dljhjm-
rcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm = 9 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = 1 Hf, R2 = 3 Hf, R3 = 6 Hf; R4 = 2 Of,
g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,9 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm – 12 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = 1 Hf, R2 = 3 Hf, R3 = 5 Hf g^mdlb\-
gklv dhlmrdb L = 1,2 =g. ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm –
8 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
Jbk
177
12.20. >h dhlmrdb g^mdlb\gklx L = 0,05 =g i^dexqbeb
^`_j_eh kljmfm gZijm]Z gZ aZlbkdZqZo ydh]h U = 9 < <bagZqblb
Zdlb\gbc hij p} dhlmrdb ydsh q_j_a qZk t = 0,0022 k fbll}\_
agZq_ggy _g_j] fZ]glgh]h ihey p} dhlmrdb [meh W = 3 f>`.
12.21. DhlmrdZ aZ\^h\`db l = 20 kf fZ} N \bld\ >Z-
f_lj dhlmrdb d = 4 kf <k_j_^bgm dhlmrdb \klZ\e_gh aZeag_ hk_j^y
a \^ghkghx fZ]glghx ijhgbdgklx >h p} dhlmrdb i^-
dexqZxlv ^`_j_eh kljmfm ?JK ydh]h = 12 < Q_j_a qZk t = 0,009 k
ikey aZfbdZggy dexqZ fbll}\_ agZq_ggy kbeb kljmfm I = 0,13 :.
<bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
12.22. >h khe_gh^Z aZ\^h\`db l = 40 kf lZ ^Zf_ljhf d = 4 kf,
sh fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 1 f=g i^dexqbeb ^`_j_eh kljmfm gZijm]Z
gZ aZlbkdZqZo ydh]h U = 8 < <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij pvh]h khe_gh^Z
ydsh q_j_a qZk t = 0,07 k fbll}\_ agZq_ggy h[’}fgh ]mklbgb _g_j]
fZ]glgh]h ihey pvh]h khe_gh^Z [meh Wh = 1 >`f3.
12.23. Khe_gh^ fZ} ^h\`bgm l = 50 kf iehsm ihi_j_qgh]h
i_j_jam S = 4 kf2 AZ kbeb kljmfm 1 : h[¶}fgZ ]mklbgZ _g_j] fZ]-
glgh]h ihey \k_j_^bg pvh]h khe_gh^Z ^hj\gx} Wo = 100 >`f3.
Ydsh \ grhfm ^hke^ ^h pvh]h kZfh]h khe_gh^Z i^dexqblb ^`_j_eh
kljmfm a ?JK sh ^hj\gx} < lh q_j_a qZk t = 0,008 k fbll}\_
agZq_ggy kbeb kljmfm [m^_ I = 2,2 : <bagZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij khe_-
gh^Z <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
12.24. DhlmrdZ fZ} \bld\ lZ ijb kbe kljmfm 1 = 4 : fZ]-
glgbc ihld djav g_ N = 5 f<[ < grhfm ^hke^ ^h p} kZfh
dhlmrdb i^dexqZxlv ^`_j_eh kljmfm ?JK ydh]h = 6,2 < Q_j_a
qZk t = 0,01 k fbll}\_ agZq_ggy kbeb kljmfm [meh I = 60 f: <ba-
gZqblb Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh \gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
12.25. A f^gh]h ^jhlm aZ\^h\`db 120 f gZfhlZgh dhlmrdm ydZ
fZ} g^mdlb\gklv =g <bagZqblb fZkm gZfhlZgh]h gZ dhlmrdm
^jhlm ydsh q_j_a qZk k ikey i^dexq_ggy ^h g_ ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm a ?JK < fbll}\_ agZq_ggy _g_j] fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm
\ pc dhlmrp [meh W = 0,006 >` <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ
kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
12.26. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,15 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk. 3 _g_j-
]y fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ -3 >` <bagZql_
Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = R2 =3 Hf, R3 = R4 = 6 Hf;
178
g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,2 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljm-
fm = 6 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb
Jbk
Jbk
12.27. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,2 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk 3 _g_j]y

fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ 1,44 ⋅ 10 −3 >` <bagZq-
l_ fZkm ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm ydsh j_abklhjb R1 = R2 = R3 =
= R4 = 8 Hf g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb L = 0,2 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ
^`_j_eZ kljmfm = 6 < <gmljrgf hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm g_olm\Zlb
>Zf_lj f^gh]h ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm d = 0,8 ff.
12.28. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,15 k ikey jhafbdZggy dexqZ jbk 40)
_g_j]y fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ 4 ⋅ 10 −3 >`.
179
J_abklhjb R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = 10 Hf g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb
L = 0,2 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm = 7 < >Zf_lj
f^gh]h ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm, d = 0,8 ff <gmljrgf
hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb <bagZqblb
Z Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb
[ fZkm ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm
12.29. Q_j_a qZk t = 0,012 k ikey aafbdZggy dexqZ jbk 41)
_g_j]y fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm \ dhlmrp ^hj\gx\ZeZ 5 ⋅ 10 −3 >`.
J_abklhjb R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = 10 Hf g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb
L = 0,6 =g ?e_dljhjmrcgZ kbeZ ^`_j_eZ kljmfm 7 < >Zf_lj
f^gh]h ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm d = 0,8 ff <gmljrgf
hihjhf ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ag_olm\Zlb <bagZqblb
Z Zdlb\gbc hij dhlmrdb
[ fZkm ^jhlm sh gZfhlZgbc gZ dhlmrdm
Jbk
12.30. F_lZe_\_ devp_ sh \b]hlh\e_g_ a ^jhlm jZ^mkhf

b =1 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,16 fd=g <bagZqblb jZ^mk devpy
12.31. Devp_ sh \b]hlh\e_g_ a f^gh]h ^jhlm jZ^mkhf
b = 0,9 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,65 fd=g <bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a
ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh lZd_ devp_
b = 0,95 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,55 fd=g. <bagZqblb kbem
kljmfm sh ijhoh^blbf_ ih devpx ydsh ^h dgp\ ^jhlm lZdh]h
devpy ijbdeZklb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ ¨3 = 0,3 <.
b =0,75 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,55 fd=g. >h dgp\ ^jhlm sh
180
ml\hjx} devp_ ijbdeZ^_gZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ ¨3 = 0,4 < <bagZ-
qblb _g_j]x fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih devpx
b = 0,8 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,5 fd=g >h dgp\ ^jhlm sh
ml\hjx} devp_ ijbdeZ^_gZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ ¨3 = 0,35 < <bagZ-
qblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj devpy
12.35. Devp_ sh \b]hlh\e_g_ a kj[gh]h ^jhlm jZ^mkhf
b = 0,8 ff fZ} g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,8 fd=g ?g_j]y fZ]glgh]h ihey
kljmfm lZdh]h devpy ^hj\gx} f>` <bagZqblb jagbpx ihl_g-
pZe\ sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h dgp\ ^jhlm ydbc ml\hjx} devp_
12.36. Devp_ sh \b]hlh\e_g_ a f^gh]h ^jhlm fZ} g^mdlb\-
gklv L = 0,56 fd=g JZ^mk ^jhlm b = 0,7 ff Ih devpx ijhoh^blv
kljmf gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj devpy G = 165 :f.
<bagZqblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h dgp\ ^jhlm
ydbc ml\hjx} devp_
12.37. JZ^mk ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_g_ f_lZe_\_ devp_
b =0,8 ff Ydsh m lZdhfm devp mijh^h\` qZkm t = 0,5 k kbeZ kljmfm
afgx}lvky gZ : lh \ gvhfm \bgbdZ} ?JK kZfhg^mdp fd<.
<bagZqblb jZ^mk devpy
12.38. JZ^mk ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_g_ kj[g_ devp_
b = 0,9 ff Ydsh m lZdhfm devp mijh^h\` qZkm t = 0,2 k kbeZ kljmfm
afgx}lvky gZ : lh \ gvhfm \bgbdZ} ?JK kZfhg^mdp fd<.
<bagZqblb fZkm ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_g_ devp_
12.39. JZ^mk ^jhlm a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_g_ f^g_ devp_
b = 0,65 ff 1g^mdlb\gklv lZdh]h devpy L = 0,82 fd=g Ih devpx
ijhimkdZxlv kljmf gZ gvhfm \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 12 <l.
<bagZqblb kbem kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih ijh\^gbdm a ydh]h \b]h-
lh\e_gh devp_
b = 0,92 ff 1g^mdlb\gklv lZdh]h devpy L = 0,52 fd=g Ih devpx
ijhimkdZxlv kljmf gZ gvhfm \bêy}lvky ihlm`gklv J = 14 <l.
<bagZqblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ sh ijbdeZ^_gZ ^h dgp\ ^jhlm
ydbc ml\hjx} devp_
b = 0,96 ff 1g^mdlb\gklv lZdh]h devpy L = 0,85 fd=g >h dgp\
^jhlm sh ml\hjx} devp_ ijbdeZ^_gZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ ¨3 = 0,45 <.
<bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ lhqp sh jhalZrh\ZgZ
gZ hk devpy gZ \^klZg kf \^ p_gljZ dheZ
181
12.42. >\Z devpy sh \b]hlh\e_g a f^gh]h ^jhlm jZ^mkhf
b = 0,78 ff fZxlv g^mdlb\gklv L = 0,65 fd=g dh`g_ >h dgp\
dh`gh]h a ijh\^gbd\ sh ml\hjxxlv devpy ijbdeZ^_gZ jagbpy
ihl_gpZe\ ¨3 = 0,38 < H[b^\Z devp_\ ijh\^gbdb jhafs_g m
^\ho \aZ}fgh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgbo iehsbgZo lZd sh og ]_hf_ljbqg
p_gljb a[]Zxlvky <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \
p_glj pbo de_pv
^\ho \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evgbo iehsbgZo gZ \^klZg o = 5 kf =_hf_l-
jbqg p_gljb de_pv e_`Zlv gZ ijyfc sh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h
iehsbg de_pv <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj
dh`gh]h devpy Kljmfb m devpyo iZjZe_evg
^\ho \aZ}fgh iZjZe_evgbo iehsbgZo gZ \^klZg o = 5 kf =_hf_l-
jbqg p_gljb de_pv e_`Zlv gZ ijyfc sh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h
iehsbg de_pv <bagZqblb gZijm`_gklv fZ]glgh]h ihey \ p_glj
dh`gh]h devpy Kljmfb m devpyo ZglbiZjZe_evg
182
13. ?E?DLJHF:=G1LG1
DHEB<:GGYL:O<BE1
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
I_jh^ \eZkgbo _e_dljhfZ]glgbo dheb\Zgv \ ^_Zevghfm
dheb\Zevghfm dhglmj nhjfmeZ LhfkhgZ
T = 2π LC ,
^_ L – g^mdlb\gklv dhlmrdb K – }fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ
A]ZkZxq dheb\Zggy \ j_Zevghfm dhglmj R ≠ 0)
q = qo exp(− β t ) cos(ωt + ϕ ),
 1 
^_ ω = ω o2 − β 2 &h – \eZkgZ qZklhlZ dhglmjm  ωo = ,
 LC 
– dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy  β = .

R
 2L 
3. I_jh^ \eZkgbo _e_dljhfZ]glgbo dheb\Zgv \ j_Zevghfm
dheb\Zevghfm dhglmj hfqgbc hij ydh]h R
2π
L= 2
1  R 
− 
LC  2 L 
Eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy \bagZqZ}lvky aZ nhjfmehx
L.
>h[jhlgklv dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm \bagZqZxlv aZ nhjfmehx
1 L
Q= .
R C
183
1. IhqZldh\Z _g_j]y dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm [meZ ? = 0,3 fd>`.
1g^mdlb\gklv dhglmjm L = 1,2 f=g Iehkdbc dhg^_gkZlhj dheb\Zevgh]h
dhglmjm a ^\hfZ rZjZfb ^_e_dljbd\ nZjnhjm 01 lh\sbgZ ydh]h
d1 = 1 ff kex^b 02 lh\sbgZ ydh d2 = 0,6 ff IehsZ dh`gh a
ieZklbg dhg^_gkZlhjZ S = 400 kf2 I^ qZk aZ]Zkgbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm
dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 83,3 gk aZjy^ [m\ lZdbf sh h^gZ a ieZklbg
dhg^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ n = 1,7Â11 gZêbrdh\bo _e_dljhg\ <bagZqblb
Z _e_dljh}fgklv dhglmjm
[ Zdlb\gbc hij dhglmjm
\ dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
] eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy
^ ^h[jhlgklv dhglmjm
Jha\¶yaZggy
?e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ
q
C= ,
U
^_ q – aZjy^ gZ ieZklbg dhg^_gkZlhjZ U – jagbpy ihl_gpZe\
ieZklbg >ey lZdh aZ^Zq jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U dhg^_gkZlhjZ lj_[Z
aZfgblb gZ kmfm gZijm] gZ U1 + U2 gZ rZjZo ^_e_dljbd\
q
C= .
U1 + U 2
Hkdevdb
q = σS ,
D
U1 = E1d1 = d1 ,
ε oε 1
D
U 2 = E2 d 2 = d2 ,
ε oε 2
lh
σS
C= ,
D D
d1 + d2
ε oε 1 ε oε 2
184
^_ 1 – ih\_jog_\Z ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ ieZklbgZo dhg^_gkZlhjZ ?1 ?2 –
gZijm`_ghkl _e_dljbqgh]h ihey \ i_jrhfm ^jm]hfm rZjZo ^_e_dl-
jbdZ D – _e_dljbqg_ afs_ggy \ ^_e_dljbdZo ijbqhfm D = 1.
Hl`_
ε oS
C= .
d1 d 2
+
ε1 ε 2
>ey a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m j_Zevghfm dheb\Zevghfm dhglmj
q = qoexp (– W) cos (&W),
^_ qh – aZjy^ gZ h[deZ^p dhg^_gkZlhjZ m ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl qZkm
(t = 0), q – aZjy^ m fhf_gl qZkm t,
ω = ωo2 − β 2 ,
1
ωo = ,
LC
^_ – dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy ijbqhfm
R
β = .
2L
Lh^
 Rt   1 R2 
q = q 0 exp −  cos − 2 t
 2 L   LC 4 L 
HklZggc \bjZa } j\gyggyf a h^gbf g_\^hfbf R yd_ } m ihdZa-

gbdm kl_i_gy lZ i^ agZdhf dhkbgmkZ Hl`_ p_ ljZgkp_g^_glg_ j\gyg-
gy yd_ gZc\b]^gr_ jha\¶yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\
Eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy fh`gZ \bagZqblb aZ nhjfmehx
π
λ = βT = .
L 1
−
CR 2 4
185
IhqZldh\bc aZjy^ qo fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gbc q_j_a \^hf_
agZq_ggy _g_j] W lZ \`_ \bagZq_gm _e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ C:
q o = 2CW .
Jha\¶yaZggy aZ^Zq a \bdhjbklZggyf fh\b ijh]jZfm\Zggy K
fh`_ [mlb lZdbf
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define En 3e-7
#define L 1.2e-3
#define E0 8.85e-12
#define d1 0.001
#define d2 0.0006
#define E1 5
#define E2 7
#define S 4e-2
#define Pi 3.1416
#define t 83.3e-9
#define n 1.7e11
void main()
{
double C, q1, q0, q, R=300.0 ;
double dR=0.0001, w0, B, w, D, Tp, L0 ;
clrscr() ;
C = E0*S/(d1/E1+d2/E2) ;
q0 = sqrt(2*C*En) ;
q = n*1.6E-19 ;
while (q1<=q)
{
w0 = 1/sqrt(L*C) ;
B = R/2/L ;
w = sqrt((w0*w0)-(B*B)) ;
q1 = q0*exp(-B*t)*cos(w*t) ;
R = R – dR ;
}
D = sqrt(L/C)/R ;
186
Tp = 2*Pi/(sqrt((w0*w0)-(B*B))) ;
L0 = B*Tp ;
C = C*1E12 ;
SULQWIK I\QK
printf("R = %f\n",R) ;
printf("B = %f\n",B) ;
printf("L0 = %f\n",L0) ;
printf(“D = %f”,D) ;
getch() ;
}
<îh\^v K = 1239 iN, R = 1,87 Hf, = 778 c-1 , = 0,006, Q = 527.
AZ^Zq
13.1. QZklhlZ dheb\Zgv LC-dhglmjm sh fZ} Zdlb\gbc hij R,
afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf
1 1 R2
f = − 2.
2π LC 4 L
GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl f(R) ijb L = 2 f=g, K = 0,97 fdN.
13.2. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj a g^mdlb\gklx L = 12 f=g
lZ _e_dljh}fgklx K = 0,5 fdN fZ} ihqZldh\bc aZjy^ qo= 1,5 ⋅ 10 −5 De.
I^ qZk a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 111 fdk
aZjy^ klZgh\b\ q = 0,201Â-5 De <bagZqblb
Z eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy
[ ^h[jhlgklv pvh]h dhglmjm
13.3 IhqZldh\bc aZjy^ dhg^_gkZlhjZ \ j_Zevghfm dheb\Zev-
ghfm dhglmj [m\ lZdbf sh kmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ yd
kl\hjxxlv aZjy^ klZgh\beZ m = 8 ⋅ 10 −17 d] 1g^mdlb\gklv dhglmjm
L = 14 f=g _e_dljh}fgklv K = 0,4 fdN I^ qZk a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv
m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 107 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\
q = 0,192Â-5 De <bagZqblb
13.4. IhqZldh\Z _g_j]y dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm [meZ
? = 0,225 f>` 1g^mdlb\gklv dhglmjm L = 14 f=g _e_dljh}fgklv
K = fdN Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl
qZkm t = 108 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\ q = 0,28Â-5 De <bagZqblb
187
13.5. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj a g^mdlb\gklx L = 7 f=g lZ
_e_dljh}fgklx K = 0,05 fdN fZ} ihqZldh\bc aZjy^ qo = 3 ⋅ 10 −6 De.
Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 58,5 fdk
kbeZ kljmfm fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 1 = 890 fd: <bagZqblb
13.6. IhqZldh\bc aZjy^ dhg^_gkZlhjZ \ j_Zevghfm dheb\Zev-
ghfm dhglmj [m\ lZdbc sh kmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ yd kl\h-
jxxlv aZjy^ klZgh\beZ m = 1,7 ⋅ 10 −17 d] 1g^mdlb\gklv dhglmjm
L = 7 f=g _e_dljh}fgklv K = 4,5 ⋅ 10 −2 fdN Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb-
\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t =55,6 fdk kbeZ kljmfm fZeZ
qbkeh\ agZq_ggy 1 = 900 fd: <bagZqblb
13.7. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj fZ} ihqZldh\bc aZjy^
qo = 3,2· 10-6 De Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl
qZkm t = 55 fdk kbeZ kljmfm fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 1 =920 fd:.
<bagZqblb qZklhlm aZ]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj ydsh
dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 850 k-1.
13.8. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj fZ} ihqZldh\bc aZjy^
qo = 3,2 ⋅ 10 −6 De Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \
fhf_gl qZkm t = 85 fdk _g_j]y fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm fZeZ qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy ? = 4 ⋅ 10 −9 >` <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m
pvhfm dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 550 k-1 1g^mdlb\gklv
dhglmjm L = 8 f=g.
13.9. IehsZ h^g} a ieZklbg iehkdh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ j_Zevgh]h
dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm S = 0,5 f2 \^^Zev f` ieZklbgZfb d =1 ff,
\^ghkgZ ^_e_dljbqgZ ijhgbdgklv ^_e_dljbdZ ε < ihqZldh\bc
fhf_gl a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` ieZklbgZfb
dhg^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy U = 200 < Ijb a]ZkZxqbo
dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 75 fdk kbeZ kljmfm
fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 1 = 1000 fd: <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo
dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 600 k-1.
ghfm dhglmj [m\ lZdbc sh kmfZ \ko _e_dljhg\ yd kl\hjxxlv
aZjy^ klZgh\beZ n = 2 ⋅ 1013 Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm
188
dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 65 fdk kbeZ kljmfm fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy
1 =1 f: <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj
ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 550 k-1.
13.11. Kn_jbqgbc dhg^_gkZlhj dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm fZ} jZ-
^mkb h[deZ^hd R1 = 45 ff, R2 = 46 ff \^ghkgZ ^_e_dljbqgZ
ijhgbdgklv ^_e_dljbdZ ε = 6 < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl a]ZkZxqbo
dheb\Zgv jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy U = 1200 < Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm
1 = 1000 fd: <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm
dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 600 k-1.
13.12. Pbeg^jbqgbc dhg^_gkZlhj dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm fZ} jZ-
^mkb h[deZ^hd R1 = 42 ff, R2 = 43 ff \^ghkgZ ^_e_dljbqgZ ijhgbd-
gklv ^_e_dljbdZ ε = 7 <bkhlZ dhg^_gkZlhjZ h = 80 ff < ihqZldh\bc
fhf_gl a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg-
^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy U = 1500 < Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zg-
gyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 45 fdk kbeZ kljmfm fZeZ qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy 1 = 800 fd: <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm
dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 400 k-1.
13.13. Iehkdbc dhg^_gkZlhj dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm fZ} iehsm
h^g} a h[deZ^hd S = 0,2 f2 \^ghkgm ^_e_dljbqgm ijhgbdgklv
^_e_dljbdZ ε = 6 < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv gZijm -
`_gklv _e_dljbqgh]h ihey f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ qbk -
eh\_ agZq_ggy ? = 400 <f Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm
1 = 40 fd: <bagZqblb qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj
ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 350 k-1.
13.14. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj fZ} g^mdlb\gklv
L =11 f=g lZ iehkdbc dhg^_gkZlhj iehsZ h^g} a ieZklbg ydh]h
S = 8 f2 \^klZgv f` ieZklbgZfb d = 1 ff ^_e_dljbqgZ ijhgbd-
gklv ^_e_dljbdZ 0 FZdkbfZevgZ ih\_jog_\Z ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ
h[deZ^dZo dhg^_gkZlhjZ 1 = 0,18 ⋅ 10 −5 Def2 Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb-
\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 105 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\
Z dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
\ eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy
13.15. IhqZldh\Z _g_j]y dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm [meZ
W =0,228 f>`. ?e_dljh}fgklv pvh]h dhglmjm K = 0,45 fdN Dhlmr-
189
dZ g^mdlb\ghkl pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm h^ghrZjh\Z gZfhlZ -
gZ ^jhlhf sh fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 0,6 ff ydbc gZfhlZgh gZ dZjdZk
^h\`bghx l = 14 kf lZ ^Zf_ljhf D = 2 kf <^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ
ijhgbdgklv hk_j^y p} dhlmrdb Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo
m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 113 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\
] ^h[jhlgklv pvh]h dhglmjm
ghfm dhglmj [m\ lZdbc sh kmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ yd kl\h-
jxxlv aZjy^ klZgh\beZ m = 6 ⋅ 10 −17 d]. ?e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ
dhglmjm K = 0,41 fdN DhlmrdZ g^mdlb\ghkl pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h
dhglmjm h^ghrZjh\Z gZfhlZgZ gZ dZjdZk ^h\`bghx l = 15 kf lZ ^Z-
f_ljhf D kf <^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ ijhgbdgklv hk_j^y p} dhlmrdb
Devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb dhlmr-
db no Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm
t = 81,46 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\ q = 0,23Â-5 De <bagZqblb
] ^h[jhlgklv pvh]h dhglmjm
13.17. J_Zevgbc dheb\Zevgbc dhglmj fZ} lZdbc ihqZldh\bc
aZjy^ sh gZ h^gc a h[deZ^hd dhg^_gkZlhjZ gZy\g n = 3 ⋅ 1013 gZ^-
ebrdh\ _e_dljhgb Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \
pvhfm dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 550 k-1 1g^mdlb\gklv
dhglmjm L = 8,2 f=g.
aZjy^, sh gZ h^gc a h[deZ^hd dhg^_gkZlhjZ gZy\g n = 2,8· 1013
gZêbrdh\ _e_dljhgb Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \
pvhfm dhglmj ydsh dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 555 k-1 DhlmrdZ
g^mdlb\ghkl pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm } h^ghrZjh\Z gZfhlZgZ
190
gZ dZjdZk h[¶}fhf V = 0,6Â-4 f3 <^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ ijhgbdgklv
hk_j^y p} dhlmrdb Devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ
h^bgbpx ^h\`bgb dhlmrdb no =250.
aZjy^ sh gZ h^gc a h[deZ^hd dhg^_gkZlhjZ gZy\g n = 2,85 ⋅ 1013
gZêbrdh\ _e_dljhgb Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \
fhf_gl qZkm t = 85 fdk kbeZ kljmfm \ dhglmj fZeZ qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy
1 = 920 fd: Dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy = 560 k-1 DhlmrdZ g^mdlb\ghkl
pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm h^ghrZjh\Z gZfhlZgZ gZ dZjdZk
h[¶}fhf V = 0,6Â-4 f3 <^ghkgZ fZ]glgZ ijhgbdgklv hk_j^y p}
dhlmrdb Devdklv \bld\ sh ijbiZ^Zxlv gZ h^bgbpx
^h\`bgb dhlmrdb no <bagZqblb

Z qZklhlm a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zgv m pvhfm dhglmj
13.20. IhqZldh\bc aZjy^ dhg^_gkZlhjZ \ j_Zevghfm dheb\Zevghfm
dhglmj [m\ lZdbc sh kmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ yd kl\hjxxlv
aZjy^ klZgh\beZ m = 8,2 ⋅ 10 −17 d] 1g^mdlb\gklv dhglmjm L = 10 f=g.
?e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm } lZdhx sh
dheb ^h lZdh]h dhg^_gkZlhjZ i^dexqblb ihke^h\gh dhg^_gkZlhj
\ljbq [evrh }fghkl lh aZ]ZevgZ _e_dljh}fgklv p} [ZlZj_ [m^_
Ka = 0,41 fdN Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \ fhf_gl
qZkm t = 105 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\ q = 0,21Â-5 De <bagZqblb
\ Zdlb\gbc hij dhglmjm
aZjy^ sh gZ h^gc a h[deZ^hd dhg^_gkZlhjZ gZy\g n = 7,96 ⋅ 1013
gZêbrdh\ _e_dljhgb ?e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ K = 0,3 fdN.
H^ghrZjh\Z dhlmrdZ pvh]h dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm gZfhlZgZ gZ
pbeg^jbqgbc dZjdZk ^Zf_ljhf D = 30 ff lZ ^h\`bghx l = 9 kf,
110. <bldb dhlmrdb sevgh ijbey]Zxlv h^bg ^h h^gh]h Z ^Z-
f_lj ^jhlm d = 0,7 ff Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm dhglmj \
fhf_gl qZkm t = 103 fdk aZjy^ klZgh\b\ q = 0,209Â-5 De <bagZqblb
\ Zdlb\gbc hij dhglmjm;
] dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
191
13.22. Kn_jbqgbc dhg^_gkZlhj dheb\Zevgh]h dhglmjm fZ} jZ-
^mkb h[deZ^hd R1 = 42 ff, R2 = 43 ff \^ghkgZ ^_e_dljbqgZ
ijhgbdgklv ^_e_dljbdZ ε = 7 < ihqZldh\bc fhf_gl a]ZkZxqbo
dheb\Zgv jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` h[deZ^dZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ fZeZ
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy U = 1400 < Ijb a]ZkZxqbo dheb\Zggyo m pvhfm
dhglmj \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 92 gk gZ h^gc a h[deZ^hd dhg^_gkZlhjZ
[meh n = 1,2268· 1013 gZêbrdh\bo _e_dljhg\ <bagZqblb
Z _e_dljh}fgklv dhg^_gkZlhjZ
\ dh_np}gl aZ]ZkZggy
] eh]Zjbnfqgbc ^_dj_f_gl aZ]ZkZggy
^ ^h[jhlgklv dhglmjm
192
14HILBD:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1. J_amevlZl gl_jn_j_gp ^\ho dh]_j_glgbo ijhf_g\ a Zfie-
lm^Zfb gZijm`_ghkl_c _e_dljbqgh]h ihey ?1 ?2 aZe_`gh \^
jagbp nZa ∆ϕ f` gbfb
( = ( + ( + (( FRV ∆ϕ ,
Z[h \\Z`Zxqb ( = ( = , = , (I1 I2 – gl_gkb\ghkl dh`gh]h

ijhf_gy
, = , + , + , , FRV ∆ϕ = , ( + FRV ∆ϕ ).
Jagbpy nZa ∆ϕ a\¶yaZgZ a jagbp_x oh^m êy pbo ijhf_g\ ∆

ki\\^ghr_ggyf
∆ϕ π = ∆ λ .
2. Ijb ^bnjZdp \ iZjZe_evgbo ijhf_gyo \^ h^g} sebgb
Jbk 42
193
jbk jhaihê gl_gkb\ghkl ,ϕ ih dmlm ^bnjZdp ϕ \bjZ`Z-
}lvky nhjfmehx
πE
θ= VLQ ϕ ,
λ
^_ b – rbjbgZ sebgb λ – ^h\`bgZ o\be
I^ qZk ^bnjZdp fhghojhfZlbqgbo ijhf_g\ a ^h\`bghx
o\be λ gZ ^bnjZdpcgc ]jZlp a i_jh^hf d rbjbghx b dh`gh

