fenttnal

Cowpounds
Naminqfou Alucdic

,CaHs
2 tlhyl- tyclohexane

Cuclohaxane

CH 3
L - N e t h u l Cucdo.ent1-ena

Haugmah Coupconds
Nomentahuue o

Genzene
 0-Ouho
w Meta
Pau

Phenol
CH3

Taluene
NH,

Aniline
C

Chlouo banz.e

CH3

t 3-chloustgluen.c
OH

CH 3
2-Hehu pheno
exo
 Pauatuuol)
-Nethy PhenDl
CH

C =C C CHO
3 2

4-Phenul 3-Hydu.oxu Butanal

CHO

Benzaled.ehude
COoH
Benzeic_add

1COCH
Aceto phenone

lsomeusm
Wo
Wo O mOLeCOmbounds haulna Phe ame
moleeclau Oumula buk dilleuent themical anc
hysi.ca upeLtais aue caled ILomeus and
he PhenowMenDn onDunas SomeuisSm
SameLSm twD two ubt
Shutuual
Steueo
StAUchUua somelsim

Combounds havingtha Aame imbletul

0Lmula but dillau.ent sbiutoue aue
talledsbuutuu Tsomeus
LChainlsomeuism
Lawatindb having same nnoleculau numua baut
euent Quuang.entnt taubon chah '
talled thain Tspmeusm

CH HCHCH3
n-Butane
CH CH-CH
CH 2-Mathyl Ludþane
OR
Tso-butane
 Date
JPagu

funtienal isomeuism
Conupaunda havina khe bame mblercul.auL sumula but
Ail unthibn.al QMOusQue talled unthbnal
jahaus and hi hendmenon U Lalled unthonal
AAOTmESsm

Naletulau aumula-CHD CH CH-OH

Ehanol

CH CHa
HtHaoxu Nethane

-fosiion iSomeuism
Kombaunds uhich have the same moleculauoumula
bak dillau only in he pas.ihan a double bond
huihel bond Ou untiona quauaue Called
lositioniAomeusard he Phenomenon s Called
hoshionJAomelsm

NolkculaueomulaL,Hp CHCH,CH,CH0H
fuapan-ol-1

CHCH-CH

OH
AOpanoL 2
 Hata
meuiS
&amemoleculau oumlda
Coonbounds having the atamsi
bu eileent humbw cauhon
unchional
he
alkal n ilhaaide
QAOEb called MctahaeLiSm

Nalerulau
tumla CuH, CH-CH-0-CHCHa

EhoXu £hane

Cl-CH-H-0 CH
Nehorybuobane

Holereul au
uenla- a-H0 tHCH H-CH
fentahe-3-one
CHCH-CH
Pentahe2-ont
 Date-
Pags

-lautomeuism

T aspeial tyhe oOnthional IAomtuisn

which QMHiseA du? hmiuahion8 Hyclupgen atom
Juom one bolyvalent aam h he othe
he Lsomeita aue called Taubamuus amd he he
Phenantn Dn calledlautomeism

H O OH

H H CH CH= CH
H

khoum enolkONm

Ring-chan Aomtism
Combound.s havinq he dame moleculau kaumulabut
have open chaih and lydic atuctoue ave talled
Ling Lhaun AOm eus

CH 2

CH -CH CH
CH CH
Cuclo buabant uopene
 Steuid LAomeuisn
atuuctuual kaumula
Someyswhith hav he Aame
atam
but have dlilewent auuangement o afnm
QuDabsin Apace aHe cálled steuiin LAomeus
and he hhenominon alled steulo lAOmeulsm

dEo lloaunq tubta

onfoumahonal iaonmeuYsn
G4tomthuical iomeuism
OptfcalIAomeuLsm

ission o(ovalent Bend

Homoluyht ission a tovalent Boncd bueaks

in ch a Lwau Hhat Lach afom tak43 awauu
One eletbuon o the haued pai t i i
talled Homblyhirission 0H Aumbuical aion
ye uaditals aueaumed
A 8 - A 8

