CE Board F=2.

649S

Iron pins 20 mm in diameter are used

y=0.3-e
for supporting flashboards at the crest 𝐼 1⁄ (𝑆)(0.6)3
𝑔 12
of masonry dams. Tests show that the 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑦̅
= (0.6)(0.45)
yield point of iron to be 310 MPa 𝑒 = 0.067 𝑚.
(extreme fiber stress). Neglecting the 𝑦 = 0.3 − 0.067
dynamic effect of water on flashboards 𝑦 = 0.233 𝑚.
and assuming static conditions, what
is the proper spacing, S, of the iron 𝑀𝑓 = 𝐹 × 𝑦 = 𝑀
pins, so that the flashboards 600 mm 2.649S x 0.233=0.24347
high will yield when water flows 150 S=0.394 m
deep over the top of the flashboards. S=394 mm

Solution:

Moment Capacity of one iron pin

(20 mm ∅):

𝑀𝑐
𝐹𝑏 =
𝐼
𝑀(20⁄2)
310 = 𝜋
(20)4
64
𝑀 = 243,473.43 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 0.24347 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Moment caused by F (considering S m

width of flashboard)
𝑀𝑓 = 𝐹 × 𝑦
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 where A=0.6S
F=9.81(0.45)(0.6 S)
CE Board 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑃 = 32𝛾
A dam is triangular in cross-section 𝐹 = 𝛾(4)(8)(1) 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊 = 57.6 𝛾
with the upstream face vertical. Water 𝐹 = 𝑃 = 32𝛾
is flushed with the top. The dam is 8
m. high and 6 m. wide at the base and 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊(4) 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑃(8⁄3)
weighs 2.4 tons per cubic meter. The
𝑅𝑀 = 57.6 𝛾(4) 𝑂𝑀 = 32 𝛾(8⁄3)
coefficient of friction between the base
𝑅𝑀 = 230.4 𝛾 𝑂𝑀 = 85.33𝛾
and the foundation is 0.8. Determine
(a) the maximum and minimum unit
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀 230.4 𝛾 − 85.33𝛾
pressure on the foundation, and the 𝑥̅ = =
𝑅𝑦 57.6 𝛾
(b) factors of safety against
𝐵
𝑥̅ = 2.519 𝑚 < ⁄2
overturning and against sliding.

𝑒 = 𝐵⁄2 − 𝑥̅
Solution: 𝑒 = 3 − 2.519
𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐
𝑆𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑒 = 0.481 𝑚 < 𝐵⁄6
𝛾𝑤
2.4×1000
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 1000 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 2.4 𝑞=− (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵
57.6 6(0.481)
𝑞=− [1 ± ]
Consider 1 m length of dam 6 6
Using (+):
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉 𝒒𝑻 = −𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂
1
= (𝛾 × 2.4)[2 (6)(8)(1)] → 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒆
Using (-):
𝑊 = 57.6 𝛾 where 𝛾=unit wt.of water
𝒒𝑯 = −𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
→ 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍

𝜇𝑅𝑦 0.8(57.6 𝛾)
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = =
𝑅𝑥 32𝛾
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒

𝑅𝑀 230.4 𝛾
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = =
𝑂𝑀 85.33𝛾
𝑭𝑺𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟕
CE Board May 1992 Solution
A gravity dam of trapezoidal cross- A. Neglecting hydrostatic uplift
section with one face vertical and I. Consider 1m length of the dam
horizontal base is 22 m. high and has II. Forces
a thickness of 4 m. at the top. Water 𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1 = (𝛾 × 2.4)[(4)(22)(1)]
upstream stands 2 m. below the crest 𝑊1 = 211.2𝛾
of the dam. The specific gravity of
masonry is 2.4. 𝑊2 = (𝛾 × 2.4)[1⁄2 (𝐵 − 4)(20)(1)]
A. Neglecting hydrostatic uplift 𝑊2 = 24𝐵𝛾 − 96𝛾
1. Find the base width B of the 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 = 𝛾(10)[(20)(1)]
dam so that the resultant force will cut 𝐹 = 200 𝛾
the extreme edge of the middle third
near the toe. III. Reaction
2. Compute the factors of safety
𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃
against sliding and overturning. Use
μ=0.5 𝑅𝑥 = 200 𝛾
𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
B. Considering uplift pressure to vary 𝑅𝑦 = 211.2𝛾 + 24𝐵𝛾 − 96𝛾
uniformly from full hydrostatic
𝑅𝑦 = 24𝐵𝛾 + 115.2 𝛾
pressure at the heel to zero at the
toe:
1. Find the base width B of the
dam so that the resultant force will act
at the extremity of the middle third
near the toe.
2. Compute the maximum and
minimum compressive stresses acting
against the base of the dam.

