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The Goa Geographer, Vol. XIV No. 1, Dec. 2017 ISSN 0976-786X, UGC Index Journal No. 958/ 63041

URBANIZAION IN UTTAR PRADESH: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

*
Karuna Raj and ** Arun K. Singh
E mail: luckykaruna1987@gmail.com and aksmmvbhu@gmail.com
Abstract
Globalization has huge impact on the pattern of urban growth in a country like India where it
leads to economic growth which further results into rapid urbanization. Uttar Pradesh, one
of the largely populated state and having a slow growth rate of urban population has been
selected as the study area. The present paper attempts to understand the process of
urbanization, its trend, pattern, cause and consequences based on census data during 1901-
2011. The study shows both regional and temporal variations in the distribution of urban
population, which are significant. Census data reveals that there is significant rise in percent
of urban population since 1901(11.11%) to 2011(22.28%). Such change may be attributed to
rapid industrialization, rural-urban migration and some well established other factors.
Pattern of Urbanization has been represented by categorizing the percent of urban
population (2011) into highly, moderately, less and least urbanized districts by comparing
with percent of urban population at global, national and state level.
Key Words: Urbanization, Urban Growth, Temporal Change, Migration, Industrialization.

Introduction: Urbanization can be seen as one of the important process which has influenced
characteristics of demography in the twenty-first century all over the world. Urbanization can
be defined as a finite process through which a nation pass as they evolve from agrarian to
industrial society (Davis and Golden, 1954). In the field of social sciences, the process of
urbanization has been expounded by several scholars as it is relevant to a range of disciplines,
for instance, sociologists observe the process of urbanization as a process of changing
traditional social culture, institutions and values (Redfield, 1930; Sorokin & Zimmerman,
1929; Srinivas, 1972; Majumdar, 1977); economists analyze it as a process of economic
growth and development by providing necessary labour force to the expanding economic and
industrial society (Hoselitz, 1962; Harris, 1990). Some scholars have defined the process of
urbanization in a demographic perspective i.e. urbanization is an increase in the proportion of
urban population to the total population over a period of time (Davis, 1965; Bose, 1974).
Geographers explain the process of urbanization as the shifting of population from the
countryside to city and town and thus, it is strongly associated with the process of rural-urban
migration (Mc Gee, 1969).
Urbanization: Global Perspective
The process of urbanization is closely related with the industrial revolution and associated
economic development mainly in the developed world. United Kingdom was the epicenter of
Industrial Revolution resulting in high level of urbanization as a result of industrialization in

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the region where at present most of them are in final stage of the process of urbanization
(Brockerhoff & Brennan, 1998). Developing countries started experiencing urbanization
only since the middle of 20th century. As per the projections of UN World Urbanization
Prospects 2014, at present, more than half of the global population, i.e. 54.50% lives in urban
areas. Projections show that the overall growth of the world’s population could add another
2.5 billion people to urban population by 2050, with close to 90% of the increase
concentrated in Asia and Africa. As per the 2014 revised edition of the World Urbanization
Prospects of UN DESA’s population division, largest urban growth will take place in India,
China, and Nigeria. These three countries will account for 37% of the projected growth of the
world. Such tremendous rise in urban population leads to deformation in urban setup and has
been area of attention since last decade, Study of urbanization has assumed enormous
importance all over the world in view of the fact that it is considered to be an important
process of socio-economic and cultural development of the nation in general and urban
environment in particular. Present paper attempts to highlight the process of urbanization in
Uttar Pradesh with emphasis on trend, level and pace of urbanization and urban population
growth rate at district level using Census data of Uttar Pradesh during 1901-2011.
Objectives
The study has two specific objectives as follows.
1. To provide an overview of the trend of urbanization in Uttar Pradesh since 1901.
2. To provide an overview of pattern of urban population in districts of Uttar Pradesh.
Methodology and Database
Data for the study has been collected from various sources like Census publications, Town
Directory, District Census Handbooks and other relevant literatures. Data from District
Census Handbook of the state has been used to study the spatial pattern of urbanization in the
area. The GIS software Arc GIS-10.1 has been used to prepare the maps.
Study Area
Uttar Pradesh occupies a unique position in the map of India as it is the leading state in terms
of area, population and location. In the national context, it enjoys a strategic location lying at
the intersection of Himalayan Region in the north and Peninsular Region in the south,
encompassing the extremely fertile plains of river Ganges and Yamuna. It lies between
23°52' N to 30°28' N latitudes and 77°03' to 84°39' E longitudes and covers an area of 2, 40,
928 sq. km., which accounts for 7.3% area of the country’s total (Fig-1). It has a geo-political
significance sharing the international boundary with Nepal. The study area is bounded by
Madhya Pradesh in the south, by Uttarakhand in the north-west, Haryana, Rajasthan, and

