2NH N + 3H - K 6.9 X 10: 600 C Reacton Reaches Euilil1rlim 600

TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Consider the following reacton at 600oC.

2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g) -- Kp = 6.9 x 104
When the reacton reaches euilil1rlim at 600, the
reacton vessel contains 26.5 kPa of N2 and 49.2kPa of
H2. The pressure of NH3 was not measired.
The vessel is then cooied to 400oC and the euilil1rlim
ls re-esta1ilshed. The pressire of hydrogen is now
30.6kPa.
(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kp for this
reacton at 400oC.
(b)Is the forward reacton exothermlc or endothermlc? Why?
(c) Caiciiate the vaiie of Kc at 400oC.
TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS
USING AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Inltai (P) ?? 26.5 49.20 --T=69000oC
Change (P) +?? -?? -x
Euilil1rlim (P) ?? ?? 30.6 --T= 400oC
Solutonn Calculate the lnltai and the euilil1rlim PNH3 n
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g) -- Kc = 6.9 x 104
3
( PN 2 )( PH 2 )
Kp  2
( PNH 3 )
3
2
( PN 2 )( PH 2 )
( PNH 3 ) 
Kp
3
2 ( 26.5)( 49.2)
( PNH 3 )  4
6.9 x10
2
( PNH 3 ) 45.74
( PNH 3 ) 2  45.74
PNH 3 6.76kPa
PNH 3 6.8kPa
The pressire of H2 drops when the vessei ls cooied to
400oC. Thls means that the reacton shlfed to the ief. It
ls reactant favor.
PH2 = 49.2 + x = 30.6 therefore; x = - 18.6
PN2 = -18.2/3 = - 6.2
PNH3 = 18.2 x 2/3 = 12.4
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Inltai (P) 6.B6 26.5 49.20
Change (P) +12.4 -6.2 -18.6
Euilil1rlim (P) 19.2 20.3 30.6
TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING AN
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
3
( PN 2 )( PH 2 )
Kp  2
( PNH 3 )
3
( 20.3)(30.6)
Kp  2
(19.2)
3
K p 1.58 x10
Therefore, at 400K the value of K will be Kp= 1.58 x 103 .
TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING AN EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT
The forward reacton was endothermlc because the

iower the temperatire the iower the vaiie of K and
the reacton shlfed to the ief when cooied.
??That is it shifed to the exothermlc in order to

counter act the change.
The reacton is therefore reactant favoired.
The concentraton of H2 decreased.
TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING
AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
n
K p K c ( RT )
2
K p K c ( RT )
Kc
Kp   2
( RT )
2
K c K p ( RT )
TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING
AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
2
K c K p ( RT )
If R =8.315 Pam3/K moi
3 2
then K 1.58 x10 {(8.315(673.15)}
c
1.58 x103
Kc 
{(8.315(673.15)}2
= 5.04 x 10-5
TEST ON BALANCED EQUATION AND AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
Consider the following equilibriumn

2NO(g) ↔ N2(g) + O2 (g) -------Kc = 0.490 at 500.K
(a)At a certain stage the concentratons are as followsn
[NO(g)] = 0.300M; [N2(g)] = 0.300M; [O2(g)] = 0.300M
(a) Caiciiate the concentraton of NO at euilil1rlim
at 500.K .
(1) Is thls reacton prodict or reactant favoired?

(c) Caiciiate the vaiie of Kp at 500K.

2NO(g) ↔ N2(g) + O2 (g) -------Kc = 0.490 at 500.K
[NO(g)] = 0.300M; [N2(g)] = 0.300M; [O2(g)] = 0.300M
Caiciiate the concentraton of NO at euilil1rlim at
500.K .
Note: x ls not negilgl1iy smaii
Hlnd : Look oit for slmpilfcaton of the aige1ra.
(1) Is thls reacton prodict or reactant favoired?
(c) Caiciiate the vaiie of Kp at 500K.
At euilil1rlim:
2NO(g) ↔ N2(g) + O2(g

Inltai (M) 0.300 0.300 0.300
Change (M) -2x +x +x
Euilil1rlim (M) 0.300 - 2x 0.300+x 0.300+x

2
(0.300  x)
0.490  2
(0.300  2 x)
(0.300  x)
0.7 
(0.300  2 x)
0.B(0.300 - 2x) = 0.300 + x
0.21 - 1.4x = 0.300 + x
1.4x+ x = 0.21 - 0.300
2.4x = - 0.09
x = -0.03B5
[NO] = 0.300 - 2(-0.03B5)

= 0.3B5M
(1) Nelther prodict nor reactant favoired because

the nim1er of moies are the same on both sides
of the yield sign,
(c)
n
K p K c ( RT )
= 0.490 (RT)0
= 0.490 x 1
= 0.490
ACIDS AND BASES
DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS AND BASES
Arrhenius BrØnsted-Lowry Lewis acid
An acld ls any si1stance An acld ls a

that lncreases the proton donor
Concentraton of
hydrogen lon (H+) when
Dlssoives ln water An acld ls a eiectron
acceptor
DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS AND BASES
Arrhnius BrØnsted-Lowry Lewis acid
A 1ase ls any si1stance

A 1ase ls a
that lncreases the
Proton acceptor
Concentraton of
hydroxlde lon (OH-) when
dlssoives ln water.
An 1ase ls a eiectron
donor
ACIDS AND BASES
Examplesn
HCi(au) → Ci-(au) + H+(au)
NaOH(au) → Na+(au) + OH-(au)

When reactng acid with a base salt and water are
produced
NaOH(au) + HCi(au) → NaCi(au)+ H2O (ℓ)
Salt water
THE BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT OF ACIDS
AND BASES EXTENDED
There are diferent types of Bronsted-Lowry aclds
and Bases.
Examples of acidsn
Neitrai compoinds
Catons
Anlons
Hydrated metais
AND BASES EXTENDED
Aclds as compoinds:
HNO3(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ NO3-(au) + H3O+(au)
Aclds as catons:
NH4+(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ NH3(au) + H3O+(au)
Aclds as anlons:
H2PO-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HPO2-(au) + H3O+(au)
Aclds as hydrated metais:
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(au) +H2O(ℓ)↔[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(au) + H3O+(au)
AND BASES EXTENDED
Examples of basesn
neitrai compoinds
Anlons
Hydrated metais
AND BASES EXTENDED
Base as compoinds:
NH3(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ NH4+(au) + OH-(au)
Base as anlons:
CO32-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCO3-(au) + OH-(au)
Base as Hydrated metais:
[Ai(H2O)5(OH)]2+(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ [Ai(H2O)6)]3+(au) + OH-(au)
THE BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND
BASES EXTENDED
TYPES OF ACIDS
Monoprotc Poiyprotc
These are aclds

These are aclds that can
that can donate
donate more than one
one proton oniy.
proton. H2SO4, H2CO3, H3PO4,
e.g. HF, HCi, HCiO3
etc.
AMPHIPROTIC
These are poiyprotc aclds that have lost their frst
protons or so.
Afer loosing their frst proton, the ion so formed can act
as accept or donate another proton.
Exampie:
H2CO3(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCO3-(au) + H3O+(au)
Donatng another proton (an acld)

HCO3-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ CO3-(au) + H3O+(au)
Acceptng another proton (a 1ase)