sebgb gl_gkb\gklv lZd jhaihêy}lvky ih dmlm ϕ
 VLQ 1ψ


,ϕ = , 4  VLQ θ 
⋅ 
πE
 ; θ = VLQ ϕ ; ψ =
πG
VLQ ϕ ,
 θ   VLQψ  λ λ
^_ N – aZ]ZevgZ devdklv sebg ^bnjZdpcgh ]jZldb
1. Imqhd [eh]h k\leZ iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh gZ kdeygm ieZklbgdm
lh\sbghx d = 1,2 fdf Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h
ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[blhfm imqdm"
>\hhimdeZ egaZ sh \b]hlh\e_gZ a lZdh]h kZfh]h khjlm kdeZ fZ}
hilbqgm kbem D ^hilj JZ^mk djb\bgb himdeh ih\_jog
egab R = 0,27 f.
Jha\¶yaZggy
KdeygZ ieZklbgdZ lZdh lh\sbgb – p_ lhgdZ ie\dZ gZ ydc
fh`gZ kihkl_j]Zlb y\bs_ gl_jn_j_gp k\leZ Jagbpy oh^m o\bev
λ
δ = 2d n 2 − sin 2 i + ,
2
^_ d – lh\sbgZ ie\db n – ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy fZl_jZem ie\db
– ^h\`bgZ k\leh\h o\be – dml iZ^ggy ijhf_gy <jZoh\Zgh l_
sh h^bg a ijhf_g\ \^[b\Z}lvky \^ hilbqgh ]mklrh]h k_j_^h\bsZ
\g h^_j`m} ^h^Zldh\m jagbpx nZa gZ lh[lh \bgbdZ} ^h^Zldh\Z
jagbpy oh^m \ iheh\bgm ^h\`bgb o\be >ey p} aZ^Zq = 0.
Lh^
λ
δ = 2dn + .
2
194
AZklhkm\Z\rb mfh\m gl_jn_j_gpcgbo fZdkbfmf\ hljbfZ}fh
λ
k λ = 2dn + ,
2
^_ k – ihjy^hd gl_jn_j_gpcgh]h fZdkbfmfm HklZlhqgh
4dn
λ= .
2k − 1
Sh[ \bagZqblb ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy fZl_jZem ie\db lj_[Z
\bdhjbklZlb \^hf agZq_ggy hilbqgh kbeb lZ jZ^mkZ djb\bgb
egab >ey pvh]h \bdhjbklh\m}lvky nhjfmeZ egab
2
D = ( n − 1) .
R
A p} nhjfmeb ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy
RD
n= + 1.
2
Program Opt2929;
Uses CRT;
Var d,n,k,k2,L,R,D1:real;
Begin
Clrscr;
d:=1.2;
R:=0.27;
D1:=4.5;
n:=(D1*R+2)/2;
k:=1;
k2:=13;
While k<=k2 do
Begin
L:=4*d*n/(2*k-1);
if (L<0.75)and(L>=0.4) then
Writeln('L=',L:7:3,' mkm');
k:=k+1;
End;
195
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v 1 fdf
2 fdf
3 fdf
4 fdf
5 fdf
2. Ahjh\Z ljm[Z ]hghf_ljZ a ^bnjZdpcghx ]jZldhx ihklZ\-

e_gZ i^ dmlhf h ^h hk dhefZlhjZ < ihe ahjm ljm[b \b^gh ki_dl-
jZevgm kbgx egx = 488 gf Yd ki_dljZevg eg grbo ihjy^d\
\b^bfh]h ^ZiZahgm k\leZ \^ fdf ^h fdf fh`mlv [mlb
\b^bf m pvhfm kZfhfm gZijyf" >bnjZdpcgZ ]jZldZ sh \bdhjbklh-
\m}lvky m pvhfm ^hke^ fZ} rbjbgm ff fh`_ jhaêblb \ i_jrh-
fm ihjy^dm ^m[e_l gZljx 1 = 5890 Å lZ 2 = 5896 Å.
Jha\¶yaZggy
NhjfmeZ jhaêvgh a^Zlghkl ^bnjZdpcgh jZldb
λ1
= Nk ,
λ2 − λ1
^_ 1 , 2 – ^h\`bgb o\bev sh \îh\^Zxlv ki_dljZevgbf egyf yd
fh`_ jhaêblb jZldZ N – devdklv \ko sebg jZldb k – ihjy^hd
^bnjZdpcgh]h fZdkbfmfm I_jh^ ^bnjZdpcgh jZldb
a
d= ,
N
^_ Z – rbjbgZ jZldb Lh^ jhaêvgZ a^Zlgklv ^bnjZdpcgh ]jZldb
fh`_ [mlb aZibkZgZ lZd
λ1 ak
= .
λ2 − λ1 d
Hl`_
ak (λ2 − λ1 )
d= .
λ1
196
AgZxqb i_jh^ ^bnjZdpcgh ]jZldb d ^h\`bgm o\be sh
\îh\^Z} \b^bfc ki_dljZevgc eg fh`gZ \bagZqblb gZc[evrm
devdklv ]heh\gbo ^bnjZdpcgbo fZdkbfmf\
d
k2 = .
λ
Mfh\Z ]heh\gbo ^bnjZdpcgbo fZdkbfmf\ yd fh`_ ^Z\Zlb
^bnjZdpcgZ ]jZldZ
d sin ϕ = k x λx .
P_ hagZqZ} sh ]heh\gbc ^bnjZdpcgbc fZdkbfmf i^ ghf_-
jhf k x êy ^h\`bgb o\be o lZdh` [m^_ kihkl_j]Zlbkv i^ dmlhf 3.
Lh^ rmdZg ^h\`bgb o\bev fh`gZ \bagZqZlb aZ nhjfmehx
ak (λ2 − λ1 )
λx = sin ϕ .
λ1k x
M lZdhfm jZa k x lj_[Z afgx\Zlb \^ ^h

>ey jha\¶yam\Zggy p} aZ^Zq fh`_ [mlb \bdhjbklZgZ lZdZ
ijh]jZfZ
Program Opt2921;
Uses CRT;
Var F,Pi,k,k1,k3,k4,a,d :real;
dL,L,L1,L2,L3 :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
F:=50;Pi:=3.1416;
F:=F*Pi/180;
L:=0.488;L1:=0.589;L2:=0.5896;
dL:=L2-L1;
a:=5000;k1:=1;
d:=a*k1*dL/L1;
k:=d*sin(F)/L;
k3:=1;k4:=10;
While k3<=k4 do
Begin
L3:=k*L/k3;
197
if (L3<=0.75)and(L3>=0.4) then
Writeln('L=',L3:7:3,' mkm');
k3:=k3+1;
End;
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v 1 = 0,650 fdf; 2 = 0,557 fdf; 3 = 0,488 fdf;
4 = 0,434 fdf.
AZ^Zq
14.1. GZ ydc \bkhl h gZ^ p_gljhf djm]eh]h klheZ jZ^mkhf
r = 0,7 f lj_[Z i^\kblb eZfihqdm sh[ hk\le_gklv gZ djZx klheZ
[meZ fZdkbfZevghx" EZfihqdm \\Z`Zlb lhqdh\bf ^`_j_ehf k\leZ
14.2. GZ^ p_gljhf djm]eh]h ]hjbahglZevgh]h fZc^ZgqbdZ
\bkblv eZfiZ kbehx k\leZ 1 = 600 D^ Ydsh eZfiZ jhafs_gZ gZ
\bkhl h = 4 f lh hk\le_gklv gZ djZx fZc^ZgqbdZ ? = 19,2 ed GZ
ydc \bkhl lj_[Z i^\kblb px eZfim sh[ hk\le_gklv gZ djZx
fZc^ZgqbdZ [meZ fZdkbfZevghx"
14.3. Dml θ \ôbe_ggy ijhf_gy \ ijbaf ijb kbf_ljbqghfm
jhalZrm\Zgg \o^gh]h \bo^gh]h ijhf_g\ jbk aZe_`blv \^
aZehfex\Zevgh]h dmlZ A ihdZagbdZ aZehfe_ggy n :
$ $ +θ
Q VLQ = VLQ .

Jbk
Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl θ \^ $ ijb Q = .
198
14.4. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl θ \^ Q ijb $ = , .
Ihlj[g ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq
14.5. <bagZqblb \^klZgv \^ kihkl_j]ZqZ ^h hZabkZ \ imkl_e
ydsh fZg^j\gbd ajZgdm [Zqblv fjZ` \ g_[ i^ dmlhf 10º ^h ]hjbahglm
jbk Z ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy \gZke^hd kbevgh]h hoheh^`_ggy
ih\_jog imkl_e aZ gq af_grm}lvky a \bkhlhx ] aZ aZdhghf

Q = Q4 − J] ^_ Q4 = Z J = ⋅ − f − .
Jbk
< d Z a \ d Z Ah[jZalv gZ jbkmgdm rZjb yd h^bg \^ h^gh]h gZ

\^klZg ∆] O^ ijhf_gy ah[jZalv lZd g[b \g aZehfex\Z\ky levdb
gZ f_` rZj\ 0 + AZibrlv mfh\m êy dml\ ijb i_j_oh^
ijhf_gy a rZjm a ihdZagbdhf aZehfe_ggy Qf \ rZj a ihdZagbdhf
aZehfe_ggy QB + AZibrlv \k ki\\^ghr_ggy f` dmlZfb \^jadZ-
fb Z lZdh` ogfb ijbjhklZfb KdeZ^lv ijh]jZfm ihklmih\h afgb
dml\ \^jad\ M ^_ydhfm rZj \^[m\Z}lvky ih\g_ \gmljrg} \^-
[b\Zggy dml aZehfe_ggy ^hj\gx} 90º, VLQ α = Dheb py mfh\Z
\bdhgm}lvky p_ hagZqZ} sh ^hky]gmlZ gZc\bsZ lhqdZ ljZ}dlhj
ijhf_gy Z \a^h\` ]hjbahglm ijhc^_gZ iheh\bgZ reyom ijhf_gy
14.6. < k\leh\h^ ijhfgv k\leZ \bdjb\ex}lvky m\_kv qZk
ih\_jlZ}lvky gZaZ^ ^h hk q_j_a l_ sh ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy Q
af_grm}lvky \^ hk ^h djZ\ aZ aZdhghf Q = Q4 − D] ^h Q4 = ,
a = 0,68 ff −2 < lhqp $ jbk \^[m\Z}lvky ih\g_ \gmljrg}
\^[b\Zggy <bagZqblb \^klZgv ] \^ hk ^h lhqdb $ ydsh k\leh
\oh^blv a dgpy k\leh\h^Z m hkvh\c lhqp i^ dmlhf 8 4 = , .
199
Jbk
14.7. < k\leh\h^ ijhfgv k\leZ \bdjb\ey}lvky m\_kv qZk

ih\_jlZ}lvky gZaZ^ ^h hk q_j_a l_ sh ihdZagbd aZehfe_ggy Q
af_grm}lvky \^ hk ^h djZ\ ^b\ jbk IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy
afgx}lvky aZ aZdhghf Q = Q4 − J] ^_ Q4 = , g = 0,5 ff −1 <
lhqp $ \^[m\Z}lvky ih\g_ \gmljrg} \^[b\Zggy <bagZql_
Zi_jlmjm k\leh\h^m fZdkbfZevgbc dml 84 aZ ydh]h k\leh g_ [m^_
\boh^blb a [hdh\h klgdb ydsh jZ^mk k\leh\h^m r = 150 fdf .
< d Z a \ d Z KdeZ^lv ijh]jZfm êy agZoh^`_ggy \^klZg
]2Zo ijb ihklmih\hfm gZjhsm\Zgg dmlZ 84 Dheb ]2Zo [m^_
[evrbf Z[h ^hj\gx\Zlbf_ U \b\_^lv gZ _djZg ^bkie_y 84
ijbibglv h[qbke_ggy
14.8. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl \^klZg \^ egab ^h
ah[jZ`_ggy f ijb afg \^klZg \^ ij_^f_lZ ^h egab d \ f_`Zo \^
^h ∞ NhdmkgZ \^klZgv egab ^hj\gx} 5,2 kf .
14.9. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl a[evr_ggy egab \^ nh-
dmkgh \^klZg egab aZ ndkh\Zgh \^klZg \^ ij_^f_lZ ^h egab
14.10. >\Z dh]_j_glg lhqdh\ ^`_j_eZ k\leZ jhalZrh\Zg
gZ \^^Ze Z = 0,1 ff h^bg \^ h^gh]h ^Zxlv hjZg`_\_ k\leh
(λ = 0,6 fdf gZ _djZg sh \^^Ze_gbc \^ gbo gZ L = 0,4 f jbk
JhajZomcl_ gl_jn_j_gpcgm dZjlbgm sh [m^_ gZ _djZg lZ ih[m-
^mcl_ gZ ]jZnqghfm ^bkie_ ah[jZ`_ggy
200
Jbk
14.11. Imqhd [eh]h k\leZ iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh gZ kdeygm ieZk-

lbgdm lh\sbgZ ydh d = 0,8 fdf IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeZ
Q = Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^
0,4 fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[blhfm imqdm"
14.12. Imqhd [eh]h k\leZ iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh gZ kdeygm
ieZklbgdm lh\sbghx d = 1,2 fdf R\b^dklv k\leZ m lZdhfm kde
υ = 1,875· 108 fk Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h
lbgdm lh\sbghx d =1,1 fdf Dml ;jxkl_jZ êy lZdh]h kdeZ = 60h.
Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h ki_dljZ fdf ^h
0,75 fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[blhfm imqdm"
lbgdm lh\sbghx d = 1,05 fdf =jZgbqgbc dml ih\gh]h \gmljrgh]h
\^[b\Zggy êy lZdh]h kdeZ ^hj\gx} h Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \
f_`Zo \b^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m
\^[blhfm imqdm"
lbgdm lh\sbghx d = 0,9 fdf Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo
\b^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[b-
lhfm imqdm" Ydsh gZ lZd_ kdeh kijyfm\Zlb imqhd ijbjh^gh]h k\leZ
lZd sh[ \^[blbc ijhfgv [m\ fZdkbfZevgh iheyjbah\Zgbc lh dml
aZehfe_ggy [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb h.
lbgdm lh\sbghx d = 1,4 fdf Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b-
^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[blhfm
imqdm" Ydsh gZ lZd_ kdeh kijyfm\Zlb imqhd ijbjh^gh]h k\leZ lZd
sh[ \^[blbc ijhfgv [m\ fZdkbfZevgh iheyjbah\Zgbc lh dml f`
lbf sh iZ^Z}, aZehfe_gbf ijhf_gyfb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb h.
201
\b^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^-
[blhfm imqdm" Iehkdh-himdeZ egaZ sh \b]hlh\e_gZ a lZdh]h kZfh]h
khjlm kdeZ fZ} hilbqgm kbem D ^hilj JZ^mk djb\bgb
himdeh ih\_jog egab R = 0,18 f.

[blhfm imqdm" Ydsh a lZdh]h kZfh]h khjlm kdeZ \b]hlh\blb iehkdh-
himdem egam a jZ^mkhf djb\bgb R = 0,15 f lh a[evr_g_ \^\q
ah[jZ`_ggy ij_^f_lZ [m^_ gZ \^klZg \^ egab f = 0,6 f.
\b^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m
\^[blhfm imqdm" IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc
kZfbc yd \ kdeZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-himdeZ egaZ a nhdmk-
ghx \^klZggx F = 20 kf >Zf_lj p} egab ^hj\gx} kf lh\-
sbgZ \ p_glj egab – 1 kf Lh\sbgm [ey djZ\ egab \\Z`Zlb lZdhx
sh ^hj\gx} gme_\
lbgdm lh\sbghx d = 1,3 fdf Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b-
^bfh]h ki_dljZ \^ fdf ^h fdf i^kbexxlvky m \^[blhfm
imqdm" IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc kZfbc yd \
kdeZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-m\]gmlZ egaZ a hilbqghx kbehx
D = – 2 îlj JZ^mk djb\bgb djb\h ih\_jog egab R = – 0,31 f.
[blhfm imqdm" IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc
kZfbc yd \ kdeZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-m\]gmlZ egaZ a jZ^m-
khf djb\bgb djb\h ih\_jog egab R = – 0,18 f Ij_^f_l \klZ-
gh\e_gbc gZ \^klZg \^ egab kf Z my\g_ ah[jZ`_ggy yd_ ^Z}
egaZ gZ \^^Ze kf \^ hilbqgh]h p_gljZ p} egab
14.22. Imqhd [eh]h k\leZ iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh gZ kdeygm ieZklbgdm
lh\sbghx d = 0,91 fdf Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h
IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc kZfbc yd \ kdeZ a ydh]h
202
\b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-m\]gmlZ egaZ a nhdmkghx \^^Zex F = – 0,3 f.
JZ^mk djb\bgb djb\h ih\_jog egab R = – 0,22 f.
14.23. Imqhd [eh]h k\leZ iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh gZ kdeygm ieZklbgdm
lh\sbghx d = 1,08 fdf. Yd ^h\`bgb o\bev sh } \ f_`Zo \b^bfh]h
IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc kZfbc yd \ kdeZ a ydh]h
\b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-himdeZ egaZ, sh ^Z} ah[jZ`_ggy gZ \^klZg kf,
dheb ij_^f_l jhafs_gbc gZ \^klZg kf \^ egab >Zf_lj p} egab
^hj\gx} kf lh\sbgZ \ p_glj egab – 9 ff Lh\sbgm [ey djZ\ egab
\\Z`Zlb lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} gme_\
[blhfm imqdm" IhdZagbd aZehfe_ggy kdeygh ieZklbgdb lZdbc kZfbc
yd \ kdeZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gZ iehkdh-himdeZ egaZ Dheb py egaZ m
\h^ lh \hgZ ^Z} ah[jZ`_ggy gZ \^klZg 34 kf ydsh ij_^f_l
jhafs_gbc gZ \^klZg 12 kf \^ egab >Zf_lj p} egab ^hj\gx}
8 kf lh\sbgZ \ p_glj egab – 12 ff Lh\sbgm [ey djZ\ egab
\\Z`Zlb lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} gme_\
14.25. JhajZomcl_ ah[jZalv gZ ^bkie_ gl_jn_j_gpcgm dZj-
lbgm sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb hk\le_gg a_e_gbf k\lehf = 540 gf)
iehkdh ieZklbgb a ijblbkgmlhx ^h g_ iehkdh-himdehx egahx
jZ^mkhf djb\bgb R = 5 f.
14.26. JhajZomcl_ lZ ah[jZalv gZ ^bkie_ gl_jn_j_gpcgm dZj-
lbgm sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb hk\le_gg a_e_gbf k\lehf = 540 gf)
iehkdh ieZklbgb a ijblbkgmlhx ^h g_ iehkdh-himdehx egahx jZ^m-
khf djb\bgb R = 5 f Ijhklj f` ieZklbghx lZ egahx aZih\g_gh
j^bghx a ihdZagbdhf aZehfe_ggy Q = .
14.27. JhajZomcl_ lZ ah[jZalv gZ ^bkie_ gl_jn_j_gpcgm dZj-
lbgm sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb hk\le_gg a_e_gbf k\lehf = 540 gf ^\ho
iehkdh-himdebo ega a jZ^mkZfb djb\bgb R1 = 5 f, R2 = 8 f yd
ijblbkgml h^gZ ^h h^gh himdebfb klhjhgZfb
14.28. JhajZomcl_ lZ ah[jZalv gZ ^bkie_ gl_jn_j_gpcgm dZjlb-
gm sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb hk\le_gg a_e_gbf k\lehf = 540 gf ^\ho
iehkdh-himdebo ega a jZ^mkZfb djb\bgb R1 = 5 f, R2 = 8 f yd
ijblbkgml h^gZ ^h h^gh himdebfb klhjhgZfb Ijhklj f` egaZfb
aZih\g_gh j^bghx a ihdZagbdhf aZehfe_ggy Q = .
203
14.29. JhajZomcl_ lZ ah[jZalv gZ _djZg ^bkie_y gl_jn_j_g-
pcgm dZjlbgm sh h^_j`m}lvky ijb hk\le_gg q_j\hgbf k\lehf
( = 640 gf iehkdh-himdeh lZ iehkdh-m\]gmlh ega yd ijblbkgml
h^gZ ^h h^gh djb\bfb ih\_jogyfb JZ^mkb djb\bgb ih\_johgv ega
\îh\^gh ^hj\gxxlv R1 = 5 f, R2 = 8 f.
14.30. JhajZomcl_ lZ ah[jZalv gZ _djZg ^bkie_y gl_jn_j_g-
pcgm dZjlbgm ydm h^_j`mxlv ydsh k\leh ihiZ^Z} gZ ^\ kdeZ^_g
egab sh hibkZg \ aZ^Zq Ijhklj f` egaZfb aZih\g_gh
j^bghx êy ydh dml ;jxkl_jZ ^hj\gx} 53h 10´.
14.31. Devpy GvxlhgZ ml\hjxxlvky f` ^\hfZ h^gZdh\bfb
iehkdh-himdebfb egaZfb yd ijblbkgml h^gZ ^h h^gh k\hfb himd-
ebfb ih\_jogyfb P_c ijbkljc hk\lex}lvky fhghojhfZlbqgbf k\l-
ehf a ^h\`bghx o\be = 0,58 fdf sh iZ^Z} ghjfZevgh ^h iehkdh
ih\_jog egab <bagZqblb jZ^mkb i_jrbo ^_kylb k\lebo de_pv
GvxlhgZ m \^[blhfm k\le ydsh dh`gZ a ega \b]hlh\e_gZ a kdeZ a
ihdZagbdhf aZehfe_ggy n fZ} nhdmkgm \^klZgv F = 2,8 f.
14.32. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd jhaihêm gl_gkb\ghkl ih _djZg
sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^klZg L = 4 f \^ sebgb <\Z`Zlb sh
, 4 = , b = 0,1 ff, λ = 0,55 fdf.
14.33. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd jhaihêm gl_gkb\ghkl ih _djZg
sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^klZg L = 4 f \^ ^bnjZdpcgh jZldb
RbjbgZ dh`gh sebgb b = 0,1 ff i_jh^ ]jZldb d = 0,3 ff,
aZ]ZevgZ devdklv sebg 1 = ^h\`bgZ k\leh\h o\be λ = 0,55
fdf Ijbcgylb , 4 =
14.34. GZ ^bnjZdpcgm jZldm ghjfZevgh iZ^Z} imqhd k\leZ
Ijb ih\hjhl ]hgof_ljZ gZ ^_ydbc dml ϕ \ ihe ahjm \b^gh egx
λ = 0,654 fdf \ ki_dlj rhklh]h ihjy^dm Qb [m^_ \b^gh i^ pbf
kZfbf dmlhf ϕ yd-g_[m^v gr ki_dljZevg eg a ^ZiZahgm
\b^bfh]h ki_dljZ ^h fdf)?
14.35. Ahjh\Z ljm[Z ]hghf_ljZ a ^bnjZdpcghx jZldhx
ihklZ\e_gZ i^ dmlhf h ^h hk dhefZlhjZ < ihe ahjm ljm[b \b^gh
q_j\hgm egx gf Yd ki_dljZevg eg grbo ihjy^d\
\b^bfh]h ^ZiZahgm k\leZ \^ fdf ^h 0,75 fdf fh`mlv [mlb
\b^bf m pvhfm kZfhfm gZijyf" >bnjZdpcgZ jZldZ sh \bdhjbk-
lh\m}lvky \ ^hke^ fZ} sebg gZ h^ghfm fef_lj <bagZql_
i_jh^ p} ^bnjZdpcgh jZldb
204
14.36. GZ ^bnjZdpcgm jZldm ghjfZevgh iZ^Z} imqhd k\leZ <
gZijyf 3 = 27h 4´ a[]Zxlvky ]heh\g ^bnjZdpcg fZdkbfmfb ^\ho
ki_dljZevgbo egc 1 = 7279 Å 2 = 4044 Å <bagZqblb
Z ihjy^dh\ ghf_jb k1 k2 ki_dljZevgbo egc
[ klZem ^bnjZdpcgh ]jZldb
\ devdklv sebg gZ ff;
] yd ki_dljZevg eg sh \îh\^Zxlv ^ZiZahgm ^h\`bg
o\bev \b^bfh]h k\leZ Å – 7500 Å [m^_ \b^gh i^ lZdbf
kZfbf dmlhf 3?
205
L?IEH<?<BIJHF1GX<:GGY
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
1. A]^gh a l_hj}x IeZgdZ ki_dljZevgZ ]mklbgZ \bijhfgx-
\Zggy Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ ^hj\gx}

πF K
U (λ 7 ) = ⋅ . (15.1)
λ
H[S (KF N7λ ) −
M kbkl_f K1 F = ⋅ fk; K = ⋅ − >` ⋅ k ;

N = ⋅ − >
>`D.
2. AZdhg Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ êy gl_]jZevgh \bfjx\Zevgh
a^Zlghkl Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ
5 (7 ) = σ7 , (15.2)
(
^_ σ – dhgklZglZ Kl_nZgZ σ = 5,67 ⋅10 -8 Bm B 2 ⋅ , 4 . ( ))
AZdhg <gZ êy ^h\`bgb o\be sh \îh\^Z} fZdkbfmfm
_g_j] \bijhfgx\Zggy
λPD[ = E 7 , (15.3)
^_ E = ⋅ − f ⋅ D .
3. Ydsh gZ]jl_ leh fZ} l_fi_jZlmjm L Z l_fi_jZlmjZ
^h\deey – Ls , lh \ljZlb l_ieZ aZ jZomghd dhg\_dp l_iehijh-
\^ghkl fh`gZ \bagZqZlb aZ nhjfmehx
dQ = A(T – Ts)dt, (15.4)
^_ : – dh_np}gl
<ljZlb l_ieZ aZ jZomghd \bijhfgx\Zggy fh`gZ h[qbkex\Zlb
aZ aZdhghf Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ
dQ = S(T4 – Ts4)dt, (15.5)
^_ S – dh_np}gl
206
IjbdeZ^ jha\¶yaZggyaZ^Zqi
< k\bgp_\hfm ^jhl ^h\`bghx f iehs_x ihi_j_qgh]h
i_j_jam S = 0,8 ff2 kbeZ kljmfm ajhklZ} aZ aZdhghf 1 = kt2 ^_
k = 0,02 :k2, t – qZk AZ ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm ijhimkdZggy
kljmfm ^jl jhaieZ\blvky" <ljZlb l_ieh\h _g_j] \^[m\Zxlvky aZ
^hihfh]hx dhg\_dp l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijhfgx\Zggy aZ aZdhgZ-
fb sh hibkZg ^_ : = 0,05 <lD, S = 3,4Â-10 <lD4.
L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey ^hj\gx} hK.
Jha\¶yaZggy
Devdklv l_iehlb Q sh \bêy}lvky \ ijh\^gbdm ijb ijhoh-
^`_gg kljmfm fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
Q = I2Rt,
^_ 1 – kbeZ kljmfm R – hij ijh\^gbdZ t – qZk ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm
A]^gh a mfh\hx aZ^Zq kbeZ kljmfm afgx}lvky \ qZk aZ aZdhghf
1 kt2 ^_ k – dh_np}gl ijhihjpcghkl Hij ijh\^gbdZ h[qbk-
ex}lvky aZ nhjfmehx
l
R=ρ ,
S
^_ ! – iblhfbc hij l – ^h\`bgZ ijh\^gbdZ, S – iehsZ ihi_j_qgh]h
i_j_jam ijh\^gbdZ Ijb ijhoh^`_gg kljmfm \bê_g_ l_ieh \bljZ-
qZlbf_lvky gZ gZ]j\Zggy ijh\^gbdZ ^h l_fi_jZlmjb ieZ\e_ggy
k\bgpx gZ jhaieZ\e_ggy k\bgpx >_ydZ qZklbgZ \bê_gh l_iehlb
[m^_ \bljZq_gZ gZ gZ]j\Zggy ^h\deey q_j_a dhg\_dpx l_iehijh-
\^gklv dQ1 = A(T–Ts)dt Z reyohf \bijhfgx\Zggy dQ2 = S(T4–Ts4) dt.
Hkdevdb kbeZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv q_j_a ijh\^gbd a qZkhf
afgx}lvky lh devdklv l_iehlb ydZ \bêy}lvky aZ h^gZdh\ ijh-
f`db qZkm lZdh` [m^_ g_h^gZdh\hx Djf lh]h \ljZlb l_iehlb
\gZke^hd dhg\_dp lZ \bijhfgx\Zggy aZe_`Zlv \^ jagbp l_fi_ -
jZlmj L–Ls) Z[h L4–Ls4). Hl`_ ZgZelbqgbf f_lh^hf jha\¶yaZlb px
aZ^Zqm gZâ\bqZcgh kdeZ^gh GZc\b]^gr_ jha\’yam\Zlb a \bdh-
jbklZggyf qbkeh\h]h f_lh^m
<avf_fh aZ djhd ^bkdj_lbaZp fZebc ijhf`hd qZkm dt. GZ
lZdhfm fZehfm ijhf`dm qZkm kljmf gZ[eb`_gh fh`gZ \\Z`Zlb
klZebf Lh^ ihlm`gklv fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
P = I2R.
207
Ijbjkl l_fi_jZlmjb dT aZ qZk dt fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gbc a
lZdbo fjdm\Zgv Devdklv l_iehlb sh \bêbeZkv aZ aZdhghf
>`hmey–E_gpZ Q1 = P dt; devdklv l_iehlb sh \bdhjbklZgZ gZ
a[evr_ggy l_fi_jZlmjb Q2 = cm dT, ^_ k – iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv
k\bgpx m – fZkZ ^jhlm AZ p_c kZfbc ijhf`hd qZkm dt qZklbgZ
l_ieh\h _g_j] i_j_oh^blv \ ^h\deey \gZke^hd dhg\_dp l_ieh-
ijh\^ghkl lZ \bijhfgx\Zggy
Q3 = (A(T – Ts)+(T4–Ts4))dt.
J\gyggy l_ieh\h]h [ZeZgkm fh`_ [mlb aZibkZg_ lZd
Q1 – Q2 – Q3 = 0.
:[h
P dt – (A(T –Ts) + S(T4 – Ts4))dt – cm dT = 0.
Lh^
P − A(T − Ts ) − S (T 4 − Ts4 )
dT = dt.
cm
GZ hkgh\ pvh]h \bjZam kdeZ^_gh i_jrm qZklbgm ijh]jZfb ydZ
klhkm}lvky gZ]j\Zggy ^jhlm \^ dfgZlgh l_fi_jZlmjb ^h l_fi_jZ -
lmjb ieZ\e_ggy k\bgpx
<bagZq_ggy qZkm ieZ\e_ggy k\bgp_\h]h ^jhlm aZ g_afggh
l_fi_jZlmjb lZdh` } kdeZ^gbf êy ZgZelbqgh]h f_lh^m [h kbeZ
kljmfm g_ } klZehx >ey kdeZ^Zggy p} qZklbgb ijh]jZfb \bdhjbk-
lh\mxlvky lZd aZe_`ghkl
I = kt2; P = I2R;
dQ = (P – A(T –Ts) – S(T4 – Ts4))dt;
Qn+1 = Qn + dQ;
tn+1 = tn + dt.
Lh^ ijh]jZfZ êy jha\’yam\Zggy p} aZ^Zq fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Tep21019;
Uses CRT;
Var L,Ld,S,Sp,k,Ts,T,t1,dT,dt1,dQ :real;
Z,n,Tp,c,R,R0,Rh,A,m,I,P,Q,Q1 :real;
208
Begin
Clrscr;
Ld:=2;
Sp:=8E-7;
R0:=2.2E-7;
k:=0.02;
Ts:=291;
c:=126;
L:=2.26E4;
Tp:=600;
Rh:=11300;
A:=0.05;
S:=3.4E-10;
R:=R0*Ld/Sp;
m:=Rh*Sp*Ld;
T:=Ts;
t1:=0;
dt1:=0.01;
While T<=Tp do
Begin
Z:=A*(T-Ts);
n:=S*(T*T*T*T-Ts*Ts*Ts*Ts);
I:=k*t1*t1;
P:=I*I*R;
dT:=(P-Z-n)*dt1/c/m;
T:=T+dT;
t1:=t1+dt1;
End;
Q:=L*m;
Q1:=0;
Z:=A*(T-Ts);
n:=S*(T*T*T*T-Ts*Ts*Ts*Ts);
While Q1<=Q do
Begin
I:=k*t1*t1;
P:=I*I*R;
dQ:=(P-Z-n)*dt1;
Q1:=Q1+dQ;
t1:=t1+dt1;
End;
209
Textcolor(12);
Writeln('t=',t1:5:0,' c');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v t = 32 k.
AZ^Zq
15.1. Ah[jZablb gZ _djZg ^bkie_y kf¶x djb\bo \bijhfgx-
\Zevgh a^Zlghkl :QL aZ l_fi_jZlmj \^ ^h 1600 K q_j_a
dh`gbo ]jZ^mk\
15.2. Kdevdb \^khld\ \bijhfgx\Zgh _g_j] Z[khexlgh
qhjgh]h leZ ijb l_fi_jZlmj 2500 K ijbiZ^Z} gZ \b^bfm qZklbgm
ki_dljZ \^ λ = ^h 0,75 fdf)?
15.3. AgZclb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy klZeh <gZ a nhjfmeb IeZgdZ
êy \bijhfgx\Zevgh a^Zlghkl Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ
2π c 2 h 1
r( λT ) = .
λ exp(
5
hc
) −1
λ kT
< d Z a \ d Z Nhjfmem IeZgdZ ^bn_j_gpx\Zlb aZ λ Ydsh
h^_j`Zgbc \bjZa ijbj\gylb ^h gmey lh a hljbfZgh]h j\gyggy
fh`gZ agZclb ^h\`bgm o\be λm gZ ydm ijbiZ^Z} fZdkbfmf _g_j]
\bijhfgx\Zggy rλ t .
15.4. <bagZqblb ^h\`bgm o\be l_ieh\h]h \bijhfgx\Zggy
ydc ijb l_fi_jZlmj L = 2500 D \îh\^Z} \bijhfgx\ZevgZ a^Zl-
gklv Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ r = 1,25Â12 <lf3.
15.5. <bagZqblb qZklhlm \bijhfgx\Zggy ydc ijb l_fi_jZ-
lmj L D \îh\^Z} \bijhfgx\ZevgZ a^Zlgklv Z[khexlgh
qhjgh]h leZ rvT = 0,7· 10-8 >`f2.
15.6. <bagZqblb _g_j]x d\ZglZ l_ieh\h]h \bijhfgx\Zggy
ydhfm ijb l_fi_jZlmj L = 2600 D \îh\^Z} \bijhfgx\ZevgZ a^Zl-
gklv Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ Â -9 >`f2.
15.7. >h ydh l_fi_jZlmjb gZ]j}lvky aZeagbc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf
1 ff lZ ^h\`bghx f mijh^h\` o\ ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\
i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m < <ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ
jZomghd l_iehijh\^ghkl k_j_^h\bsZ dhg\_gp aZ aZdhghf
210
G4 GW = $(7 − 7. ) ^_ A = 0,05 <l D l_fi_jZlmjZ k_j_^h\bsZ
t k = 20 , K Z lZdh` aZ jZomghd \bijhfgx\Zggy \îh\^gh ^h aZdhgm
Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ
(
G4 GW = 6 7 − 7. , )
^_
S = 3,4 ⋅10 −10 <l D4 .

