Introduction to

Anatomy
HUMAN
A N ATO M Y

Bashdar M. Hussen
Lecture 1
 • Ways for studying anatomy
• Anatomical position
KEYWORDS • Directional terms
• Body movement
• Parts of skin and function
 They are two main ways to studying anatomy:

1. Body Regions and Cavities

• Head
• Neck
• Trunk …………thorax (chest)
abdomen
pelvis
• Limbs………….upper limb
lower limb
B. Body Cavities
1. Minor cavities: include nasal, orbital, ear, oral and synovial cavities.

2. Major cavities: are divided into:

A. Dorsal cavities: include cranial and vertebral cavities which are continuous
with each other at the base of skull through foramen magnum.
1
B.Ventral cavities: include thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by
the diaphragm.

2
ANATOMIC
POSITION
Positions and Directions
Superior: Cranial
Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another
structure in the body.

Inferior: Caudal
Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another
structure in the body.

Anterior: ventral
Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in
the body.

Posterior: dorsal
Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in
the body.
Distal Refers to a structure being further
away from the root of the limb than
another structure in the limb.

Proximal Refers to a structure being closer

to the root of the limb than another
structure in that limb.

Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of

the body than another structure

Deep
Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than
another structure
MOVEMENT S • Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones. In
the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints.
• Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two
bones. In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
MOVEMENT S

Abduction: Taking the limbs away from mid-line of body is abduction.

Adduction: Taking the limbs towards the midline of body is adduction.
 Rotation
Movement of a part of the body around its
long axis.

Medial Rotation Rotation turns the bone

inward.

Lateral Rotation Rotation turns the

MOVEMENT S bone outward.
Inversion and Eversion
Inversion
Turning the foot towards the big toe.
Eversion
Turning the foot towards the smallest toe.
Parts of the skin 1. EPIDERMIS
• Stratified squamous epithelium
1. A superficial cellular
layer(Epidermis) • A superficial keratin ( dead tissue)

• A deeper regenerative cellular layer

2. A deeper connective
tissue layer (Dermis) • Its non vascular.

3. A deepest fibro fatty layer

(Subcutaneous tissue)
2. DERMIS

• Deep to epidermis
• Consists of collagen & elastic fibers
• It contains :
1. Hair follicles
2. Erector pili
3. Sebaceous glands
3. SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
(SUPERFICIAL FASCIA)
Functions of Skin
• Deep to dermis 1. Protection
• Composed of : • abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection
1. Loose Connective tissue 1. Vitamin D synthesis
2. Stored fat • epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UV light
3. Sweat glands • helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing
4. Skin ligaments absorption of Ca2+
5. Superficial : 3. Sensation
! B l ood vessels receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration
and pain
! Lymphatic vessels
! Cutaneous Nerves
Thanks for your
participation