HCO3-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ H2CO(au) + OH-(au)
AMPHIPROTIC
Such lons and water are therefore called amphlprotc

compoinds because they can donate or accept the
proton.
They are also called an amphoiytes because they can
undergo amphoterlc reacton.
That is, they can act as aclds and as 1ases.
As an acld
H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ OH-(au) + H3O+(au)
As a 1ase
H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ H3O+(au) + HO-(au)
AMPHIPROTIC
CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIR
This is anlon of the acld that is formed afer that acid have
iost the proton/s.
Examplesn
HCi and Ci-
H3PO4 and PO43-
HNO3 and NO3-
H2SO4 and HSO4-
WATER AUTOIONIZATION
Aito-lonlsaton is a process in which a compound can
lonlze ltseif.
This is called amphoterlc reacton
The species that can undergo amphoterlc reacton is
called an amphoiyte.
These are the species that can act as a 1ase and as an
acld.
Water is an example of an amphoiyte.
That is, it can act as an acld and as a 1ase
WATER AUTOIONIZATION AND THE WATER IONIZATION
CONSTANT, Kw
As it is shown above, H3O+ is not formed only if a
strong acid like HCi is dissolved in water.
It can also be formed by two water molecules as it is
indicated belown
H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ OH-(au) + H3O+(au)
For pire water, at euilil1rlim and at 25oC;
[H3O+] = [OH-] =1.0 x 10-B
Therefore:
[H3O+] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-B x 1.0 x 10-B
=1.0 x 10-14
CONSTANT, Kw
Kw is called aito-lonlzaton constant or lon-prodict
constant for water.
Therefore fromn
H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ OH-(au) + H3O+(au)
We haven
Kw = [H3O+] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC.
Kw is temperature dependentn
The hlgher the temperatire, the hlgher the K w value.
In most cases, we will work at 25oC.
CONSTANT, Kw
T (oC) kw
10 0.29 x 10-14
15 0.45 x 10-14
20 0.68 x 10-14
*25 1.01 x 10-14
30 1.4B x 10-14
50 5.48 x 10-14
WATER AUTOIONIZATION AND THE pH SCALE
The pH scaie is the scale that shows the acldlty or the

1aslclty of a soluton.
The pH is defned as negatve the iog of the
hydronlim lon concentraton with 1ase-10.
pH = -iog [H3O+]
Similarly, the pOH is defned as negatve the iog of the
hydroxlde lon concentraton with 1ase-10.
pOH = -iog [OH-]
Taking the negatve iog on both sides of the lonlzaton
constant of water at 25oC;
kw = [H3O+] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
-iogkw = -iog[H3O+] [OH- ] =-iog1.0 x 10-14
-iogkw = (-iog[H3O+]) + (-iog[OH- ]) = 14
pkw = pH + pOH = 14
This shows that
*the sum of the pH and pOH is equal to 14 at
25oC.
*For the acldlc soluton pH < B

* For the neitrai soluton pH = B
* For the 1aslc soluton pH > B
The pH can be caiciiated from the concentratons.

The concentratons can also be caiciiated from the pH.
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH
1. A soluton of the strong acld HCi, [HCi] = 4.00 x 10-3M.
Calculate the pH, pOH and pKw for this soluton at 25oC.
2.What is the pH, pOH and pKw of a 0.0012M NaOH

soluton at 25oC.
3. (a) What is the concentraton of strontim hydroxlde

(Sr(OH)2) if the pH of the soluton containing strong
1ase, Sr(OH)2 is 10.46 at 25oC.
(1) Caiciiate pkw

1.A soluton of the strong acld HCi, [HCi] = 4.00 x 10-3M.
Calculate the pH, pOH and pKw for this soluton at 25oC
HCi(au) ↔ H+(au) + Ci-(au) OR
HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ Ci-(au) + H3O+(au)
therefore the [H3O+] = [HCi] + x([H3O+] from the water).
= 4.00 x 10-3M + 1.0 x 10-BM
= < 0.0040001M > x ls very smaii
= 4.00 x 10-3M
Bit
[H3O+] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
4.00 x 10-3 x [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
 14
1.0 x10
[OH ]  
3
4.00 x10
= 2.5 x 10-12M
But
pH = -iog[H2O+]
= - iog(4.00 x 10-3)
= -(-2.39B9)
= 2.398
and
pOH = -iog[OH-]
= - iog(2.50 x 10-12)
= -(-11.602)
= 11.602
OR
OR
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - pH
= 14 -2.398
= 11.602
Therefore
pKw = pH + pOH
= 2.398 + 11.602
=14
2. What is the pH, pOH and pKw of a 0.0012M NaOH

soluton at 25oC.
Solutonn NaOH(au) ↔ Na+(au) + OH-(au)
[NaOH] = [OH]
[OH] = 0.0012M
[OH] [H3O+] = 1.00 x 10-14
 14
1.00 x10
[ H 2O ] 

0.0012
= 8.333 x 10-12M
But
pOH = -iog[OH-]
= - iog(1.20 x 10-3)
= -(-2.9208)
= 2.92
pH = -iog[H2O+]
= - iog(8.333 x 10-12)
= -(-11.0B9)
= 11.08
OR
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 -2.92
= 11.08
pKw = pH + pOH
= 11.08 +2.92
= 14
Qieston 3:
The concentratons from the pH .
(a) What is the concentraton of strontim hydroxlde
(Sr(OH)2) if the pH of the soluton containing strong
1ase, Sr(OH)2 is 10.46 at 25oC. (1) Caiciiate pkw
Solutonn
Calculate the pOH from
pH + pOH = 14
Calculate [OH-] from the pOH = -iog[OH- ]
Divide [OH-] 1y 2 to get [Sr(OH)2 ]
Soiiton:
pH = 10.46
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - 10.46
= 3.54
pOH = -iog [OH-]
3.54 = -iog [OH-]
iog [OH-] = -3.54
[OH-] =10-3.54
=2.88 x10-4
Bit
[Sr(OH)2] =1/2[OH-]
= 1/2(2.88 x 10-4)
=1.44 x 10-4M
=1.44x 10-4moi/L
=1.44 x 10-4moi.dm-3
(1)
pH = 10.46
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - 10.46
= 3.54
pkw = pH + pOH
= 10.46 + 3.54
= 14
CALCULATING THE pH
The iower the pH, the stronger the acld.

The hlgher the pH, the weaker the acld.
The iower the pH, the weaker the 1ase.

The hlgher the pH, the stronger the 1ase.
The iower the pOH, the stronger the 1ase.

The hlgher the pOH, the weaker the 1ase.
At the pH =B, the soiiton is neitrai
These are shown belown
CALCULATING THE pH
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS AND BASES
The strong aclds and 1ases totaiiy dlssoive and
compieteiy lonlze ln water.
The strengths of aclds and 1ases are calculated by the
concentraton of the hydronlim lons and the
hydroxlde lons respectvely.
The higher the [H3O+], the stronger the acid.
The lower the [H3O+], the weaker the acid.
The higher the [OH-], the stronger the base.
The lower the [OH-], the weaker the base.
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS AND BASES
Common strong aclds includesn
* Hydrohailc aclds except HF.
That aren HCi(au)
HBr(au)
HI(au)
Others are:
* HNO3
* HCiO4
* H2SO4 (for losing its frst H+ only)
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS AND
BASES
Common weak aclds includesn
* Some organlc aclds ilke CH3COOH and:
H3PO4
H2SO3
HF
BASES
Common strong 1ases includesn
*All groip 1A hydroxidesn
That is; LlOH
NaOH
KOH
R1OH
CsOH
Some of the groip 2 metai oxlde.
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
BASES
Common weak 1ase includesn
* Groip 2A hydroxldes.
Mg(OH)2
Ca(OH)2
NH3
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS AND
BASES
These are the constants that show the strengths of
the acids and of the bases.
They sre called lonlzaton constants.
They are indicated by the Ka and K1.