Figure:
IV. Moment about the toe B. Considering hydrostatic uplift:
2 Uplift force,
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 (𝐵 − 2) + 𝑊2 [ (𝐵 − 4)] 1
3 𝑈 = (20𝛾)(𝐵)(1)
𝑅𝑀 = 211.2𝛾(𝐵 − 2) + 24𝐵𝛾 2

2 𝑈 = 10𝐵𝛾
− 96𝛾 [ (𝐵 − 4)] 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 − 𝑈
3
𝑅𝑀 = 16𝐵2 𝛾 + 83.2𝐵𝛾 − 166.4𝛾 𝑅𝑦 = 24𝐵𝛾 + 115.2 𝛾 − 10𝐵𝛾
𝑅𝑦 = 14𝐵𝛾 + 115.2 𝛾
𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹(20⁄3) 2
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 (𝐵 − 2) + 𝑊2 [ (𝐵 − 4)]
3
𝑂𝑀 = 200𝛾(20⁄3) 𝑅𝑀 = 16𝐵2 𝛾 + 83.2𝐵𝛾 − 166.4𝛾
𝑂𝑀 = 1333.33𝛾
𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹(20⁄3) + 𝑈(2𝐵⁄3)
V. Location of R
𝑅𝑦 𝑥̅ = 𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀 𝑂𝑀 = 200𝛾(20⁄3) + 10𝐵𝛾(2𝐵⁄3)
𝑂𝑀 = 6.67𝐵2 𝛾 + 1333.33𝛾
Since the resultant for will pass
through the extreme edge of 𝑅𝑦 𝑥̅ = 𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
the middle thirds near the toe, 14𝐵𝛾 + 115.2 𝛾(𝐵⁄3)
𝑥̅ = 𝐵⁄3. Then, = 16𝐵2 𝛾 + 83.2𝐵𝛾 − 166.4𝛾 −
(6.67𝐵2 𝛾 + 1333.33𝛾)
4.66𝐵2 + 44.8𝐵 − 1499.73 = 0
24𝐵𝛾 + 115.2 𝛾(𝐵⁄3) =
B=13.766 m.
16𝐵2 𝛾 + 83.2𝐵𝛾 − 166.4𝛾 −
1333.33𝛾
Foundation Stress:
𝑥̅ = (𝐵⁄3)
8𝐵2 𝛾 + 38.4𝐵𝛾 = 16𝐵2 𝛾 + 83.2𝐵𝛾 −
1499.73𝛾 𝑥̅ = (13.766⁄3)
8𝐵2 + 44.8𝐵 − 1499.73 = 0 𝑥̅ = 4.59 𝑚.
𝐵 = 11.175 𝑚. 𝑒 = 𝐵⁄2 − 𝑥̅
𝑒 = 2.2943 𝑚.
Factors of safety:
Factor of safety against sliding: 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝜇𝑅𝑦 𝑞=− (1 ± )
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = 𝐵 𝐵
𝑅𝑥
0.5[24(11.175)( 𝛾) + 115.2 𝛾
= 𝑅𝑦 = 14(13.766)(9.81) + (115.2)(9.81)
200𝛾
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = 0.9585 𝑅𝑦 = 3020.73 𝑘𝑁

