Calculation for Protection Works

Project: Construction of Abay Bank head quarters

Client: Abay Bank S.C.

Shown herewith is the sample calculation for the design of protection piles for 22m

excavation (type SP4 as shown on drawings). Reinforced concrete piles supported with

anchors are used to support the lateral load from the excavation.

1. Assumptions

1.1. Material for construction:

Concrete- C25/30 concrete with minimum cylindrical strength of 25MPa for the

piles and C20/25 Concrete with minimum cylindrical strength of 20Mpa for the

shotcrete wall is considered.

Reinforcement steel S400 with minimum yield strength of 400MPa is considered.

1.2. Pile spacing:

Pile center to center spacing of 2.0m is considered.

1.3. Loads:

Load from surcharge

A surcharge load (S) of 10KPa is considered at immediately above the piles and

30kpa surcharge is considered at 5m apart from the piles.

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 Lateral load from surcharge is considered as

Ls = Ka (S)

Even though the dominant layer to be supported is basalt which has high angle of

friction, a value of 300 is considered conservatively;

Ka = (1-sin∅)/(1+sin∅) = (1-0.5)/(1+0.5)=0.333

Ls (0-5m) = 0.333 x 10kpa = 3.33kpa

Ls (5-end of excav.) = 0.333 x 30kpa = 10kpa

Lateral load

Soil strata are considered according to the geotechnical investigation report with

analysis parameters considered accordingly;

Since direct shear tests are not conducted in the geotechnical investigation,

estimations from correlations are used to estimate the shear strength parameters.

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 Layer 1: is ignored (layer 2 is considered to extend from the top level, NGL)

Layer 2: 0-2m is a clay layer, γ = 21kN/m3 (estimated)

Cu = 4.5N …where N is adjusted SPT value.

Cu = 4.5 x 5 =18 KPa

The active pressure is estimated as

Pa at 0.0m = 0kpa

Pa at 2.0m= γh -2Cu = 21 x 2 – 2x18 = 6kpa

Layer 3: 2m – 5m is a silty sand layer, γ = 20kN/m3 (estimated)

Considering it is a stiff layer as indicated in the geotechnical investigation; angle of

friction is estimated as 300.

Ka = (1-sin∅)/(1+sin∅) = (1-0.5)/(1+0.5)=0.333

Pa at 2.0m = γhka = 20 x 2 x 0.333 = 13.33kpa

Pa at 5.0m = γhka = 20 x 5 x 0.333 = 33.33kpa

Layer 4: 5m-22m is a scoria basalt, γ = 25kN/m3 (estimated)

For the basaltic layer, cohesion is considered as the strength characteristic

parameter.

Literatures give a vast range of values for cohesion in rocks but conservatively a

low value of 250Kpa is considered due to presence of fractures and rock quality

index values.

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 Pa at 5m = γh -2Cu = 25 x 5 – 2 x 250 = -400kpa (No active pressure is expected at

this level.

Pa at 22m = γh -2Cu = 25 x 22 – 2x250 = 50kpa

The active pressure starts from

H =2 x 250 /25 = 20m

Pa at 20m = 0kpa

1.4. Passive pressure:

Despite embedment of piles below the lowest level of excavation, passive pressure

contribution is neglected and the hence the main resistance is achieved from the

anchors.

2.0 Analysis

The loads considered therefore are as follows;

Since the pile spacing is 2.0m, all loads in kpa are multiplied by 2m to be converted

to kN/m load on pile

Piles are considered vertically restrained at the base.

Piles are horizontally restrained at anchor points.

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 +
surcharge load (KN/m) lateral pressure (KN/m)

Fig: Loads on piles

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Pile and anchor locations Anchor forces (KN)

Fig: Horizontal reactions at anchors from analysis

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 BMD from analysis, (KNm) SFD from analysis (KN)

Fig: bending moment and shear force diagrams

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 3. Reinforcements in the piles

Flexural reinforcements (mm2) Shear reinforcements (mm2)

Flexural reinforcements

N = 3,745/314 = 11.92

It is important to consider some reinforcements in the piles may be cut during

placing of anchors.

Therefore, at minimum place 14∅20 reinforcements in the piles

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 Shear reinforcements

The analysis/design shows the concrete capacity is adequate to resist the shear in

the piles. Therefore minimum tie provisions are adequate.

Anchors, strands and reinforcements

From the previous analysis, it was shown that the maximum horizontal force is

280KN,

With the 250 inclination in the anchor placement, the anchor force has to be

F= 280 / cos 25 = 309KN

Therefore, the required number of strands is

N = F/(fyd x A)

Strand anchor strength is 1770 Mpa

A= Π x (0.6x25.4)2 / 4 = 182.4mm2

N= 309 x 1000 / (1539 x 182.4) = 1.1

2 strands are adequate nonetheless 3 strands are used.

Alternatively reinforcements can be used in place of strands.

Whenever the length of reinforcements should exceed 12m, lapped bars have to be

welded by a professional.

N = F/(fyd x A)

Reinforcement strength is 400 Mpa

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 A= Π x (24)2 / 4 = 452mm2

N= 309 x 1000 / (347 x 452) = 1.97

3∅24 reinforcements are adequate.

Anchorage length:

The diameter of grouted anchor is estimated as 0.10m from previous experiences,

Anchorage length is estimated as follows;

L = F / (Π x d x (2/3) x (Cu))

L = 309 x 1000 / (Π x 0.10 x (2/3) x (250))

L= 5,852mm

Considering an additional 1000mm slip length beyond the angle of repose,

L=7000mm is adequate.

L = 8000mm is provided

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