Where “a” and “1” represent an acld and a 1ase
respectvely.
The formulae used to calculate the above are shown
below with examples.
BASES
HA(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ A-(au) + H3O+(au)
[ A ][ H 3O ]  
Ka 
[ HA]
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS AND BASES
Example of the acldlc soiiton isn
HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(au)+ Ci-(au)-Ka =?
[ H 3O ][Cl ]
 
Ka 
[ HCl]
BASES
B(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ BH+(au) + OH-(au)
[ BH ][OH ]  
Kb 
[ B]
THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT AND REACTION QUOTIENT
Example of the 1aslc soiiton is n
NH3(au) + H2O(i) NH4+(au) + OH-(au) --- K1 =?

[ NH 4 ][OH  ]
Kb 
[ NH 3 ]
RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR AN ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE
Ka of HCi isn
HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(au)+ Ci-(au)-Ka =?
[ H 3O ][Cl ]  
Ka 
[ HCl]
RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR AN ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE
The K1 of the conjigate 1ase of HCi:
Ci-(au)+H2O(ℓ) HCi(au)+ OH-(au) -K1 =?
[ HCl ][OH ] 
Kb 
[Cl ]

RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR AN ACID
AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE
Multplying the Ka and the K1 we getn
[Cl  ][ H 3O  ] [ HCl][OH  ]
K a xK b ( )( )
[ HCl] [Cl ]

Ka x K1 = [H3O+] [OH-]
1it Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
therefore Kw = Ka x K1
1ecaise each = [H3O+] [OH-]
Ka x K1 = 1.0 x 10-14
 14
1.10
Ka 
Kb
 14
1.10
Kb 
Ka
TEST ON RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR
AN ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE.
Consider the reacton of HCN and H2On
HCN(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ CN-(au) + H3O+(au) -- Ka = 4.0 x 10-10
Conjigate 1ase
CN-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCN(au) + OH-(au) -- K1 = 2.5 x 10-5
Caiciiate: Kw, pKa and pK1 , pKw
Kw = K a x K 1
= ( 4.0 x 10-10)(2.5 x 10-5)
= 1.0 x 10-14
OR
Multplying the Ka and the K1 for HCN and CN- we getn
[CN ][ H 3O ] [ HCN ][OH ]

  
KaxK b ( )( )
[ HCN ] [CN ]

( 4.0 x 10-10)(2.5 x 10-5) = [H3O] [OH-]

1.0 x 10-14 = Kw
TEST ON RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS FOR AN ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE.
pKa = -iogKa
= - iog ( 4.0 x 10-10)
= 9.4
pK1 = -iogK1
= - iog (2.5 x 10-5)
= 4.6
pKw = -iogKw
= - iog (1.0 x 10-14)
= 14 OR
pKw = pKa + pK1 = 9.6 + 4.6 =14
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR
ACIDS AND BASES
For strong aclds, the value of Ka ls greater than 1.
Ka > 1.
For weak aclds, the value of Ka ls iesser than 1.
Ka < 1.
The stronger the acld, the weaker its conjigate 1ase.
The weaker the acld, the stronger the conjigate 1ase.
The stronger the 1ase, the weaker its conjigate acld.
The weaker the 1ase, the stronger its conjigate acld.
Examples of the some of the above are shown belown
BASES
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS
AND BASES
HF is a stronger acid than HCiO which is in turn
stronger than HCiO3n
Increasing acid strength
HCiO HCiO3 HF
Ka = 4.8 x 10-11 Ka = 3.5 x 10-8 Ka = B.2 x 10-4
AND BASES
The strength of their conjugate bases are as followsn
CiO3- ls a stronger 1ase than CiO- whlch ls ln tirn
stronger than F-:
Increasing conjugate 1ase strength

F- CiO3- CiO-
K1 =1.4 x 10-11 K1 = 2.9 x 10-B K1 = 2.1 x 10-4
AND BASES
The organic porton of the organic acids has efect on
its relatve strength.
THE EFFECT OF THE [H3O+], Ka, pH, pKa, and [OH-], K1, pOH, pK1 ON THE
STRENGHT OF THE ACID AND BASEES RESPECTIVELY
The hlgher the [H3O+], the hlgher the Ka, the iower the
pH, the iower the pKa and the stronger the acld.
The iower the [H3O+], the iower the Ka, the hlgher the
pH, the hlgher the pKa, the weaker the acld.
The hlgher the [OH-], the hlgher the K1, the iower the
pOH, the iower the pK1, and the stronger the 1ase.
The iower the [OH-], the iower the K1, the hlgher the
pOH, the hlgher the pK1, and the weaker the 1ase.
Ka VALUES FOR POLYPROTIC ACIDS
Like the monoprotc acids, the poiyprotc acids also
ionise; but they ionise in series of steps.
Their K values become Ka1, Ka2, etc.
Example, the protonaton of H3PO4n
Flrst lonlzaton step: Ka1 = B.5 x 10-3
H3PO4(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ H2PO4-(au) + H3O+(au)---
----- Ka1 = B.5 x 10-3

Second lonlzaton step: Ka2 = 6.2 x 10-8
H2PO4-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HPO42-(au) + H3O+(au)-----

---- Ka2 = 6.2 x 10-8
Thlrd lonlzaton step: Ka3 = 3.6 x 10-13
HPO42-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ PO43-(au) + H3O+(au) -----------

------ Ka3 = 3.6 x 10-13
The Ka vaiie of each successive step becomes smaiier
as the negatve charge of each ion lncreases.
This is because it is more dlfciit to remove a proton
(H+) from the anlon than from the neitrai acld.
That is, the Ka vaiie decreases as the strength of that
acid decreases.
Similarly, the iarger the negatve charge of the
anlonlc acld, the more dlfciit it is to remove the H+.
For many inorganic poiyprotc aclds, Ka vaiies
become smaller by about 105 for each proton
removed.
LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF RELATIVE
ACID STRENGTH, pKa
The strength of an acid can also be reported by
logarithmic scale, pKa.
pKa = -iogKa
Remember, pH = -iog[H3O+].
e.g.
Calculate the pKa of acetc acid.
pKa = -iogKa
= - iog(1.8 x 10-9)
= 4.B4
LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF RELATIVE ACID
STRENGTH, pKa
As the acid strength lncreases, the pKa value
decreases.
Examplen
Propanolc acld Acetc acld Formlc acld
CH3CH2CO2H CH3CO2H HCO2H
Ka = 1.3 x 10-5 Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 Ka = 1.8 x 10-4
pKa = 4.89 pKa = 4.B4 pKa = 3.B4
AND BASES
The organic porton of the organic acids has efect on
its relatve strength.
ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF SALTS
Remembern
*Anlons that are conjigates 1ases of the strong aclds
(e.g. Ci-, CiO4-, NO3-,etc), are such weak 1ases that they
have no efect on the pH of the soiiton.
*The acid-base behaviour of the anlons of poiyprotc
acids depends on the extent of deprotonaton.
A partally deprotonated anion such as HCO32- is
amphlprotc.
That is, its behaviour depends on the specles ln the
reacton.
* Aikailne and aikailne earth catons (e.g. Ll+, Na+, K+, Sr2+,
Ba2+) have no measira1ie efect on the pH of the soiiton.
Baslc catons are conjigate 1ases of acldlc catons
such as [Ai(H2O)6]3+.
Acldlc catons fall into two categorlesn
Metai catons wlth 2+ Ammonla and lts organlc