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Delhi in the west, Bihar in the east and Nepal in the north. The eastern and western boundary
of Uttar Pradesh is demarcated roughly by River Gandak and Yamuna respectively. The state
includes 71 districts, 704 cities and towns, 820 development blocks and 1, 22, 804 inhabited
villages. It ranks first in terms of total population i.e. 207, 281, 477 people while in terms of
population density it ranks fourth with 829 persons/sq. Kilometer.
Fig-1: Location of Uttar Pradesh

Trend of Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh

The process of urbanization in the state of Uttar Pradesh has been very slow since the
beginning of the century. In 1901, the state had 21 per cent of India’s total urban population
share (table-1), which declined to 12.97 per cent in 1991, 12.11 per cent in 2001 while 11.80
per cent in 2011(Census of India 1991, 2001, 2011). The level of urbanization showed a
decline in 1911 due to devastating plague in that year, mainly rooted in urban areas. From
1921-31 the urban growth rate increased consistently with slight variations. It reached up to
21.86 per cent in 1941-51 (table-1). In 1961, it experienced a sharp decline in decennial
growth i.e. 9.23 per cent. It was a result of the change in the definition of the term urban in
1961 Census. In 1971-81, the state’s population suddenly increased in the decadal growth
rate (60.89 per cent), i.e. highest growth rate during the span of 100 years. After that, it
reached up to 31.80 per cent in 2001 and 28.75 per cent in 2011. It evidences the faster
growth of state's urbanization in terms of decadal growth and total population.

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Table-1: Population Growth rate of Uttar Pradesh (1901 to 2011)

Year Decadal growth % of Urban U.P. Urban Population share in

population India’s Urban Population.
1901 0 11.1 21.0
1911 09.61 10.26 19.0
1921 0.16 10.61 17.40
1931 13.24 11.28 17.0
1941 26.06 12.40 16.0
1951 21.86 13.65 14.0
1961 9.23 12.81 12.0
1971 29.72 13.90 11.30
1981 60.89 17.83 12.40
1991 38.52 19.68 12.97
2001 31.80 20.78 12.11
2011 28.75 22.28 11.80

Source: Industrial & Economic Planning Division of TCPO 2002; Census of UP 2011,
Census of India (1991a), Census of India (2001), Census of India (2011)
Population Growth in Uttar Pradesh: A Temporal Overview
Since the census year 1901 to 1971, the growth rate of Uttar Pradesh has been lower as
compared to national level. In 1911, population has decreased as compared to the last decade,
while at the national level it has increased by 5.7 per cent. Likewise, in 1931, 1961 and 1971,
the population growth of Uttar Pradesh was 5-6 per cent lesser than the national level. But
since 1981, population growth rate shows a declining trend at the national level and in case of
Uttar Pradesh it has been increasing year to year continuously. There are some irregularities
in the linear trend line (Fig-3) which signifies various factors affecting the pattern of
urbanization during 1901 and further between 1951 and 1971. The trend of urban population
growth shows that large towns specially class-I towns such as Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Meerut,
Lucknow are growing faster which is discernible from the fact that class-I towns contained
45.70 per cent of the urban population in 1951 which increased to 62.09 per cent in 2011.
Besides, a number of class-I towns increased from 14 in 1991, to 54 in 2001 and 63 in 2011
(Fig-4), whereas the number of metropolitan cities increased from six in 2001 to seven in
2011. By 2021 the urban population of the State is estimated to be 58.3 million which
estimates an increase of 13.8 million against 10 million during 2001-2011. The state
witnessed a tremendous growth in its number of cities and towns and urban population since
1951. The number of cities has increased from 410 in 1951 to 704 in 2011 (Fig-2) and the
percentage of the urban population from 13.6 to 22.28 in the same period. In terms of
million-plus cities in the state, U. P. has more metropolitan cities in India.