Heholuhic kiaion lhen a Covalen bond

bond
zalning hu'n afomS a n d 8 bueak
buea kt in
Ugutha uay hat bolh he letunns o
guth
Lhe tovalent hond aue aken auayby One
he otoms henitcalud Hekualyhc kissiOn
 Date
Pag

AtaHehualotickAIon Catonh and 0nian aue koumed

A 8 A

Atacking Sheues
Elcbup_Phles hese aue elechuon louinq chemical
Shecies elecbuoPhile mat be hositivly chauged OL
nenhiaHhtae auedeun oliliteint
lethuaPhilea aue alao called leuis Cud
cucdl
H (0 BE ALL
Nucleo Phile h e Que hvdeuy LDuing cht mical
Spuit NucleoPhiles aUe elecbudn Afth hu may_be
heqahvly chauqe O neuhual
B NH-H,0
ee Naclical=A ue Haclcal is an atnm 0LL
Queuh aatomAhtkinqan odd Ou Unpaiued
lebuon frer adicalk aue bunduced buHamnluhc
aion

nduchiwehut
 Page.

leduonicdlishlacement in toualentBond

nduttve o siqma elathuong

lct-Disblacement
along a Ltuahd cauban thin when.eveL
an elechuon uthdunuing Ou decbunn donating
QMOub iueent_at he nd h a chain
talled nductive let

type
lt-hen he qubup abathed t he
Lcaubon chain i lechudh uilhduntuungi
CaLbes - I elet

C C>C d
Deurabinq oude -T laut
NO, CM CO0H 2F U B T

T eecE he quou Qttathed to_he

Phe
LaHbon chain i eletbuon donating hen it
CanA + Iedt
t Tect tauwed
bu alky!uaup
CC-(-C

CH2
 Pag

Decxeasng OMdeu 0+T elledt

CH), CCH), CH CH,CH,2 H,D>H

ApblicotionoTnduchue act=
le Can_deude audic atuengh a diyauent ouganic
lacids onthe baeoindudtive ect
>Decueaaing oudu oAidic &tuengh
C O
COH C-CH-ChoH CH,-C00HH-(-OH2
C

CHCOOH
Keathvity Oud Caubocahon on he baseA
induchive det
CH tH3 CH3

CH C CH H C CA
H
CH H
Huthu
2

Raaliwiky oadu-32<1Hehy.caubon tahon t

Stabty oudeu 3 > 2 > 12HtHhy

 Date
Page-

KeathVits oudeu o be
caubon anion CanD
lexplained bs indorhive llat
CH CH3 CH 3

CH
H-C CH
H H

Reatiuty Ddau= 3)2 Nthsl.caubo

cahon
Meaonaeur ect

Elechuonaufe le
TE a tenupuauu ellect in hu elerd
Hhau ' a tonapleb hlanalau
bond alecrunna CCr dechuon)thheNulthle mbue
Rlechudnxagnthc lemenIin Duesence a
atatking'Heagent
Attatkinq spetes _attached
h Phe atom on uhith
hen t called +E cletbuons
t ave ahted
.-E let hen ha attacking shei attached
h hi anm uomhth eleuhons aue shikted
then i i ralled E ellect

CN

Kesonante OR NEADmeLcn

When aompound Cannot be MtbAEnbed by a

Sinale leisshuuttuue and h ikblain s
udputis maue hen one suuckuu ha b be
duaun hen he Phenomenon callecd
HULDnanceand he shuutous ale allec
Cananica du Hebunane bHuchuue

