BASIC IDENTITIES

TRIGONOMETRY a sin  b cos 

Trigonometry- the branch of mathematics that deals with the tan  = = cot  = =
solution of triangles. b cos  a sin 
Angle- the space between two line meeting at a point called c 1 c 1
vertex. sec  = = csc = =
Kinds of angles: a cos  a sin 
1. acute angle- an angle which measures between 00 to Sin2 + cos2 =1
900. Tan2 + 1 = sec2
2. right angle- an angle measuring exactly 900. Csc2 = 1 + cot2
3. obtuse angle- an angle which measures between 900 to
1800. Sum and differences of two angles;
4. straight angle- an angle measuring exactly 1800. sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
5. reflex angle- an angle greater than 1800 but less than
3600. sin( x − y ) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
Complementary angles are angles whose sum is 900. cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
Supplementary angles- are angles whose sum is 1800.
Explementary angles- are angles whose sum is 3600. cos( x − y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
Angle of elevation- is the angle made with the horizontal by the tan x + tan y
line of sight from an observer to an object on the higher level tan( x + y ) =
than the observer. 1 − tan x tan y
Angle of depression- the angle made with the horizontal by the tan x − tan y
line of sight from an observer to an object of lower level than tan( x − y ) =
the observer. 1 + tan x tan y
Two general classes of triangles;
1. right triangle- a triangle with right angle. DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS:
2. oblique triangle- a triangle without a right angle. sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x
a. acute oblique triangle- a triangle whose three
angles are acute angles. cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
b. Obtuse oblique triangle- a triangle with one
obtuse angle. cos 2 x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x
Classification of triangle according to nature of sides: cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1
1. Equilateral triangle- all three sides are equal
2. Isosceles triangle- two sides are equal 2 tan x
tan 2 x =
3. Scalene triangle- no sides are equal 1 − tan 2 x
Conversions:
1rev =3600= 2rad =6400 mills Half-angle formulas;
1 rev = 400grad
x 1 − cos x
sin =
Functions of a right triangle: 2 2
x 1 + cos x
cos =
a c 2 2
x 1 − cos x sin x
θ tan = =
2 sin x 1 + cos x
b Powers of functions;
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
From the triangle shown: sin 2 x = cos 2 x =
2 2
a b 1 − cos 2 x
sin  = cot  = tan 2 x =
c a 1 + cos 2 x
b c
cos  = sec =
c b PRODUCT OF FUNCTIONS;
a c
tan  =
b
csc =
a
sin x cos y =
1
sin( x + y) + sin( x − y)
2
sin x sin y = cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
1
“In any right triangle, the square of the longest 2
side(hypotenuse) equals the sum of the squares of the other two
cos x cos y = cos( x + y ) + cos( x − y )
1
sides”.
2
From the right triangle shown above:
c2 = a2 + b2
Sum and difference of functions;
1 1 2. Given two sides a and b and the included angle C;
sin x + sin y = 2 sin ( x + y ) cos ( x − y ) ab sin C
2 2 AT =
1 1 2
sin x − sin y = 2 cos ( x + y ) sin ( x − y )
2 2
a
1 1
cos x + cos y = 2 cos ( x + y ) cos ( x − y ) C
2 2
1 1 b
cos x − cos y = −2 sin ( x + y ) sin ( x − y ) 3. Given two angles A and B and the included side c.
2 2
sin( x + y ) c 2 sin A sin B
tan x + tan y = AT =
cos x cos y 2 sin C
C b
sin( x − y ) a
tan x − tan y =
cos x cos y B A
c
OBLIQUE TRIANGLES
4. Given the three sides a, b, and c:
C b
a AT = s( s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
B A a+b+c
Where s =
c 2
Sine law;
In any triangle, the ratio any one side to the sine of its opposite Perimeter of a triangle:
angle is constant.(This constant ratio is the diameter of the circle P = a+b+c
circumscribing the triangle.) Circle circumscribing a triangle (circumcircle);
a b c abc ab
= = AT = , D=
sin A sin B sin C 4R hc
Where: AT- area of triangle
R- radius of circumscribing circle
Cosine law;
D- diameter of circumscribing circle
In any triangle, the square of any one side equals the sum of the
a,b,c – sides of triangle
squares of the other two sides, diminished by twice their product
hc- altitude of side c
to the cosine of its included angle.
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A Circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle);
b = a + c − 2ac cos B
2 2 2 AT = rs
Triangle with escribed circle of radius r:
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑎) = 𝑟𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑏) = 𝑟𝑐 (𝑠 − 𝑐)
Law of tangents; Other elements of a triangle;
A− B B−C Median of a triangle
tan tan
a−b 2 b−c 2 The median of triangle is the line drawn from one vertex to the
= =
a+b A+ B b+c B+C midpoint of its opposite side. The medians of a triangle intersect
tan tan at a common point called the centroid of the triangle.
2 2
side a
C−A
tan
c−a 2 Centroid
= b
ma
c median to
c+a C+A side b
tan
2 mc mb