and 3+ charges derlvatve
All metai catons are hydrated in water forming ions
such as [M(H2O)6]n+.
Only when M is 2+ or 3+ caton in most cases a
translton metai lon, does the ion act as an acld?
PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF ACID- BASE
REACTIONS
According to BrØnsted-Lowry theory, any acld-1ase reacton can be
writen as euilil1rlim involving acld and 1ase and their conjigates.
Acld + Base ↔Conjigate 1ase of the acld + Conjigate

acld of the 1ase
The strength of acld and 1ase can be used to decide whether the
above equaton is prodict or reactant favor.
A proton transfer reactons proceed from the stronger acld and
1ase to the weaker acld and 1ase.
REACTIONS
Test 1:
Is the reacton of hydrochiorlc acld and water,
prodict or reactant favoir.
conjugate pair 1
stronger base
than Cl- weaker base than
H2O
weaker acid
HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ Ci-(au) + H3O+(au)
than HCl
stronger acid
than H3O+
conjugate pair 2
PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF ACID- BASE REACTIONS
REACTIONS
The reacton of hydrochiorlc acld and water is
prodict favoir becausen
A proton transfer reactons proceed from the
stronger acld and stronger 1ase to the weaker acld
and weaker 1ase.
REACTIONS
Test 2:
Is the reacton of acetc acld and water, product or
reactant favour. Stronger base
than H2O
conjugate pair 1 Stronger acid
Weaker base than than CH3COOH

CH3COO-
CH3COOH(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3COO-(au) + H3O+(au)

Weaker acid
than H3O+
conjugate pair 2
REACTIONS
The reacton of acetc acld and water is reactant
favoir becausen
weaker acld and weaker 1ase to the stronger acld
and stronger 1ase.
REACTIONS
Test 3:
Is the reacton of phosphorlc acld and acetate lon,
prodict or reactant favour. weaker base than
CH3COO -
conjugate pair 1 weaker acid
stronger base than H3PO4

than H2PO4-
H3PO4(au) + CH3COO-(au)↔ H2PO4-(au) + CH3COOH(au)
stronger acid
than
CH3COOH conjugate pair 2
REACTIONS
The reacton of phosphorlc acld and CH3COO- is
prodict favoir becausen
stronger acld and stronger 1ase to the weaker
acld and weaker 1ase.
TYPES OF ACID-BASE REACTIONS
There are foir types of acld-1ase reactons.
Strong acld Weak acld

+ +
Strong 1ase Weak 1ase
Weak acld Strong acld

+ +
Strong 1ase Weak 1ase
Strong acld and strong 1ase:
Mlxlng euiai amoints (moies) of a strong 1ase and a
strong acld prodices a neitrai soiiton (pH = B.00 at
25oC).
Examplen
HCi(au) + NaOH(au)↔ NaCi(u) + H2O(ℓ)
H+(au) + Ci-(au)+ Na+(au)+ OH-(au)↔ Na+(au)+Ci-(au) + H2O(ℓ)
H+(au) + OH-(au)↔ H2O(ℓ) Ka = 1/Kw =1.0 x 1014
pH = B.0 at 25oC
H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ ↔ H3O+(au) + OH-(au) pH = B.0 at 25oC
That ls why acld-1ase reacton ls caiied neitrailzaton
reacton.
Weak acld and strong 1ase:
Mlxlng euiai amoints (moies) of a weak acld and
strong 1ase prodices a sait whose anlon ls the
conjigate 1ase of the weak acld. The soiiton ls
1aslc, wlth the pH dependlng on K1 for the anlon.
Examplen
H2CO2(au) + NaOH(au)↔ NaHCO2(au) + H2O(ℓ)
H+(au)+HCO2-(au)+Na+(au)+OH-(au)↔
Na+(au)+HCO2-(au) +H2O(ℓ)
H+(au) + HCO2- (au) + OH-(au)↔ H2O(ℓ) + HCO2- (au)
Strong acld and a weak 1ase:
Mlxlng euiai amoints (moies) of a strong acld and a
weak 1ase prodices a sait whose caton ls the
conjigate acld of the weak 1ase. The soiiton ls
acldlc, wlth the pH dependlng on Ka for the caton.
Examplen
HCi(au) + NH3(au)↔ Ci-(au) + NH4+(au)
HCi(au) + NH3(au)↔ H3O+(au) + NH3(au)

H3O+(au) + NH3(au)↔ NH4+(au) + H2O(ℓ)
Weak acld and weak 1ase:
conjigate acld of the weak 1ase and whose anlon ls
the conjigate 1ase of the weak acld. The soiiton pH
depends on the reiatve Ka and K1 vaiies.
Example of Car1onlc Acld and ammonlan
H2CO2(au) + NH3(au)↔ NH4+(au) + HCO2-(au)
or
CH3COOH(au) + NH3 (au) ↔ NH4+ (au) + CH3COO-(au)
Summary of types of acid reactons.
CALCULATIONS WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
DETERMINING K FROM THE INITIAL CONCENTRATION
AND THE MEASURED pH.
In this secton Ka and K1 is calculated from the [A]o and
measured pH.
or
pH is calculated from the [A]o and K.
TEST ON THE CALCULATIONS WITH
1. (a) What is the vaiie of Ka of iactc acld,
CH3CHOHCO2H if a 0.10 M aqueous soluton of iactc
acld has a pH of 2.43?
(b) Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of
CH3CHOHCO2H .
2. (a) Calculate the pH of 0.020 M soluton of 1enzolc
acld, C6H5CO2H given that Ka = 6.3 x 10-5 for the acid.
(b)Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of C6H5CO2H.
3.
(a) Determine the pH of a 0.00123 M soluton of HCN.
(b) Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of HCN.
(a) What is the vaiie of Ka of iactc acld,
CH3CHOHCO2H if a 0.10 M aqueous soluton of iactc
acld has a pH of 2.43?
(b) Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of
CH3CHOHCO2H .
Solutonn
Calculate the [H3O+] from the pH.
Write down a stolchlometrlc euiaton
Use an ICE table to calculate the [H3CHOHCO2-]
Apply the formula to calculate the vaiie Ka.
Solutonn
pH = -iog [H3O+]
2.43 = -iog [H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-2.43
= 3.B x 10-3
CH3CHOCO2H(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ CH3CHOCO2-(au) + H3O+(au)
Inltai (M) 0.10 0 0

Change (M) -x +x +x
Euilil1rlim (M) 0.10-x x x
[H3O+] = 3.B x 10-3---caiciiated a1ove

But x = [CH3CHOCO2-] = [H3O+] = 3.B x 10-3

[ H 3O ][CH 3CHOHCO2 ]

Ka 
[CH 3CHOHCO2 H ]
( x)( x)
Ka 
0.10  x
( x)( x)
Ka 
0.10  x
3 3
(3.7 x10 )(3.7 x10 )

0.10  0.0037
= 1.4 x10-4
TEST ON THE CALCULATION OF THE pH OF FROM THE
CONCENTRATION
(b)Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of
CH3CHOHCO2H .
3
3.7 x10
%dissociation  x100
0.10
= 3.B%
(a) Calculate the pH of 0.020 M soluton of 1enzolc
acld, C6H5CO2H given that Ka = 6.3 x 10-5 for the acid.
Soiitonn
Write down a stolchlometrlc euiaton.
Use an ICE table to calculate the [H3O+].
Apply the formula to calculate the vaiie pH.
C6H5CO2 H(au)+H2O(ℓ)↔C6H5CO2-(au) + H3O+
Inltai (M) 0.020 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
Euilil1rlim (M) 0.020-x x x