15.8. >h ydh l_fi_jZlmjb gZ]j}lvky aZeagbc ^jl mijh^h\`
2 o\ ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\ i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m <?
Hij pvh]h ^jhlm ijb l_fi_jZlmj 0 , K ^hj\gx} Hf L_ieh \ljZ-
qZ}lvky \gZke^hd l_iehijh\^ghkl k_j_^h\bsZ dhg\_dp Z lZdh`
aZ jZomghd \bijhfgx\Zggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm 7 <jZom\Zlb sh a
i^\bs_ggyf l_fi_jZlmjb hij f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm ajhklZ} aZ aZdhghf
( )
5 = 54 + αW 4 ^_ α = 4 ⋅10 −3 D −1 >h\`bgZ ^jhlm l = 200 f.
15.9. >h k\bgp_\h]h ^jhlm aZ\^h\`db l = 20 f ^Zf_ljhf
d = 1 ff i^dexq_gh _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m U = 60 B Q_j_a ydbc
qZk ikey i^dexq_ggy gZijm]b ^jl jhaieZ\blvky" Iblhfbc
hij k\bgpx ρ = ⋅ − Hf ⋅ f l_jfqgbc dh_np}gl hihjm
α = 4 ⋅10 −3 D −1 iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k = 126 >`(d]ÂD iblhfZ
l_iehlZ ieZ\e_ggy λ = ⋅ >` d] l_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_ggy
T = 600 K l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey 7$ = . <jZom\Zlb sh \ljZlb
l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ jZomghd l_iehijh\^ghkl k_j_^h\bsZ dhg -
\_dp Z lZdh` \gZke^hd \bijhfgx\Zggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm 7).
15.10. FZg]Zggh\bc ^jl aZ\^h\`db l = 2 f ^Zf_ljhf
ff i^dexq_gbc ^h ^`_j_eZ kljmfm gZ aZlbkdZqZo ydh]h
d = 0 ,6
gZijm]Z 13 < Ikey ljb\Zeh]h ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm l_fi_jZlmjZ
^jhlm ^hky]eZ fZdkbfZevgh]h agZq_ggy L D <bagZqblb
l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh \ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ jZomghd
l_iehijh\^ghkl dhg\_dp \bijhfg_ggy aZ aZdhgZfb yd hibkZg
\ aZ^Zq 7. Iblhfbc hij fZg]Zggm ρ = ⋅ − Hf ⋅ f .
15.11. >h ydh fZdkbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb gZ]j}lvky aZeagbc
^jl ydsh ^h ch]h dgp\ i^dexqblb _e_dljbqgm gZijm]m <" Hij
211
pvh]h ^jhlm ijb , & ^hj\gx} 30 Hf <ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ
jZomghd l_iehijh\^ghkl dhg\_dp Z lZdh` aZ jZomghd \bijh-
fgx\Zggy ^b\ aZ^Zqm 5 <jZom\Zlb sh a i^\bs_ggyf l_fi_-
jZlmjb hij aZeagh]h ^jhlm ajhklZ} aZ aZdhghf R = Ro (1 + αt ) ^_
α = ⋅ − . − .
15.12. < _e_dljbqgc eZfi \hevnjZfh\bc \hehkhd fZkhx
P = ] jha`Zjx}lvky i^ qZk jh[hlb eZfib ^h l_fi_jZlmjb
L1 = 2700 K . >h ydh l_fi_jZlmjb hoheh^blvky py \hevnjZfh\Z
kijZev aZ c ikey \bfdg_ggy kljmfm" <ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky
aZ jZomghd l_iehijh\^ghkl lZ \bijhfgx\Zggy aZ aZdhghf sh hib-
kZgbc \ aZ^Zq 5 Dh_np}glb : = 0,004 <lD, S = 1,7Â-10 <lD4.
IblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv \hevnjZfm k = 150 >`/(d]Â D). L_fi_jZlmjZ
^h\deey Ls = 300 D.
15.13. < k\bgp_\hfm ^jhl aZ\^h\`db 2 f iehs_x ihi_j_q-
gh]h i_j_jam S = 0,8 ff2 kbeZ kljmfm ajhklZ} aZ aZdhghf 1 kt ^_
k = 0,02 :k, t – qZk AZ ydbc qZk \^ ihqZldm fhf_glm ijhimkdZggy
kljmfm ^jl jhaieZ\blvky" <ljZlb l_ieh\h _g_j] \^[m\Zxlvky
\gZke^hd dhg\_dp l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijhfgx\Zggy aZ aZdhghf
sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey ^hj\gx} hK.
15.14. ?e_dljbqgZ iq fZ} gZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl m \b]ey^ ^\ho
k_dpc i_jrZ k_dpy hihjhf R1 = 12 Hf lZ ^jm]Z – R2 = 10 Hf Ijb
iZjZe_evghfm \fbdZgg k_dpc iq gZ]j\Z}lvky ^h fZdkbfZevgh
l_fi_jZlmjb D >h ydh fZdkbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb gZ]j}lvky iq
ijb ihke^h\ghfm \fbdZgg k_dpc" < h[ho \biZ^dZo gZ gZ]j\Zevg
_e_f_glb ih^Z}lvky h^gZdh\Z gZijm]Z U = 34 < <ljZlb l_ieZ lj_[Z
h[qbkex\Zlb aZ 4), (15.5), ^_ : = 0,028 <lD, S = 3,4Â-10 <lD4.
15.15. Yd afgx}lvky a qZkhf l_fi_jZlmjZ _e_dljbqgh]h iZyev-
gbdZ \^ fhf_glm m\fdg_ggy ydsh ihlm`gklv gZ]j\gbdZ ^hj\gx}
40 <l fZkZ iZyevgbdZ ] iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k = 400 >`/(d]ÂD)?
<ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ jZomghd l_iehijh\^ghkl k_j_^h\bsZ
dhg\_dp a]^gh a aZdhghf
G4 GW = $(7 − 78 ) ,
^_
A = 0,05 <l K ,
212
l_fi_jZlmjZ k_j_^h\bsZ tc = 20º C Z lZdh` aZ jZomghd \bijhf-
gx\Zggy a]^gh a aZdhghf Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ
G4 GW = 6 (7 − 78 ),
^_ S = 3, 4 ⋅ 10 −10 <l D . GZdj_keblb ]jZnd

4
15.16. Ihlm`gklv _e_dljbqgh]h iZyevgbdZ <m >h ydh fZd-

kbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb fh`_ gZ]jlbkv p_c iZyevgbd ydsh l_ieh \
^h\deey \^^Z}lvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp l_iehijh\^ghkl
G4 GW = $(7 − 78 ) lZ \bijhfgx\Zggy – G4 GW = 6 (7 − 78 ).
T3 = 293 D ; A = 0,05 <l / D , S = 3, 4 ⋅ 10 −10 <l D4.
15.17. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl l_fi_jZlmjb _e_dljbqgh
ijZkdb \^ qZkm ydsh ihlm`gklv gZ]j\ZqZ d<m fZkZ ijZkdb 2 d],
iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k = 400 >`/(d]ÂD <ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ
lbfb kZfbfb aZdhgZfb sh \ aZ^Zq 15.16 :e_ dh_np}glb : S fZxlv
gr qbkeh\ agZq_ggy A = 6 <l D, S = 3, 4 ⋅10 −10 <l D4 < ijZkp
gZ \^fgm \^ iZyevgbdZ } j_]meylhj ydbc \fbdZ} gZ]j\Zq ydsh t <=
200 oC \bfbdZ} dheb t >= 250 oC.
15.18. <bagZqblb qZk f` ^\hfZ ihke^h\gbfb \fbdZggyfb j_-
]meylhjZ _e_dljbqgh ijZkdb ydsh ihlm`gklv J = 1,8 d<l fZkZ
ijZkdb m = 2 d] iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv k = 400 >`/(d]ÂD J_]meylhj
\fbdZ} `b\e_ggy ijb l_fi_jZlmj t1 = 180 hK \bfbdZ} ijb t2 = 200 hK.
L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey tk = 17 hK <ljZlb l_ieh\h _g_j] m ^h\deey
fh`gZ h[qbkeblb aZ 5 5 ^_ : = 6 <lD, S =3,4Â-9 <lD4.
15.19. Jha\¶yaZlb aZ^Zqm 5 aZ mfh\b sh ihlm`gklv [_aih-
k_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hf kbeZ kljmfm 1 = 8,7 : lZ hij gZ]j-
\Zevgh]h _e_f_glZ \ jh[hqhfm klZg R = 25 Hf.
15.20. Jha\’yaZlb aZ^Zqm 5.18. aZ mfh\b sh ihlm`gklv [_a-
ihk_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hfa kbeZ kljmfm 1 = 9 : Z gZ]j\Zevgbc
_e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gh a dhgklZglZgh\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,4 ff
^h\`bghx l = 6 f Iblhfbc hij dhgklZglZgm ! = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf.
15.21. Jha\¶yaZlb aZ^Zqm aZ mfh\b sh ihlm`gklv [_aih-
k_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hfa gZijm]Z sh ih^Z}lvky gZ gZ]j\Zev-
gbc _e_f_gl U = 220 < Z gZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gh a
dhgklZglZgh\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,5 ff ^h\`bghx l = 9 f.
Iblhfbc hij dhgklZglZgm ! = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf.
213
k_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hfa gZijm]Z sh ih^Z}lvky gZ gZ]j\Zev-
gbc _e_f_gl U = 127 < lZ kbeZ kljmfm 1 = 14 :.
k_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hfa gZijm]Z sh ih^Z}lvky gZ gZ]j\Zevgbc
_e_f_gl U = 220 < Z gZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gh a dhgklZglZgh-
\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,6 ff FZkZ ^jhlm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_glZ
m = 40 ] R\b^dklv a\mdm \ dhgklZglZg υ = 4300 fk fh^mev ijm`-
ghkl ? = 1,6Â11 IZ Iblhfbc hij dhgklZglZgm ! = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf.
k_j_^gvh g_ aZ^ZgZ Ze_ \^hfa kbeZ kljmfm 1 = 8 : Z gZ]j\Zevgbc
_e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gh a dhgklZglZgh\h]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,5 ff.
FZkZ ^jhlm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_glZ m = 17 ] =mklbgZ dhgklZglZgm
! = 8880 d]f3 Iblhfbc hij dhgklZglZgm ! = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf.
15.25. ?e_dljbqgZ ijZkdZ a j_]meylhjhf jhajZoh\ZgZ gZ `b\-
e_ggy a gZijm]hx U = 220 < GZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl – dhgklZglZgh\bc
^jl ^h\`bghx l = 9,7 f lZ iehs_x ihi_j_qgh]h i_j_jam S = 0,2 ff2.
J_]meylhj \fbdZ} `b\e_ggy ijb l_fi_jZlmj t1 = 190 ÛK Z \bfbdZ} ijb
t2 = 230 ÛK L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey tk = 19 ÛK <ljZlb l_ieZ lZd kZf yd m
aZ^Zq 5 <bagZqblb
Z qZk f` ^\hfZ ihke^h\gbfb \fbdZggyfb j_]meylhjZ
[ \^ghr_ggy qZkm m\fdgmlh]h klZgm j_]meylhjZ ^h qZkm
\bfdgmlh]h klZgm
Iblhfbc hij dhgklZglZgm ! = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf.
15.26. AZeagbc kljb`_gv aZ\^h\`db La = 100 kf iehs_x ihi_-
j_qgh]h i_j_jam Sa = 1 ff2 kihemqbeb ihke^h\gh a ]jZnlh\bf kljb`-
g_f lZdh]h kZfh]h i_j_jam Ze_ lZdh ^h\`bgb sh[ hij lZdh dhf[gZ-
p g_ aZe_`Z\ \^ l_fi_jZlmjb >h ydh fZdkbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb gZ]-
j}lvky aZeagbc kljb`_gv ydsh gZ a¶}^gZggy ih^Zlb _e_dljbqgm gZi-
jm]m U = 8 < <ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky aZ jZomghd dhg\_dp 5 lZ
\bijhfgx\Zggy 5 dh_np}glb : = 0,05 <lD, S = 6 ⋅ 10 −10 <lD4.
Iblhf hihjb aZeaZ ]jZnlm !a = 9,8· 10-8 Hf f, !] = 3,9 ⋅ 10 −6 Hf ⋅ f .
L_fi_jZlmjg dh_np}glb hihjm aZeaZ ]jZnlm .a = 6,2 ⋅ 10 −3 D-1,
.] = 0,8 ⋅ 10 −3 D-1 L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey ts = 273 D.
15.27. >\Z Zexfg}\ ijh\^gbdb aZ\^h\`db l = 20 f dh`gbc
kihemq_g ihke^h\gh GZ dgp pvh]h a¶}^gZggy ih^Zgh _e_dljbqgm
214
gZijm]m U < <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm dh`gh]h a
pbo ijh\^gbd\ ydsh ^Zf_lj i_jrh]h a gbo d1 = 0,8 ff Z ^jm]h]h
d2 = 1,2 ff L_ieh\^^ZqZ \^[m\Z}lvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp \bijh-
fgx\Zggy sh fh`gZ \bagZqZlb aZ 5 lZ 5 Dh_np}glb
:1 = 0,05 <lD, :2 = 0,5 <lD, S1 = 3Â-10 <lD4, S2 = 3 ⋅ 10 −9 <lD4.
L_jfqgbc dh_np}gl hihjm Zexfgx ijbcgylb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx}
. = 1/273 D-1.
15.28. ?e_dljbqgbc kljmf ijhoh^blv q_j_a aZeagbc kljb`_gv
aZ\^h\`db L = 10 kf ^Zf_ljhf d = 2 ff P_c kljb`_gv } qmleb\bf
_e_f_glhf l_ieh\h]h j_e_ Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey \fbdZggy kljmfm
1 = 50 : kijZpx} j_e_ ydsh êy ch]h kijZpx\Zggy ihlj[g_ \b^h\-
`_ggy kljb`gy ¨L = 0,15 ff" L_ieh\^^Zqm \^ kljb`gy ^h grbo
le lj_[Z \jZoh\m\Zlb aZ 5.4), (15 ^_ dh_np}glb : = 0.02 <lD,
S = 1,5 ⋅ 10 −10 <lD4 Iblhfbc hij aZeaZ ! = 1,2 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂ f iblhfZ
l_ieh}fgklv k = 500 >` /(d] ⋅ D ) ]mklbgZ D = 7900 d]f3,
dh_np}gl egcgh]h jharbj_ggy . = 1,2 ⋅ 10 −5 D-1.
15.29. Ijb ijhimkdZgg kljmfm 1 = 80 : q_j_a f^gbc kljb`_gv
^h\`bghx Lo = 0,27 f mijh^h\` qZkm 2 = 35 k ch]h ^h\`bgZ a[ev-
rbeZkv gZ ¨L = 1,5 ff <bagZqblb dh_np}gl egcgh]h jharbj_ggy
f^ ydsh ^Zf_lj kljb`gy d = 1,3 ff =mklbgZ f^ D = 8600 d]f3,
iblhfbc hij f^ ! = 1,7 ⋅ 10 −8 HfÂf l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey Ls = 273 D.
<ljZlb l_iehlb kljb`g_f lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb aZ 5 lZ 5.5).
Dh_np}glb : = 0,02 <lD, S = 8Â-11 <lD4.
15.30. D\Z^jZlgZ jZfdZ iehs_x S = 625 kf2 a f^gh]h ^jhlm
h[_jlZ}lvky \ h^ghj^ghfm fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x B = 0,1 Le
gZ\dheh hk sh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ihey QZklhlZ h[_jlZggy jZfdb
v = 1200 h[o\ Devdklv \bld\ m jZfp N = 100 Iblhfbc hij iblhfZ
l_ieh}fgklv ]mklbgZ f^ \îh\^gh ^hj\gxxlv ! = 1,7 ⋅ 10 −8 HfÂf,
k = 378 >`/(d]ÂD), D = 8800 d]f3 <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm ?JK sh
\bgbdZ} \ jZfp lZ l_fi_jZlmjm h[fhldb aZ qZk o\ h[_jlZggy jZfdb m
fZ]glghfm ihe ydsh \ljZlb l_ieZ \^[m\Zxlvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp
l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijhfgx\Zggy yd m aZ^Zq Ze_ dh_np}glb
: = 0,02 <lD, S = 8,5Â-7 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey ts = 290 K.
>Zf_lj ^jhlm d =0,2 ff.
15.31. D\Z^jZlgZ jZfdZ iehs_x S = 625 kf 2 a f^gh]h ^jhlm
h[_jlZ}lvky \ h^ghj^ghfm fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x B = 0 ,1 Le
215
gZ\dheh hk sh i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h ihey QZklhlZ h[_jlZggy
ν = 1200 h[ o\ devdklv \bld\ N = 80 ^Zf_lj ^jhlm d = 0 ,2 ff .
Iblhfbc hij f^ ^hj\gx} ρ = ⋅ − 0B ⋅ B . <bagZqblb
fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm h[fhldb ydsh l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey
L $ = . <ljZlb l_ieZ lZd kZf yd m aZ^Zq 5.18.
15.32. AZ ydbc qZk dmoebd dZ\b hoheh^blvky \^ 90 , C ^h
50 , C ydsh l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey 20 , C . FZkZ dZ\b 0 ,1 d] dmoeb-
dZ – 0 ,1 d] Iblhf l_ieh}fghkl \h^b d_jZfdb k\ = 4200 >`/(d]ÂD)
lZ kd = 800 >`/(d]ÂD \îh\^gh <\Z`Zlb sh hoheh^`_ggy \^[m-
\Z}lvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp G4 = $(7 − 7$ ) dt ^_ A = 0,5 <l / D lZ
(
\bijhfgx\Zggy aZ aZdhghf Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ G4 = 6 7 − 7$ dt, )
^_ S = 3,4 ⋅ 10 −9 <l D 4 .
15.33. >h ydh l_fi_jZlmjb hoheh^blvky dmoebd dZ\b aZ qZk
t = 6 o\ ydsh ihqZldh\Z l_fi_jZlmjZ [meZ 97 ÛK Z l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\-
deey 20 , C . FZkZ dZ\b d] dmoebdZ – 0,1 d] Iblhf l_ieh}fghkl
\h^b d_jZfdb k\ = 4200 >`/(d]ÂD lZ kd = 800 >`/(d]ÂD \îh\^gh
<\Z`Zlb sh hoheh^`_ggy \^[m\Z}lvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp
G4 = $(7 − 7$ ) dt ^_ A = 0,5 <l / D lZ \bijhfgx\Zggy aZ aZdhghf
( )
Kl_nZgZ–;hevpfZgZ G4 = 6 7 − 7$ dt ^_ S = 3,4 ⋅ 10 −9 <l D 4 .
15.34. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm _e_f_glZ khgyqgh [ZlZj_ gZ
iehsbgm ydh]h khgyqg_ \bijhfgx\Zggy iZ^Z} i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ?e_-
f_gl [ZlZj_ \\Z`Zlb Z[khexlgh qhjgbf lehf Z \ljZlb l_ieh\h
_g_j] \^[m\Zxlvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijh-
fgx\Zggy yd fh`mlv [mlb \bagZq_g aZ ^_ : = 12 <lD,
S = 5,67Â-8 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey ts= 20 hK KhgyqgZ klZeZ
lh[lh devdklv l_ieh\h _g_j] sh ihkbeZ} Khgp_ aZ h^bgbpx qZkm
q_j_a h^bgbqgbc fZc^Zgqbd ydZ i_ji_g^bdmeyjgZ ^h khgyqgbo ijhf_-
g\ jhalZrh\ZgZ gZ ih\_jog A_fe ^hj\gx} <lf2.
15.35. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey \ ydhfm jhafs_gZ
khgyqgZ [ZlZj_y ydsh _e_f_glb gZ]jl khgyqgbfb ijhf_gyfb ^h
l_fi_jZlmjb t = 96 hK ?e_f_gl [ZlZj_ \\Z`Zlb Z[khexlgh qhjgbf
lehf Z \ljZlb l_ieh\h _g_j] \^[m\Zxlvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp
l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijhfgx\Zggy yd fh`mlv [mlb \bagZq_g aZ
216
^_ : = 11 <lD, S = 5,67Â-8 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ
ih\_jog Kogpy Ls = 5900 D <bijhfgx\Zggy Khgpy \\Z`Zlb
[ebavdbf ^h \bijhfgx\Zggy Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ
15.36. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm iehkdh]h _e_f_glZ khgyqgh
[ZlZj_ gZ ydbc khgyqg_ \bijhfgx\Zggy iZ^Z} i_ji_g^bdmeyjgh
?e_f_gl [ZlZj_ \\Z`Zlb Z[khexlgh qhjgbf lehf Z \ljZlb l_ieh\h
_g_j] \^[m\Zxlvky \gZke^hd dhg\_dp l_iehijh\^ghkl \bijh-
fgx\Zggy yd fh`mlv [mlb \bagZq_g aZ ^_
: = 12 <lD, S = 5,67Â-8 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ k_j_^h\bsZ sh
hlhqm} [ZlZj_x ^hj\gx} hK L_fi_jZlmjZ ih\_jog Khgpy
Ls = 5800 D <bijhfgx\Zggy Khgpy \\Z`Zlb [ebavdbf ^h \bijhf-
gx\Zggy Z[khexlgh qhjgh]h leZ
15.37. ?e_dljbqgbc kljmf ijhoh^blv q_j_a f_lZe_\bc kljb-
`_gv aZ\^h\`db L = 155 ff lZ ^Zf_ljhf d = 3 ff P_c kljb`_gv }
qmleb\bf _e_f_glhf l_ieh\h]h j_e_ Q_j_a ydbc qZk ikey \fbdZggy
kljmfm I = 40 : kijZpx} j_e_ ydsh êy ch]h kijZpx\Zggy ihlj[g_
\b^h\`_ggy kljb`gy ¨L = 0,14 ff" L_ieh\^^Zqm \^ kljb`gy
m ^h\deey h[qbkexxlv aZ (15.4) lZ (15.5) ^_ : = 0,001 <lD,
S = 1,4Â-6 <lD4 Iblhfbc hij fZl_jZem kljb`gy ! = 1 ⋅ 10 −7 HfÂf,
iblhfZ l_ieh}fgklv – k = 390 >`/(d]ÂD dh_np}gl egcgh]h
jharbj_ggy – . = 1,4Â-5 D-1 fh^mev ijm`ghkl ? = 1,2Â11 IZ,
r\b^dklv a\mdm \ fZl_jZe kljb`gy υ = 5170 fk l_fi_jZlmjZ
k_j_^h\bsZ Lk D
15.38. F^gbc ^jl fZ} ^h\`bgm L = 1,5 f lZ ^Zf_lj d = 2 ff.
Ih ^jhl ijhoh^blv kljmf I = 45 : L_ieh\^^Zqm m ^h\deey lj_[Z
h[qbkex\Zlb aZ lZ ^_ : = 0,02 <lD, S = 5Â-10 <lD4.
Dh_np}gl egcgh]h jharbj_ggy f^ . = 1,4Â-5 D-1 iblhfbc hij
! = 1,7Â-8 HfÂf l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey Lk = 273 D <bagZqblb
Z fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm ^jhlm
[ ^h\`bgm ^jhlm aZ fZdkbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb
Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo ^jhlm U = 1,5 B L_ieh\^^Zqm m
^h\deey lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb aZ lZ ^_ : = 0,8 <lD,
S = 5Â-10 <lD4 Dh_np}gl egcgh]h jharbj_ggy f^ . = 1,4Â-5 D-1,
iblhfbc hij ! = 1,7Â-8 HfÂf l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey Lk = 273 D.
<bagZqblb
[ ^h\`bgm ^jhlm ijb fZdkbfZevgc l_fi_jZlmj
217
Mijh^h\` qZkm t = 8 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ^jhlm ijhoh^blv
_e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 490 De L_ieh\^^Zqm m ^h\deey lj_[Z
15.41. F_lZe_\bc ^jl fZkhx m = 200 ] fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 2,2 ff.
Jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ gZ dgpyo ^jhlm U = 2,5 B L_ieh\^^Zqm m
^h\deey lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb aZ lZ ^_ : = 0,02 <lD,
S = 5Â-10 <lD4 Dh_np}gl egcgh]h jharbj_ggy fZl_jZem ^jhlm
. = 1,26Â-5 ÛK-1 iblhfbc hij – ! = 1,18Â-7 HfÂf l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\-
deey Lk = 273 D Fh^mev ijm`ghkl fZl_jZem ^jhlm ? = 2,05Â11 IZ,
r\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \ ^jhl υ = 4785 fk <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlm ijb l_fi_jZlmj ÛK;
[ fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm ^jhlm
\ ^h\`bgm ^jhlm ijb fZdkbfZevgc l_fi_jZlmj
Mijh^h\` qZkm t = 14 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ^jhlm \ h^ghfm
gZijyf ijhoh^blv n = 6Â021 _e_dljhg\ L_ieh\^^Zqm m ^h\deey lj_[Z
15.43. F_lZe_\bc ^jl fZkhx m = 180 ] fZ} ^Zf_lj d = 2,3 ff.
Ikey ^hky]g_ggy fZdkbfZevgh l_fi_jZlmjb ijhly]hf qZkm t =14 k
q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ^jhlm ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^
q = 300 De L_ieh\^^Zqm m ^h\deey lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb aZ
lZ ^_ : = 0,04 <lD, S = 5Â-10 <lD4 Dh_np}gl egcgh]h
jharbj_ggy fZl_jZem ^jhlm . = 1,26Â-5 ÛK-1 iblhfbc hij
! = 1,18Â-7 HfÂf l_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey Lk = 273 D Fh^mev ijm`-
ghkl fZl_jZem ^jhlm ? = 2,05Â11 IZ r\b^dklv ihrbj_ggy a\mdm \
^jhl υ = 4785 fk <bagZqblb
Z ^h\`bgm ^jhlm ijb l_fi_jZlmj ÛK;
[ fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm ^jhlm
\ ^h\`bgm ^jhlm ijb fZdkbfZevgc l_fi_jZlmj
218
15.44. GZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gbc a dhgklZglZgh\h]h
^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff fZ} nhjfm kijZe a \bld\ <ljZlb
l_ieZ gZ]j\Zq_f fh`mlv [mlb agZc^_g aZ lZ ^_
: = 0,05 <lD, S = 2,2 ⋅ 10 −10 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ ^h\deey Lk = 290 D.
Z <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ GZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ
kijZe kl\hj_gh jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 15 <.
[ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ GZ dgpyo ijh\^-
gbdZ kijZe kl\hj_gh jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 15 <.
\ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ GZ
dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ kijZe kl\hj_gh jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 11 <.
] <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z (. = 0,011 f/jZ^ Ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe
ijhoh^blv kljmf i = 1,2 :.
^ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Ih ijh\^gbdm
kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf i = 1,1 :.
_ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ Ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf i = 1,6 :.
} <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z . = 0,011 f/jZ^ Ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe
ijhoh^blv kljmf ]mklbgZ ydh]h j = 2,2 :/ff2.
` <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_-
f_glZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Ih ijh\^gbdm
kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf ]mklbgZ ydh]h j = 1,8 :/ff2.
a <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ Ih
ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf ]mklbgZ ydh]h j = 1,9 :/ff2.
b <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_-
f_glZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z . = 0,011 fjZ^ Q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe ijhly]hf qZkm t = 24 k ijhoh^blv
n = 2Â20 _e_dljhg\
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 17 k ijhoh^blv
n = 1,2Â20 _e_dljhg\
219
<bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b =0,045 1/jZ^ Q_j_a
ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 75 k
ijhoh^blv n = 7,1Â20 _e_dljhg\
c <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_-
f_glZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z . = 0,011 f/jZ^ Q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
_e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 19 De.
d <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc
_e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 20 De.
e <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g-
lZ ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b =0,045 1/jZ^ Q_j_a
ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 25 k
ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 46 De.
15.45. GZ]j\Zevgbc _e_f_gl \b]hlh\e_gbc a dhgklZglZgh\h]h
^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,8 ff fZ} nhjfm kijZe a \bld\ I^ qZk ijh-
oh^`_ggy kljmfm kijZev gZ]j\Z}lvky <ljZlb l_ieZ gZ]j\Zq_f fh`mlv
[mlb agZc^_g aZ lZ ^_ : = 0,05 <lD, S = 2,2 ⋅ 10 −10 <lD4.
Z <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z
(. fjZ^ Dheb gZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ kijZe kl\hjblb ja-
gbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 22 < lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ gZ]-
j\Zggy L = 450 D.
[ <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ
(j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Dheb gZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ kijZe kl\hjblb
jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 23 < lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ
gZ]j\Zggy L = 440 D.
\ <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev eh]Zjbnfq-
gZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ Dheb gZ dgpyo ijh\^gbdZ kijZe
kl\hjblb jagbpx ihl_gpZe\ U = 18 < lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ
gZ]j\Zggy L = 480 D.
] <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z
(. fjZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf
i = 1,33 : lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ gZ]j\Zggy L= 650 D.

