BASIC CONVERSION FACTORS

PREFIX 1 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 5280 𝑓𝑡

𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎 (𝒀) = 1024 1 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 6080 𝑓𝑡
𝑧𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎 (𝒁) = 1021 1 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑚 = 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑒𝑥𝑎 (𝑬) = 1018 1 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 20 𝑓𝑡
𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎 (𝑷) = 1015 1 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 9 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎 (𝑻) = 1012 1 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 3 𝑓𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑔𝑎 (𝑮) = 109 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 1.609 𝑘𝑚
𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎 (𝑴) = 106
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 (𝒌) = 103 AREA
ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 (𝒉) = 102 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 100 𝑚2
𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑎 (𝒅𝒂) = 101 1 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 = 1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖 (𝒅) = 10−1 1 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖 (𝒄) = 10−2 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 10,000 𝑚2
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖 (𝒎) = 10−3
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 (𝝁) = 10−6 VOLUME

𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜 (𝒏) = 10−9 1 𝑏𝑏𝑙 = 42 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜 (𝑷) = 10−12 1 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 55 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑡𝑜 (𝒇) = 10−15 1 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑖𝑛

𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑜 (𝒂) = 10−18 1 𝑓𝑡 3 = 7.481 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑧𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑜 (𝒛) = 10−21 1 𝑚3 = 1000 𝐿

𝑦𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜 (𝒚) = 10−24 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 3.785 𝐿

1 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎 = 1 𝑚𝑚3
1
1 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 𝑔𝑎𝑙
4
LENGTH
1
1 𝑚 = 3.28 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑔𝑎𝑙
8
1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 66 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑚 = 6 𝑓𝑡 MASS
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 3 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔 = 2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 660 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑙𝑏 = 7000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠

Prepared by: Engr. ARASG

1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 = 1 𝜇𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝐽 = 1𝑁−𝑚
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 − 𝑐𝑚
= 10−7 𝐽
1 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑛 (𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒) = 1000 𝑘𝑔 = 2205 𝑙𝑏
1 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑛 = 2000 𝑙𝑏 = 907 𝑘𝑔 1 𝐶𝑎𝑙 = 4.187 𝐽
1 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑛 = 2240 𝑙𝑏 = 1016 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1 .602 𝑥 10−19 𝐽
1 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 105 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 100 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 1015 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 9
1 𝐶𝐻𝑈 = 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 14 𝑙𝑏𝑚 5

PRESSURE
FORCE
𝑚 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2
𝑠 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑐𝑚
1 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 = 1 𝑔 ∙ 2 = 10−5 𝑁 = 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑠
= 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
1 𝑘𝑔𝑓 = 9.81 𝑁
= 29.92 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 4.449 𝑁
= 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑔
1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝑡 = 1.032
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∙ 2 𝑐𝑚2
𝑠
= 10.33 𝑚𝐻2 𝑂
𝑓𝑡
= 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 2 = 33.88 𝑓𝑡𝐻2 𝑂
𝑠
= 32.2 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑓𝑡 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙
𝑠2

POWER
ENERGY
1 𝐻𝑃 (𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 0.746 𝑘𝑊
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 1.055 𝑘𝐽
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓
= 33,000 ⁄
= 778 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Prepared by: Engr. ARASG

 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓⁄ 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏, 𝑵
= 550 𝑠
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 0
= 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄ℎ𝑟
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 33
= 42.42 𝐵𝑇𝑈⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒆, 𝑫
1 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑃 = 0.736 𝑘𝑊 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 150
𝑚
1 𝑃𝑆 (𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒) = 75 𝑘𝑔𝑓 ∙ 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 0
𝑠
= 0.736 𝑘𝑊
CONSTANTS

𝐽 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓

1 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑊) = 1
𝑠 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.0062
= 1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 0.24
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅
TEMPERATURE
𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒔, 𝑪
𝑘𝐽
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 0 𝐶𝑣 = 0.7186
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 100 𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 0.171
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑅
𝑭𝒂𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒕, 𝑭
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 32 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝜸𝒘
𝑘𝑁 𝑁
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 212 𝛾𝑤 = 9.810 = 9810
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒓, 𝑹𝒆 = 62.4
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 0
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 80 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝑺𝑮
𝑆𝐺𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.00
𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓, 𝑹𝒐
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 7.5 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐, 𝒌
𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: 60 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.4

Prepared by: Engr. ARASG

𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑮𝒂𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝑹 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.287 𝐶𝑝𝑤 = 4.187
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 53.34 = 1.0
𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑅 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑅

̅
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝒂𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝑹 𝐶𝑣𝑤 = 𝐶𝑝𝑤
𝑘𝐽
𝑅̅ = 8.3143
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ∙ 𝐾
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑓𝑡
= 1545 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ∙ 𝑅 𝐿𝑓 = 335 = 144
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐿 − 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0.0821
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ∙ 𝐾
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝝆𝒘 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝐿𝑣 = 2257 = 970.3
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = 1000
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
=1
𝐿 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝑙𝑏𝑚
= 62.4 𝐶 − 12
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐻− 1
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 4°𝐶
𝑂 − 16
𝑁 − 14
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓, 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝑆 − 32
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.2 3 𝐻𝑒 − 4
𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑚
= 0.075
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄
𝐻2 − 2
𝑂2 − 32
𝑺𝑻𝑷 (𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆)
𝑁2 − 28
𝑇 = 21°𝐶
𝑃 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Prepared by: Engr. ARASG