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Figure-2: Decadal Change in Number of Cities in U. P.

800

No. of Cities
600
400
200
0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year

Source: Industrial & Economic Planning Division of TCPO 2002; Census of Uttar Pradesh 2011.
As per census 2011, among all metro cities of the state, Lucknow stands on the first rank for
its highest population with 2, 817, 601 which shares 6.3 per cent of state's total population.
Second rank is occupied by Kanpur city with population of 2, 767, 031 followed by Agra,
Meerut, Varanasi and Allahabad.
Figure-3: Trend of Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh

Source: Industrial & Economic Planning Division of TCPO 2002; Census of Uttar Pradesh 2011

The evolution of the urban system in Uttar Pradesh, due to change in the number of towns
over the last decade, clearly reflects that in Uttar Pradesh, the percentage urban population
increase was not just a result of the emergence of new towns rather the up-gradation of
already existing towns.
There has been a net addition of about 10 million persons in the urban areas between 2001
and 2011. About 11.80 per cent of the urban population of India resides in Uttar Pradesh. Out
of 4041 statutory towns of India 648 are in Uttar Pradesh. Percentage of the urban population
to total population of the State stands at 22.28 as per 2011 Census while this percentage was
20.78 in 2001 causing an increase of 1.50 per cent. However, the level of urbanization
(22.28 per cent) in the State is quite low as compared to all India of 31.16 per cent.

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Fig. 4: Temporal Change in Number of Class I towns

80
60
40
20
0
1901- 1911- 1921- 1931- 1941- 1951- 1961- 1971- 1981- 1991- 2001-
1911 1921 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 2001 2011
number of class I town 7 8 8 11 11 17 22 30 40 54 71

Source: Respective volume of Census of India

Pattern of decadal urban growth in the districts of Uttar Pradesh have been shown in figure 5
& 6. District such as Gautam Buddha Nagar, Siddharth Nagar, Chandauli have higher
percentage of Decadal Urban Growth while, Ambedkar Nagar, Bareilly, Aligarh, Auraiya,
Azamgarh, Badaun, Baghpat, Saharanpur show moderate rise in proportion of urban
population. Most of the districts located in the west of the state recorded lower per cent of
decadal urban growth.
Figure-5: Decadal Change of Urban Population in Districts of U.P.
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
SantRavidas…

urban popuation 2011

Jhansi
KanpurDEHAT
Bahraich

Etah

Lucknow
Ghazipur

Varanasi
Bulandshahr

Hardoi

RaeBareli

Sitapur
Auraiya

Fatehpur

Mathura
Moradabad
Barabanki
Agra

urban popuation 2001

Source: District Census Handbook 2011.