^ <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ
(j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe ijhoh^blv kljmf
i = 1,25 : lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ gZ]j\Zggy L = 655 D.
220
_ <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev eh]Zjbnfq-
gZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe
ijhoh^blv kljmf i = 1,65 : lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ gZ] -
j\Zggy L = 600 D.
} <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z
(. = 0,011 f/jZ^ Ydsh ]mklbgZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih ijh\^-
gbdm kijZe j = 2,25 :/ff lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ p} kijZe
2
L = 630 D.
` <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ
(j = 0,0035f2/jZ^ Ydsh ]mklbgZ kljmfm sh ijhoh^blv ih ijh\^-
gbdm kijZe j = 2,45 :ff lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ p} kijZe
2
L = 650 D.
a <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev eh]Zjbn-
fqgZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 jZ^ Ydsh ]mklbgZ kljmfm sh
-1
ijhoh^blv ih ijh\^gbdm kijZe j =3,5 :ff lh fZdkbfZevgZ

2
l_fi_jZlmjZ p} kijZe L = 625 D.

b <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z
(. fjZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe
ijhly]hf qZkm t = 21 k ijhoh^blv n = 1,66Â _e_dljhg\ lh
20
fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe [m^_ L = 630 D.

<bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ
(j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ
kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 17 k ijhoh^blv n = 1,44Â _e_dljhg\ lh
20

<bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ
(. = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 1/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^-
gbdZ kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 65 k ijhoh^blv n = 6,8Â _e_dljhg\
20
lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe [m^_ L = 610 D.

c <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z
(. = 0,011 fjZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ kijZe
mijh^h\` qZkm t = 11 k ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 17 De lh
d <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ
(j = 0,0035 f2/jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ijh\^gbdZ ki-
jZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 17 k ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc aZjy^ q = 21 De,
lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe [m^_ L = 649 D.
e <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ^h\deey ydsh kijZev eh]Zjbn-
fqgZ . = 0,025 f, b = 0,045 jZ^ Ydsh q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja
-1
ijh\^gbdZ kijZe mijh^h\` qZkm t = 24 k ijhoh^blv _e_dljbqgbc
221
aZjy^ q = 45 De lh fZdkbfZevgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ ijh\^gbdZ p} kijZe
[m^_ L = 650 D.
15.46. DhgklZglZgh\bc ^jl ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,7 ff a]gmlbc m
nhjf kijZe Ih kijZe ijhimkdZxlv _e_dljbqgbc kljmf \hgZ
gZ]j\Z}lvky <ljZlb l_ieZ gZ]j\Zq_f fh`mlv [mlb agZc^_g aZ
lZ ^_ : = 0,05 <lD, S =2,2· 10 <lD4 L_fi_jZlmjZ
-10
^h\deey Lk = 290 D.
Z <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g -
lZ ydsh kijZev Zjof_^h\Z . = 0,011 f/jZ^ GZijm`_gklv fZ]gl-
gh]h ihey kljmfm gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o =4 kf \^ p_gljZ
^hj\gx} G = 87 :f KbeZ kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZe i = 8 :.
[ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_g -
lZ ydsh kijZev iZjZ[heqgZ j = 0,0035 f /jZ^ GZijm`_gklv
2
fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 2 kf \^ p_gljZ

\ <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_glZ
ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b =0,045 jZ^ GZijm`_gklv
-1
fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm gZ hk kijZe gZ \^^Ze o = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ

] <bagZqblb fZdkbfZevgm l_fi_jZlmjm gZ]j\Zevgh]h _e_f_glZ
ydsh kijZev eh]ZjbnfqgZ . = 0,025 f, b =0,045 jZ^ GZijm`_gklv
-1
fZ]glgh]h ihey kljmfm \ p_glj kijZe ^hj\gx} G = 270 :f KbeZ

kljmfm m ijh\^gbdm kijZe i = 10 :.
222
L?HJ1Y<1>GHKGHKL1
D<:GLH<:F?O:G1D:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
A]^gh a l_hj}x \^ghkghkl aZe_`gklv fZkb \^ r\b^dhkl
aZibr_lvky
m0
m= ,
υ2
1− 2
c
^_ m – fZkZ jmohfh fdjhqZklbgdb mo – fZkZ kihdhx υ –
r\b^dklv c – r\b^dklv k\leZ m \Zdmmf
2. >h\`bgb o\bev egc \bijhfgx\Zggy ZlhfZ \h^gx \bagZ-
qZxlv aZ nhjfmehx ;Zevf_jZ
1 1 1
=R( 2 − 2 ) ,
λ k n
^_ R – klZeZ J^[_j]Z k = 1, 2, 3,..., n = k+1, k+2, k+3,…
>h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
h
λ= ,
mυ
^_ h – klZeZ IeZgdZ m – fZkZ fdjhqZklbgdb υ – r\b^dklv
4. Cfh\jgklv ijhoh^`_ggy q_j_a ihl_gpZevgbc [Zj¶}j _g_j-
]_lbqghx \bkhlhx 8 lh\sbghx O jbk êy fdjhqZklbgdb
fZkhx P a _g_j]}x ( ^hj\gx}
 O 
' = H[S − P 8 ( − ( ) .
 K 
223
Jbk
5. Cfh\jgklv G: \by\e_ggy fdjhqZklbgdb \ gl_j\Ze \^

[ ^h [ + G[ \ h^gh\bfjghfm \biZ^dm hibkm}lvky nhjfmehx
G: = ψ ([ ) G[ ,
^_ ψ ([ ) – ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl

Cfh\jgklv : \by\e_ggy fdjhqZklbgdb \ gl_j\Ze \^ [

^h [ agZoh^ylv gl_]jm\Zggyf G: m \dZaZgbo f_`Zo

: = ∫ ψ ([ ) G[ .

>ey h^gh\bfjgh ihl_gpZevgh yfb \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy

fZ} \b]ey^
2 nπ x
ψ n ( x) = sin ,
l l
^_ n – ]heh\g_ d\Zglh\_ qbkeh, l – rbjbgZ h^gh\bfjgh ihl_g-

pZevgh yfb
Ghjfh\ZgZ \eZkgZ % – nmgdpy sh \îh\^Z} 1s-klZgh\
_e_dljhgZ
r
100 (r) = 1 exp( − ).
3
πa a
224
Ghjfh\ZgZ \eZkgZ % – nmgdpy sh \îh\^Z} s-klZgh\
1 r r
200 (r) = ( 2 − ) exp(− ).
4 2πa 3 a 2a
< hklZggo ^\ho nhjfmeZo r – k_j_^gy \^klZgv _e_dljhgZ \^
y^jZ ZlhfZ; . – i_jrbc [hj\kvdbc jZ^mk
Dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z ]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy
fh`_ [mlb h[qbke_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
hc
λm = ,
eU
^_ h – klZeZ IeZgdZ k – r\b^dklv k\leZ m \Zdmmf _ – aZjy^
_e_dljhgZ U – ijbkdhjx\ZevgZ gZijm]Z
>h\`bgZ o\be oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x -\bijhfgx\Zggy fh`_
[mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx Fhae

1  1 1 
= R ( Z − σ ) 2  2 − 2 ,
λ k n 
^_ R – klZeZ J^[_j]Z Z – ihjy^dh\bc ghf_j fZl_jZem ZglbdZlh^Z
\ lZ[ebp F}g^_e}}\Z σ – klZeZ _djZgm\Zggy k = 1, n = 2, 3, 4,...
êy D-k_j
Ihlm`gklv k\leZ sh \bijhfgx}lvky [Z]ZlvfZ ZlhfZfb ]Zam
pVg 2 hν  hν 
P= exp − ,
Γg1 kT  kT 
^_ p – lbkd ]Zam V – h[¶}f ]Zam h – klZeZ IeZgdZ v – qZklhlZ
\bijhfgx\Zggy k – klZeZ ;hevpfZgZ L – l_fi_jZlmjZ = – qZk
`blly ZlhfZ \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg g1 = 2(2l1 + 1), ^_ l1 – hj[lZevg_
d\Zglh\_ qbkeh ZlhfZ \ hkgh\ghfm klZg g 2 = 2(2l2 + 1), ^_ l 2 –
hj[lZevg_ d\Zglh\_ qbkeh ZlhfZ \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg
1. ?e_dljhg m a[m^`_ghfm klZg n = 2 i_j_[m\Z} \ [_af_`gh
]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf rbjbghx O .
H[qbkeblb cfh\jgklv lh]h sh _e_dljhg [m^_ \by\e_gbc \ k_j_^gc
lj_lbg yfb
225
Jha\¶yaZggy
Cfh\jgklv \by\e_ggy fdjhqZklbgdb \ gl_j\Ze o1 < x < x2
\bagZqZ}lvky j\gklx
x2 2
W = ∫ ψ n ( x) | dx,
x1
^_ %n (x) – ghjfh\ZgZ \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy sh \îh\^Z}

pvhfm klZgm
Ghjfh\ZgZ \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy sh hibkm} klZg fdjh-
qZklbgdb \ ihl_gpZevgc yf fZ} lZdbc \b]ey^
2 πn
ψ n ( x) = sin x.
l l
A[m^`_ghfm klZgh\ n = 2) \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ nmgdpy
2 2π
ψ 2 ( x) = sin x.
l l
A mjZom\Zggyf pvh]h agZq_ggy o\bevh\h nmgdp cfh\jgklv
\by\blb fdjhqZklbgdm m \dZaZghfm gl_j\Ze gZ[_j_ \b]ey^m
x
2 2 2 2π
l x∫1
W= sin xdx.
l
A]^gh a mfh\hx aZ^Zq f_` gl_]jm\Zggy o1 = l/3 lZ x2 =2l/3.

P nhjfmeb ihdeZ^_gh \ hkgh\m ih[m^h\b ijh]jZfb êy dhfi´xl_jZ
ydZ fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Jama;
Uses Graph,Crt;
Label 1,2,3;
Const l=510;
var
GrDriver,
GrMode,
ErrCode :integer;
N :word;
226
L1,L2,L3 :real;
W :real;
i :word;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------}
Procedure DrawGraph; var L4,L5 :word;
k,m,j:real;
x:word;
begin
L4:=round(60+L2/L1*L);
L5:=round(60+L3/L1*L);
SetColor(LightGreen);
Line(L4,20,L4,360);
Line(L5,20,L5,360);k:=2/L;MoveTo(60,360);
for x:=0 to L do
begin
m:=sin(Pi*N*x/L);
j:=-k*m*m;
Lineto(x+60,round(81e3*j+358));
end;
Line(L4,360,L5,360);
SetFillStyle(9,Red);
FloodFill(L4+1,359,LightGreen);
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------}
Function readNum(coordX,coordY:word;integ:boolean):real;
var Symv :char;
readNm :string;
code,
position :word;
pp :real;
begin
SetTextStyle(TriplexFont,HorizDir,2);
SetFillStyle(SolidFill,Green);
position:=0;
Bar(CoordX-4,CoordY-4,CoordX+80,CoordY+25);
OutTextXY(CoordX,CoordY,'');
ReadNm:='';
repeat
symv:=ReadKey;
227
Case symv of
'0'..'9' :if position<=4 then
begin
ReadNm:=ReadNm+symv;
Bar(CoordX-4,CoordY-4,CoordX+80,CoordY+25);
OutTextXY(CoordX,CoordY,readNm+'_');
position:=position+1;
end;
'.' : if not integ then
if position<=4 then
begin
ReadNm:=readNm+symv;
bar(CoordX-4,CoordY-4,CoordX+80,CoordY+25);
position:=position+1;
end;
#8 : if position<>0 then
begin
ReadNm[0]:=Pred(readNm[0]);
position:=position-1;
end;
end;
until symv=#13;
OutTextXY(CoordX,CoordY,readNm);
Val(readNm,pp,code);
readNum:=pp;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
procedure DrawUmova;
begin
SetGraphMode(VGAHi);
SetBkColor(2);
SetColor(14);
Rectangle(5,5,635,475);
Rectangle(8,8,632,472);
SetColor(15);
228
SetTextStyle(DefaultFont,HorizDir,2);
OutTextXY(40,30,'Wwedit holowne kwantowe tschyslo:');
repeat N:=round(ReadNum(570,35,true));
until (N>0) and (N<10);
OutTextXY(40,50,'Wwedit schyrynu jamy:');
repeat
L1:=ReadNum(570,55,false);
until L1>0;
OutTextXY(40,70,'Wwedit potschatok interwalu:');
repeat L2:=ReadNum(570,75,false);
until (L2>=0) and (L2<L1);
OutTextXY(40,90,'Wwedit kinez interwalu');
repeat L3:=ReadNum(570,95,false);
until (L3>L2); if L3>L1 then L3:=L1;
end;
{---------------------------------------------------------------------}
procedure SetMonitor(IsTask : boolean);
var Sstt: string;
F :real;
begin
SetGraphMode(VGAHi);
SetBkColor(15);
SetColor(14);
SetFillStyle(SolidFill,Green);
Rectangle(3,3,637,407);
Rectangle(1,1,639,409);
Rectangle(1,413,639,477);
Bar(3,415,637,475);
RECTANGLE(3,415,637,475);
if IsTask then
begin
F:=2*Pi*N/L1;
W:=(L3-L2)/L1-(sin(F*L3)-sin(F*L2))/2/Pi/N;
OutTextXY(100,437,'imowirnist');
Str(W:1:6,Sstt);
229
OutTextXY(320,440,'W='+Sstt);
end
else
begin
OutTextXY(40,437,'Wwedit holowne kwantowe tschyslo:');
end;
SetViewPort(5,5,635,475,true); end;
{----------------------------------------------------------------------}
procedure DrawStaticPicture;
var j: word;
begin SetColor(7);Line(60,20,60,360);
Line(570,20,570,360);
line(20,360,610,360); Line(610,360,600,357);
Line(610,360,600,363);
for j:=1 to 17 do begin
Line(40,20*j,60,20*j+20);
Line(570,20*j,590,20*j+20);
end;
OutTextXY(600,369,'X');
Ellipse(15,40,185,360,4,8);
Line(15,41,14,57);
Line(7,40,7,58);
Line(23,40,23,58);
OutTextXY(26,37,'2');
end;
{----------------------------------------------------------------------}
begin GrDriver:=Detect; { SETBKCOLOR(white);}
InitGraph(GrDriver,GrMode,'d:\mypas');
setbkcolor(white);
DrawUmova;
SetMonitor(true);
DrawStaticPicture;
DrawGraph;
ReadKey;
CloseGraph;
end.
<îh\^v W RmdZgZ cfh\jgklv gZ ]jZndm ah[jZ`_gZ m
\b]ey^ iehs djb\hegcgh ljZi_p jbk
230
Jbk
2. < Zlhf \hevnjZfm _e_dljhg i_j_crh\ a F-rZjm gZ L-rZj

KlZeZ _djZgm\Zggy ^hj\gx} I^ qZk i_j_oh^m [m\ ]_g_jh\Zgbc
nhlhg x-\bijhfgx\Zggy a ^h\`bghx o\be lZdhx kZfhx yd ^h\-
`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey fhe_dmeb \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam <bagZql_ l_fi_-
jZlmjm \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam aZ ydh ch]h fhe_dmeZf \îh\^Z} nmgdpy
jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0,25Â-3kf
Jha\¶yaZggy
>h\`bgZ o\be oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy hibkm-
}lvky nhjfmehx aZdhgm Fhae
1 1 1
= R ( Z − σ ) 2 ( 2 − 2 ).
λ k n
A p} nhjfmeb fh`gZ \bagZqblb ^h\`bgm o\be oZjZdl_jbk-
lbqgh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy
k 2n 2
λ= .
R( Z − σ ) 2 (n 2 − k 2 )
>h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey
h
λ= ,
mυ
^_ h – klZeZ IeZgdZ m – fZkZ fhe_dmeb \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam υ –
r\b^dklv fhe_dmeb
231
A]^gh a mfh\hx aZ^Zq
h k 2n 2
= .
mυ R ( Z − σ ) 2 ( n 2 − k 2 )
A pvh]h \bjZam r\b^dklv fhe_dmeb
hR( Z − σ ) 2 (n 2 − k 2 )
υ= .
mk 2 n 2
Nmgdpy jhaihêm fhe_dme aZ r\b^dhklyfb
3/ 2
 m   mυ 2  2
f M (υ ) = 4π   exp − υ .
 2πkT   2kT 
Hkdevdb r\b^dklv fhe_dme fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ a i_j_-
^hklZggvh nhjfmeb Z nmgdpy jhaihêm aZ mfh\hx aZ^Zq \^hfZ lh a
hklZggvh]h \bjZam fh`gZ agZclb l_fi_jZlmjm :e_ g_\^hfZ \_ebqbgZ
l_fi_jZlmjZ L } ki\fgh`gbdhf i_j_^ _dkihg_glhx m ihdZagbdm
kl_i_gy P_ hagZqZ} sh fZ}fh kijZ\m a ljZgkp_g^_glgbf j\gyggyf

yd_ gZcajmqgr_ jha\¶yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\
Ijh]jZfZ êy dhfi¶xl_jZ fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Z1540;
Uses CRT;
Var m,Pi,k,T,F,F1,Va,c :real;
a,b,d,h,L,dT,s,Z,R :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
Pi:=3.1416;
m:=44*1.67E-27;
R:=1.09E7;
s:=5.5;
Z:=74;
h:=6.62E-34;
k:=1.38E-23;T:=900;
L:=36/(R*(Z-s)*(Z-s)*5);
Va:=h/L/m;
F1:=0.1E-3;
F:=0.25E-3;
232
dT:=0.1;
While F1<=F do Begin
a:=m/(2*Pi*k*T);
b:=m*Va*Va/2/k/T;
d:=4*Pi*a*sqrt(a);
F1:=d*Va*Va*exp(-b);
T:=T-dT;
End;
Writeln('T=',T:4:0,' K');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v L D
AZ^Zq
16.1. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl fZkb _e_dljhgZ \^ r\b^-
−
dhkl FZkZ kihdhx _e_dljhgZ ^hj\gx} ⋅ d] .
16.2. Ydm r\b^dklv lj_[Z gZ^Zlb fdjhqZklbgp sh[ fZkZ
\îh\^gh ^h l_hj \^ghkghkl ajhkeZ \ 1 jZa\" GZdj_keblb
]jZnd υ ( N ) .
16.3. GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl ijhahjhkl ijyfhdmlgh]h
[Zj¶}jZ êy α -qZklbgdb \^ lh\sbgb [Zj¶}jZ O \^ ^h 1,5 nf =
= 1,5· 10-15 f êy ^\ho agZq_gv \bkhlb [Zj¶}jZ U − E = 2 MeB
10 MeB . FZkZ α -qZklbgdb ^hj\gx} ⋅ ⋅ − d] .
16.4. :evnZ-qZklbgdb a _g_j]}x 4 MeB jhakxxlvky lhgdhx
ahehlhx nhev]hx GZdj_kelv ljZ}dlhjx α -qZklbgdb sh gZ[eb`Z-
−
}lvky ^h y^jZ Au a ijbpevghx \^klZggx 3 = ⋅ f GZ ydbc
dml θ jhakx}lvky α -qZklbgdZ"
< d Z a \ d Z P_ aZ^ZqZ gZ ^bgZfdm ^\h\bfjgh]h jmom
16.5. Ih[m^m\Zlb ljZ}dlhjx jmom α -qZklbghd sh jhakx-
xlvky gZ y^jZo Au aZ jagbo qbkeh\bo agZq_gv ijbpevgh]h
iZjZf_ljZ ! .
16.6. A lhqgklx ^h 0 ,1 CB \bagZql_ agZq_ggy ^h\`bg o\bev λ
r_klb egc \ dh`gc a i_jrbo i¶ylb k_jc m ki_dlj \bijhfgx-
\Zggy ZlhfZ \h^gx
233
< d Z a \ d Z P_ aZ^ZqZ gZ [Z]ZlhjZah\ h[qbke_ggy aZ nhjfmehx
;Zevf_jZ a hj]ZgaZp}x pbdem ih k (k « Z \ dh`ghfm pbde –
s_ a hj]ZgaZp}x pbdem ih n (n = k+1, k+2, k+3,…).
16.7. KdeZklb lZ[ebpx agZq_gv ^h\`bg o\bev ^_ ;jhcey êy
_e_dljhg\ aZe_`gh \^ r\b^dhkl υ êy r\b^dhkl_c ^ZiZahgm
108 fk – 2Â8 fk a djhdhf Â8 fk.
16.8. KdeZklb lZ[ebpx agZq_gv ^h\`bg o\bev ^_ ;jhcey êy
_e_dljhg\ sh ijbkdhj_g gZijm]hx ydZ fZ} ^ZiZahg \^ d< ^h
40 d< a djhdhf <.
16.9. :ahl a[_j]Z}lvky aZ l_fi_jZlmjb L = 330 D <bagZql_
^h\`bgm o\be ^_ ;jhcey êy fhe_dme Zahlm ijb lZdc r\b^dhkl
ydc \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ fM(#) = 1,04Â-3 cf.
16.10. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh fhe_dmeZf dbkgx a
^h\`bghx o\be ^_ ;jhcey = 46 if \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm
FZdk\_eeZ aZ r\b^dhklyfb fM(#) = 1,1Â-3 kf.
16.11. ?e_dljhg i_j_[m\Z} \ ihl_gpZevgc yf rbjbghx O <
ydbo lhqdZo gl_j\Zem ( < [ < O ) ]mklbgZ fh\jghkl i_j_[m\Zggy
_e_dljhgZ gZ i_jrhfm lZ ^jm]hfm _g_j]_lbqgbo j\gyo h^gZdh\Z"
H[qbkeblb ]mklbgm fh\jghkl êy pbo lhqhd Jha\¶yam\Zggy kmijh-
\h^`m\Zlb ]jZndZfb
16.12. ?e_dljhg i_j_[m\Z} \ [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc
ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf rbjbghx O H[qbkeblb cfh\jgklv
lh]h sh _e_dljhg [m^_ \by\e_gbc \ djZcgc lj_lbg yfb ?e_dljhg }
m a[m^`_ghfm klZg Q = ).
16.13. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\-
ghfm klZg YdZ cfh\jgklv \by\blb px fdjhqZklbgdm \ djZcgc
lj_lbg yfb"
16.14. < h^gh\bfjgc ihl_gpZevgc yf aZ\rbjrdb O } _e_dl-
jhg H[qbkeblb cfh\jgklv \by\blb p_c _e_dljhg gZ i_jrhfm _g_j -
]_lbqghfm j\g \ gl_j\Ze sh j\gh\^^Ze_gbc \^ klghd yfb
16.15. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ ihl_gpZevgc yf rbjbghx O m gb`-
qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg <bagZqblb cfh\jgklv i_j_[m\Zggy fdjh-
qZklbgdb \ gl_j\Ze sh j\gh\^^Ze_gbc \^ klghd yfb
16.16. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm
klZg <bagZqblb cfh\jgklv \by\blb qZklbgdm \ k_j_^gc lj_lbg yfb
234
16.17. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\-
ghfm klZg <bagZqblb cfh\jgklv \by\blb fdjhqZklbgdm \ 1/2
qZklbg yfb sh j\gh\^^Ze_gZ \^ klghd yfb
16.18. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ h^gh\bfjgc [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc ih-
l_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} m gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg <bagZqblb
rbjbgm ihl_gpZevgh yfb ydsh gZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \^-
ih\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy %n(x) = 0,101 nf-1/2 fZ} qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy o = 0,31 nf.
16.19. <bagZqblb \eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] _e_dljhgZ sh i_j_-
[m\Z} m gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg m [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc h^gh\b -
fjgc ihl_gpZevgc yf GZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ pvh]h _e_dljhgZ
ydc \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy %n(x) = 0,124 Å-1/2 fZ}
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 0,26 Å.
16.20. <eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] fdjhqZklbgdb sh i_j_[m\Z} m
h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf gZ
gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg ^hj\gx} F_< GZcf_grZ dhhj^b-
gZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy %n(x) = 0,125 nf-0,5,
fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 0,3 nf <bagZqblb ydZ p_ fdjhqZklbgdZ
16.21. ?e_dljhg i_j_[m\Z} m h^gh\bfjgc [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc
ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf < lhqp a dhhj^bgZlhx o = 3 Å ]mklb-
gZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy _e_dljhgZ gZ n1 gZ n2 _g_j]_lbqgbo
j\gyo h^gZdh\Z <bagZqblb
a) rbjbgm ihl_gpZevgh yfb ydsh n1 = 1, n2 = 2;
[) rbjbgm ihl_gpZevgh yfb ydsh n1 = 1, n2 = 3;
\ rbjbgm ihl_gpZevgh yfb ydsh n1 = 2, n2 = 3.
16.22. <bagZqblb rbjbgm [_af_`gh ]eb[hdh h^gh\bfjgh
ijyfhdmlgh ihl_gpZevgh yfb ydsh gZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc
\îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy fdjhqZklbgdb
nf-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1 nf. FdjhqZklbgdZ m
2
ψ = 0,25
gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg
16.23. :evnZ-qZklbgdZ agZoh^blvky \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg n m
[_af_`gh ]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf GZc-
[evrZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy
nf-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 7,8 nf.
2
fdjhqZklbgdb ψ = 0,2
<bagZqblb
Z rbjbgm ihl_gpZevgh yfb
[ \eZkg_ agZq_gy _g_j] ZevnZ-qZklbgdb
235
16.24. <eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] fdjhqZklbgdb sh i_j_[m\Z} \
h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf gZ
gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg ^hj\gx} _< GZcf_grZ dhhj^b-
2
gZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ = 0,1817 Å-1 fZ}
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy x = 1,3 Å <bagZqblb
[ ydZ p_ fdjhqZklbgdZ
16.25. FdjhqZklbgdZ i_j_[m\Z} m gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg m
f_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy
fdjhqZklbgdb ψ = 0,2 nf-1, fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1,1 nf <^hfh
2
sh ijb jmk lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb \ h^ghj^ghfm fZ]glghfm ihe a

g^mdp}x < = 0,5 Le a r\b^dklx υ = 4Â6 fk ljZ}dlhjy [m^_ dhehf
jZ^mkZ R = 16,7 kf AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 3,2Â-19 De. <bagZqblb
[ \eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] fdjhqZklbgdb sh i_j_[m\Z} \ ih-
l_gpZevgc yf
16.26. FdjhqZklbgdZ m a[m^`_ghfm klZg (n = 3) i_j_[m\Z} m
f_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy
nf-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1,2 nf.
2
fdjhqZklbgdb ψ = 0,201
<^hfh sh dheb r\b^dklv lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb ^hj\gx} υ =2Â5 fk,
lh ^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey = 0,5Â-12 f AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
[ \eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] p} fdjhqZklbgdb
16.27. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc [_af_`gh
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm klZg GZc[evrZ
dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ = 0,121 if-1 fZ}
2
qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,1 if <^hfh sh ijb l_fi_jZlmj L= 303 D

r\b^dhkl lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb υ = 320 fk \îh\^Z} agZq_ggy
nmgdp jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 1,7 ⋅ 10 −3 kf <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
\ \eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] p} fdjhqZklbgdb
236
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm klZg GZc[evrZ
nf-1,
2
dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ = 0,105
fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 6,8 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ fdjhqZk-
lbgdZ [m^_ ijbr\b^r_gZ jagbp_x ihl_gpZe\ U = 610 < lh
r\b^dklv fZlbf_ agZq_ggy υ = 3,4Â5 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
q = 1,6· 10-19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg n = 3).
GZc[evrZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl
if-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 7,9 if <^hfh sh dheb
2
ψ = 0,19
lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe aZjy^`_gh]h
pbeg^jZ a \^klZg r1 = 4 kf \^ hk pbeg^jZ ^h \^klZg r2 = 2 kf \^
hk lh r\b^dklv afgblvky \^ gmey ^h υ = 3Â5 fk AZjy^
fdjhqZklbgdb q = 3,2 ⋅ 10 −19 De egcgZ ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ pbeg^j
τ = 7,5· 10-8 De/f <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg
GZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl
ψ = 0,2 if-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1,11 if <^hfh sh dheb
2
lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe j\ghfjgh

aZjy^`_gh [_af_`gh \_ebdh iehsbgb a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx
aZjy^m 1 = 8,2 ⋅ 10 −8 Def2 lh reyo S = 2 kf \hgZ ijhc^_ aZ qZk
t = 0,427 fdk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 3,2 ⋅ 10 −19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.31. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ hkgh\ghfm klZg m [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc
h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf GZc[evrZ dhhj^b-
237
gZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl agZoh^`_ggy fdjhqZklbg -
db ψ = 0,048 nf-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 6,85 nf <^hfh dheb
2
r\b^dklv lZdh lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb ^hj\gx} υ = 6Â5 fk lh