a/2
Area of a triangle; C a/2 a B
median to
1. Given base b and altitude h: side c
bh With all the sides and angles already known, the median can be
AT = solved using cosine law or by the following formula:
2
4ma = 2b 2 + 2c 2 − a 2
2

4mb = 2a 2 + 2c 2 − b 2
2

4mc = 2a 2 + 2b 2 − c 2
h 2

b
 3. Find the angle between 0 and 3600 that is coterminal with -
800.
a)2800 b) -800 c. 1400 d) 800
4. Find the length of an arc that subtends a central angle of 50
grad in a circle of radius 10m.
Altitudes of a triangle
a)6.35m b) 9.63m c) 7.85m d) 9.85m
The altitude of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex
perpendicular to its opposite side. The altitudes of a triangle
intersect at appoint called the orthocenter of the triangle.
5. Find the distance along an arc on the surface of the earth
that’s subtends a central angle of 1 minute (1 minute = 1/60
A degree). This distance is called a nautical mile. (The radius
altitude to
side b
orthocenter of the earth is 3960 mi.)
a)2.15 mi b) 3.15 mi
c b altitude to c)2.15 mi d) 1.15 mi
altitude to side c
6. The top and bottom ends of a windshield wiper blade are 34
side a ab aa ac in. and 14. From the pivot point, respectively. While in
operation the wiper sweeps through 135o. Find the area
B swept by the blade.
a C a) 1130.97 in2 b) 1232.54 in2
2
c) 1230.30 in d) 1230.97 in2
With all sides and angles already known, the altitudes of the 7. A winch of radius 2 ft is used to lift heavy loads. If a winch
triangle can be solved from the right triangles formed by these makes 8 revolutions every 15 s, find the speed at which the
altitudes. If the area of the triangle AT is known, the altitudes load is rising.
can be solved using the following formulas: a)7.7 ft/s b) 6.7 ft/s c) 5.7 ft/s d) 4.7 ft/s
2 AT 2A 2A 8. The angle of elevation to the top of the Empire State
aa = ;a b = T ; a c = T building in New York is found to be 110 from the ground at
a b c a distance of 1mi from the base of the building. What is the
height of the building?
Angle bisectors of a triangle; a)0.25mi b) 0.19mi c) 0.63mi d) 0.9mi
The angle bisector of a triangle is the line drawn from one 9. Three times the sine of a certain angle is twice of the square
vertex to the opposite side bisecting the angle included between of the cosine of the same angle. Find the angle.
the other two sides. The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a) 30 b) 45 c) 50 d) 60
a point called the incenter of the triangle. 10. What value of F satisfy the equation tan (8F + 1) = cot 17o
A where all angles are in degrees?
a)10 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9
angle bisector
to side b angle bisector 11. Simplify the equation sin2 θ (1+ cot2θ)
c bb
b to side c a) cos2θ b)sin2θ sec2θ c)Sin2 d) 1
12. If sin A=4/5, A in 2 quadrant, sin B= 7/25, B in 1st
nd

quadrant. Find sin ( A + B).