Figure-6: Decadal Urban Growth in districts of U.P.2001-2011

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For explaining the fluctuations in trend of Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh a cause and effect
matrix has been depicted in following Table-2.
Table-2: Cause and Effect of Urbanization in U. P. : A Temporal Overview
Decade Major change/cause Effects
1901-1911 Devastating plague Percent of urban population
decreased from 11.10% to
10.6 %.
1911-1921 Outbreak of influenza caused rural-urban migration which Increase in growth in per
resulted in increased number of class-I & class-II towns cent of urban population
(Fig-3), which resulted in growth in per cent of urban from 10.2% to 10.6%.
population.
1921-1931 Identification of new towns by Britishers for military & Per cent of population
industrial development leads to “effective urbanization” in increased from 10.6% to
the state. 11.28%.
1931-1941 Growth of class I cities was considered to be 71.2 % which Percent of urban population
is supposed to be turning point in the history of urbanization increased from 11.2% to
in Uttar Pradesh. 12.4 %.
1941-1951 Following the partition of India, the general increase in Urban population in Uttar
urban population was recorded all over India as a Pradesh increased from
consequence of rural to urban migration specifically to large 12.4 % to 13.6 %.
cities of Uttar Pradesh.
1951-1961 Redefinition of urban places in 1961 and declassification of Percent of urban population
towns caused decrease in number of towns in India as well decreased from 13.6% to
as in Uttar Pradesh 12.9%.
1961-1971 Due to in-migration in newly industrialized areas of NCR Increase in urban
regions i.e. Ghaziabad and inclusion of more cities in class I population from 12.8 % to
status as well incorporation of concept of urban 13.9 %.
agglomeration leads to increased percent of urbanization.
1971-1981 Due to incorporation of green revolution there was a Growth in urban
tremendous rise in agricultural productivity and the districts population was increased
like Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Meerut, Ghaziabad, from 13.90% to 17.83%.
Bareilly, Aligarh thus, agricultural prosperity was ensuring a
more integrated economic development in which both
agricultural and non-agricultural sectors were progressing.
1981-1991 In 1981, eight other towns of the state were graduated to Percent of urban population
class I city status raising the figure of total number of cities was increased from 17.83%
to 30. Other most remarkable feature was reclassification to 19.68%.
of 200 towns along with more than 1 m. population cities.
1991-2001 Increase in number of urban centers from753 as against 705 Percent of urban population
in 1981, with 62 new towns were added up contributing increased from 19.68% to
2.83% of total urban population of 1991. 20.78%.
2001-2011 Inclusion of 10 new towns in class I category and about 39 Percent of urban population
towns in class iv category caused increasing pace of increased from 20.78 % in
urbanization in UP. 2001 to 22.28% in 2011.

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Pattern of Urban Population in Districts of Uttar Pradesh

The state ranks 23rd in the level of urbanization. There are distinguished regional imbalances
in the level of urbanization in the State. District level distribution of urban population has
been discussed in following paragraphs. Table-3 shows pattern of urban population in
districts of Uttar Pradesh and further categorized under four categories viz. Highly Urbanized
(districts having percent of urban population more than world average percent of urban
population), Moderately Urbanized (districts including percent of urban population in
between world and national average of urban population percent), Less Urbanized (districts
having urban population percent between national and state average of percent of urban
population and Least Urbanized (districts having percent of urban population less than state
average of percent of urban population) as represented in figure-7.
Table-3: Level of Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh
Level of Urbanization Districts No. of
districts
Highly urbanized Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Lucknow 4
Above world
average i.e. 54.50%
Moderately Urbanized Agra, Aligarh, Bareilley, Firozabad, Jhansi, Meerut, 8
Moradabad, Varanasi.
Between world & national
average i.e. 54.50 % to 31.16%
Less Urbanized Badaun, Mathura, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, 13
Jalaunn, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Mau, Rampur, Bijnor,
Between state and national
Bulandsahar, Etawah, Hathras, Allahabad.
average i.e. 22.28% -31.16%
Least Urbanized Ambedkar Nagar, Auraiya, Azamgarh, Baghpat, 46
Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Barabanki, Banda, Basti,
Below state
Chandauli, Chitrakut, Deoria, Etah, Faizabad,
average i.e. 22.28% Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gorakhpur,
Hamirpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat,
Kaushambi, Kheri, Lalitpur Mahoba, Mainpuri,
Mirzapur, Pilibhit, Rae Bareli, Sant Kabir Nagar, Srn
Bhadohi, Shahjahanpur, Siddharthnagar, Sitapur,
Sonebhadra, Unnao, Kanshiram Nagar, Maharajganj,
Shravasti, Sultanpur, Kushinagar, Pratapgarh.
Source: District Census Handbook 2011.
It is significant to note the regional variation in the pattern of Urban Population. Western
Region with 32.45% (Census 2011) urban population is the most urbanized and Eastern
Region with 13.40% urban population is the least urbanized region of the state.