^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey = 0,16Â-12 f AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
2
GZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ =
= 0,187 nf fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 2,07 nf <^hfh sh dheb
-1
lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe sh kl\hj_g_

^\hfZ iZjZe_evgbfb jaghcf_ggh aZjy^`_gbfb [_af_`gh \_ebdbfb
iehsbgZfb a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx aZjy^m 1 = 4,9 ⋅ 10 −5 Def2 lh
gZ reyom S = 1,5 kf \hgZ afgblv k\hx r\b^dklv \^ υ1 = 2 ⋅ 10 5 fk
^h υ 2 = 4 ⋅ 10 6 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
2
GZcf_grZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ =
= 0,18 if-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1,3 if <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ
fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ fZlb r\b^dklv υ = 6 ⋅ 10 6 fk lh dg_lbqgZ
_g_j]y [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb ?d = 3 F_< <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
2
GZc[evrZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ =
= 0,196 nf-1 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 7,8 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ
fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe iehkdh]h dhg^_g -
238
kZlhjZ lh gZ reyom S = 0,3 kf r\b^dklv afgblvky \^ υ1 ^h
υ 2 = 1,52 ⋅ 10 5 fk <^^Zev f` ieZklbgZfb dhg^_gkZlhjZ d = 0,5 kf,
jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ f` ieZklbgZfb U = 400 < AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
q = 3,2 ⋅ 10 −19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm klZg GZcf_grZ
nf-1,
2
dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ =0,187
fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 1,2 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ fdjhqZklbg-
dZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe gZijm`_gklx ? = 1000 <f,
lh \hgZ h^_j`blv ijbkdhj_ggy . = 9,58 ⋅ 1010 fk2 AZjy^ fdjhqZk-
lbgdb q = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.36. FdjhqZklbgdZ \ h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc [_af_`gh ]eb-
[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg (n = 3) GZc[ev-
nf-1,
2
rZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} ]mklbgZ cfh\jghkl ψ = 0,14
fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,1 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ
[m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe j\ghfjgh aZjy^`_gh [_af_`gh
\_ebdh iehsbgb a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx aZjy^m 1 = 1,8 ⋅ 10 −8 Def2 lh
\hgZ h^_j`blv ijbkdhj_ggy a = 4,87 ⋅ 1010 fk2 AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
q = 4,8 ⋅ 10 −19 De <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
\ \eZkg_ agZq_ggy _g_j] fdjhqZklbgdb aZ pbo mfh\
2
= 0,12 nf fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 6,9 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ
-1
fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe j\ghfjgh aZjy -

^`_gh [_af_`gh \_ebdh iehsbgb a ih\_jog_\hx ]mklbghx aZjy^m
239
1 = 1,33 ⋅ 10 −8 Def2 lh \hgZ afgx} k\hx r\b^dklv \^ gmey ^h υ =
= 3,8 ⋅ 10 4 fk gZ reyom s = 2 kf AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8 ⋅ 10 −19 De.
<bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
]eb[hdc ihl_gpZevgc yf i_j_[m\Z} m a[m^`_ghfm klZg (n = 3).
2
= 0,128 nf fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 7,3 nf <^hfh sh dheb
-1
r\b^dklv lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb υ = 2 ⋅ 10 6 fk lh

fimevk [m^_ k = 1,336 ⋅ 10 −20 d] ⋅ f ⋅ k −1 <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
2
= 0,14 nf fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,98 nf <^hfh sh dheb lZdZ
-1
fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe aZjy^`_gh dme a

aZjy^hf Q = 8,35 ⋅ 10 −7 De lh i_j_fklb\rbkv a \^klZg r1 = 4 kf ^h
\^klZg r2 = 2 kf \^ p_gljZ dme \hgZ afgblv k\hx r\b^dklv \^
gmey ^h υ = 4,24 ⋅ 10 6 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8· 10-19 De.
<bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.40. FdjhqZklbgdZ i_j_[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg n m
[_af_`gh ]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf
GZc[evrZ dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy
ψ n (x) = 0,15 nf-1/2 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,65 nf <^hfh sh
dheb r\b^dklv lZdh lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb ^hj\gx} υ = 3Â6 fk lh
^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey = 0,22Â-13 f AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb
240
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.41. FdjhqZklbgdZ i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm klZg m [_af_`gh
]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf GZc[evrZ
dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy ψ n (x) =
= 0,142 nf-1/2 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,95 nf <^hfh sh i^
qZk jmom lZdh fdjhqZklbgdb \ h^ghj^ghfm fZ]glghfm ihe a
g^mdp}x < = 0,3 Le a r\b^dklx υ = 2,5Â6 fk ljZ}dlhjy [m^_
dhehf jZ^mkZ R = 8,7 kf. AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8Â-19 De.
<bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.42. FdjhqZklbgdZ i_j_[m\Z} \ gb`qhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg
m [_af_`gh ]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf
ψ n (x) = –0,175 nf-1/2 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 9,36 nf <^hfh sh
dheb lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe [_af_` -
gh \_ebdh j\ghfjgh aZjy^`_gh iehsbgb lh \hgZ fZlbf_ ijbkdh-
j_ggy a = 8 ⋅ 1010 f/k2 AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8Â-19 De ih\_jo-
g_\Z ]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ iehsbg 1 2,95 ⋅ 10 −8 Def2 <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
dheb lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe aZjy -
^`_gh dme lh i_j_fklb\rbkv a \^klZg r1 = 4 kf \^ p_gljZ dme
^h \^klZg r2 kf \hgZ afgblv k\hx r\b^dklv \^ gmey ^h
υ = 0,76 ⋅ 10 5 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8Â-19 De ih\_jog_\Z
]mklbgZ aZjy^m gZ ih\_jog dme 1 = 8,96 ⋅ 10 −8 Def2 <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.44. FdjhqZklbgdZ i_j_[m\Z} \ hkgh\ghfm klZg m [_af_`gh
]eb[hdc h^gh\bfjgc ijyfhdmlgc ihl_gpZevgc yf GZc[evrZ
241
dhhj^bgZlZ ydc \îh\^Z} \eZkgZ o\bevh\Z nmgdpy ψ n (x) =
= 0,139 nf-1/2 fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy o = 8,1 nf <^hfh sh dheb
lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe aZjy^`_gh
dme lh i_j_fklb\rbkv a \^klZg r1 = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ dme ^h
\^klZg r2 = 3 kf \hgZ afgblv k\hx r\b^dklv \^ gmey ^h
υ = 3,5· 106 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 3,2Â-19 De FZkZ \ko
_e_dljhg\ sh kl\hjxxlv aZjy^ dme ^hj\gx} me = 6,02 ⋅ 10 −18 d].
<bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
dheb lZdZ fdjhqZklbgdZ [m^_ jmoZlbkv \ _e_dljbqghfm ihe aZjy -
^`_gh dme lh i_j_fklb\rbkv a \^klZg r1 = 5 kf \^ p_gljZ dme
^h \^klZg r2 = 2,5 kf \hgZ afgblv k\hx r\b^dklv \^ gmey ^h
υ = 6 ⋅ 10 6 fk AZjy^ fdjhqZklbgdb q = 4,8Â-19 De ?g_j]y
aZjy^`_gh dme W = 1,08 >` jZ^mk R = 1,8 kf <bagZqblb
[ fZkm fdjhqZklbgdb
16.46. Dheb k_j_^gy \^klZgv _e_dljhgZ \^ y^jZ ZlhfZ
< r > = 0,78 Å lh \eZkgZ ghjfh\ZgZ %-nmgdpy sh \îh\^Z}
1s-klZgh\ ^hj\gx} %100(r) = 0,3357 Å-3/2 <bagZql_ aZ pbfb ^Zgbfb
i_jrbc [hj\kvdbc jZ^mk
16.47. <bagZql_ k_j_^gx \^klZgv r ! _e_dljhgZ \^ y^jZ Zlh-
fZ êy ydh ghjfh\ZgZ \eZkgZ % – nmgdpy sh \îh\^Z} s-klZgh\
^hj\gx} %200 (r) = 0,088 Å-3/2.
16.48. <\Z`Zxqb sh nhjfmeZ aZdhgm Fhae a ^hklZlgvhx
lhqgklx ^Z} a\¶yahd f` qZklhlhx oZjZdl_jbklbqgbo O-ijhf_g\
ihjy^dh\bf ghf_jhf _e_f_glZ a ydh]h \b]hlh\e_gh ZglbdZlh^ \ba-
gZqblb gZc[evrm ^h\`bgm o\be D-k_j j_gl]_g\kvdbo ijhf_g\
yd ^Z} ljm[dZ a ZglbdZlh^hf a aZeaZ dh[Zevlm gd_ex
f^ fhe[^_gm kj[eZ lZglZem \hevnjZfm ieZlbgb
>ey D-k_j klZeZ _djZgm\Zggy ^hj\gx} h^bgbp
242
16.49. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dhj_gy d\Z^jZlgh]h a
qZklhlb v oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy Kα , Lα , M α \^
Zlhfgh]h ghf_jZ j_qh\bgb ZglbdZlh^Z
16.50. :lhf ]_ex fZ} r\b^dklv υ ydc \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jha-
ihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0 , 0 8 2 Â-3kf AZ lZdh r\b^dhkl p_c Zlhf
fZ} ^h\`bgm o\be ^_ ;jhcey qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy ydh lZd_ kZf_, yd
dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z kmpevgh]h ki_dljZ ]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijhfgx-
\Zggy <^hfh sh dheb gZijm]m ijbdeZ^_gm ^h j_gl]_g\kvdh ljm[db
af_grblb gZ d<, lh dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z ]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijh-
fgx\Zggy a[evrblvky \^\q <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ]_ex
16.51. Ijb l_fi_jZlmj hK fhe_dmeZ Zahlm fZ} r\b^dklv υ ,
ydc \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0,38 ⋅ 10 −3 kf.
AZ lZdh r\b^dhkl py fhe_dmeZ fZ} ^h\`bgm o\be ^_ ;jhcey qbkeh\_
agZq_ggy ydh lZd_ kZf_, yd dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z kmpevgh]h ki_dljZ
]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy <bagZql_ r\b^dklv _e_dljhg\ sh
iZ^Zxlv gZ ZglbdZlh^ j_gl]_g\kvdh ljm[db
16.52. Ijb l_fi_jZlmj hK fhe_dmeZf dbkgx \îh\^Z}
nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 1,92Â-3 kf LZd fhe_dmeb
fZxlv ^h\`bgm o\be ^_ ;jhcey lZdm kZfm yd dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z
ki_dljZ ]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy <bagZqblb gZijm]m ijb
ydc ijZpx} j_l]_g\kvdZ ljm[dZ \ hibkZghfm ^hke^
16.53. >h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey fhe_dmeb \h^gx } lZdhx kZfhx
yd dhjhldho\bevh\Z f_`Z ki_dljZ ]Zevf\gh]h x-\bijhfgx\Zggy sh
ijZpx} ijb gZijma U =15 d< <bagZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm \h^gx ijb ydc
ch]h fhe_dmeZf a lZdhx kZfhx ^h\`bghx o\be ^_ ;jhcey \îh\^Z}
nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0,32Â-3 kf.
16.54. Ijb ^hke^`_gg ki_dljZ oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x-\bijhf-
gx\Zggy ^_ydh]h _e_f_glZ [meh \klZgh\e_gh sh ^h\`bgZ o\be eg
Kα } lZdhx kZfhx yd ^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey m fhe_dmeb Zahlm
ijb l_fi_jZlmj ÛK ydc \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ
f M (υ ) =0,207Â-3 kf Ydbc p_ _e_f_gl"
16.55. Ijb ^hke^`_gg ki_dljZ oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x-\bijhf-
gx\Zggy dh[Zevlm [meh \klZgh\e_gh sh ^h\`bgZ o\be eg Kα }
lZdhx kZfhx yd ^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey m fhe_dmeb dbkgx <ba-
gZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm dbkgx ijb ydc fhe_dmeZf dbkgx a lZdhx kZfhx
243
^h\`bghx o\be ^_ ;jhcey \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ
f M (υ ) =0,22Â-3 kf.
16.56. < Zlhf \hevnjZfm _e_dljhg i_j_crh\ a F-rZjm gZ L-
rZj KlZeZ _djZgm\Zggy ^hj\gx} Ijb pvhfm i_j_oh^ [m\
]_g_jh\Zgbc nhlhg x-\bijhfgx\Zggy a ^h\`bghx o\be lZdhx
kZfhx yd ^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey fhe_dmeb \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam
<bagZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam aZ ydh ch]h fhe_dmeZf
\îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0,25Â-3 kf.
16.57. Ijb ^hke^`_gg ki_dljZ oZjZdl_jbklbqgh]h x-\bijh-
fgx\Zggy ieZlbgb [meh \klZgh\e_gh sh ^h\`bgZ o\be eg K β
} lZdhx kZfhx yd ^h\`bgZ o\be ^_ ;jhcey m fhe_dmeb \m]e_dbk-
eh]h ]Zam ijb l_fi_jZlmj ÛK Fhe_dmeZf \m]e_dbkeh]h ]Zam a
lZdhx kZfhx ^h\`bghx o\be ^_ ;jhcey \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaih -
êm FZdk\_eeZ f M (υ ) = 0,304Â-3 kf AZ pbfb ^Zgbfb lj_[Z
\bagZqblb klZem _djZgm\Zggy
16.58. Ijb a[evr_gg gZijm]b gZ j_gl]_g\kvdc ljm[p \^
U1 = 10 d< ^h U2 = 20 d< gl_j\Ze ^h\`bg o\bev f` ^h\`bghx o\be
^_ ;jhcey fhe_dme Zahlm f_`_x kmpevgh]h ki_dljZ ]Zevf\gh]h
x-\bijhfgx\Zggy a[evrb\ky \ljbq <bagZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm Zahlm
aZ ydh ch]h fhe_dmeZf \îh\^Z} nmgdpy jhaihêm FZdk\_eeZ
f M (υ ) = 0,27Â-3 kf.
16.59. ?e_dljhg i_j_[m\Z} gZ hk lhgdh]h devpy jZ^mkhf
R = 4 kf gZ \^klZg h = 3 kf \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm}
^h^Zlgbc aZjy^ q = 7 fdDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb _e_dljhg <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv _e_dljhg q_j_a p_glj devpy
[ qZk jmom _e_dljhgZ gZ reyom h.
16.60. A f^gh]h ^jhlm ^Zf_ljhf d = 1 ff lZ fZkhx m = 1,2 ]
\b]hlh\e_gh devp_ ?e_dljhg i_j_[m\Z} gZ hk pvh]h devpy gZ
\^klZg h = 3,2 kf \^ ch]h p_gljZ Devp_ hljbfm} ^h^Zlgbc aZjy^
q = 9 fdDe ihqbgZ} ijbly]Zlb _e_dljhg <bagZqblb
Z r\b^dklv a ydhx ijhe_lblv _e_dljhg q_j_a p_glj devpy
[ qZk jmom _e_dljhgZ gZ reyom h.
16.61. ?e_dljbqg_ ihe_ ml\hj_g_ ^h^Zlgh aZjy^`_ghx [_a-
f_`gh ^h\]hx pbeg^jbqghx ^jhlbghx a egcghx ]mklbghx aZjy^m
2 = 9,7 fdDe/f Ydm r\b^dklv gZ[m^_ _e_dljhg i^ ^}x ihey
gZ[ebab\rbkv ^h gbldb a \^klZg kf ^h \^klZg kf \^
^jhlbgb" AZ ydbc qZk [m^_ ijhc^_gZ py \^klZgv"
244
16.62. IZjZ gZljx aZcfZ} h[¶}f V = 0,1 e lbkd j = 1 ff jl kl,
l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 2000 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\
i_j_[m\Z} \ i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm
= = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb \bijhfgxxlv
k\leh <bagZqblb ^h\`bgm k\leh\h o\be ydsh ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_-
gh]h k\leZ J = 152 <l.
16.63. IZjZ gZljx aZcfZ} h[¶}f V = 90 kf3 lbkd j =
= 1 ff jl kl AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z} \
i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm == 1,6· 10-8 k.
I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb \bijhfgxxlv k\leh ^h\`bgZ
o\be ydh]h = 5896 Å <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm iZjb gZljx ydsh
ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_gh]h k\leZ J = 140 <l.
= 1 ff jl kl l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 2000 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\
qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z} \ i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk
`blly \ ydhfm = = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb
\bijhfgxxlv k\leh <bagZqblb qZklhlm \bijhfgx\Zggy ydsh
= 1 ff jl kl l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 2000 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\
qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z} \ i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk
`blly \ ydhfm = = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb
\bijhfgxxlv k\leh <bagZqblb devdklv d\Zgl\ k\leZ yd \bijh-
fgx} iZjZ gZljx aZ h^gm k_dmg^m ydsh ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_gh]h
k\leZ J = 102 <l.
16.66 Djbilhg aZcfZ} h[¶}f V = 0,1 e ch]h lbkd j = 1 ff jl kl,
l_fi_jZlmjZ L = 2000 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_-
[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm = = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k.
I_j_oh^yqb f` j\gyfb 5d 5 i 2 p10 Zlhfb djbilhgm \bijhfgxxlv
k\leh <bagZqblb ^h\`bgm k\leh\h o\be ydsh ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_-
gh]h k\leZ J = 114 <l.
16.67. < Zfime } djbilhg fZkhx m = 5 ⋅ 10 −5 d] ijb l_fi_jZ-
lmj L = 2100 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z}
\ a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm = = 1,6· 10-8 k I_j_-
oh^yqb f` j\gyfb 5d 5 i 2 p10 Zlhfb djbilhgm \bijhfgxxlv
k\leh <bagZqblb devdklv d\Zgl\ k\leZ yd \bijhfgx} djbilhg
aZ h^gm k_dmg^m ydsh ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_gh]h k\leZ J = 72 <l.
245
16.68. < Zfime fklblvky iZjZ gZljx \ devdhkl n = 0,88Â-3
fhey aZ l_fi_jZlmjb L = 2050 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ
Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z} \ i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \
ydhfm = = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb \bijhf-
gxxlv k\leh <bagZqblb qZklhlm \bijhfgx\Zggy ydsh ihlm`gklv
\bijhfg_gh]h k\leZ J = 109 <l.
16.69. < Zfime fklblvky iZjZ gZljx fZkhx m =3,77Â-5 d] aZ
l_fi_jZlmjb L = 2000 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\
i_j_[m\Z} \ i_jrhfm a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm
= = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb \ hkgh\gbc klZg Zlhfb \bijhfgxxlv
k\leh <bagZqblb ^h\`bgm o\be lZdh]h \bijhfgx\Zggy ydsh
16.70. < Zfime fklblvky djbilhg \ devdhkl n =1,05Â-3 fhey
aZ l_fi_jZlmjb L = 2070 D AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\ qZklbgZ Zlhf\
i_j_[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \ ydhfm
= = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb f` j\gyfb 5d 5 i 2 p10 Zlhfb djbilhgm
\bijhfgxxlv k\leh <bagZqblb qZklhlm \bijhfgx\Zggy ydsh
16.71. M kn_jbqgc Zfime ^Zf_ljhf d = 54 ff fklblvky
djbilhg i^ lbkdhf j = 0,8 ff jl kl AZ\^ydb l_ieh\hfm jmoh\
qZklbgZ Zlhf\ i_j_[m\Z} \ a[m^`_ghfm klZg k_j_^gc qZk `blly \
ydhfm = = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −8 k I_j_oh^yqb f` j\gyfb 5d 5 i 2 p10 Zlhfb
djbilhgm \bijhfgxxlv k\leh a ^h\`bghx o\be = 606 gf.
<bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm djbilhgm ydsh ihlm`gklv \bijhfg_gh]h
k\leZ J = 125 <l.
246
17. N1ABD::LHFGH=HY>J:
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
AZdhg jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m
N = Noe- t,
^_ – klZeZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m No – devdklv y^_j Zlhf\ m
fhf_gl qZkm t = 0, N – devdklv y^_j ikey ijhoh^`_ggy qZkm t.
Devdklv y^_jgbo jhaiZ^\ sh \^[m\Zxlvky aZ h^bgbpx qZkm
gZab\Z}lvky Zdlb\gklx jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm H^bgbp_x Zdlb\-
ghkl } h^bg [_dd_j_ev ;d = 1 jhai/k).
dN
A= = λN o exp( −λt ).
dt
QZk mijh^h\` ydh]h jhaiZ^Z}lvky iheh\bgZ y^_j Zlhf\ ij_-
iZjZlm gZab\Z}lvky i_jh^hf gZi\jhaiZ^m L.
I_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m T klZeZ jhaiZ^m a\¶yaZg ki\\^ghr_ggyf
ln 2 0, 693
T= = .
λ λ
IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim kljhgpx m = 13 f].
Ydsh ahlhi \\Z`Zlb lhqdh\bf ^`_j_ehf lh gZ \^klZg r = 0,8 f q_j_a
qZk t jhd\ p_c ahlhi kl\hjx} gl_gkb\gklv ]ZffZ-\bijhfgx\Zggy
1 = 1,4 f<l/f2 <\Z`Zxqb sh i^ qZk dh`gh]h Zdlm jhaiZ^m y^jZ
\bijhfgx}lvky n ]ZffZ-nhlhg\ a _g_j]}x 0 = 0,63 F_< dh`gbc
\bagZqblb i_jh^ gZgZi\jhaiZ^m lZ klZem jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m
^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlhim FheyjgZ fZkZ kljhgpx = 0,09 d]fhev.
247
Jha\¶yaZggy
:dlb\gklv : jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim sh hibkZgbc \ aZ^Zq
fh`_ [mlb \bjZ`_gZ q_j_a i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m L q_j_a ihqZldh\m
devdklv y^_j Zlhf\ No:
ln 2  ln 2  ,
A= N o exp  − t
T  T 
^_ t – qZk ydbc ijhcrh\ \^ fhf_glm ihqZldm kihkl_j_`_ggy ^h l}
fbl dheb [meh \bagZq_gh Zdlb\gklv IhqZldh\m devdklv y^_j No
fh`gZ \bjZablb q_j_a fZkm ahlhim lZ ch]h fheyjgm fZkm :
mN a
No = ,
µ
^_ Na – klZeZ :\h]Z^jh
:dlb\gklv ahlhim
4π r 2 I
A= ,
en
^_ r – \^klZgv \^ ahlhim ^h lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZxlv gl_gkb\-
gklv jZ^hZdlb\gh]h \bijhfgx\Zggy I, n – dh_np}gl _ – _g_j]y
]ZffZ-d\ZglZ
<jZoh\mxqb l_ sh ihqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j \bjZ`_gZ q_j_a
fZkm ahlhim lZ qbkeh :\h]Z^jh nhjfmem Zdlb\ghkl fh`gZ aZib-
kZlb lZd
ln 2 mN a  ln 2 
A= exp  − t .
T µ  T 
<jZoh\mxqb ^\ hklZgg nhjfmeb h^_j`bfh hklZlhqgbc \bjZa
4π r 2 I ln 2 mN a  ln 2 
= exp  − t .
en T µ  T 
P_c \bjZa } ljZgkp_g^_glgbf j\gyggyf [h g_\^hfZ \_eb-
qbgZ T } ki\fgh`gbdhf i_j_^ _dkihg_glhx lZ m ihdZagbdm kl_i_gy
Ijh]jZfZ êy dhfi¶xl_jZ fh\hx K fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
248
# include <stdio.h>
# include <math.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
double a, a1, m=1.3e-5, m0=0.09, na=6.02e23, no, t, tp=8e10, t1=9000;
float e, I = 1.4e-3, r = 0.8, pi = 3.1416, l, n = 1.8 ;
clrscr() ;
e = 0.63*1.6e-13 ;
t = 5*365*86400 ;
no = m*na/m0 ;
a = 4*pi*r*r*i/e/n ;
a1 = 0.693*no/tp ;
while ( a >= (a1*exp(-0.693*t/tp)) )
{
a1 = 0.693*no/tp ;
tp = tp-t1 ;
}
tp = tp/365/86400 ;
l = 0.693/tp ;
printf("L= %f 1/rik ",l) ;
printf("\nT= %f rokiv",tp) ;
getch() ;
}
<îh\^v = 0,026 jd-1; T = 27,1 jhdm.
AZ^Zq
17.1. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl devdhkl y^_j Zlhf\
jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm sh g_ jhaiZebky \^ qZkm I_jh^ gZi\-
jhaiZ^m êy pvh]h ij_iZjZlm L jhd\
17.2 Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl gl_gkb\ghkl imqdZ γ-ijhf_-
g\ sh ijhcreb q_j_a ieZklbgdm qZ\mgm lh\sbghx x \^ p} lh\-
sbgb Egcgbc dh_np}gl hkeZ[e_ggy êy qZ\mgm µ = 0,3 kf-1.
17.3. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl kmfb _e_dljbqgbo aZjy^\
Q \ko hg\ h^gh]h agZdm sh kl\hj_g _e_dljhgZfb, a\evg_gbfb \
hijhfg_ghfm -ijhf_gyfb ih\lj \ h^bgbp fZkb pvh]h ih\ljy \^
lh\sbgb x aZobkgh]h rZjm [_lhgm Egcgbc dh_np}gl hkeZ[e_ggy
êy [_lhgm = 0,1 1/kf.
249
17.4. >_ydm devdklv jZ^hgm N ihfs_gh m ihjh`gx ihkm^bgm
ï
N
Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl afgb devdhkl jZ^hgm \ ihkm^bg
N'
\^ qZkm \ gl_j\Ze t ^[ >ey jZ^hgm λ = ^h[Z-1.
17.5. JZ^hZdlb\gbc ij_iZjZl fklblv 4,8 ⋅ 10 −9 fhey ^_ydh]h
ahlhim Q_j_a qZk t = ^[ Zdlb\gklv pvh]h ij_iZjZlm klZgh\beZ
: = 1,18Â8 ;d <bagZqlv klZem jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m-
\Zgh]h ahlhim
17.6. IhqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim No =
= 4,7Â09 Q_j_a ]h^bg Zdlb\gklv pvh]h ij_iZjZlm klZgh\beZ : =
= 1,8 ⋅ 10 4 ;d <bagZql_ i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m pvh]h ahlhim
17.7. < Zfime fklblvky aZ ghjfZevgbo mfh\ ff3 jZ^hZd-
lb\gh]h ]Zam ydbc q_j_a ]h^bg fZ} Zdlb\gklv : = 2,23 ⋅ 1012 ;d.
<bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m pvh]h jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm
17.8. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ ^_ydh]h jZ^Zdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm
m = 2 fd] ch]h fheyjgZ fZkZ = 0,21 d]fhev Q_j_a ^_kylv ^[
Zdlb\gklv ij_iZjZlm [meZ : = 3,171Â8 ;d <bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\-
jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ij_iZjZlm
17.9. GZ d] \m]e_px sh } \ kdeZ^ k\`hajm[Zgh ^_j_\bgb
ijbiZ^Z} Â13 Zlhf\ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h \m]e_px 164 C . >\Z^pylv
]jZf\ \m]e_px a ^_j_\¶ygh ^_lZe sh fZ} \d jhd\ ^Zxlv
jZ^hZdlb\g jhaiZ^b aZ o\bebgm <bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m
jZ^h\m]e_px 146C .
17.10. Dhgp_gljZpy Zlhf\ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h \m]e_px 14
6 C \
dkldZo aZihjavdbo dhaZd\ sh ]_jhqgh \^^Zeb k\h} `blly aZ
MdjZgm \ A[hj\kvdc [bl\ jhdm \by\beZkv lZdhx sh ^hj\-
gx} jhaiZ^Zf gZ o\bebgm gZ ]jZf\ \m]e_px < ]jZfZo
\m]e_px dkldh\h ldZgbgb `b\h]h ex^kvdh]h hj]Zgafm fklblvky
No = 6,1 ⋅ 1011 Zlhf\ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h \m]e_px 146C <bagZqblb i_jh^
gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^hZdlb\gh]h \m]e_px
17.11. IhqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim [meZ
No = 6,039Â11 Q_j_a ^g .-qZklbgdb \belZxlv a pvh]h ahlhim a
r\b^dklx # = 1,5 ⋅ 10 7 fk lZ \^Zjyxlv m nemhj_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg
?djZg kih`b\Z} gZ h^bgbpx kbeb k\leZ ihlm`gklv J = 0,25 <lD^.
<gZke^hd ihljZieyggy \ko ZevnZ-qZklbghd sh \belZxlv a ahlhim
250
kbeZ k\leZ _djZgZ ^hj\gx} 1 = 0,8Â-7 D^ <bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\-
jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlhim
17.12. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim [meZ m =
= 5,98Â-13 d] Z ch]h fheyjgZ fZkZ = 0,045 d]fhev Q_j_a qZk
t ^g .-qZklbgdb \belZxlv a pvh]h ahlhim a r\b^dklx
# 1,2 ⋅ 10 7 fk lZ \^Zjyxlv m nemhj_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg ?djZg kih-

