Introduction To Micribiology

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 At the end of this topic, students should be able to
 Define microbiology
 Explain the scopes of microbiology
 Describe how microbe affect our lives
 Explain the contributions made by historical scientists in the field of microbiology
 Compare/contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis
 Discuss the modern development of microbiology

WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
 It is a study of unicellular, multicellular or acellular microorganisms.
 It includes the basic studies on the ecology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution as

well as the clinical aspects of the microorganisms.
 Clinical aspects includes
 Epidemiology
 Pathogenesis
 Host response
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SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
 Microbiology can be broken-down to several sub-disciplines including
 Virology – study of viruses
 Parasitology – study of parasites
 Mycology – study of yeast and fungi
 Bacteriology – study of bacteria
 Phycology – study of algae (or more specific micro-algae)
 Medical microbiology – deals with microbes that causes diseases in human and
animals  diagnosis, treatment and prevention
SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
 Immunology – looks into how the immune system reactions towards invading
microbes
 Agricultural microbiology – the roles (both positive and negative) of
microorganisms to agriculture
 Industrial microbiology – usage of microorganisms in production of beneficial
products such as fine chemicals, enzymes, steroids etc
 Food and dairy microbiology – food preservation; usage of microbes in
production of fermented food such as cheese, buttermilk, pickles, beers,
yogurt, etc
 Microbial molecular biology – genetic modifications of microbes in production
of beneficial product such as vaccines, hormones, antibiotics, etc
MICROBES IN OUR LIVES
 Some microbes are able to cause diseases in human and animals.
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 Microorganisms are living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked
eyes.
 Some microbes are pathogenic ie disease causing while most microbes are not.
 Some microbes are essential for decomposition.
 What would happen if there are no decomposers?
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 Bioremediation – use of microbes to
break down harmful or toxic material/
waste/ by-products into non-
poisonous matter
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 Some microbes are responsible for the production of many industrially important
chemicals, such as ethanol, acetone and biofuel
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 Some microbes are responsible for the production many food product through the
process of fermentations
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 Some microbes are essential for production of vaccines.
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 Some microbes can be used as biological control agents.
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 Some microbes are good microbes that are needed to maintain good
health – they prevent bad microbes from colonization.
 In our mouth
 On our skin
 In our intestine
 These microbes are termed normal microbiota or microflora

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 There are many more roles of microbes in our lives.

 Biological weapons
 Energy production
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HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Aristotle (384-322 BC) – spontaneous generation ie living things can arise spontaneously /
living things can arise from non-living matter.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) – discovered animalcules using his own simple
microscope.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) English scientist – developed compound
microscope, looked at cork & coined the term “cell”
microscope.
Francisco Redi (1668) Italian physician – disapproved

spontaneous generation
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microscope.
Francisco Redi (1668) Italian physician – disapproved

spontaneous generation
John Needham (1713-1781) English scientist –
supported spontaneous generation.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) – microbes arised in the broth were

carried by air.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) – microbes arised in the broth were

carried by air.
Louis Pasture (1862) – swan-necked flask experiment put an end to spontaneous

generation theory  the beginning of biogenesis theory. Start of golden age of
microbiology
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GOLDEN ERA OF MICROBIOLOGY
 Contributions by Louis Pasteur
 Developed pasteurization  heating a temperature high enough
to kill the microbes that causes spoilage
 Saved the wine industries
 Coined the term “microbiology”
 The rise of germ theory of disease
 Demonstrated anthrax was the cause of bacteria (1868)
 Developed vaccine for anthrax
 Developed attenuated vaccine
 Contributions by Ignaz Semmelweis – hand washing to prevent the

transmission of puerperal fever from one patient to another
 Significantly reduced no of death after birthing process.
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 Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912)
 Used the finding of Louis Pasture – germ theory of disease
 Introduced the concept of sterile surgery
 Applied carbolic acid (phenol) to surgical tools in the attempt to
sterilize
 Applied carbolic acid on surgical wound and significantly reduced the
number of post- surgical infections
 Recognized as the “father of modern surgery”
 Edward Jenner (1749-1823) English physician/scientist pioneered in

smallpox vaccine
 Father of immunology
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 Robert Koch (1876)
 Came up with Koch’s postulates
 A step-by-step procedure in determining the causative agent of
disease
 Developed bacterial staining method
 Discovered Mycobacterium and Vibrio cholera
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BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
 Chemotherapy is treatment with the use of chemical substance
 These chemicals can either be synthetic drugs or antibiotics
 Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by either bacteria or
fungi that are able to stop the growth or kill other microorganisms.
 Extracts from the bark of a cinchona tree have been used to treat
malaria since at least 1632.
 The compound responsible for the action (quinine) was first
isolated and studied in 1820.
 Paul Erlich (1910) – search for magic bullet
 Known as “father of chemotherapy”
 Salvarsan
 first drug effectively used for syphilis
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 Alexander Flemming (1928) – discovery of first antibiotics
 Penicillin produced by the fungus Penicillium
 Eventually replaced salvarsan
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MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN MICROBIOLOGY
 The study of immunology

 New vaccine development
 The use of immunological techniques (antibody reactions) to identify pathogen
 Virology
 Advances in the field of virology
 Identification and classification of viruses
 Emerging viral diseases
 Microbial Molecular biology

 Study of microbes to the molecular level – DNA (genomics) and proteins
(proteomics), biochemistry
 Genetic modifications
MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN MICROBIOLOGY
 Parasitology
 Parasitic diseases, their lifecycle, treatments and preventive measures
 Mycology
 Advances in the field of fungi
 Identification and classification of fungi
 Emerging fungal diseases
 Bacteriology
 Advance study of bacteria and their effects
 Resistance to and production of antimicrobial agents
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Recombinant vaccines
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DNA vaccines
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GMO
 Use of microbes to produce GM food

 BT toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis
 Use of microbe (bacteria or virus) as vectors to introduce and
incorporate foreign gene in GMO
https://gmoanswers.com/
Food microbiology
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Food microbiology
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Environmental microbiology
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bioremediation
http://www.mebotek.be/products/bioremediation-products/
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Agricultural microbiology
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Agricultural microbiology
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
 At the end of this topic, students should be able to
 Define microbiology
 Explain the scopes of microbiology
 Describe how microbe affect our lives
 Explain the contributions made by historical scientists in the field of microbiology
 Compare/contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis
 Discuss the modern development of microbiology

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INTRODUCTION TO

 Explain the scopes of microbiology

 Describe how microbe affect our lives

 Explain the contributions made by historical scientists in the field of microbiology

 Compare/contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis

 Discuss the modern development of microbiology

 It includes the basic studies on the ecology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution as

 Clinical aspects includes

 Some microbes are able to cause diseases in human and animals.

 Some microbes are essential for production of vaccines.

 Some microbes can be used as biological control agents.

 These microbes are termed normal microbiota or microflora

 There are many more roles of microbes in our lives.

Francisco Redi (1668) Italian physician – disapproved

Francisco Redi (1668) Italian physician – disapproved

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) – microbes arised in the broth were

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) – microbes arised in the broth were

Louis Pasture (1862) – swan-necked flask experiment put an end to spontaneous

 Contributions by Ignaz Semmelweis – hand washing to prevent the

 Edward Jenner (1749-1823) English physician/scientist pioneered in

 The study of immunology

 Microbial Molecular biology

 Use of microbes to produce GM food

 Explain the scopes of microbiology

 Describe how microbe affect our lives

 Explain the contributions made by historical scientists in the field of microbiology

 Compare/contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis

 Discuss the modern development of microbiology

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