[ H 3O ][C6 H 5CO2 ]

Ka 
[C6 H 5CO2 H ]
( x)( x)
5
6.3x10 
0.020  x
0.020-x ≈ 0.020 because x is very smaii compared to
0.020.
5 ( x )( x)
6.3 x10 
0.020
2 5
x 0.020 x6.3x10
6
x  1.2620 x10
= 0.0011
Therefore[H3O+] = 1.1 x 10-3 M
pH = -iog [H3O ] +
= -iog 1.10 x 10 -3
= 2.96
TEST ON CALCULATION OF THE pH OF FROM THE
CONCENTRATION
3
1.1x10
0.020
= 5.5%
TEST ON CALCULATION OF THE pH FROM THE
CONCENTRATION
(a) Determine the pH of a 0.00123 M (1.23 x 10-3 M)
soluton of HCN.
CONCENTRATION
HCN(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CN-(au) + H3O+(au)
Inltai (M) 0.00123 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
EQUILIBRIUM (M) 0.00123-x x x
0.00123- x ≈ 0.00123 because x is very smaii
compared to 0.00123.
100 x Ka <<< 0.00123
100 x 4.0X10-10 = 4.0 x 10-8 <<< 0.00123
Therefore the approxlmaton expresslon can be used.
CONCENTRATION
[CN ][ H 3O ]
 
Ka 
[ HCN ]
( x)( x)

0.00123  x
CONCENTRATION
( x )( x )
Ka 
0.00123
2
 10 x
4.0 x10 
0.00123
2  10
x (4.0 x10 )(0.00123)
CONCENTRATION
2  10
x  ( 4.0 x10 )(0.00123)
x =B.0142B116B x 10-B
[H3O+] = B.014 x 10-B
pH = -iog [H3O+]
= -iog B.014 x 10-B
= 6.154
= 6.15
CONCENTRATION
7
7.01427 x10
%dissociati on  x100
0.00123
= 5.B02%
= 5.B%
CONCENTRATION
(a) What is the conjugate acid of N2H4.
(b) Which of the following is more acidic? K2HPO4
NaH2PO4
Soluton
(a) N2H5+.
(b) NaH2PO4
THE pH OF A SOLUTION OF A WEAKLY BASIC SALT, SODIUM
ACETATE
As it was done with weak acids, the calculatons of the
pH of weak 1ases can aiso 1e done as foiiowsn
PTO
TEST ON THE pH OF A SOLUTION OF A WEAKLY BASIC SALT,
SODIUM ACETATE
(a) What is the pH of a 0.015M soluton of NaCH3CO2n
(b) What is the percentage dlssoclaton of NaCH3CO2.
Soiiton
Write down a stolchlometrlc euiaton.
Use the ICE table to calculate the concentraton of
[OH-].
Use [H3O+] to calculate the pH of the soluton.
Use the formula to calculate the percentage
dlssoclaton.
SODIUM ACETATE
NaCH3CO2(au) ↔ CH3CO2- + Na+
Hydroiyse the conjigate 1ase
CH3CO2-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3CO2H + OH-
Draw the ICE ta1ie

TEST ON THE pH OF A SOLUTION OF A WEAKLY BASIC
SALT, SODIUM ACETATE
CH3CO2-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3CO2H + OH-

Inltai (M) 0.015 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
Remembern the acidity of Na+ is so small that it is

negligible.
Get Kb (5.6 x 10-10)from the table at the back of your
book.
SODIUM ACETATE
[CH 3CO2 H ][OH ] 

Kb  
[CH 3CO2 ]
 10 ( x)( x)
5.6 x10 
0.015  x
0.015-x ̴ 0.015 because x is very smaii compared to
0.015.
SODIUM ACETATE
The value of K1 from Table 16.2 is 5.6 x 10-10
2
x
Kb 
0.015
2
 10 x
5.6 x10 
0.015
SODIUM ACETATE
 10
x  5.6 x10 x0.015
= 2.9 x 10-6
Thereforen
[ OH-] = 2.9 x10-6
x = [ OH-]
= 2.9 x10-6
SODIUM ACETATE
pOH = -iog [OH-]
= -iog (2.9 x 10-6)
= 5.54
The pH of NaCH3CO2:
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 – 5.54
= 8.46
OR
SODIUM ACETATE
[OH-] [H3O+] = Kw
2.9 x10-6 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14
1.0 x10  14
[H3O+]  6
2.9 x10
= 3.5 x10-9M
SODIUM ACETATE
The pH of NaCH3CO2:
pH = -iog [H3O+]
= -iog (3.5 x10-9)
= 8.46
CONCENTRATION
(b) Calculate the percentage dlssoclaton of NaCH3CO2.
6
2.9 x10
0.015
= 0.01B3%
= 0.1B%
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION OF A WEAK
BASE WITH A STRONG ACID TEST.
What is the pH of the soluton that results from mlxlng
25mL of 0.016 M NH3 and 25mL of 0.016M HCi.
Soluton
*Write down a prodict favoir balanced equaton.
*Write down a reactant favoir balanced equaton.
*Calculate the nim1er of moies of each reactant.
*Calculate the nim1er of moies of NH4+ produced.
*Calculate the lnltai [NH4+].
*Use ICE ta1ie to calculate the fnai [NH4+].
*Using the Ka from the table, caiciiate x from ICE.
*Calculate pH.
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION OF A WEAK BASE WITH A
STRONG ACID.
The prodict favoir balanced equaton.
HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ) → Ci-(au) + H3O+(au) (Compieteiy lonlze)
NH3(au) + H3O+(au) → H2O(ℓ) + NH4+(au) or
NH3(au) + HCi(au) → NH4+(au) + Ci-(au)
a reactant favoir balanced equaton

n = C x V for NH3
= 0.016moi/L x 0.025L
= 4.0 x 10-4moi
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION OF A WEAK BASE WITH A STRONG ACID.
OR
NH3(au) + HCi(au) → NH4+(au) + Ci-(au)
Hydroiyze NH4+
n = C x V for NH3
= 0.016moi/L x 0.025L
= 4.0 x 10-4moi
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE
REACTION OF A WEAK BASE WITH A STRONG ACID
n = C V for HCi
= 0.016moi/L x 0.025L
= 4.0 x 10-4moi
4 
4.0 x10 NH 3 molNH 4

? molNH 4  x
1 molNH 3
= 4.0 x 10-4moi NH4+
n
C 
V
4 
 4.0 x10 molNH 4
[ NH 4 ] 
0.05Lso ln
= 0.0080
= 8.0 x 10 -3

Inltai (M) 0.0080 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION
OF A WEAK BASE WITH A STRONG ACID
Ka of NH4+ is = 5.6 x 10-10
[ NH 3 ][ H 3O ] 
Ka  
[ NH 4 ]
 10 ( x)( x)
5.6 x10 
0.0080  x
But 0.0080 – x ≈ 0.0080
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION OF A
WEAK BASE WITH A STRONG ACID
2
 10 x
5.6 x10 
0.0080
 10
x  5.6 x10 x0.0080
= 2.1x10 -6
TEST ON CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION OF A WEAK BASE WITH A
STRONG ACID
But [H3O+ ] = [NH3 ] = 2.1x10-6M
pH = -iog [H3O+ ]
= -iog 2.1x10-6
= 5.6B
When mlxlng euiai amoint of a weak 1ase and a
strong acld, the resiitng soiiton 1ecomes silghtiy
acldlc.
????CALCULATIONS WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS AND

pH FROM Ka AND USING THE METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE
APPROXIMATIONS.
(a) What is the pH of a 0.0010 M soluton of formlc
acld?
(b) What is the concentraton of formlc acld at
euilil1rlim.
The acid is moderately weak, with Ka = 1.8 x 10-4.
CALCULATIONS WITH EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT TEST 4
HCO2H(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCO2-(au) + H3O+
Inltai (M) 0.0010 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
CONSTANT TEST 4