`b\Z} gZ h^bgbpx kbeb k\leZ ihlm`gklv J = 0,25 <lD^ <gZke^hd
ihljZieyggy \ko ZevnZ-qZklbghd sh \belZxlv a ahlhim kbeZ
k\leZ _djZgZ ^hj\gx} 1 = 6,5Â-7 D^ <bagZqblb clZem jZ^hZdlb\-
gh]h jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlhim
17.13. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim gZljx [meZ
m = 5 ] Q_j_a jd p_c ahlhi \bijhfgx} kmfZjgm -o\bebggm
_g_j]x ]ZffZ-\bijhfgx\Zggy W = 54,4 d>` <bagZqblb i_jh^
gZi\jhaiZ^m pvh]h ahlhim ydsh _g_j]y h^gh]h ]ZffZ-d\ZglZ
0 = 1,28 F_< Ijb dh`ghfm Zdl jhaiZ^m \bijhfgx}lvky h^bg
]ZffZ-nhlhg a \dZaZghx _g_j]}x <\Z`Zlb sh mijh^h\` qZkm o\
Zdlb\gklv [meZ g_afgghx. FheyjgZ fZkZ gZljx = 0,022 d]fhev.
17.14. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim dh[Zevlm [meZ
m = 1,19 f] Ydsh ahlhi \\Z`Zlb lhqdh\bf ^`_j_ehf lh gZ \^klZg
r = 0,7 f q_j_a qZk t jhdm p_c ahlhi kl\hjx} gl_gkb\gklv
]ZffZ-\bijhfgx\Zggy 1 = 1,4 f<lf2 <\Z`Zxqb sh ijb dh`ghfm
Zdl jhaiZ^m y^jZ \bijhfgx}lvky h^bg ]ZffZ-nhlhg a _g_j]}x
0 = 1,33 F_< \bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlh-
im FheyjgZ fZkZ dh[Zevlm = 0,06 d]fhev.
17.15. IeZklbgdZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h dh[Zevlm Kh55 jhafjhf
10 × 5 × 1 ff q_j_a qZk t ]h^bgZ fZeZ Zdlb\gklv : = 5,15· 1016 jhai/k.
<bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m dh[Zevlm Kh55.
17.16. 1jb^ch\Z ^jhlbgdZ ^Zf_ljhf d = 0,3 ff ^h\`bghx
s =8 ff q_j_a qZk t ^[ fZeZ Zdlb\gklv : = 2,94Â12 jhaik.
<bagZqblb klZem jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m jb^x
17.17. < djh\ ex^bgb \\_eb jhaqbg sh fklb\ jZ^hZdlb\gbc
ahlhi Na24 fZkhx m = 6,3 ⋅ 10 −12 f] :dlb\gklv h^gh]h dm[qgh]h
kZglbf_ljZ djh\ sh \aylZ êy ijh[b q_j_a t = 5 ]h^ \by\beZkv
lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} :1 = 16 jhai/(o\Âkf3 <bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\-
jhaiZ^m jZ^hahlhim ydsh h[¶}f djh\ ex^bgb V = 6 e.
17.18. < djh\ ex^bgb \\_eb jhaqbg sh fklb\ = 0,29· 10-15 fhey
jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim Na24 :dlb\gklv kf3 djh\ sh [meZ \aylZ
êy ZgZeam \ p} kZfh ex^bgb q_j_a t = 7 ]h^ \by\beZkv lZdhx sh
251
^hj\gx} :1 = 24 jhaio\ <bagZqblb klZem jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m
jZ^hahlhim ydsh h[’}f djh\ ex^bgb V = 6,5 e.
17.19. IhqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm
No = 7,6Â11 Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y ZevnZ-qZklbgdb sh \belZ} a y^jZ
ZlhfZ pvh]h ij_iZjZlm ijb jZ^hZdlb\ghfm jhaiZ^ Wk =7,68 F_<.
Q_j_a ^[ \^ ihqZldm kihkl_j_`_ggy ZevnZ-qZklbgdb sh \belZ-
xlv a y^_j ij_iZjZlm aZ h^gm k_dmg^m, kl\hjxxlv n = 8,36Â9 iZj
hg\ GZ kl\hj_ggy h^g} iZjb hg\ \ ih\lj ihlj[gZ _g_j]y
W1 = 34 _< <bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m pvh]h ij_iZjZlm
17.20. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ij_iZjZlm Zdlbgx
m = 3 ] Q_j_a ^[ \^ ihqZldm kihkl_j_`_ggy ch]h Zdlb\gklv [meZ
lZdhx sh mijh^h\` qZkm o\ \gZke^hd ZevnZ-jhaiZ^m ml\hjbeZkv
^_ydZ devdklv ]_ex ydZ aZ ghjfZevgbo mfh\ aZcfZeZ h[¶}f
V = 0,088 kf3 AZ pbfb ^Zgbfb \bagZql_ i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m Zdlbgx
17.21. IhqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ^`_j_eZ No =
= 1,2Â13 Q_j_a qZk t ^h[b hgaZpcgbc kljmf gZkbq_ggy \
hgaZpcgc dZf_j \^ \ko ZevnZ-qZklbghd yd \bijhfgx} ^`_j_-
eh klZgh\blv i = 3,33Â-8 : Dg_lbqgZ _g_j]y h^g} ZevnZ-qZklbg-
db Wk = 7,68 F_< GZ ml\hj_ggy h^g} iZjb hg\ \ ih\lj ihlj[gZ
_g_j]y W1 = 34 _< AZ pbfb ^Zgbfb lj_[Z \bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\-
jhaiZ^m jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ^`_j_eZ
17.22. IhqZldh\Z devdklv y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ^`_j_eZ No =
= 3Â14 Q_j_a qZk t ^h[b hgaZpcgbc kljmf gZkbq_ggy \ hgaZ-
pcgc dZf_j \^ \ko ZevnZ-qZklbghd yd \bijhfgx} ^`_j_eh
^hj\gx} i = 5,9Â-7 : R\b^dklv ZevnZ-qZklbgdb sh \belZ} a y^jZ
ZlhfZ ij_iZjZlm, ^hj\gx} Â7 fk GZ ml\hj_ggy h^g} iZjb
hg\ \ ih\lj ihlj[gZ _g_j]y W1 = 34 _< AZ pbfb ^Zgbfb lj_[Z
\bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ^`_j_eZ
17.23. < Zfimem ihfs_gh ij_iZjZl sh fZ} \ k\h}fm kdeZ^
fZkm m = 4 ] jZ^x Mijh^h\` qZkm t ^g\ m pc Zfime \gZke^hd
jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m gZ]jhfZ^`m}lvky Â-5 ] jZ^hgm AZ
pbfb ^Zgbfb lj_[Z \bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^hgm I_jh^
gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^x \\Z`Zlb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx} jhd\
17.24. < Zfimem ihfs_gh ij_iZjZl sh fZ} \ k\h}fm kdeZ^ Na =
= 7,1Â21 Zlhf\ jZ^x Mijh^h\` qZkm t ^g\ m pc Zfime \gZke^hd
jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m gZ]jhfZ^`m}lvky Nb = 2,79Â16 Zlhf\ jZ^hgm
AZ pbfb ^Zgbfb lj_[Z \bagZqblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^hgm I_jh^
gZi\jhaiZ^m jZ^x \\Z`Zlb lZdbf sh ^hj\gx} jhd\
252
17.25. IhqZldh\Z fZkZ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim dh[Zevlm [meZ
m = 1,35 f] Ydsh ahlhi \\Z`Zlb lhqdh\bf ^`_j_ehf lh gZ \^klZg
r = 0,8 f q_j_a qZk t jhdm p_c ahlhi ih^heZ\rb aZkegdm
aZ\lh\rdb ff kl\hjx} gl_gkb\gklv ]ZffZ-\bijhfgx\Zggy

1 = 1,1 f<lf2 <\Z`Zxqb sh ijb dh`ghfm Zdl jhaiZ^m y^jZ
\bijhfgx}lvky h^bg ]ZffZ-nhlhg a _g_j]}x 0 = 1,33 F_< \bagZ-
qblb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlhim FheyjgZ fZkZ
dh[Zevlm = 0,06 d]fhev Dh_np}gl hkeZ[e_ggy fZl_jZem aZkegdb
^hj\gx} kf-1.
17.26. KmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ sh \oh^ylv ^h kdeZ^m Zlh-
f\ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim ihehgx ^hj\gx} m = 7,33 ⋅ 10 −17 d] Q_j_a
qZk t = 8 ^[ Zdlb\gklv pvh]h ij_iZjZlm klZgh\beZ : = 5,66 ⋅ 10 4 ;d.
<bagZqblb aZ pbfb ^Zgbfb i_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m ihehgx
17.27. KmfZjgZ fZkZ \ko _e_dljhg\ sh \oh^ylv ^h kdeZ^m
Zlhf\ jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim ihehgx ^hj\gx} m = 8,34 ⋅ 10 −17 d].
Q_j_a qZk t ^[ ZevnZ-qZklbgdb \belZxlv a pvh]h ahlhim a
r\b^dklx υ = 1,3 ⋅ 10 7 fk lZ \^Zjyxlv m nemhj_kpx\Zevgbc _djZg

?djZg kih`b\Z} gZ h^bgbpx kbeb k\leZ ihlm`gklv J = 0,25 <lD^.
<gZke^hd ihljZieyggy \ko ZevnZ-qZklbghd sh \belZxlv a ahlhim
kbeZ k\leZ _djZgZ ^hj\gx} 1 = 1,36Â-7 D^ <bagZqblb clZem jZ^h-
Zdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m ^hke^`m\Zgh]h ahlhim
17.28. :evnZ-qZklbgdZ \belZ} a y^jZ ZlhfZ ^heZxqb ihl_g-
pZevgbc [Zj¶}j aZ\^h\`db L = 1,67Â-14 f lZ \bkhlhx U = 25 F_<.
I_jh^ gZi\jhaiZ^m êy ahlhim sh kdeZ^Z}lvky a lZdbo Zlhf\
^hj\gx} L ^[ JZ^mk y^jZ ZlhfZ R= 8,1 ⋅ 10 −15 f. <bagZqblb
Z _g_j]x p} ZevnZ-qZklbgdb
[ r\b^dklv p} ZevnZ-qZklbgdb
\ devdklv iZj hg\ yd ml\hjx} ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ ydsh êy
ml\hj_ggy h^g} iZjb hg\ \ ih\lj ihlj[gZ _g_j]y W1 =34 eB.
17.29. :evnZ-qZklbgdZ \belZ} a y^jZ ZlhfZ ^heZxqb ihl_gpZev-
gbc [Zj¶}j aZ\^h\`db L = 2Â-14 f lZ \bkhlhx U = 27 F_< KlZeZ
jZ^hZdlb\gh]h jhaiZ^m êy ahlhim sh kdeZ^Z}lvky a lZdbo Zlhf\ ^h-
j\gx} = 3,15Â-12 c-1 JZ^mk y^jZ ZlhfZ R = 8,92 ⋅ 10 −15 f <bagZqblb
253
pZevgbc [Zj¶}j aZ\^h\`db L = 1,5Â-14 f lZ \bkhlhx U = 26,2 F_<.
<^hfh sh aZ qZk t ^[ jhaiZ^Z}lvky 3 ihqZldh\h devdhkl
4
y^_j jZ^hZdlb\gh]h ahlhim JZ^mk y^jZ ZlhfZ R= 7,9 ⋅ 10 −15 f.
<bagZqblb
pZevgbc [Zj¶}j aZ\^h\`db L = 1,5Â-14 f lZ \bkhlhx U = 25,7 F_<.
K_j_^gc qZk `blly gmde^Z sh kdeZ^Z}lvky a lZdbo Zlhf\ ^hj\-
gx} 2 = 4,73 ⋅ 10 5 k JZ^mk y^jZ ZlhfZ R = 8,3 ⋅ 10 −15 f. <bagZqblb
\ devdklv iZj hg\ sh o ml\hjx} ZevnZ-qZklbgdZ ydsh êy
254
18. ?E?F?GLBN1ABDBL<?J>H=HL1EA
Hkgh\gnhjfmeb
Ydsh ih ijh\^gbdm Z[h ih gZi\ijh\^gbdm rbjbghx b sh
jhafs_gbc \ fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < ijhoh^blv kljmf
kbehx 1 lh gZ ch]h ]jZgyo \bgbdZ} ihi_j_qgZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\
IB
¨ 3= R ,
b
^_ R – klZeZ OheeZ F` klZehx OheeZ dhgp_gljZp}x n ghk\
kljmfm \ gZi\ijh\^gbdm Z[h ijh\^gbdm lZ aZjy^hf ghky q kgm}
ki\\^ghr_ggy
1
R= .
qn
Dhgp_gljZpx n ghk\ kljmfm \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ fh`-
gZ \bjZablb q_j_a l_fi_jZlmjm L rbjbgm aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb ¨?
3
 2π me md kT 2  ∆E 
n = 2  exp  − ,
 h2   2kT 
 
^_ k – klZeZ ;hevpfZgZ h – klZeZ IeZgdZ m – _n_dlb\gZ fZkZ ghky
kljmfm
Ijb ahgghfm hqbs_gg gZi\ijh\^gbdh\bo djbklZe\ dhg-
p_gljZpy Zlhf\ ^hfrdb fh`_ [mlb \bagZq_gZ aZ nhjfmehx
x
C = KCi exp( − K ),
l
255
^_ D – dh_np}gl k_]j_]Zp K – ihqZldh\Z dhgp_gljZpy Zlhf\
^hfrdb x – \^klZgv \^ ihqZldm aebldZ ^h lhqdb \ ydc \bagZ-
qZ}lvky dhgp_gljZpy l – ^h\`bgZ jhaieZ\e_gh ahgb
DjbklZebd \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ rbjbghx b = 8 ff jha-
fs_gbc m fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < = 0,12 Le I^ qZk
ijhoh^`_ggy kljmfm 1 = 100 fd: gZ ijhlbe_`gbo ]jZgyo pvh]h
djbklZebdZ \bgbdZ} ohee\kvdZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ û3 = 90 f<.
<bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh \^[m\ky _dki_jbf_gl ydsh rbjbgZ
aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx} _<.
Jha\’yaZggy
Devdkgh y\bs_ OheeZ fh`_ [mlb hibkZg_ nhjfmehx
1 IB
∆ϕ = ,
qn b
^_ û3 – ihi_j_qgZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ n – dhgp_gljZpy ghk\ kljmfm
q – aZjy^ ghky kljmfm 1 – kbeZ kljmfm < – g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey
b – rbjbgZ ajZadZ A p} nhjfmeb fh`gZ \bagZqblb dhgp_gljZpx
IB
n= .
∆ϕ qb
A grh]h [hdm dhgp_gljZpx ghk\ kljmfm \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh-
\^gbdZ fh`gZ \bjZablb q_j_a l_fi_jZlmjm L rbjbgm aZ[hjhg_gh
ahgb û?:
2π me md kT 3/ 2 ∆E
n = 2( 2
) exp(− ),
h 2kT
^_ k – klZeZ ;hevpfZgZ h – klZeZ IeZgdZ Ijbj\gy\rb ijZ\ qZklb-
gb ^\ho hklZggo j\gygv h^_j`bfh
IB 2π me md kT 3/ 2 ∆E
= 2( ) exp( − ).
∆ϕ qb h 2
2kT
256
G_\^hfZ \_ebqbgZ – L – i^ agZdhf _dkihg_glb lZ ki\fgh`-
gbdhf i_j_^ _dkihg_glhx P_ hagZqZ} sh p_ j\gyggy } ljZgk-
p_g^_glgbf j\gyggyf yd_ ^hpevgh jha\¶yam\Zlb a \bdhjbklZggyf
qbkeh\bo f_lh^\
Ijh]jZfZ êy jha\¶yam\Zggy p} aZ^Zq fh`_ [mlb lZdhx
Program Kwa21121;
Uses CRT;
Var k,q,m,h,E,b,Bm,I,U :real;
n,Pi,Z,T,T1,d :real;
Begin
Clrscr;
k:=1.38E-23;
q:=1.6E-19;
m:=9.1E-32;
h:=6.62E-34;
E:=1.152E-19;
b:=0.008;
Bm:=0.12;
I:=0.0001;
U:=0.09;
Pi:=3.1416;
n:=I*Bm/U/q/b;
Z:=2*Pi*m*k/h/h;
T:=10;
T1:=1;
d:=E/2/k/T;
While n>(2*(Z*T)*sqrt(Z*T)*exp(-d)) do
Begin
d:=E/2/k/T;
T:=T+T1;
End;
Textcolor(4);
Writeln('T=',T:4:0,' K');
Readln;
End.
<îh\^v L D
257
AZ^Zq
18.1. Ihke^h\gh kihemq_g j_abklhj a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm gZi\-
ijh\^gbdh\bc j_abklhj L_fi_jZlmjg aZe_`ghkl ogo hihj\ lZd
R B = Roαt ; 5g = 5′ H[S[: (NW )],
^_ 5 = Hf; 54′ = ⋅ − Hf; α = ⋅ − . − ;

: = ⋅ − >` N = ⋅ − >` . .
<bagZql_ aZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h kihem -
q_ggy [m^_ 0 Hf.
18.2. IZjZe_evgh kihemq_g f_lZe_\bc gZi\ijh\^gbdh\bc
j_abklhjb ^b\ aZ^Zqm 18.1 AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb aZ]Zevgbc hij
lZdh]h kihemq_ggy [m^_ Hf?
18.3. J_abklhjb 5 5 sh \b]hlh\e_g a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm,
lZ gZi\ijh\^gbdh\bc j_abklhj # a¶}^gZg aZ ko_fhx jbk 49).
Ijb ydc l_fi_jZlmj aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h kihemq_ggy [m^_
280 Hf? 5 = 5 = Hf; 5 = ⋅ − Hf; α = ⋅ − . − ;
: = ⋅ − >` ; N = ⋅ − >` . .
Jbk
18.4. Ihke^h\gh kihemq_g j_abklhj a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm lZ gZi\-

ijh\^gbdh\bc j_abklhjL_fi_jZlmjg aZe_`ghkl ogo hihj\ lZd
5f = 5 α7 ; 5C = 54 H[S[: N7 ] ,
^_ 5 = Hf; 54 = Hf,

α = ⋅ − . − , : = ⋅ − >` ; N = ⋅ − >` . .
258
<bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h kihem-
q_ggy [m^_ fgfZevgbf
18.5. IZjZe_evgh kihemq_g j_abklhj a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm
gZi\ijh\^gbdh\bc j_abklhj <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm ijb ydc
aZ]Zevgbc hij lZdh]h kihemq_ggy [m^_ fZdkbfZevgbf Qbkeh\ ^Zg
\aylb a aZ^ 18.4.
18.6. J_abklhj sh \b]hlh\e_gbc a f_lZe_\h]h ^jhlm lZ gZi\-
ijh\^gbdh\bc j_abklhj kihemq_g aZ ko_fhx jbk 4 L_fi_jZlmjg
aZe_`ghkl ogo hihj\ lZd
5f = 5 α7 ; 5g = 5′ H[S(: N 7 ),
^_ 5 = Hf; 5′ = Hf; α = ⋅ − . − ;

: = ⋅ − >` ; N = ⋅ − >` . .
Ijb ydc l_fi_jZlmj aZ]Zevgbc hij kihemq_ggy [m^_
fgfZevgbf"
18.7. Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl aZ]Zevgh]h hihjm \^ l_f-
i_jZlmjb êy _e_dljbqgh]h dheZ sh ah[jZ`_g_ gZ jbk 4 Ihlj[g
qbkeh\ ^Zg \aylb a aZ^Zq
18.8. >h ^`_j_eZ kljmfm ?JK ydh]h < \gmljrgc hij Hf
i^dexq_g ihke^h\gh kihemq_g f_lZe_\bc j_abklhj lZ gZi\ijh-
\^gbd Hij f_lZe_\h]h j_abklhjZ ijb
,
& 5 = Hf l_fi_jZlmj-
− −
gbc dh_np}gl hihjm pvh]h f_lZem α = ⋅ . Hij gZi\ijh-
\^gbdZ ijb l_fi_jZlmj 0 C 0,07 ,
Hf rbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb
−
: = ⋅ >` AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb dhjbkgZ ihlm`gklv \ pvhfm
_e_dljbqghfm dhe [m^_ gZc[evrhx"
18.9 Ih[m^m\Zlb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl dhjbkgh ihlm`ghkl \^
l_fi_jZlmjb êy _e_dljbqgh ko_fb sh hibkZgZ \ aZ^Zq 18.8.
18.10 AZ ydh l_fi_jZlmjb \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ dhgp_gl-
jZpy _e_dljhg\ klZgh\blbf_ Â18 f-3 ydsh rbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh
ahgb ^hj\gx} _<?
18.11. <bdhjbklh\mxqb y\bs_ OheeZ ijb _dki_jbf_glZev-
ghfm ^hke^`_gg \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ aZ ^hihfh]hx \bfjx -
\Zgv [meh \klZgh\e_gh sh ]mklbgZ kljmfm \ pvhfm gZi\ijh\^gbdm
J= 1000 :f2 g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey < = 0,9 Le gZijm`_gklv
ihi_j_qgh]h _e_dljbqgh]h ihey \ pvhfm gZi\ijh\^gbdm ? = 80 <f.
259
<bagZql_ l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh \bdhgm\Zeb _dki_jbf_gl ydsh rbjb-
gZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb ^hke^`m\Zgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ ¨? = 0,15 _<.
18.12. DjbklZebd \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ rbjbghx b = 2,5 ff
jhafs_gbc m fZ]glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < = 0,85 Le Ydsh ijhly]hf
qZkm 2 k q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja djbklZebdZ ijhoh^blv 9 ⋅ 1018
_e_dljhg\ lh gZ ijhlbe_`gbo ]jZgyo pvh]h djbklZebdZ \bgbdZ}
ohee\kvdZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ û3=120 f< <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ
ydh \^[m\ky _dki_jbf_gl ydsh rbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb pvh]h
gZi\ijh\^gbdZ ^hj\gx} _<.
18.13. IeZklbgdZ gZi\ijh\^gbdZ lh\sbghx b = 0,4 ff ihf-
s_gZ \ fZ]glg_ ihe_ kijyfh\Zg_ \a^h\` b. 1g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h ihey
< = 0,8 Le I_ji_g^bdmeyjgh ^h \_dlhjZ fZ]glgh g^mdp \a^h\`
ieZklbgdb ijhoh^blv kljmf = 0,1 : \bgbdZ} ihi_j_qg_ _e_dljbqg_
ihe_ gZijm`_gklx ? = 80 <f RbjbgZ ieZklbgdb gZi\ijh\^gbdZ
Z = 0,7 ff <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh \^[m\ky _dki_jbf_gl ydsh
rbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ ? = 0,1 _<.
18.14. IeZklbgdZ gZi\ijh\^gbdZ lh\sbghx b = 0,2 ff ihf-
s_gZ \ fZ]glg_ ihe_ kijyfh\Zg_ \a^h\` b. 1g^mdpy fZ]glgh]h
ihey < = 0,9 Le Q_j_a ihi_j_qgbc i_j_ja ieZklbgdb aZ h^gm o\b-
ebgm \ gZijyf i_ji_g^bdmeyjghfm ^h \_dlhjZ fZ]glgh g^mdp
ijhoh^blv n = 9,4Â17 _e_dljhg\ <bgbdZ} ihi_j_qg_ _e_dljbqg_
ihe_ gZijm`_gklx ? = 12 <f RbjbgZ ieZklbgdb gZi\ijh\^gbdZ
Z = 0,5 ff <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh \^[m\ky _dki_jbf_gl
ydsh rbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ ? = 0,12 _<.
18.15. Q_j_a djbklZe gZi\ijh\^gbdZ sh jhalZrh\Zgbc \ fZ]-
glghfm ihe a g^mdp}x < = 0,8 Le aZ qZk t = 10 o\ ijhcreh q = 0,01 De
_e_dljbqgh]h aZjy^m <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh \^[m\ky _dki_-
jbf_gl ydsh ohee\kvdZ jagbpy ihl_gpZe\ U = 0,002 < Z rbjbgZ
djbklZeZ b = 1,2 ff RbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb ¨? = 0,14 _< _n_dlb\gm
fZkm _e_dljhgZ \\Z`Zlb lZdhx sh ^hj\gx} m* = 1,41 10-32 d].
18.16. <gZke^hd ijhoh^`_ggy jhaieZ\e_gh ahgb ijb ahgghfm
hqbs_gg gZi\ijh\^gbdh\h]h djbklZeZ dhgp_gljZpy ^hfrdb \ l\_j-
^c nZa af_grbeZkv \ jZaZ <bagZqblb dh_np}gl k_]j_]Zp D
ydsh ^h\`bgZ jhaieZ\e_gh ahgb l = 14 ff Z \^klZgv \^ ihqZldm
aebldZ ^h lhqdb \ ydc \bagZqZeZkv dhgp_gljZpy ^hfrdb x = 70 ff.
18.17. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh fheyjgZ l_ieh-
}fgklv pbgdm aZ d\Zglh\hx l_hj}x l_ieh}fghkl :cgrlZcgZ
Km =3Â-5 >`/(fhevÂD OZjZdl_jbklbqgZ l_fi_jZlmjZ ? êy pbgdm
^hj\gx} D.
260
18.18. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh fheyjgZ l_ieh}fgklv
pbgdm aZ d\Zglh\hx l_hj}x l_ieh}fghkl :cgrlZcgZ ^hj\gx}
Km = 22,36 >`/(fhevÂ D QZklhlZ dheb\Zgv Zlhf\ pbgdm ^hj\gx}
v = 4,8 ⋅ 1012 =p.
18.19. <bagZqblb l_fi_jZlmjm aZ ydh fheyjgZ l_ieh-
}fgklv kj[eZ aZ d\Zglh\hx l_hj}x l_ieh}fghkl :cgrlZcgZ
Km =7,58Â-2 >`/(fhevÂD QZklhlZ dheb\Zgv Zlhf\ kj[eZ ^hj\gx}
3,44 ⋅ 1012 =p.
18.20. >ey gZ]j\Zggy kj[eZ fZkhx m = 20 ] gZ ûL = 2 D [meh
\bljZq_gh devdklv l_iehlb ûQ = 71 >` <bagZqblb ihqZldh\m
l_fi_jZlmjm \^ ydh ihqbgZehkv gZ]j\Zggy ydsh oZjZdl_jbklbqgZ
l_fi_jZlmjZ êy kj[eZ = 165 D.
< d Z a \ d Z J_dhf_g^m}lvky \bdhjbklh\m\Zlb d\Zglh\m
l_hjx l_ieh}fghkl :cgrlZcgZ
18.21. DjbklZebd \eZkgh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ fZ} jhafjb
10 × 4 × 1 ff Ijb ydc l_fi_jZlmj aZ]ZevgZ devdklv _e_dljhg\
ijh\^ghkl m lZdhfm djbklZebdm [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy
0,2Â10 RbjbgZ aZ[hjhg_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ fZ} qbk-
eh\_ agZq_ggy _<.
18.22. DjbklZe ]_jfZgx fklblv n = 2,25 ⋅ 10 20 Zlhf\ AZ ydh
l_fi_jZlmjb aZ]ZevgZ devdklv _e_dljhg\ ijh\^ghkl m lZdhfm
djbklZebdm [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 0,12Â10? RbjbgZ aZ[hjh-
g_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy _<.
=mklbgZ ]_jfZgx d]f3.
18.23. DjbklZe dj_fgx fklblv fhey j_qh\bgb AZ ydh
l_fi_jZlmjb aZ]ZevgZ devdklv _e_dljhg\ ijh\^ghkl m lZdhfm
djbklZebdm [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy 0,4Â7 ? RbjbgZ aZ[hjh-
g_gh ahgb pvh]h gZi\ijh\^gbdZ fZ} qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy _<.
=mklbgZ dj_fgx d]f3.
261
<1>IH<1>1
1.1. t = 1,7 k, S = 19,1 f.

