Fluid Properties

1.15 Solution

Slide 61
Fluid Properties
• Speed of Sound (𝑐)
• Fluids vibration creates sound.
• Speed of sound is the propagation speed of a pressure wave.

• 𝑐= 𝑑𝑝/𝑑𝜌 where 𝑑𝑝 =change of pressure; 𝑑𝜌 =change of

density. 𝑐 =speed of sound.

• 𝑐= 𝐸𝑣 /𝜌 where 𝐸𝑣 =bulk modulus; 𝜌 =initial density.

• Speed of sound in solids > liquids > gasses Slide 62
Fluid Properties
1.16 Example
A sound wave is observed to travel through a liquid with a speed of 1500 m/s.
The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5. Determine the bulk modulus for this
fluid.

Slide 63
Fluid Properties
1.16 Solution

Slide 64
Fluid Properties
• Vapor Pressure (𝑝)
• Vapor: is the gas state of water.
• Evaporation: is the process of water converting into vapor on the
free surface.
• Equilibrium condition: is when the number of molecules leaving
the surface is equal to the number entering.

Slide 65
Fluid Properties
• When evaporation reaches its equilibrium state,
the air pressure is the vapor pressure which is
an absolute pressure.
• At equilibrium condition, the vapor is saturated.
• Boiling: when the absolute pressure within a
fluid reaches the vapor pressure boiling occurs.

Slide 66
Fluid Properties
• Cavitation
• Boiling creates bubbles. When the
bubbles move to a high pressure region,
they collapse.
• Cavitation is a major cause of damage in
high speed pipes and hydropower
stations.
Slide 67
Fluid Properties
• Surface Tension (𝜎)
• Molecular force between different
molecules.
• 𝜎 = 𝐹/𝐿 where 𝐹 = force (𝑁 or 𝑙𝑏);
𝐿 =the effective length (m or ft); 𝜎 =
surface tension (N/m or lb/ft)

Slide 68
Fluid Properties
1.17 Example
(a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. is supported on the
surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the
interface between the water and the bug’s legs. Determine
the minimum length of this interface needed to support
the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10−4 N and the surface
tension force acts vertically upward. (b) Repeat part (a) if
surface tension were to support a person weighing 750 N. Slide 69
Fluid Properties
1.17 Solution

Slide 70
Fluid Properties
• Capillary Effect
• Rise or fall of a liquid in capillary tube is
related to liquid surface tension.
• Σ𝐹 = 0 → 𝑤 = 𝜎 cos 𝜃 2𝜋𝑅
• 𝛾∀= 𝜎 cos 𝜃 2𝜋𝑅
• 𝛾 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ = 𝜎 cos 𝜃 2𝜋𝑅
• ℎ = 2𝜎 cos 𝜃/𝛾𝑅 where 𝑅 =tube radius (m or
ft); 𝛾 =fluid specific weight (N/m3 or lb/ft 3 ) Slide 71
Fluid Properties
1.18 Example
An open, clean glass tube (𝜃 = 0°) is inserted vertically into a pan of water.
What tube diameter is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube
diameter (due to surface tension)?

Slide 72
Fluid Properties
1.18 Solution

Slide 73