ba bc
a)¾ b) 2/5 c) 3/5 d) 4/5
B a C sin 0𝑜 +𝑠𝑖𝑛1𝑜 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑜 +⋯+𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑜
angle bisector
13. Simplify 𝑐𝑜𝑠0𝑜 +𝑐𝑜𝑠1𝑜+𝑐𝑜𝑠00+⋯+𝑐𝑜𝑠90𝑜
to side a
a) tan 0 b) tan 90o
c) 1 d) 0
With all the sides and angles already known, the angle bisectors 14. If sin (x + y) =0.766 and sin (x – y) =0.1736, find sin x cos
of a triangle can be solved using sine law, or using the following y.
formulas: a)0.4698 b) 0.6503
c)0.6732 d) 0.3698
2 15. A flagpole is placed on top of a pedestal at a distance of 15
ba = bcs ( s − a)
b+c m. from the observer. The height of the pedestal is 20 m. if
the angle subtended by the flagpole at the observer is 10o.
2
bb = acs( s − b) I. Compute the angle of elevation of the flagpole
a+c II. Compute the height of the flagpole.
III. If the observer moves a distance of 5 m.
2
bc = abs ( s − c) towards the pedestal, what would be the angle
a+b of elevation of the flagpole at this pt.
a+b+c a)63o08’, 7.61m, 71.340 c) 68o15’, 6.21m, 52.41’
s= b)65o10’, 8.61m, 52o45 d) 63o08’, 9.61m, 71.340
2 16. The angle of elevation of a top of a tree from a point 10 m.
horizontally away from the tree is twice the angle of
elevation at a point 50m from it. Find the height of the tree.
a)38.73 m. b) 46.58 m.
PROBLEM SET c) 34.46 m. d) 58.73 m.
17. The bell tower in cathedral in Pisa, Italy, leans 5.6o from the
1. 500 is equivalent to: vertical. A tourist stands 105 m from its base, with the
a)0.873rad b) 55.5grad tower leaning directly toward her. She measures the angle
c)888.89mills d) all of the above of elevation to the top of the tower to be 29.2o. Find the
2. The supplement of an angle is three times its complement. length of the tower to the nearest meter.
What is the angle? a)55.9 m. b) 53.9 m.
a)300 b) 450 c) 600 d) 550 c) 65.9 m. d) 45.9 m.
18. A tree on a hillside casts a shadow 215 ft down the hill. If d) h= 57.11 m., AB = 51.42, θ = 570 16’
the angle of inclination of the hillside is 22o to the
horizontal and the angle of elevation of the sun is 52o, find 30. Points A and B are 100 m. apart and are of the same
the height of the tree. elevation as the foot of the bldg. The angles of elevation of
a)170 ft b) 175 ft the top of the bldg. from points A and B are 21 degrees and
c) 185 ft d) 175 ft 32 degrees respectively. How far is A from the bldg. in
19. A passenger ship sailed northward with a direction of N meters?
42o25’ E. at 14 kph. Four hours earlier a freight ship started a)259.28 b) 271.62
from the same point at a speed of 8kph with a direction of c)265.42 d)299.28
N 150 45’ W. Determine the number of hours it will take 31. In triangle ABC angle C =70o, A = 45o, AB = 40 m. What is
the freight to be exactly N 75o25’ W. of the passenger ship. the length of the median drawn from vertex A to side BC?
a)3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 5 a)36.8 b) 36.3 c) 37.1 d) 32.3
20. A satellite orbiting the earth passes directly overhead 32. Triangle ABC has sides equal to AB =14 cm, BC =18 cm.
stations in Phoenix and Los Angeles, 340miles apart. At an and CA =24 cm. respectively. Find the length of the
instant when the satellite is between these two stations, its bisector of angle A to the opposite side.
angle of elevation is simultaneously observed to be 600 at a)12.14 b) 14.62 c)18.28 d)16.14
Phoenix and 750 at Los Angeles. How far is the satellite 33. Given a triangle with sides 4, 7, 9m. What is the length of
from Los Angeles? the altitude drawn from the vertex opposite the 4m side?