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Fig. 7: Pattern of Urban Population Distribution in Uttar Pradesh

Only four out of 71 districts fall (Fig-7) under the highly urbanized category where the level
of urbanization is more than world average. It is clear that most of the districts which are in
the proximity to Delhi are comparatively more urbanized (Varshney & Munir, 2013).
Moderately Urbanized Areas include adjoining areas of NCR such as Meerut, Moradabad,
Aligarh, Agra and Firozabad. Other areas in this category are Jhansi and Varanasi. Areas
such as Muzaffar Nagar, Bijnor, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Badaun, Mathura, Jalaunn, Mau,
Rampur, Buland Sahar, Etawah, Hathras and Allahabad are less Urbanized areas while,
Eastern Uttar Pradesh has the lowest degree of Urbanization in the State. In eastern Uttar
Pradesh district headquarters show slower pattern of Urbanization. There is almost no
development of secondary sector activities (Tripathi, S, 2016). Allahabad and Varanasi
represent the exceptions as they represent area of less and highly urbanized districts
respectively. Allahabad and Varanasi act as service centers in to the nearby class-III & class

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IV towns and the rural areas. The two cities have emerged as primate cities of the region as
conceived by Mark Jefferson (Tripathi, S., 2016).
Conclusion
The process of urbanization is predominantly associated with industrialization and economic
growth which eventually allied with urban development. It creates several job opportunities
in the urban area and plays a significant role in declining poverty and unemployment. In Uttar
Pradesh, the rate of urbanization is accelerating but at a slower pace than that of the national
average. A total number of urban population is large enough (44.49 million) for making
pressure on state and central government for their heavy demands of basic amenities. The
pattern of urbanization in Uttar Pradesh shows a lesser urbanization in the eastern zone. From
the above-going discussion, it is clear that most of the districts which are in the proximity to
Delhi are comparatively more developed in terms of urbanization. This is the prime reason
that the western portion of western Uttar Pradesh emerged as highly urbanized. In this way,
the pattern of urbanization has divided whole western Uttar Pradesh into two parts. The
eastern part of Uttar Pradesh comprising districts of Bijnor, Rampur, Kannauj, Auraiya, Etah,
Mainpuri, Badaun, and Shahjahanpur demonstrate unsatisfactory results. Among all the
districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad and Gautam Buddha Nagar are in the grip of
faster urbanization while Mainpuri is at the bottom level of urbanization. This lopsided
development unfolded the fact that the pressure is increasing in highly urbanized districts
resulting in the disproportionate availability of resources. For the proper development, it is
necessary to identify the economic potential areas and economically lagging behind areas. It
will be resulted in ‘Selective Urban Development' which would help in emphasizing on the
development of the needed areas. Along with this approach, the minimum required
infrastructure support would be given to other not so economically potential urban area to
serve an existing population. The pattern of urban growth should facilitate a fair distribution
of resources both within the present generation and between the present and future
generation. Proper attention should be given to trade, commerce, transport and
communication, infrastructure of districts such as Kannauj, Mainpuri and many other low
developed areas which would increase the power to hold down and further to promote the
available degree of urbanization.
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Authors’ Contact
*
Karuna Raj
Research Scholar,
Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University (BHU),
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
Mob: 7000816828.
E mail: luckykaruna1987@gmail.com
**
Dr. Arun K. Singh
Professor of Geography,
Department of Geography, Room No 243, Science Block, MMV BHU,
BHU, Varanasi, U. P.
Mob: 9451818781 / 7348342044.
E mail: aksmmvbhu@gmail.com

Urbanizaion in UP: A Geographical Analysis: *Karuna Raj and ** Arun K. Singh 68

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