[ H 3O ][ HCO2 ]

Ka 
[ HCO2 H ]
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0 . 0010  x
0.0010-x ls not approxlmateiy euiai to 0.0010
because x is not very smaii compared to 0.0010.
[HCO2H]o = 0.0010 =1.0 x 10-3
This is not greater than 100 x Ka.
= ( 100 x 1.8 x10-4).
= 1.8 x 10-2
That is 1.0 x 10-3 < 1.8 x 10-2
This shows that the usual approxlmaton will not glve
is the correct answer.
Qiadratc euiaton or siccesslve approxlmaton
must be used to solve this problem.
Using siccesslve approxlmaton, we get:
TEST 4

[ H 3O ][ HCO2 ]

Ka 
[ HCO2 H ]  x
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
CALCULATIONS WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT TEST 4
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
Using approximaton, we got x = 4.2 x10-4
2 4
x  (1.8.9 x10 )(0.0010)
x = 4.2 x10-4
Substtutng x 1y 4.2 x10-4 on the denominator of the
above equaton, we getn
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10  2
0.0010  4.2 x10
2 4 2
x  (1.8.9 x10 )(0.0010  4.2 x10 )
x = 3.2 x 10-4
4 ( x )( x )
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10  2
0.0010  3.2 x10
2 4 2
x  (1.8.9 x10 )(0.0010  3.2 x10 )
x = 3.4 x 10 -4
We contnue this untl the answer 1ecomes constant.
Afer doing the above for two more cycies, we gotn
[H3O+] = [HCO2-] = 3.4 x 10-4
Therefore at equilibriumn
[HCO2-] = 0.0010-x
=0.0010-3.4 x 10-4
=0.000B
The pH of HCOH:
pH = -iog [H3O+]
= -iog (3.4 x 10-4)
= 3.4B
CONSTANT USINGQUADRATIC EQUATIONTEST
Uslng uiadratc euiaton to soive for x and get the
pH of the formlc acld

[ H 3O ][ HCO2 ]

Ka 
[ HCO2 H ]
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
CALCULATIONS WITH EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT USING
QUADRATIC EQUATION
(1.8x10-4)(0.0010 –x) = x2
11.8x10-B – 1.8 x 10-4x = x2
x2 + 1.8 x 10-4x -11.8 x 10-B = 0
a= 1, 1= 1.8 x 10-4x, c = 1.8 x 10-B
2
b  b  4ac
x
2a
USINGQUADRATIC EQUATION
2
b  b  4ac
x
2a
4 4 2 7
1.8 x10  (1.8 x10 )  4(1)1.8 x10
x
2(1)
x = 3.4 x 10-4 or x = (-1.B9656 x 10-4 = -1.8 x 10-4)
x = 3.4 x 10-4
There fore :
[H3O+] = [HCO2-] = 3.4 x 10-4
Therefore at equilibriumn
[HCO2-] = 0.0010-x
=0.0010-3.4 x 10-4
=0.000B
The pH of HCOH:
pH = -iog [H3O+]
= -iog (3.4 x 10-4)
= 3.4B
16.8 POLYPROTIC ACIDS AND BASES
Re membern
Polyprotc acids are acids that have more than one
protonn
There are two types of poiyprotc aclds
Inorganic polyprotic acids

e.g. H3PO4 Organic polyprotic acids
H2SO4 e.g. R-COOH
H2CO3
HS
POLYPROTIC ACIDS AND BASES
The number of H3O+ lons generated during frst
lonlsaton step of a many inorganic polyprotc acid is
about mliilon tmes more than the second step.
This shows that the pH of many inorganic polyprotc
acid depends primarily on the H3O+ lons generated
during frst lonlsaton step.
The nim1er of H3O+ ions produced during second
lonlsaton step is so smaii that it can be negiected.
The same thlng appiles to the fiiiy deprotonated
conjigate 1ases of poiyprotc acld
The number of OH- lons generated during frst
lonlsaton step of a many inorganic polyprotc bases is
This shows that the pOH of many inorganic polyprotc
bases depends primarily on the OH- lons generated
The nim1er of OH- ions produced during second
CALCULATING THE PH OF A POLYPOLYPROTIC BASE
Examplen
The carbonate ion, CO32- is a base in water, forming
the CO32- lon. Which in turn can form H2CO3.
What is the pH of a 0.10 M soluton of car1onate lon,
CO32-?
Solutonn
Write down a balanced equaton for the formaton of
both CO32- and H2CO3.
Include their K11 and K12.
Set up the ICE table for the reacton of car1onate lon.
CALCULATING THE pH OF THE SOLUTION OF POLYPROTIC
BASES
Caiciiate the pH of the 0.10M soiiton of Na2CO3.
Soiiton
Write down the frst and the second lonlzaton steps
of the H2CO3.
Insert its K11 and the K12
Set up the ICE ta1ie for the reacton of carbonate ion.
BASES.
CO32-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ HCO3-(au) + OH-(au)- K11 = 2.1 x10-4.
HCO3-(au) +H2O(ℓ)↔ H2CO3(au) + OH-(au)- K12 = 2.4 x10-8.

CALCULATING THE pH AFTER THE REACTION
CO32-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ HCO3-(au) + OH-(au)-
Inltai (M) 0.10 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
 _
[ HCO3 ][OH ]
K b1  
[ HCO3 ]
BASES .
 _
[ HCO3 ][OH ]
K b1  
[ HCO3 ]
4 ( x )( x )
2.1x10 
0.10  x
But 0.10 – x ≈ 0.10
BASES .
2
4 x
2.1x10 
0.10
4
x  2.1x10 x0.10
=4.6 x10-3
BASES.
x = [HCO3-(au) ] = [OH-] = 4.6 x10-3M
pOH = -iog [OH- ]

= -iog (4.6 x10-3)
= 2.34
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 –POH
= 14 -2.34
=11.66
HCO3-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ H2CO3(au) + OH-(au)-
Inltai (M) 4.6x10-3 0 4.6 x10-3
Change (M) -y +y +y
EQUILIBRIUM (M) 4.6x10-3 -y y 4.6 x10-3 +y
_
[ H 2CO3 ][OH ]
Kb2  
[ HCO3 ]
BASES.
3
8 ( y )(4.6 x10  y )
2.4 x10  3
4.6 x10  y
But 4.6 10-3– x ≈ 4.6 10-3
But 4.6 10-3 + x ≈ 4.6 10-3