a)170 mi b. 416mi c. 653mi d. 316mi a)6.7m b) 4.8m c) 5.7m d) 6.7m
21. A boat can travel 8mi/hr in still water. What is it’s velocity 34. A motorcycle travels northward from point L for half an
with respect to the shore if it heads 35o East of North in a hour, then eastward for one hour, then shifted N 30o W.
current that moves 3mi/hr west? After exactly 2 hours, the motorcycle will be 47.88 km
a)8.743 mph b) 5.4 mph away from L. What is the speed of the motorcycle in kph?
c)8.963 mph d) 6.743 mph a)30 b) 45 c)35 d) 40
22. A clock has dial face 12 in. in radius. The minute hand is 9 35. Cebu Pacific Airways flies at a speed of 400 nautical miles
inches long while the hour hand is 6 inches long. The plane per hour from Cebu to Manila on a direction of N 32o W,
of rotation of the minute hand 2 inches above the plane of with the wind blowing at a speed of 30 nautical miles per
rotation of the hour hand. Find the distance between the tips hour on a direction due west.
of the hands of the clock at 5:40 a.m. I. What is speed of the plane relative to the
a)9.17 in. b) 6.67 in. ground?
c) 8.13 in. d) 10.17 in. II. At what angle was the original direction of
23. The area of an isosceles triangle is 36 sq. m. with the flight shifted due to the tail wind?
included angle of 30o between the two equal sides. Find the III. What is the direction of the plane relative to
perimeter of the triangle. the ground?
a)32.12 m. b) 30.21 m. a) R= 416.68 nautical miles/hr, θ = 5o30, N35o30’ W
c) 28.43 m. d) 35.21 m. b) R = 417.45 nautical miles/hr, θ = 4o40, N45o30’ W
24. The area of an isosceles triangle is 36 m2 with the smallest c) R = 514.12 nautical miles/hr, θ = 4o50, N43o20’ W
angle equal to one third of the other angle. Find the length d) R = 416.68 nautical miles/hr, θ = 3o30, N35o30’ W
of the shortest side. 36. The path of a satellite orbiting the earth causes it to pass
a)12.88 m. b) 6.73 m. directly over two tracking stations A and B, which are 50mi
c)9.22 m. d) 5.73 m. apart. When the satellite is on one side of the two stations,
25. Given the three sides of a triangle ABC as AB= 100 cm, the angles of elevation at A and B are measured to be 87.0o
BC= 150 cm and CA= 200 cm. find the area of the triangle. and 84.2o, respectively.
a)7261.84 sq. m. b) 6184.25 sq. m. I. How far is the satellite from the station A?
c) 8421.06 sq. m. d) 9261.84 sq. m. a)1118 mi b) 1020 mi
26. The area of the triangle is 65 sq. m. and its perimeter is 48 c)1019 mi d) 1018 mi
cm. compute the radius of the inscribed circle. II. How high is the satellite above the ground?
a)3.71 cm b) 1.03 cm a)1012 mi b) 1020 mi
c) 2.16 cm d) 2.71 cm c) 1019 mi d) 1017
27. The two sides of a triangle are 40 m. and 50 m. respectively
which is inscribed in a circle having a radius of 12 m. if the
area of the triangle is 2500 m2, compute the third side.
a)70 b) 60 c) 55 d) 80
28. The radius of a circle which is escribed outside the triangle
is 12 cm. and is tangent to the 18 cm. side of the triangle.
The other side of the triangle is 24 cm. if the area of the
triangle is 216 cm2, find the 3rd side of the triangle.
a)55 b) 35 c) 30 d) 40
29. The angle of elevation of the top of tower B from the top of
the tower A is 24o and the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower A from the base of tower B is 48o. If the height of
tower B is 80 m.
I. Find the height of tower A
II. Find the distance between tower A and B.
III. Find the angle of elevation of top of tower B
from the base of tower A.
a)H= 51.71 m. , AB= 54.12, θ= 57o16’
b) h= 51.11 m., AB = 58.42, θ = 57o16’
c)h= 52.81 m., AB = 52.42, θ = 58o32’