Kuonante In benzene

Keaonante bntugu
h e he dill fn ha intuunal entwQu a he
Kazonance hupridand Hhamost stablk canani.cal
Highe ià he yalue al Keaonance eneuay mOu
Luill be he atabilbhsoombound
 Date
Page

ituent
R ect- a quocah O Subs
poshind he tletuonnuoaudshe Ling
lhan it 'alled+R tE
ExCLOHB NH, z
-R elct 0R N-Nuoups uhith
AIHhdd dectuons luom the chain OL
Hing aue talled-R quOups
ExCN (=0

uetkinginluente
Kkln a benzene Hinq alueadu bueent Aubsihuent
clecideathe posihio o uptoming eletunphile h
he Subsituhion Heatibn E called
diuechinginlvence U kao tube
Outho and aua duettin
Neladhuechng
X

OthD
Maa
PaNa
 Date
Pag

Outhobaua diuethnq inlhutnieih chlaunbtnzene t R E)

Ct

Ct CA

Ma-diuehinq dladk in Nihiobenzene Reled

N N0 N
 b tonigahion OR No-Bond hesonante OR
Bake-Nehar

tlechuons
n thiaet liéncalizahion o sigmq
hunvgh ovilabpin P-Dubitala
doobl bond uih signa dubitals
adiacentSingle bont taka plare
hi et à shtuun bu the clauble bonded
lombounds whith albha() hudungen
pULSent

H
H- ELH-CH,
H H

Aphlitations o HuhLOniugaion

Stabilithy o_di alkenes Lan berplained bu

hyputohjug&hon
GMeatruha numbeu alhha hycduogen highe
uill be he atabilih alkehes
DeLueasing Bhability Dudeuou alkenei
 Date
Page

Cha CH3
CH3
C
CHa H

H
CC
H

Shouening taubon-taubon kingl bond adunceut to

hmuliblebond tanbe xplained by hypautonyugahon
Outho-baua diuecting eeck o Toluene Can be
explainèd by huypiuLonua.ahon H

- H
H H H

Stabilih Caubo.cahon anc luu uadicals Can be

explained b hupeubnjuaahon:

323 and
Stabilihy Oudeuou taubo.caion
U HAdicols
 Date
Page

es Ouganit Reath.ona

Subsitution Reattion the Raathon in

uhith he diuect Hohlacement a n
atoms by anathe
Quram 0u QuDu
Atom takes blate

Addition Reathian Reathon.s uhich involve

Combinahon blw two eathnq moltLtules to
give aBingle molectle a ht buDduct
ne talld Addhihon Reaton
CHCH + H H-H,
CeL,=CH t HE BulH-CH
AdditionOn naymatucal Alkene
CtH-CH=tH, t HB

CCH CH-CH
BAL CH H-CHB
 Date
Pag

kov's
Naukovni Rule-

Ac: n Hastkt his Rule on Wnaumabura Alkene

whtn a moleule i added hen hydupgen uill
GHO b he taubon nom h maue numbea
Hyduogen e in he ahovVe HeathbnAul 'be
he ajay huoduct
Anti Haukoni kov Rule aR feuoxide LAt OR Lut
khauschkte

n puesence obenzoil uDxde HB

added h unaumttuinl alkene htn bundutuill
be oppasite h 'Haukouni'koy Rule i (0
ull be he majou bubdut
liminatian Reatthon
khe he kube o Meationhth Jnvplue loss
wo afnms u goubs uihadiatentahms
Aubstante leaching h haoumahon a
mulhhle bond

Hl C-H koH CH=CH t klt HD

H CL

eminohon
 Salbzet Raule
Arto hia Rule t elinainafon
aid tha
kakes place puom he caubon athm which
moLe ALlakatid
H
CH-Ch C H
H C H

(ACHCH-CH=H-H (-CH-(H,-HCH=(H
Ac h satezel/ ( will be he majo
Moduc
sONER1ZATION REACTIDN
Reachionwhith involue ntuconveuktiou
Onie oMeu hto anothea keehing h
molerralau kounttuda Lame called isome-
uizahon Reation
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3 H
Hans but-2-0ne
Cisbutene