1.2. t = 6,38 c.
1.3. t = 2,06 c.
1.4. t = 4,02 c.
1.5. t = 1,4 c.
1.6. <îh\^v gZ\_^_gZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk
Jbk
1.7. υ = 40 fk.
1.8. <îh\^v
4,90 f
14,71 f
24,52 f
34,34 f
44,15 f
53,96 f
63,77 f
73,57 f
83,39 f
93,19 f
103,01 f
112,81 f
122,63 f
132,44 f
142,24 f
262
152,05 f
161,86 f
171,68 f
181,48 f.
Jbk
1.10. t = 2,27 c.
1.11. t = 2,19 c.
1.12. t = 5,39 c.
1.13. t = 0,57 c.
1.14. t = 0,16 c.
1.15. t = 2,37 c.
1.16. t = 5,62 c.
1.17. t = 1,71 c.
1.18. t = 2,02 c.
1.19. <îh\^v:
t 3
1 c 78o 8ï
2 c 57o 25ï
3 c 37o 10ï
4 c 24o 2ï
5 c 16o 20ï
6 c 11o 40ï
7 c 8o 40ï
8 c 6o 40ï
9 c 5o 20ï
10 c 4o 15ï
1.20. t = 2,56 c.
1.21. t = 2,69 c.
1.22. t = 2,31 c.
263
1.23. t = 10,08 c.
1.24. t = 7,11 c.
1.25. <îh\^v g_ gZ\h^blvky
1.26. <îh\^v
υ = 15,80 fk;
υ = 12,47 fk;
υ = 10,77 fk;
υ = 9,72 fk;
υ = 9,02 fk;
υ = 8,53 fk;
υ = 8,19 fk;
υ = 7,95 fk;
υ = 7,80 fk;
υ = 7,71 fk;
υ = 7,70 fk;
υ = 7,74 fk;
υ = 7,86 fk;
υ = 8,05 fk;
υ = 8,34 fk;
υ = 8,74 fk;
υ = 9,32 fk;
υ = 10,15 fk.
1.27. <îh\^v ih^Zgh m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk
Jbk
264
1.29. t = 5,46 c.
1.30. t = 3,28 c.
1.31. t = 4,26 c.
1.32. t = 4,18 c.
1.33. t = 29 c.
1.34. t1 =23,5 c; t2 = 78 c.
1.35. n = 29.
2.1. υ = 14,8 fk; J = 3626000 <l.

2.2. υ = 5,7 fk.
2.3. S =1419 f.
2.4. t =165,1 k.
2.5. υ = 6,2 fk.
2.6. E = 3648 >`.
2.7. r = 0,10 d]k.
2.8. m = 0,974 d].
2.9. t = 10 k.
2.10. r = 48,4 d]k.
2.11. m = 1400 d].
2.12. F = 3204 G.
2.13. P = 6768 <l.
2.14. m = 1211 d].
2.15. P = 47790 <l.
2.16. P = 44587 <l.
2.17. F = 1770 G.
2.18. t = 0,74 k.
2.19. t = 0,54 c.
2.20. t = 0,65 c.
2.21. t = 0,89 c.
2.23. t = 1,12 c.
2.24. t = 0,11 c.
2.25. t = 5,82 c.
2.26. t = 6,29 c.
2.27. υ = 15,6 fk; a = 2,2 f/c2.
2.28. υ = 11,4 f/c; a = 1,7 f/c2.
2.29. υ = 12,4 fc.
2.30. t = 7,9 c.
265
2.31. t = 15,1 c.
2.32. E = 3359 >`.
2.33. t [ k.
2.34. s = 4,77 f.
2.36. m = 2,18 d]; h = 51 f; = 4 fk.
2.37. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk 53).
Jbk
2.38. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk
Z [
Jbk
2.39. t = 47 c; # = 1380 fk.

2.40. t = 50 c; # = 1521 fk.
2.41. t = 53 c; # = 1453 fk.
2.42. t = 6,1 k; J = 258 <l.
2.43. n = 38.
2.44. υ = 633 fk.
266
2.45. x = 0,052 f.
2.46. υ = 752 fk; h = 0,11 f.
2.47. υ = 669 fk; υ1 = 539 fk.
2.48. s = 0,32 f.
2.49. s = 0,29 f.
2.50. υ = 681 fk.
2.51. υ = 800 fk; υ1 = 706 fk.
2.52. n = 6.
2.53. t = 2,32 c; L = 1305 f.
2.54. ¨t = 1,03 c.
3.1. t = 0,58 k.
3.2. & = 1,27 jZ^k.
Jbk
3.4. υ = 20,9 fk.

3.5. t = 17,1 k.
3.6. t = 11,16 c.
3.7. t = 35,48 k.
3.8. <îh\^v g_ gZ\_^_gZ
3.9. <îh\^v g_ gZ\_^_gZ
3.10. & = 11,7 jZ^k.
267
Jbk
3.12. 1,12 k; 8,16 jZ^k.

3.13. 8,42 jZ^k; & = 8,51 jZ^k.
3.14. t = 0,55 k.
3.15. 0,91 c.
3.16. t = 0,74 c; υ = 2,8 fk.
3.18 t = 51,6 c.
3.19. 10,05 c.
3.20. 2,52 c.
3.21. t = 1,76 c.
3.22. t = 0,24 c.
3.23. t = 0,21 c.
3.24. t = 0,39 c.
3.25. t = 3,25 c; υ = 2,57 fk; t = 0,30 c.
3.26. & = 12,7 jZ^k; t = 0,88 c; t = 0,63 c.
3.27. & = 14,4 jZ^k.
3.28. & = 23 jZ^k.
3.29. & = 21,1 jZ^k.
3.30. F = 3122 H.
3.31. E = 16816 >`.
3.32. L = 2,237 d]Âf2/k.
3.33. t = 1,01 c; E = 1,18 >`.
3.34. t = 0,66 c.
3.35. t = 1,03 c.
3.36. t = 2,13 c.
3.37. J = 0,0018 d]Âf2; L = 0,6 d]Âf2Âk-1; E = 109 >`.
3.38. J = 0,0061 d]Âf2; L = 2,1 d]Âf2Âk-1; ? = 366 >`.
268
3.39. J = 0,0031 d]Âf2; E = 189 >`.
3.40. J = 0,0012 d]Âf2 ; E = 71 >`.
3.41. E = 5055 >`. J = 0,0838 d]Âf2.
3.42. ? = 1028 >`; J = 0,017 d]Âf 2.
3.43. J = 0,0505 d]Âf2; L = 17,5 d]Âf 2Âk-1; E = 3045 >`.
3.44. J = 0,0276 d]Âf2; L = 9,6 d]Âf 2Âk-1; E = 1663 >`.
3.45. J = 0,077 d]Âf2; E = 192 >`.
3.46. m = 1,49 d].
3.47. m = 2,74 d].
3.48. m = 9,57 d].
3.49. J = 0,225 d]Âf2.
3.50. J = 0,045 d]Âf2.
3.51. n \bldZ.
3.52. J = 0,281 d]Âf2.
3.53. J = 0,057 d]Âf2.
3.54. J = 0,267 d]Âf2.
3.55. J = 0,96 d]Âf2.
3.56. J = 1,52 d]Âf2.
3.57. J = 0,18 d]Âf2.
3.58. L = 4,5 f; n \bld\ E = 64 >`.
3.59. L = 1,4 f; J = 0,002 d]Âf2; E = 4,4 >`.
3.60. m = 2,24 d]; d = 16 ff; J = 0,008 d]Âf2; n \bld\ E = 15,2 >`.
3.61. m = 0,339 d]; J = 0,0014 d]Âf2; n \bldZ E = 3,65 >`.
3.62. m = 0,377 d]; J = 0,0015 d]Âf2; n \bldZ E = 3,7 >`.
3.63. L = 1,4 f; J = 0,0017 d]Âf2; n \bldZ E = 4,3 >`.
3.64. L = 5,0 f; n \bldZ E >`
3.65. L = 1,7 f; J = 0,003 d]Âf2; E = 4,86 >`.
3.66. m = 2,0 d]; d = 15 ff; J = 0,011 d]Âf2; n \bldZ E = 18,96 >`.
3.67. L = 1,14 f; J = 0,0065 d]Â f2; n \bldZ
3.68. L = 4,61 f; m = 2,86 d]; n \bldZ n1 \bldZ E = 49,2 >`.
3.69. n \bldb E = 185 >`.
3.70. n \bldZ J = 0,0028 d]Âf2.
3.71. n \bldb J = 0,0027 d]Âf2.
3.72. n \bldZ J = 0,0208 d]Âf2.
3.73. n = 4; L = 3,43 f.
3.74. na \bldb; ne \bldZ JZ =0,0445 d]Âf2;
Je = 0,0164 d]Âf2; L = 3,5 f.
3.75. L = 3,47 f; Jc = 4,87 d]Âf2; Ja = 0,0463 d]Âf2; E = 571 >`.
269
3.76. L = 1,95 f; D = 2700 d]Âf3; Jc = 0,34 d]Âf2;
Ja = 0,0057 d]Âf2; E = 341 >`.
3.77. na \bldb; ne \bldb JZ = 0,0348 d]Âf2;
Je = 0,0414 d]Âf2.
4.1 <îh\^v gZ\_^_gZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk
Jbk

Jbk
270
Jbk

Jbk

4.12. <îh\^v gZ\_^_gZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk 61).
271
Jbk
4.13. Ydsh . = 45h, R = 0,1 f lh L = 0,36 k.

4.14. o = 0,4 f.
4.17. = 0,16 k-1.
4.18. t = 0,964 k.
4.19. o = – 2,83 f.
4.20. λ = 0,164.
4.21. λ = 0,229.
4.22 λ = 0,088.
4.23. r = 0,002 d]k.
4.24. r = 0,0025 d]k.
4.25. r = 0,0187 d]k.
4.26. Q = 26,1.
4.27. Q = 19,2.
4.28. Q = 23,1.
4.29. r = 0,0017 d]k.
4.30. Q = 25,4.
4.31. = 0,006.
4.32. = 0,006 k-1.
4.33. = 0,003 k-1.
272
4.34. = 0,186.
4.35. & = 126 jZ^k.
4.36. Ek = 999 >`.
4.37. L = 1,8 f; & = 119 jZ^k; Ek = 926 >`.
4.38. J = 0,053 d]Âf2; E = 130 >`.
4.39. m = 8,2 d].
4.40. J = 0,108 d]Âf 2; ? = 152 >`.
4.41. J = 0,149 d]Âf 2; & = 101 jZ^k; ? = 763 >`.
4.42. m = 11,9 d].
4.43. J = 0,84 d]Âf 2; & = 77 jZ^k; ? = 2500 >`.
4.44. L = 15,4 f n = 7,1.
4.45. m = 2,49 d]; J = 0,236 d]Âf 2; n = 4,2.
4.46. m = 3,38 d]; J = 0,132 d]Âf 2; n = 12,4.
4.47. t = 30,4 c.
4.48. t = 24,3 c.
4.49. t = 29,9 c.
4.50. t = 15,8 c
Jbk

273
5.4. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ ]jZnda jbk
Jbk
5.5. t = 7,32 c.
5.6. t = 3,28 c.
5.7. t = 2,33 c.
5.9. n = 1,30.
5.10. k = 1,33.
5.11. f = 1,32.
5.12. t = 46 fk.
5.13. P = 80107 IZ.
5.14. x = 1,43.
5.15. ¨! = 0,298 d]f3.
5.16. h = 2062 f.
Jbk
274
5.18. x = 10 % (jbk
Jbk
5.19. 4,2 ⋅ 10 21 .
5.20. L = 330 D.
5.21. L = 261 D.
5.22. υ1 = 400 fk; υ 2 = 513 fk.
5.23. L = 370 D.
5.24. dbk_gv
5.25. υ = 450 fk.
5.26. f = 3,1 ⋅ 10 −4 kf.
5.27. 28 (Zahl
5.28. L = 285 D.
5.29. υ = 414 fk; f = 0,00223.
5.30. 20 (g_hg
5.31. s = 12 ff.
5.32. t = 951 hK.
5.33. = 0,197 d]fhev ahehlh
5.34. = 0,084 d]fhev.
5.35. m = 40 Zhf.
5.36. T = 281 K.
5.37. r = 0,5 f.
275
Jbk
6.1. = 6.
6.2. = 6.
6.3. γ = 1,3.
6.4. n = 4,5.
6.5. n = 3.
6.6. n = 3.
6.7. n = 4,4.
6.8. = 1,40.
6.9. = 1,33.
6.10. n = 13,5.
6.11. T = 600 K.
6.12. t = 78,3 oC.
6.13. t = 659 oC.
6.14. t = 90,8 oC.
6.15. L = 304 D.
6.16. = 5.
6.17. v= 3,02 fhey
6.18. V2 = 34,3 e.
6.19. V1 = 13,4 e.
6.20. m = 66 ].
6.21. n = 1,12Â24.
6.22. v= 2,83 fhey.
6.23. m = 46 ].
6.24. L = 337 D.
276
Jbk
7.2. t = 0,46 k.
7.5. : = 56 ⋅ 10 −6 >`; t = 68,6 fdk.
7.6. q = 13,35 gDe; t = 2,73 fk.
7.7. q = 3 ⋅ 10 −8 De; t = 0,05 fdk.
7.8. σ = 7,1 fdDe/f2 ; t = 81,3 fdk.
7.9 τ =3,7 fdDe/f; t =16,8 gk.
7.11. τ = 0,2 fdDe/f; t = 16,6 fdk.
7.12. τ = 0,87 fdDe/f; t = 23,7 gk.
7.13. τ = 2,11 fdDe/f; t =16,8 gk.
7.14 t = 193 fk.
7.15. t = 203 fk.
7.16. t =317,1 fk.
7.17. υ =703297 fk; t = 1 fdk.
7.18. υ = 6228 fk; t = 13 fdk.
7.19. t = 54,6 gk.
7.20. υ = 14,2 fk; t1 = 0,76 c; t2 = 3,82 c; E = 1008 >`.
7.21. υ = 13,88 fk; t1 = 0,82 k; t2 = 3,69 c; E = 963 >`.
7.22. & = 10,95 jZ^k; t = 0,263 c.
7.23. t = 9,08 k.
7.24. t = 7,05 k.
277
7.25. t = 6,07 k.
7.26. t = 7,17 k.
7.27. t = 3,73 k.
Jbk
7.29. r = 0,113 f
7.30. t = 2,47 k.
7.31. s ff
7.32. s = 4,1 ff
7.33. t = 0,78 k.
7.34. t = 0,95 k.
7.35. t = 0,138 k.
7.36. t = 1,24 k.
7.37. n = 6; F = 2,68 fG.
7.38. l = 2,6 f; F = 63,11 fG.
7.39. n = 7,6; l = 8,2 f; F = 0,44 fG.
7.40. l = 3,03 f; m = 15 ]; n = 5,3.
7.41. n = 3,3; F = 0,94 fG.
7.42. l = 5,9 f; F = 18,51 fG.
7.43. n = 5; l = 8,2 f; F = 0,16 fG.
7.44. l = 6,29 f; m = 52 ]; n = 4,2.
7.45. n = 7,1; F = 5,07 fG.
7.46. l = 2,5 f; F = 9,96 fG.
7.47. n = 9,8; l = 6,7 f; F = 1,47 fG.
7.48. l = 4,22 f; m = 35 ]; n = 7,8.
7.49. F = 12,76 fG.
278
7.50. F = 246 fG.
7.51. ? = 2998 <f.
7.52. υ = 420 dfk; t = 0,12 fdk.
7.53. υ = 295 dfk; t = 0,23 fdk.
7.54. υ = 385 dfk; ? = 3,1 d_<; t = 0,20 fdk.
7.55. υ = 49,8 dfk; ? = 0,05 d_<; t = 1,27 fdk.
7.56. n = 6,6 \bldZ; υ = 561 dfk; ? = 6,57 d_<; t = 0,12 fdk.
7.57. υ = 436 dfk; ? = 3,97 d_<; t = 0,18 fdk.
7.58. n = 6,6 \bldZ; υ = 569 dfk; ? = 6,76 d_<; t = 0,12 fdk.
Jbk

Jbk
279
Jbk

8.6. R = 2,82 MHf.
8.7. = 25 fd:.
8.8. q = 63124 De.
8.9. R = 25,7 Hf.
8.10. Q = 23672 >`.
8.11. q = 589 De.
8.12. P = 81 <l.
8.13. q = 604,5 De.
8.14. i = 2,3 A.
8.15. ? = 0,37 <f.
8.16. U = 28,1 B.
8.17. n = 1,42· 1019.
8.18. I = 2,7 A.
8.19. Q = 487 >`.
8.20. P = 2,6 <l.
8.21. n = 1,8Â20.
8.22. n = 8 \bld\
8.23. I = 1,12 A.
8.24. n = 5 \bld\
8.25. R = 1,25 Hf.
8.26. R = 0,35 Hf.
8.27. ! = 2,88Â-8 HfÂf.
8.28. ! = 8,72Â-8 HfÂf.
280
8.29. ! = 9,8Â-8 HfÂf.
8.30. ! = 1,72Â-8 HfÂf.
8.31. m = 0,216 d].
8.32. m = 0,135 d].
8.33. m = 0,107 d].
8.34. m = 0,066 d].
8.35. m = 0,181 d].
8.36. m = 0,141 d].
8.37. m = 0,615 d].
8.38. m = 0,112 d].
8.39. n = 2,5Â20.
8.40. i1 = -0,468 A, i2 = -0,004 A, i3 = 0,472 A, U = 2,021 B.
8.41. L = 2,2 f; & = 165 jZ^k; E = 2978 >`.
8.42. L = 3,5 f; & = 141 jZ^k; ?d = 8832 >`.
8.43. Ek = 1750 >`.
8.44. L = 2,7 f; & = 138 jZ^k; Ek = 3607 >`.
8.45. L = 2 f; & = 159 jZ^k; E = 1352 >`.
8.46. L = 1,3 f; & = 133 jZ^k; E = 473 >`.
8.47. L = 1,5 f; & = 148 jZ^k; E = 1041 >`.
8.48. L = 0,6 f; & = 115 jZ^k; E = 54 >`.
8.49. L = 1,2 f; & = 129 jZ^k; E = 283 >`.
8.50. L = 0,3 f; & = 112 jZ^k; E = 17 >`.
8.51. L = 3,1 f; & = 130 jZ^k; E = 8300 >`.
8.52. L = 1,5 f; & = 106 jZ^k; E = 1951 >`.
8.53. L = 4 f; & = 103 jZ^k; E = 3113 >`.
8.54. L = 2,9 f; & = 99 jZ^k; E = 1073 >`.
8.55. L = 2,3 f; & = 99 jZ^k; E = 1175 >`.
8.56. L = 2,3 f; & = 106 jZ^k; E = 495 >`.
8.57. L = 3,3 f; & = 117 jZ^k; E = 4639 >`.
8.58. L = 1,5 f; & = 96 jZ^k; E = 434 >`.
8.59. R = 0,29 Hf.
8.60. ! = 1,52 ⋅ 10 −8 HfÂf.
8.61. j = 67529373 :f2.
8.62. n = 4,9.
8.63. n = 3,1.
8.64. n = 4,2.
8.65. n = 3,4.
8.66. n = 3,7.
281
8.67. n = 5.
8.68. i = 3,77 A.
8.69. Q = 3139 >`.
8.70. j = 38405727 :f2.
8.71. ! = 2,54 ⋅ 10 −8 HfÂf.
HfÂf.
8.72. ! = 1,68 ⋅ 10 −8
8.73. ! = 2,56 ⋅ 10 · 10-8 HfÂf.
−8
8.74. m = 126 ].
8.75. m = 131 ].
8.76. m = 205 ].
8.77. m = 62 ].
9.1. q = 0,8 fdDe.

9.2. i = 42 fd:.
9.3. U = 1,4Â-8 B.
9.4. n = 6,9 ⋅ 1012 .
9.5. q = 3,2 fdDe.
9.6. n = 13,4 ⋅ 1012 .
9.7. U = 0,068 fdB.
9.8. U = 0,004 fdB.
9.9. U = 0,164 fdB.
9.10. U = 0,137 fd<.
9.11. U = 0,18 fd<.
9.12. U = 0,418 fd<.
9.13. U = 1,57 fd<.
9.14. e/m = 1,77· 1011 Ded].
9.15. q = 0,83 ⋅ 10 −9 De.
9.16. e/m = 1,77Â11 Ded].
9.17. ! = 2,5Â-8 HfÂf :exfgc
9.18. d = 0,52 ff.
9.19. L = 2400 D.
9.20. D = 1756 D.
9.21 D = 2139 D.
9.22. D = 1712 D.
9.23. D = 2426 D.
9.24. D = 2112 D.
9.25. T 1607 D.
282
Jbk
Jbk

10.5. N = 1540; t = 2 ff.
10.6. G = 1540 :f.
10.8. < = 2,38 fLe.
10.9. & = 9,51 jZ^k.
10.10. & = 22,4 jZ^k.
10.11. N = 107 <[.
10.12. t = 18 fk.
10.13. s = 68 ff.
283
10.14. s = 1,13 ff.
10.15. t = 1,2 fk.
10.16. t = 1,199 fk.
10.17. T = 558 K. (G_ ajmcgm}lvky
10.18. F = 3,3 fG.
10.19. Z = 0,55 fk2.
10.20. s = 0,80 f; υ = 0,94 fk.
10.21. F = 4,9 fG.
10.22. s = 2,87 f.
10.23. W = 39 f>`.
10.24. t = 1,51 c.
10.25. G = 242 :f.
10.26. G = 90 :f.
10.28. G = 583 :f.
10.29. G = 738 :f.
10.30. G = 29 :f.
10.32. G = 1177 :f.
10.33. G = 585 :f.
10.34. G = 1373 :f.
10.35. G = 1524 :f.
10.36. B = 0,05 Te; n = 9,6.
10.37. G = 90 :f.
10.38. G = 268 :f.
10.39. G = 286 :f.
10.40. G = 56 :f.
10.41. G = 77 :f.
10.42. F = 2,6 ⋅ 10 −16 H.
10.43. L = 2,2 f; n = 5,9 \bldZ
10.44. L = 2,3 f; n = 6, \bldZ
10.45. L = 1,8 f; n \bldZ
10.46. L = 1,6 f; n \bldZ
10.47. L = 1,5 f; n \bldZ
10.48. L = 1,8 f; n \bldZ
10.49. L = 5,7 f; n \bldZ
10.50. L = 3,8 f; n = 3,2 \bldZ
10.51. L = 10,9 f; n \bldZ
284
10.52. L = 4,9 f; n \bldZ
10.53. L = 9,1 f; n \bldZ
10.54. L = 5,8 f; n \bldZ
10.55. L = 8,2 f; n \bldZ
10.56. L = 7,0 f; n \bldZ
10.57. L = 9,0 f; n \bld\
10.58. L = 10,8 f; n \bldZ
10.59. L = 7,5 f; n \bldZ
10.60. L = 10,8 f; n \bldZ
10.61. L = 7,7 f; n \bldZ
10.62. < = 0,17 fLe.
10.63. < = 1,33 fLe.
10.64. < = 1,18 fLe.
10.65. < = 0,024 fLe.
10.66. G = 1201 :f.
10.67. G = 994 :f.
10.68. G = 521 :f.
10.69. < 1 = 2,06 fLe; <2 = 1,84 fLe; n \bld\
10.70. L = 1,69 f; n = 4,3 \bldZ; H = 341 A/f.
10.71. L = 3,64 f; n \bld\ B = 0,42 fLe.
10.72. L = 1,25 f; n \bldZ B = 0,38 fLe.
10.73. L = 8,79 f; n \bldZ B = 0,52 fLe.
10.74. L = 0,47 f; n \bld\ B 0,29 fLe.
10.75. L = 2,73 f; n \bldZ B = 0,46 fLe.
10.76. L = 2,43 f; = 12 :; n = 5,1 \bldZ; B = 0,66 fLe.
10.77. L = 5,03 f; = 10 :; n = 6,8 \bldZ; B = 0,64 fLe.
10.78. L = 0,59 f; = 4,56 :; n = 2,3 \bldZ; B = 0,18 fLe.
10.79. L = 8,92 f; = 10 :; n = 5,2 \bldZ; B = 0,15 fLe.
10.80. L = 3,89 f; = 11 :; n = 3 \bld\; B = 0,12 fLe.
10.81. L = 3,57 f; = 8 :; n = 2,9 \bldZ; B = 0,08 fLe.
10.82. L = 6,38 f; = 9 :; n \bldZ; B = 0,111 fLe.
10.83. ! = 7,5Â-8 HfÂf.
10.84. = 8 :; L = 1,7 f; ! = 42,2Â-8 HfÂf.
10.85. = 8,6 :; L = 7,19 f; ! = 11,3Â-8 HfÂf.
10.86. = 4,7 :; L = 8,76 f; ! = 8,9Â-8 HfÂf.
10.87. = 11 :; L = 2,88 f; ! = 11Â-8 HfÂf.
10.88. = 9,2 :; L = 11,2 f; ! = 4,1Â-8 HfÂf.
10.89. = 9,9 :; L = 5,03 f; ! = 8,8Â-8 HfÂf.
285
10.90. = 12,7 :; L = 8,42 f; ! = 8,8Â-8 HfÂf.
10.91. B = 1,5 fLe.
10.92. G = 62 :f; n1 = 9 \bldZ n2 \bldZ
10.93. G = 80 :f.
10.94. G = 519 :f.
10.95. F = 0,54Â-15 H; R = 0,28 f; n \bldZ
10.96. n \bldZ < = 0,522 fLe; L = 1,6 f.
10.97. 1) G1 = 563 :f; G2 = 304 :f; n = 5,2 \bldZ.
2) G = 54 :f; n = 1,8 \bldZ
3) G = 110 :f; n = 2, \bldZ
10.98. 1) H 1 = 739 :f; H2 = 276 :f; n = 4,8 \bldZ.
2) H = 71 :f; n = 1,7 \bldZ
3) H = 137 :f; n = 2,6 \bldZ
10.99. 1) H 1 = 730 :f; H 2 = 320 :f; n = 4,7 \bldZ.
2) H = 77 :f; n = 1,6 \bldZ
3) H = 144 :f; n = 2,5 \bldZ
10.100. 1) H 1 = 535 :f; H 2 =226 :f; n = 4,3 \bldZ
2) H = 55 :f; n = 1, \bldZ
3) H = 105 :f; n = 2,3 \bldZ
10.101. 1) H 1 = 3322 :f; H 2 = 1868 :f; n = 4,6 \bldZ
2) H = 330 :f; n = 1,6 \bldZ
3) H = 656 :f; n = 2,5 \bldZ
10.102. a) H = 60 :f; [) H = 50 :f; \ H = 79,7 :f; ] H = 43,7 :f.
10.103. Z H = 12 :f; [ H = 10 :f; \ H = 16,2 :f ] H = 8,9 :f.
10.104. Z H = 14 :f [ H = 11 :f \ H = 18,14 :f ] H = 9,9 :f.
10.105. Z H = 51 :f [ H = 43 :f \ H = 68,4 :f;
] H = 37,5 :f ^ H = 55,8 :f.
10.106. 1) = 12,8 A; n = 4,1 \bldZ; H1 = 816 :f; H 2 =199 :f.
2) = 12,8 A; n = 1, \bldZ; H = 63 :f.
3) = 12,8 A; n = 2, \bld\ H = 133 :f.
10.107. = 12,1 A; n = 3, \bldZ; H 1 = 718 :f; H 2 =252 :f.
10.108. = 10,1 A; n = 4, \bld\ H 1 = 666 :f; H 2 =230 :f.
10.109. = 8,4 A; n = 4, \bldZ; H 1 = 579 :f; H 2 =230 :f.
10.110. 1) = 9,8 A; n = 4, \bldZ; H 1 = 641 :f; H 2 =161 :f.
2) = 9,7 A; n = 1, \bldZ; H = 54 :f.
3) = 9,7 A; n = 2, \bldZ; H = 97 :f.
286
Jbk
11.2.<îh\^v g_ gZ\h^blvky
11.3. t = 1,37 k.
11.4. U = 2,42 B.
11.5. R = 2,5 Hf.
11.6. B = 2,18 Le.
11.7. L = 0,47 f.
11.8. = 31 B.
11.9. = 108 B.
11.10. = 25 B.
11.11. = 31 B.
11.12. = 43 B.
11.13. = 2,4 f<.
11.14. = 1,2 f<.
11.15. i = 4,9 f<.
11.16. i = 3,1 f<.
11.17. F = 6,5 G.
11.18. J = 234 <l.
12.1. R = 4 Hf.
12.2. 0,3 ff.
287
Jbk
12.4. R = 3,84 Hf.