3020.73 6(2.2943)
Factor of safety against 𝑞=− (1 ± )
overturning: 13.766 13.766
𝑅𝑀
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 𝑂𝑀 𝑞𝑇 = −438.87 𝑘𝑃𝑎
16(11.175)2 𝛾+83.2(11.175)𝛾−166.4𝛾
= 𝑞𝐻 = 0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1333.33𝛾
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 2.07
CE Board May 2002 1
𝑦 = (6)
The section of a concrete gravity dam 3
is shown in the figure. The depth of 𝑦 = 2 𝑚.
water at the upstream side is 6 m. 𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1 = 23.5[2(8)(1)]
Neglect the hydrostatic uplift and use 𝑊1 = 376 𝑘𝑁
1
unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5 𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉2 = 23.5 [ (2)(8)(1)]
kN/m3. Coefficient of friction between 2
𝑊2 = 188 𝑘𝑁
the base of the dam and the 1
foundation is 0.6. Determine the 𝑥1 = 4 − (2) = 3 𝑚
2
following: (a) factor of safety against 2
𝑥2 = (2) = 1.333 𝑚.
sliding, (b) the factor of safety against 3
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹 = 176.58 𝑘𝑁
overturning, and (c) the overturning
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 376 + 188
moment acting against the dam in
𝑅𝑦 = 564 𝑘𝑁
kN.m.
𝜇𝑅𝑦
𝐹𝑆𝑠 =
𝑅𝑥
0.6(564)
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = 176.58
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟔

𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 𝑥1 + 𝑊2 𝑥2
𝑅𝑀 = 376(3) + 188(1.333)
𝑅𝑀 = 1378.604 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹 × 𝑦 = 176.58(2)
𝑶𝑴 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

Solution: 𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 𝑂𝑀
𝑅𝑀

1378.604
𝐹𝑆𝑜 =
353.16
𝑭𝑺𝒐 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟒

𝐹 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ̅𝐴 = 9.81(3)(6 × 1)
𝐹 = 176.58 𝑘𝑁
CE Board November 2001 Consider 1 foot length of dam:
The section of a gravity dam is as 𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
shown in the figure. Assume 𝑅𝑥 = 62.4(30)(60 × 1)
hydrostatic uplift to vary uniformly 𝑅𝑥 = 112,320 𝑙𝑏𝑠.
from full hydrostatic uplift from the
heel to zero at the toe. Determine the 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + 𝑊4 − 𝑈
total reaction per unit length at the 10 + 40
𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1 = (62.4 × 2.4) ( ) (60)(1)
base of the dam. Use sp.gr. of 2
concrete =2.4 𝑊1 = 224,640 𝑙𝑏𝑠
60 + 40
𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉2 = (62.4 × 2.4) ( ) (60)(1)
2
𝑊2 = 44,928 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1
𝑊3 = 𝛾3 𝑉3 = (62.4 × 2.4) ( ) (24)(40)(1)
2
𝑊3 = 71,884.8 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1
𝑊4 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉4 = (62.4) ( ) (30)(60)
2
𝑊4 = 56,160 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1
𝑈 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑈 = (62.4) ( ) (70)(60)(1)
2
𝑈 = 131,040 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑅𝑦 = 224,640 + 44,928 + 71,884.8 + 56,160

Solution: − 131,040
𝑅𝑦 = 266,572.8 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2

𝑅 = √(112,320)2 + (266,572.8)2
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗, 𝟐𝟔𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒕

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2
CE Board May 1986 I. Consider 1 m length of dam
The section of the masonry dam is as II. Forces
shown. The specific weight of water is 1
𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1 = (23.54) ( ) (52)(5.2)(1)
9.81 kN/m3 and that of concrete is 2
23.54 kN/m3. Assuming uplift pressure 𝑊1 = 3,813 𝑘𝑁
varies linearly from maximum 𝑊2 = (23.54)(7)(52)(1)
hydrostatic pressure at the heel to the 𝑊2 = 8,569 𝑘𝑁
1
zero at the location of the drain, 𝑊3 = (23.54) ( ) (52)(5.2)(1)
determine the (a) location of the 2
𝑊3 = 15,913 𝑘𝑁
resultant force, (b) factor of safety 1
against sliding if the coefficient of 𝑊4 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑉4 = (9.81) (2) (5)(50)(1)
friction is 0.75, (c) factor of safety 𝑊4 = 1,226.3 𝑘𝑁
against overturning, (d) the stress at
1
the heel and the toe, and (e) the unit 𝑈 = (2) (490.5)(23.2)(1)
horizontal shearing stress at the base. 𝑈 = 5,690 𝑘𝑁

𝐹 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ̅𝐴 = 9.81(25)(50 × 1)
𝐹 = 12,263 𝑘𝑁

III. Reaction
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹 = 12,263 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + 𝑊4 − 𝑈
= 3,813 + 8,569 + 15,913 +
1,226.3 − 5,690
𝑅𝑦 = 23,201.3 𝑘𝑁

Solution: IV. Moment

𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 (34.73) + 𝑊2 (29.5) +
𝑊3 (17.33) + 𝑊4 (36.53 )
𝑅𝑀 = 3,813(34.73) + 8,569(29.5) +
15,913(17.33) + 1,226.3(36.53)
𝑅𝑀 = 683,900.12 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹(50⁄3) + 𝑈(30.47)
𝑂𝑀 = 12,263(50⁄3) + 5,690(30.47)
𝑂𝑀 = 377,758 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

V. Location of 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑦 𝑥̅ = 𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
23,201.3𝑥̅ = 683,900.12 − 377,758
𝑥̅ = 13.2 𝑚
a) The resultant force is 13.2 m from
the toe.

𝜇𝑅𝑦
b) 𝐹𝑆𝑠 =
𝑅𝑥
0.75(23,201.3)
𝐹𝑆𝑠 =
12,263
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = 1.42

𝑅𝑀
c) 𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 𝑂𝑀
683,900.12
𝐹𝑆𝑜 =
377,758
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 1.81

d) Foundation pressure
𝑒 = 𝐵⁄2 − 𝑥̅
𝑒 = 38.2⁄2 − 13.2
𝑒 = 5.9 𝑚 < 𝐵⁄6

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞=− (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵

23,201.3 6(5.9)
𝑞=− (1 ± )
38.2 38.2

Stress at the toe, (use “+”):

𝑞𝑡 = −1,170.21 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Stress at the heel, (use “-”):

𝑞ℎ = −44.52 𝑘𝑃𝑎
e) Unit horizontal shearing stress, 𝑆𝑠
𝑅𝑥 12,263
𝑆𝑠 = =
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 38.2(1)
𝑆𝑠 = 321 𝑘𝑃𝑎
CE Board May 2015 2. The resisting moment of the dam to
A concrete dam of trapezoidal cross- overturning in kN.m
section, with one face vertical has a 𝑊1 = 0.6(7)(24)
thickness of 0.60 m. at the top and 𝑊1 = 100.8 𝑘𝑁
4.2 m. at the bottom. It is 7 m. high 𝑊2 =
7(3.6)
(24)
2
and has a horizontal base. The vertical 𝑊2 = 304.2 𝑘𝑁
face is subjected to a water pressure,
the water standing 6 m. above the 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 (3.9) + 𝑊2 (2.4)
base. The weight of concrete is 24 𝑅𝑀 = 100.8 (3.9) + 304.2(2.4)
kN/m3 per meter length of dam, 𝑹𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
evaluate:
1) The total hydrostatic force on
the dam in kN 3) Factor of safety against
2) The resisting moment of the overturning.
dam to overturning in kN.m
3) Factor of safety against 𝐹𝑆𝑜 =
𝑅𝑀
overturning. 𝑂𝑀
1118.9
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 176.58(2)
Solution. 𝑭𝑺𝒐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕
1. The total hydrostatic force on the
dam in kN

𝑃 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ̅𝐴
𝑃 = 9.81(3)(6)(1)
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