BASES.
3
8 [ y ]4.6 x10
2.4 x10  3
4.6 x10
y = 2.4 x 10-8M
= [H2CO3]
This shows that the amount of OH- produced in this is

negligibly small.
BASES.
x = [HCO3-(au) ] = [OH-] = 4.6 x10-3M
The fnal pOH
pOH = -iog [OH- ]
= -iog (4.6 x10-3+ 2.4 x 10-8) ≈
≈ -iog (4.6 x10-3) because 4.6 x10-3+ 2.4 x 10-8≈ 4.6 x10-3
= 2.34
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 –POH
= 14 -2.34
=11.66
16.9 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, BONDING AND
ACID-BASE BEHAVIOR
In this secton, the correlaton among the moieciiar

strictire’s, 1ondlng and the chemlcai propertes of
diferent molecules will be studied.
ACID STRENGTH OF THE HYDROGEN HILIDE, HX.
Hydrogen hailde are strong aclds , except HF.
The strengths of these aclds are as followsn
HF < HCi < HBr < HI etc.
This is because of their 1ond dlssoclaton enthaipy (BDE)
and eiectron afnlty (eiectron atachment enthaipy AEH).
or Bond formaton energy (BFE). When hydro-hailde (HX)
lonlses the sum of the two energy terms changes.
H-X(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ (H2O _ H +) (au) + X-(au)
HX(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ H3O+(au) + X-(au)

The change in energy is directly proportonal to the
1ond dlssoclaton enthaipy (BDE) piis eiectron
atachment enthaipy ( EAH). This should correlate
with acld strength.
The higher the sum of the (BDE) + ( EAH); the higher

the pKa; the weaker the acld.
The lower the sum of the (BDE) + ( EAH); the lower

the pKa; the stronger the acld.
Stronger aclds should results when the H-X 1ond is
more easily 1roken (as signalled by a smaller positve
value for 1ond dlssoclaton enthaipy (BDE) and a more
negatve vaiie for eiectron atachment enthaipy of X.
The 1ond enthaipy (BDE) and eiectron atachment
enthaipy efects can work together ( a weak H –X 1ond
and a iarge negatve eiectron atachment enthaipy
of the X groip) to produce a strong acld, but they can
also work ln opposlte directon.
The balance of two efects is important. Let us examine
some data for the group BA 1lnary acld, H-X.
HF is a weak acld because the force of atracton
between H and F is so strong that more energy is
needed to break is bond.
The 1ond dlssoclaton energy of this molecule is far
much hlgher than the 1ond formaton energy (BDF).
The above trend is shown on the table below that
correspond to the fgure below it.
Increaslng acld strength
HF HCi HBr HI
pKa +3.14 -7 -9 -10
X-H 1ond strenght(kJ/moi) 565 432 366 299
Eiectron atachment enthaipy -328 -349 -325 -329

of X(kJ/moi)
Sim of BDE and BFE(kJ/moi) 237 83 41 4
COMPARING OXOACIDS : HNO 2 AND HNO3
Unlike in the H-X, the oxoaclds HNO2 is weaker than the HNO3.
This is because the more the number of oxygen atoms atached

to the central atom the stronger the acld.
The iesser the number of oxygen atoms atached to the central
atom the weaker the acid.
When the number of oxygen atoms are lncreased on the central
atom, the force of atracton between each hydrogen of the acld
and the oxygen decreases.
The hydrogen atom is therefore easily released from the oxygen
of that acid, hence the stronger acld.
This is again indicated by the increase in the formai charge of the
centrai atom(N) of HNO3 and the decrease in its pKa.
Increaslng acld strength
HNO2 HNO3
pKa +3.14 -7
X-H 1ond strenght(kJ/moi) 328 423
Eiectron atachment enthaipy -219 -377

of X(kJ/moi)
Sim of BDE and BFE(kJ/moi) 109 46
HNO3 form a true resonance while HNO2 doesn’t.
The increase in formai charge of the centrai atom (N)
of HNO2 [(+1) HNO3 (+2) ]and the decrease in its pKa
shows that the higher the number of oxygen atoms
that are atached to the N atom the stronger the acld
and the lesser the number of oxygen atoms that are
atached to the N atom the weaker the acld
This is true for other oxoacids.
See below
The above trend is shown on the geometry below.
WHY ARE CARBOXILC ACIDS BRONSTED ACIDS
The carboxylic acids are compounds containing the
carboxylic group (R-COOH), where R is a hyrdocarbon.
The hydrogen atom from this group can be donated to
the base and thus make this group of compounds
proton donors.
We therefore call them Bronsted aclds because
Bronsted said aclds are proton donors.
The doi1ie 1ond so formed will then resonate
between the two oxygen atoms that are atached to
the car1on atom.
See belown
The resonance structures above shows that the
gained electron is delocalized between the two
oxygen atoms.
The acidity of diferent hydrocarbons do not difer
that much.
This is shown by the diferent in their pKa values.
For the acetc acld pKa = 4.B and for propanolc acld
pKa = 4.89 for an example.
The acidity of the hydrocarbon is enhanced 1y the
more eiectronegatve substtuents like the group
seven elements.
Example of the above is shown by the substtuton of
the hydrogen/s by the chiorlne atom/s on the acetc
acld.
This shows that the hlgher the nim1er of chiorlne
atom as the substtuents the more the acld strength
of the hydrocar1on.
The pKa value decreases as the acldlty lncreases as it

is shown below.
Non of the hydrogens of the hydrocar1on that are
atached to the car1on can be donated to the base
during acid-base reacton because the carbon atom
cannot accommodate the eiectron that will be lef
behind.
WHY ARE HYDRATED METAL CATIONS BRONSTED ACIDS
When the co-ordlnate covaient 1ond is formed between
the metai caton and the partaiiy negatve oxygens of the
water moieciie, the posltve charge of the metai caton
and its smaii slze mean that the ione palr eiectrons on the
oxygen atom of the water molecule, that have to be
donated to the metai caton are strongiy atracted to the
metal caton than to the hydrogens of the water
moieciies.
H2O Mn+
This makes the water molecule to be more poiarlsed and
aiiow hydrogen to 1e easliy removed than the hydrogen
of the incoordlnated water moieciie.
Hence a strong acld.
The metal caton is thus a Bronsted acid as it is
indicated below.
[Ci(H2O)6]2+(au) +H2O(ℓ)↔[Ci(H2O)5(OH)]+(au) + H3O+(au)
The acldlty of the hydrated metai caton lncreases as
the charge of the caton lncreases.
That is, the hlgher the charge on the caton, the
stronger the acld. See belown
Metai Na+ Ca2+ La3+ Th4+
caton
pKa 14.1 12.7 8.5 3.2
The above table shows that the groip 3 catons form
stronger acids than the groip 2 catons, which in turn
form stronger acids than the groip1 catons.
That is Ai3+, Fe3+ etc. form stronger acids than Fe2+,
Ci2+, P12+ , Co2+ , Nl2+ etc which also form stronger
acids than the Na+ , K+ etc.
Groip 1 catons, have almost no efect on the pH of
the soluton.
WHY ARE ANIONS BRONSTED BASES
The anlons are proton acceptors and they are
therefore Bronsted 1ases.
Examplen PO43-
Each of these interact with the posltve part of the
proton and a1dict it.
For a polar molecule like water, it interacts with the
partaiiy posltve part of the H2O and a1dict the
proton.
The reacton of PO43- and H2O is shown below.
Like the catons, the hlgher the charge of an anlon the
more the 1aslc ls that soiiton.
See belown
16.10 THE LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND BASES
Lewis defned an acid as eiectron acceptor.
Example 1n
H+ is an acid because it can accept a palr of eiectrons
from another species, e.g. H2O.
Lewis defned a base as eiectron donor.
THE LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND BASES
The product that is formed when the Lewls acld and
the Lewls 1ase react is called an acld-1ase ADUCT.
The new bond that is formed during this chemical
reacton is called co-ordlnate covaient 1ond.
Examplen
A + B: ↔ B :A
ACID BASE ADUCT