12.5. R = 2,65 Hf.
12.6. R = 4,39 Hf.
12.7. n \bld\
Jbk
12.9. R = 1,51 Hf.

12.10. R = 4 Hf
12.11. R = 3,62 Hf.
12.12. R = 2,61 Hf.
12.13. R = 1,94 Hf.
12.14. m = 0,31 d]
12.15. R = 2,98 Hf.
12.16. R = 4,92 Hf.
288
12.17. R = 5,33 Hf.
12.18. R = 6,72 Hf.
12.19. R = 5,09 Hf.
12.20. R = 6,22 Hf.
12.21. R = 9,26 Hf.
12.22. R = 7,98 Hf.
12.23. R = 5,45 Hf.
12.24. R = 6,87 Hf.
12.25. m = 0,104 d].
12.26. R = 3 Hf.
12.27. m = 0,460 d].
12.28. Rk = 1,89 Hf; m = 0,257 d].
12.29. Rk = 6,22 Hf; m = 0,84 d].
12.30. a = 51 ff.
12.31. m = 19 ].
12.32. = 68 :.
12.33. W = 0,98 f>`.
12.34. G = 279 :f.
12.35. U = 0,92 <.
12.36. U = 0,3 <.
12.37. a = 0,124 f.
12.38. m = 15 ].
12.39. = 31,7 :.
12.40. U = 0,25 <.
12.41. G = 198 :f.
12.42. G = 281 :f.
12.43. G = 388 :f.
12.44. G = 44 :f.
Jbk
289
13.2. = 0,116; Q = 27.
13.3. = 0,14; Q = 23.
13.4. = 0,30; Q = 10.
13.5. = 0,057; Q = 55.
13.6. = 0,022; Q = 143.
13.7. & = 56946 c-1.
13.8. & = 36890 c -1.
13.9. & = 41792 c -1.
13.10. & = 48262 c -1.
13.11. & = 69821 c -1.
13.12. & = 82678 c -1.
13.13. & = 227266 c -1.
13.14. = 484 c -1; R = 10,7 Hf; = 0,22.
13.15. = 724 c -1; R = 22,2 Hf = 0,38; Q = 8,3.
13.16. = 940 c -1; R = 0,5 Hf; = 0,06; Q = 50.
13.17. & = 35595 c-1.
13.18. & = 36060 c-1.
13.19. & = 36850 c-1; R = 1,97 Hf.
13.20. =0,14; Q = 22; R = 6,2 Hf.
13.21. =0,05; Q = 62; R = 4,0 Hf; = 110 c -1.
13.22. K = 1406 iN; R = 2,62 Hf; = 1160 c -1; =0,009; Q =342.
14.1. h = 0,495 f.
14.2. h = 2,12 f.
Jbk
290
Jbk
14.5. L = 17,3 df.

14.6. z = 0,30 ff.
14.7. u = 10h12´.
Jbk
Jbk
291
14.11. 1 = 622 gf; 2 =509 gf; 3 = 431 gf.
14.12. 1 = 698 gf; 2 = 591 gf; 3 = 512 gf; 4 = 452 gf; 5 = 404 gf.
14.13. 1 = 693 gf; 2 gf 3 = 508 gf; 4 = 448 gf.
14.14. 1 = 0,620 fdf; 2 = 0,525 fdf; 3 = 0,455 fdf; 4 = 0,401 fdf.
14.15. 1 = 0,642 fdf; 2 = 0,543 fdf; 3 = 0,455 fdf; 4 = 0,416 fdf.
14.16. 1 = 0,717 fdf; 2 = 0,621 fdf; 3 = 0,548 fdf; 4 = 0,491 fdf;
5 = 0,444 fdf; 6 = 0,405 fdf.
14.17. 1 = 0,733 fdf 2 = 0,635 fdf; 3 = 0,561 fdf; 4 = 0,502 fdf;
5 = 0,454 fdf; 6 = 0,414 fdf.
14.18. 1 = 0,700 fdf; 2 = 0,592 fdf; 3 = 0,513 fdf; 4 = 0,453 fdf;
5 = 0,405 fdf.
14.19. 1 = 697 gf, 2 = 570 gf, 3 = 482 gf, 4 = 418 gf.
14.20. 1 = 648 gf; 2 = 562 gf; 3 = 496 gf; 4 = 443 gf; 5 = 401 gf.
14.21. 1 = 665 gf; 2 = 577 gf; 3 = 509 gf; 4 = 455 gf; 5 =412 gf.
14.22. 1 = 701 gf; 2 = 574 gf; 3 = 485 gf; 4 = 421 gf.
14.23. 1 = 656 gf; 2 = 568 gf; 3 = 501 gf; 4 = 449 gf; 5 = 406 gf.
14.24. 1 = 697 gf; 2 = 615 gf; 3 = 550 gf; 4 = 498 gf; 5 = 454 gf;
6 = 418 gf.
Jbk
14.26–14.29. Jha\¶yam\Zggy pbo aZ^Zq ih^[g_ ^h jha\¶yaZggy aZ^Zq

14.25. <îh\^ ^h pbo aZ^Zq fh`mlv [mlb ih^Zg m \b]ey^ ]jZnd\
yd ZgZeh]qg ^h lh]h sh ihdZaZgbc gZ jbk. 82.
292
14.31. r1 = 0,494 ff; r2 = 0,855 ff; r 3 = 1,104 ff; r 4 = 1,306 ff;
r 5 = 1,481 ff; r 6 = 1,637 ff; r 7 = 1,780 ff; r 8 = 1,912 ff;
r 9 = 2,035 ff; r 10 = 2,151 ff.
Jbk
Jbk
14.34. 1 = 654 gf; 2 = 561 gf; 3 = 491 gf; 4 = 436 gf.

14.35. 1 = 707 gf; 2 = 566 gf; 3 = 472 gf; 4 = 404 gf.
14.36. a) k1 = 5, k2 [ d = 8 fdf \ no = 125 ff-1;
] 3 = 6066 Å; 4 = 5199 Å; 5 = 4549 Å.
293
Jbk
15.2 RmdZgZ \_ebqbgZ \îh\^Z} iehs djb\hegcgh ljZi_p

sh ah[jZ`_gZ gZ jbk
Jbk
15.3. b = 0,0029 f ⋅ D .
15.4. = 1,17 fdf.
15.5. v = 156 ⋅ 1012 =p.
15.6. W = 1,89 eB.
15.7. L = 557 D.
15.8 L = 348 D.
15.9. t = 39 k.
15.10. L = 301 D.
15.11. L = 515 D.
15.12. T = 728 D.
294
15.13. t = 569 c.
15.14. T = 611 K.
15.15. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk ).
Jbk
15.16. L = 600 D.
15.17. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk.
Jbk
15.18. t = 39 c.
15.19. t = 36 c.
15.20. t = 35 c.
15.21. t = 31 c.
15.22. t = 40 c.
15.23. t = 46 c.
15.24. t = 52 c.
15.25. t = 72 c; z = 0,66.
295
15.26. T = 377 K.
15.27. T 1 = 533 K, T 2 = 307 K.
15.28. t = 23 c.
15.29. . = 1,59 ⋅ 10 −5 K -1.
15.30. T = 337 K; = 78,5 B.
15.32. t = 633 c.
15.33. T = 331 K.
15.34. t = 90 oC.
15.35. t = 19 oC.
15.36. t = 91 oC.
15.37. t = 0,95 c.
15.38. T = 424 K; L = 1,5032 f.
15.39. T = 760 K; L = 0,7551 f.
15.40. T = 429 K; L = 0,8519 f.
15.41. Lo = 5,8763 f; T = 505 K; L = 5,8934 f.
15.42. T = 425 K; L = 0,9520 f.
15.43. Lo = 4,8388 f; T = 573 K; L = 4,8571 f.
15.44. Z T = 377 K.
[ T = 366 K.
\ T = 381 K.
] T = 610 K.
^ T = 606 K.
_ T = 593 K.
} T = 581 K.
` T = 541 K.
a T = 443 K.
b T = 649 K.
T = 616 K.
T = 574 K.
c T = 717 K.
d T = 654 K.
e T = 644 K.
15.45. Z T = 288 K.
[ T = 285 K.
\ T = 279 K
] T = 299 K.
^ T = 296 K.
296
_ T = 278 K.
} T = 292 K.
` T = 298 K.
a T = 284 K.
b T = 295 K.
T = 288 K.
T = 295 K.
c T = 279 K.
d T = 290 K.
e T = 288 K.
15.46. Z T = 804 K.
[ T = 852 K.
\ T = 641 K.
] T = 609 K.
Jbk
Jbk
297
Jbk
Jbk
Jbk
298
16.6. <îh\^v ih^ZgZ m \b]ey^ lZ[ebp
D gf

1 121,5
102,6
97,2
95,0
93,8
93,1
2 656,3
486,2
434,1
410,2
397,0
388,9
3 1875,2
1281,9
1093,9
1005,0
954,7
923,0
4 4051,5
2625,3
2165,7
1944,7
1817,5
1736,3
5 7458,4
4652,8
3739,8
3296,3
3038,6
2872,4
299
υ (dfk) (if)
110000 7,3
120000 6,6
130000 6,1
140000 5,6
150000 5,2
160000 4,9
170000 4,5
180000 4,3
190000 4,0
200000 3,8

U (d<) (if)
22 8,7
24 8,3
26 7,9
28 7,6
30 7,3
32 7,1
34 6,9
36 6,7
38 6,5
40 6,3
16.9. = 20,2 if.

16.10. L = 439 D.
16.11. Ydsh L = 20; o1 = 6,67; o2 = 13,3.
16.12. W = 0,402.
16.13. W = 0,195.
16.14. W = 0,475.
16.15. W = 0,091.
16.16. W = 0,609.
16.17. W = 0,82.
16.18. l = 9 nf.
16.19. E = 3,1 eB.
300
16.20. m = 4 Zhf :evnZ-qZklbgdZ
16.21. Z l = 9 Å [ l = 12 Å \ l = 15 Å.
16.22. l = 6 nf.
16.23. l = 10 nf; ? = 5 F_<.
16.24. l = 8 Å; m = 9,1Â-31 d] _e_dljhg
16.25. l = 7 nf; ? = 4,20 F_<.
16.26. l = 9 nf; ? = 5,72 F_<.
16.27. l = 12 if; m = 29 Zhf.; ? = 0,05 _<.
16.28. l = 9 nf; m = 1 Zhf.; ? = 2,53 F_<.
16.29. l = 9 if; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 5,67 _<.
16.30. l = 7 if; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 4,1 _<.
16.31. l = 8 nf; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 774 d_<.
16.32. l = 10 nf; m = 1 Zhf.; ? = 8,3 F_<.
16.33. l = 8 if; m = 16 Zhf.; ? = 0,8 _<.
16.34. l = 9 nf; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 5,8 F_<.
16.35. l = 5 nf; m = 1 Zhf.; ? = 8,2 F_<.
16.36. l = 9 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 3,8 F_<.
16.37. l = 8 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 2,16 F_<.
16.38. l = 8 nf; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 7,25 F_<.
16.39. l = 10 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 3,05 F_<.
16.40. l = 9 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 3,83 F_<.
16.41. l = 10 nf; m = 1 Zhf.; ? = 2,06 F_<.
16.42. l = 10 nf; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 2,1 F_<.
16.43. l = 9 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 1,68 F_<.
16.44. l = 9 nf; m = 4 Zhf.; ? = 0,64 F_<.
16.45. l = 9 nf; m = 6 Zhf.; ? = 1,70 F_<.
16.46. . = 0,523 Å.
16.47. r = 0,709 Å.
16.48. 1,95 Å; 1,809 Å; 1,678 Å; 1,54 Å; 1,28 Å; 0,578 Å; 2,77 Å.
16.50. T = 290 K.
16.51. υ = 6Â7 fk.
16.52. U = 30 dB.
16.53. T = 292 K.
16.54. Z = 28 (gd_ev.
16.55. T = 250 K.
301
16.56. T = 288 K; =1,41 Å.
16.57. 1 = 5,5.
16.58. T = 277 K.
16.59. υ = 1,98 ⋅ 10 8 fk; t = 0,19 gk.
16.60. υ = 2,55 ⋅ 10 fk; t = 0,14 gk.
8
16.61. υ = 1,15 ⋅ 10 8 fk; t = 0,14 gk.

16.62. = 5896 Å.
16.63. L D
16.64. f = 5,09Â14 =p.
16.65. n = 3,02Â20.
16.66. = 6058 Å.
16.67. n = 2,2Â20 c-1.
16.68. f = 5,09Â14 =p.
16.69. = 589,4 gf.
16.70. f = 4,95Â14 =p.
16.71. T = 2097 K.
17.1. <îh\^v g_ gZ\h^blvky.

17.5. = 5,4 ⋅ 10 −8 k-1.
17.6. L = 38 ]h^.
17.7. L = 4,0 ]h^.
17.8. L ^[
17.9. L jhd\
17.10. L jhd\
17.11. T = 164 ^[.
17.12. = 4,8Â-8 c-1.
17.13. T = 2,6 jhdm
17.14. T = 5,33 jhdm
17.15. T = 17,5 ]h^.
17.16. = 1,07 ⋅ 10 −7 k-1.
17.17. T = 15,1 ]h^.
17.18. = 0,0465 ]h^-1.
17.19. T 1/2 = 138 ^[
302
17.20. T 1/2 = ^h[b
17.21. T 1/2 ^h[b
17.22. T 1/2 ^h[b
17.23. T 1/2 ^h[b
17.24. T 1/2 = 3,83 ^h[b
17.25. T 1/2 jhdm
17.26. T 1/2 ^[
17.27. = 5,8 ⋅ 10 −8 c-1.
17.28. Z ? = 5,34 F_< [ # = 1,6Â7 fk \ n = 1,57 ⋅ 10 5 .
17.29. Z ? = 8,76 F_< [ # = 2,0Â7 fk \ n = 2,57 ⋅ 10 5 .
17.30. Z ? = 4,46 F_< [ # = 1,5Â7 fk \ n = 1,31 ⋅ 10 5 · 105.
17.31. Z ? = 4,06 F_< [ # = 1,4Â7 fk \ n = 1,19 ⋅ 10 5 · 105.
18.1. T = 384 D.
18.2. T = 362 D.
18.3. T = 282 D.
18.4. T = 370 D.
18.5. T = 251 D.
18.6. T = 279 D.
18.7. <îh\^v gZ\_^_gZ m \b]ey^ ]jZndZ jbk 4).
Jbk 4
18.8. t = 92 hK.
303
Jbk 5
18.10. T = 308 D.
18.11. T = 112 D.
18.12. T = 199 D.
18.13. T = 198 D.
18.14. T = 196 D.
18.15. T = 135 D.
18.16. D = 0,194.
18.17. T = 14 D.
18.18. T = 200 D.
18.19. T = 21 D.
18.20. T = 171 D.
18.21. T = 168 D.
18.22. T = 184 D.
18.23. T = 278 D.
304
KIBKHDE1L?J:LMJB
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4. ;mjkbZg W< AZ^Zqb ih nbabd_ êy dhfivxl_jZ – F
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6. <bjl G :e]hjblfu kljmdlmjb ^Zgguo ijh]jZffu –
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8. <hevd_grl_cg <K K[hjgbd aZ^Zq ih h[s_fm dmjkm
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9. =ebgkvdbc YF :ghog </ Jy`kvdZ <: IZkdZev –
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13. Bjh^h\ B? AZ^Zqb ih h[s_c nbabd_ – F GZmdZ
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15. Dgml > Bkdmkkl\h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby Lhf Hkgh\gu_
Ze]hjblfu – F <evyfk – k
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Збірник Задач з Фізики Для Розвязування з Використанням Компютера Лопатинський Чех

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Збірник Задач з Фізики Для Розвязування з Використанням Компютера Лопатинський Чех

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IjbdeZ^b jha\’yaZggy aZ^Zq

υ = υ 0 + 0,4t + 0,1 t3.

Py aZe_`gklv reyom \^ qZkm ihdeZ^_gZ \ hkgh\m jh[hlb

<^ih\^v t =  k & =  jZ^k

af_grblvky \^\q" Ydbc reyo ijhc^_ leh aZ p_c qZk"

GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl \bkhlb gZ ydc [m^_ dZfgv, \^ qZkm

1.10. L\_j^_ leh h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk aZ aZdh-

Q_j_a ydbc qZk leh amibgblvky"

ihqZldm fhf_glm h[_jlZggy lZg]_gpZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ

ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy p} lhqdb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 160 fk², dheb

h[_jlZggy dmlh\Z r\b^dklv pvh]h leZ [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy

fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^ fZoh-

K = 0,1 kfk  <bagZqblb dml sh ml\hj_gbc \_dlhjhf ih\gh]h ijbk-

dhj_ggy a jZ^mkhf dhe_kZ \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 1,2,3, ... 10 k ikey

^_ t – qZk, k, : – ^_ydbc dh_np}gl <bagZqblb qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h

1.21. Dhe_kh jZ^mkhf R = 0,12 f h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh

1.24. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h]h ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm ijb h[_jlZev-

1.27. EolZj, sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^^Ze  f \^ \_jlbdZevgh

ih\ljy \bagZqblb gl_j\Ze qZkm f` \bkljeZfb ijb ydhfm kgZjy^b

aldgmlvky h^bg a h^gbf

1.35. RZc[Z dh\aZxqb ih ]hjbahglZevgc ih\_jog evh^m fZ}

Ydsh \^hf ihqZldh\ mfh\b x υ ijb =  lh p nhjfmeb

^Zxlv afh]m agZclb ydbfb [m^mlv x ,υ q_j_a qZk ∆  ihlf x ,υ

s_ q_j_a ∆  l ^ Ydsh \jZom\Zlb sh ijhf`hd qZkm ∆ ih\bg_g

[mlb ^h\he fZebf lh p_c ijhp_k h[qbke_gv ^m`_ ^h\]bc  [_a

3. J\gyggy jmom leZ afggh fZkb M  gZijbdeZ^ jZd_lb a

 Jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq gZ ^\h\bfjgbc jmo fklblv _e_f_glb

r2 = (a – x)2 + (p – y)2, (2.11)

^_ j – ijbpevgbc iZjZf_lj Z – \^klZgv \^ dhkfqgh jZd_lb ^h

AZklhkh\Zgbc m lZdhfm jZa f_lh^ ijb^Zlgbc ^ey [m^v-ydbo

^_ m ( x )g – kbeZ sh kijyfh\ZgZ \ gZijyf jmom eZgpx]Z  kijbqb-

AgZxqb ihqZldh\ agZq_ggy x , υ , ijb t = 0, [m^_fh agZoh^blb

lZd agZq_ggy x lZ υ aZ hklZggfb nhjfmeZfb ^hlb ^hdb o g_

^hj\gx\Zlbf_ l . GZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^ylv qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy qZkm

2. JZd_lZ fZkhx 300 l klZjlm} a A_fe Q_j_a ydbc qZk \hgZ

kbeZ ly]b l_ieh\haZ F = 25 ⋅ 10 H aZ i_jrm o\bebgm \^ ihqZldm

jmom" M jha\’yam\Zgg \jZoh\m\Zlb \’yad_ l_jly h[ ih\ljy  \ hkyo aZ

2.3. GZ ydm \^klZgv aZ ljb o\bebgb \^’^_ \^ amibgdb iha^

2.5. IZjZrmlbkl fZkhx m = 70 d] i^ qZk aZly`gh]h kljb[dZ

2.6. Ydm fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x [m^_ fZlb leh fZkhx

Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 f/k . 2

2.7. Leh fZkhx m = 0,5 d] iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h

2.8. Leh iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl  aZ qZk

2.9. Leh fZkhx m = 0,3 d] iZ^Z} [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl \

2.10. FZxqb ihqZldh\m r\b^dklv υ = 90 df]h^ Z\lhfh[ev

fZkhx m = 1040 d] a \bfdg_gbf ^\b]mghf i^ ^}x kbeb hihjm aZ qZk

reyo s = 300 f <bagZqblb fZkm Z\lhfh[ey ydsh dh_np}gl hihjm

ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 215 f Yd_ [meh qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy kbeb hihjm

jmoh\ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey i^ qZk j\ghfjgh]h jmom?

2.18. Leh dh\aZ} a]hjb \gba ih djb\c ihobec ih\_jog ydZ }

β = 10  Dh_np}gl l_jly k = 0,06.

2.23. GZ ihobec iehsbg ydZ kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml

ihobec iehsbg, Z gb`gc dg_pv eZgpx]Z gZ j\g gb`gvh]h djZx

e_`blv eZgpx] lZd sh iheh\bgZ ch]h ^h\`bgb a\rm}lvky q_j_a

ijZ\hjmq jbk 7 i^ ^}x klZeh ]hjbahglZevgh kbeb F = 1,5 ⋅ 10 G.

gZ\_^_gh hkgh\g nhjfmeb aZdhgb yd g_h[o^g ^ey jha\ yam\Zggy

aZ^Zq pvh]h jha^em <k aZijhihgh\Zg aZ^Zq ^hpevgh jha\’yam\Zlb

a \bdhjbklZggyf qbkeh\bo f_lh^\ i_jkhgZevgh]h dhfi’xl_jZ

>ey klm^_gl\ \bsbo l_ogqgbo gZ\qZevgbo aZdeZ^\

Fh`_ [mlb dhjbkgbf \bdeZ^ZqZf i^ qZk i^]hlh\db ^h \bdhgZg-

© EhiZlbgkvdbc 1/, Qo <1 2006

L\hc m\Za ijhihgm}lvky ijbgpbih\h gh\bc gZ\qZevgbc

Py aZe_`gklv reyom \^ qZkm ihdeZ^_gZ \ hkgh\m jh[hlb

<^ih\^v t = k & = jZ^k

af_grblvky \^\q" Ydbc reyo ijhc^_ leh aZ p_c qZk"

GZdj_keblb ]jZnd aZe_`ghkl \bkhlb gZ ydc [m^_ dZfgv, \^ qZkm

1.10. L\_j^_ leh h[_jlZ}lvky gZ\dheh g_jmohfh hk aZ aZdh-

Q_j_a ydbc qZk leh amibgblvky"

ihqZldm fhf_glm h[_jlZggy lZg]_gpZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ

ghjfZevg_ ijbkdhj_ggy p} lhqdb [m^_ ^hj\gx\Zlb 160 fk², dheb

h[_jlZggy dmlh\Z r\b^dklv pvh]h leZ [m^_ fZlb qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy

fhf_glm ihqZldm h[_jlZggy ih\g_ ijbkdhj_ggy lhqdb gZ h[h^ fZoh-

K = 0,1 kfk <bagZqblb dml sh ml\hj_gbc \_dlhjhf ih\gh]h ijbk-

dhj_ggy a jZ^mkhf dhe_kZ \ fhf_gl qZkm t = 1,2,3, ... 10 k ikey

^_ t – qZk, k, : – ^_ydbc dh_np}gl <bagZqblb qZk mijh^h\` ydh]h

1.21. Dhe_kh jZ^mkhf R = 0,12 f h[_jlZ}lvky lZd sh

1.24. AZe_`gklv dmlh\h]h ijbkdhj_ggy \^ qZkm ijb h[_jlZev-

1.27. EolZj, sh jhalZrh\Zgbc gZ \^^Ze f \^ \_jlbdZevgh

ih\ljy \bagZqblb gl_j\Ze qZkm f` \bkljeZfb ijb ydhfm kgZjy^b

aldgmlvky h^bg a h^gbf

1.35. RZc[Z dh\aZxqb ih ]hjbahglZevgc ih\_jog evh^m fZ}

Ydsh \^hf ihqZldh\ mfh\b x υ ijb = lh p nhjfmeb

^Zxlv afh]m agZclb ydbfb [m^mlv x ,υ q_j_a qZk ∆ ihlf x ,υ

s_ q_j_a ∆ l ^ Ydsh \jZom\Zlb sh ijhf`hd qZkm ∆ ih\bg_g

[mlb ^h\he fZebf lh p_c ijhp_k h[qbke_gv ^m`_ ^h\]bc [_a

3. J\gyggy jmom leZ afggh fZkb M gZijbdeZ^ jZd_lb a

Jha\’yam\Zggy aZ^Zq gZ ^\h\bfjgbc jmo fklblv _e_f_glb

^_ j – ijbpevgbc iZjZf_lj Z – \^klZgv \^ dhkfqgh jZd_lb ^h

AZklhkh\Zgbc m lZdhfm jZa f_lh^ ijb^Zlgbc ^ey [m^v-ydbo

^_ m ( x )g – kbeZ sh kijyfh\ZgZ \ gZijyf jmom eZgpx]Z kijbqb-

AgZxqb ihqZldh\ agZq_ggy x , υ , ijb t = 0, [m^_fh agZoh^blb

lZd agZq_ggy x lZ υ aZ hklZggfb nhjfmeZfb ^hlb ^hdb o g_

^hj\gx\Zlbf_ l . GZ _djZg ^bkie_y \b\h^ylv qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy qZkm

2. JZd_lZ fZkhx 300 l klZjlm} a A_fe Q_j_a ydbc qZk \hgZ

kbeZ ly]b l_ieh\haZ F = 25 ⋅ 10 H aZ i_jrm o\bebgm \^ ihqZldm

jmom" M jha\’yam\Zgg \jZoh\m\Zlb \’yad_ l_jly h[ ih\ljy \ hkyo aZ

2.3. GZ ydm \^klZgv aZ ljb o\bebgb \^’^_ \^ amibgdb iha^

2.5. IZjZrmlbkl fZkhx m = 70 d] i^ qZk aZly`gh]h kljb[dZ

2.6. Ydm fZdkbfZevgm dg_lbqgm _g_j]x [m^_ fZlb leh fZkhx

Ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 f/k . 2

2.7. Leh fZkhx m = 0,5 d] iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h

2.8. Leh iZ^Z} \ ih\lj [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl aZ qZk

2.9. Leh fZkhx m = 0,3 d] iZ^Z} [_a ihqZldh\h r\b^dhkl \

2.10. FZxqb ihqZldh\m r\b^dklv υ = 90 df]h^ Z\lhfh[ev

fZkhx m = 1040 d] a \bfdg_gbf ^\b]mghf i^ ^}x kbeb hihjm aZ qZk

reyo s = 300 f <bagZqblb fZkm Z\lhfh[ey ydsh dh_np}gl hihjm

ijh`^`Z} reyo s = 215 f Yd_ [meh qbkeh\_ agZq_ggy kbeb hihjm

jmoh\ pvh]h Z\lhfh[ey i^ qZk j\ghfjgh]h jmom?

2.18. Leh dh\aZ} a]hjb \gba ih djb\c ihobec ih\_jog ydZ }

β = 10 Dh_np}gl l_jly k = 0,06.

2.23. GZ ihobec iehsbg ydZ kl\hjx} a ]hjbahglhf dml

ihobec iehsbg, Z gb`gc dg_pv eZgpx]Z gZ j\g gb`gvh]h djZx

e_`blv eZgpx] lZd sh iheh\bgZ ch]h ^h\`bgb a\rm}lvky q_j_a

ijZ\hjmq jbk 7 i^ ^}x klZeh ]hjbahglZevgh kbeb F = 1,5 ⋅ 10 G.

A g_jmohfh]h [mgd_jZ gZ g_ \bkbiZ}lvky ikhd R\b^dklv \bkb-

2.26. AZ ydbc qZk ieZlnhjfZ ijh^_ reyo S = 12 f ydsh \jZoh-

dhe_kZfb \habdZ ih\_jog_x k = 0,05.

\aylb a mfh\b aZ^Zq 7.

a mfh\b aZ^Zq 8.

mfh\b aZ^Zq 7.

! = 1000 d]f ijbkdhj_ggy \evgh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,81 fk .

2.34. >_j_\’ygbc klh\i ^h\`bghx L = 8 f ih\gklx aZgmj_gbc

lbgm \h^b klh\i [m^_ jmoZlbkv \_jlbdZevgh \]hjm GZ ydm gZc[ev-

\h^b ! = 1000 d]f ]mklbgZ ]Zkm ! = 800 d]f ijbkdhj_ggy \ev-

gh]h iZ^ggy g = 9,8 fk .

2.36. Fkyqgbc fh^mev fZkhx 1 l gZ[eb`Z}lvky ^h Fkypy a

lZgv j = 7 ⋅ 10 df lh r\b^dklv dhjZ[ey υ = 1500 fk GZdj_kelv

ljZ}dlhjx ihevhlm ih[ebam Fkypy FZkZ Fkypy ^hj\gx}

Yd [m^_ jmoZlbkv dhkfqgbc dhjZ[_ev ijb r\b^dhklyo 2916 f k lZ

2.39. I_jrZ dhkfqgZ r\b^dklv ^ey ^_ydh ieZg_lb # fk.

m = 2050 d] klZjlm} a ih\_jog p} ieZg_lb Q_j_a ydbc qZk jZd_lZ

2.45. < gZijyf, i_ji_g^bdmeyjghfm ^h jmom ljZf\Zcgh]h

\Z]hgZ, m ljZf\Zc kljeyxlv a ]\bgl\db lZd sh \^klZgv \^ fkpy

hihjm ih\ljy lj_[Z h[qbkex\Zlb lZd yd m aZ^Zq 4);

kl\heZ ]\bgl\db s = 0,7 f, fZkZ dme m = 0,01 d] <bagZqblb fbll}\m