Example 2
Water can act as Lewls acld and as Lewls 1ase.
Example 3
NH3 is a base because it can donate lone pair of
electrons to the other atom
Example 4n
OH- is a base because it can donate the electron it
gained from the other atom to the other atom, e.g,
hydrogen.
Water can act as Lewls acld and as Lewls 1ase.
There are two types of Lewis acids acidn
Catonlc Lewls aclds
Moieciiar Lewls aclds
Catonlc Lewls acids are catons that can accept
eiectronsn
examplen
H+
Ci2+
Fe2+
Ai3+
H+ has an empty 1s or1ltai where the donated
eiectrons can be stored.
The catonlc acld Fe2+ can form a co-ordlnate covaient
bond with slx water moieciiesn
The co-ordinate covalent bond is formed between this
compiex caton and the oxygen of water.
The product that is formed is called co-ordlnaton
compiex.
Fe2+(au) + 6H2O(ℓ)↔[Fe(H2O)6)]2+(au)
Amphoteric metal hydroxide, such as aluminium
hydroxide also act as Lewls acld.
[Ai(OH)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ Ai(OH)4]-(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

If an acid is added to Ai(OH)3, it dissolves but it acts as
a 1asen
[Ai(OH-)3](s) + 3H3O+(au) ↔ Ai3+(au) + 6H2O(i)
BASE ACID
Ci2+ can aiso act as Catonlc Lewls acids and accept a
pair of electrons from NH3 to form an adict as it is
shown belown
Ci2+(au) + 4NH3(au) ↔ [Ci(NH3)4]2+(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

MOLECULAR LEWIS ACIDS
These are the moieciies that can accept the electrons.
Examples aren
CO2
SO2
H2 O
etc.
On CO2, the C atom is partaiiy posltve.
This can atract the negatve poie of a poiar moieciie
like OH- and form a co-ordlnate covaient 1ond; which is
an acld-1ase adict. See below as it was shown above.
The sulphur atom of SO2 can also accept electrons like
C ln CO2.
Other examples are groip 3A compounds like Be and
Ai containing compounds.
MOLECULAR LEWIS BASES
These are the neitrai moieciies that can donate a
pair/s of electrons to the Lewls acld.
Examples aren
H2O
NH3
etc
One or both of the lone pairs of electrons on the
oxygen of the water moieciie can be used to form a
datve covaient 1ond (co-ordlnate covaient 1ond)
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, BONDING AND ACID-BASE
BEHAVIOR
NH3 can also act as a moieciiar Lewls acldn
STOP hereTHE LEWIS CONCEPT OF ACIDS AND BASES
Example 1n
H+ is an acid because it can accept an eiectron from
another species, e.g. H2O.
Example 2
NH3 is a base because it can donate the electron it
gained from the other atom
Example 3n
gained from the other atom, e.g, hydrogen.
The product that is formed when t he Lewis acid and
the Lewis base react is called an acld-1ase ADUCT.
Examplen
A + B: ↔ B :A
ACID BASE ADUCT

Catonlc Lewls aclds
electronsn
examplen
H+
Ci2+
Fe2+
Ai3+
The catonic acid Fe2+ can form a co-ordinate covalent
bond with six water moleculesn
complex caton and the oxygen of water.
The product that is formed is called co-ordinaton
complex.
Fe2+(au) + 6H2O(ℓ)↔[Fe(H2O)6)]2+(au)
hydroxide also act as Lewis acid or base.
[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ [Ai(H2O)4]-(au)

[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ Ai(H2O)4]-(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

If an acid is added to Ai(OH)3, it dissolves but this it
acts as a 1asen
[Ai(H2O)3](s) + 3H3O+(au) ↔ Ai3(au) + 6H2O(i)
BASE ACID
shown belown
Ci2+(au) + 4NH3(au) ↔ [Ci(NH3)4]2+(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

These are the molecules that can accept the
electrons.
Examples aren
CO2
SO2
etc.
On CO2, the C atom is partaiiy posltve.
This can atract the negatve poie of a poiar moieciie
like OH- and form a co-ordlnate covaient 1ond; which
is an acld-1ase adict. See below
The sulphur atom of SO2 can also accept electrons like
C ln CO2.
Other examples are groip 3A compounds like Be and
Ai containing compounds.
These are the neitrai moieciies that can donate a
pair/s of electrons to the Lewls acld.
Examples aren
H2O
NH3
etc
One or both of the lone pairs of electrons on the
oxygen of the water moieciie can be used to form a
datve covaient 1ond (co-ordlnate covaient 1ond)
Example 1n
Example 2
Example 3n
Examplen
A + B: ↔ B :A
ACID BASE ADUCT

Catonlc Lewls aclds
electronsn
examplen
H+
Ci2+
Fe2+
Ai3+
complex.
Fe2+(au) + 6H2O(ℓ)↔[Fe(H2O)6)]2+(au)
[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ [Ai(H2O)4]-(au)

[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ Ai(H2O)4]-(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

acts as a 1asen
BASE ACID
shown belown
Ci2+(au) + 4NH3(au) ↔ [Ci(NH3)4]2+(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR
The poiyprotc aclds are the acids containing more
than one proton.
Examples aren H2SO4
H2CO3
H3PO4
H2S
etc.
The number of H3O+ that formed when the frst
proton is donated is about a billion tmes more than
the number of H3O+ that are formed when the second
Therefore “The pH of the soiiton of many lnorganlc
poiyprotc aclds depends prlmarliy on the H3O+
generated ln the frst lonlzaton step. The generated
dirlng the second lonlzaton step. The H3O+ lon
prodiced ln the second step can 1e negiected.
Exampie:
Caiciiate the pH of the soiiton of NaCO3 2-.
Weak acld and weak 1ase:
conjigate acld of the weak 1ase and whose anlon ls
the conjigate 1ase of the weak acld. The soiiton pH
depends on the reiatve Ka and K1 vaiies.
Examplen
??H2CO2(au) + NaOH(au)↔ NaHCO2(au) + H2O(ℓ)
??H+(au)+HCO2-(au)+Na+(au)+OH-(au)↔Na+(au)+HCO2-(au) +H2O(
CH3COOH(au) + NH3 (au) ↔ NH4+ (au) + CH3COO-(au)

Mixing equal amounts (moles) of a strong base and a strong acid
produces a neutral soluton (pH = 7.00 at 25oC).
Mixing equal amounts (moles) of a strong base and a weak acid

produces a salt whose anion is the conjugate base of the weak acid. The
soluton is basic, with the pH depending on Kb for the anion.
Mixing equal amounts (moles) of a strong acid and a weak produces a

salt whose caton is the conjugate acid of the weak base. The soluton is
acidic, with the pH depending on Ka for the caton.
Mixing equal amounts (moles) of a weak acid and weak base produces a
salt whose caton is the conjugate acid of the weak base and whose
anion is the conjugate base of the weak acid. The soluton pH depends
on the relatve Ka and Kb values.
CALCULATION OF THE pH OF FROM THE
CONCENTRATION
Determine the pH of a 0.00123 M soluton of HCN.
CONCENTRATION
(a) Determine the pH of a 0.00123 M soluton of HCN.
CONCENTRATION
HCN(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CN-(au) + H3O+(au)
Inltai (M) 00123 0 0
Change (M) 00123-x +x +x
EQUILIBRIUM (M) 00123-x x x
100 x Ka <<< 0.00123
4.9 x 10-8 <<< 0.00123
Therefore the approximaton expression can be used.
CALCULATION OF THE pH OF FROM THE CONCENTRATION
[CN ][ H 3O ]
 
Ka 
[ HCN ]
( x)( x)

0.0123  x
( x )( x )
Ka 
0.0123
2
 10 x
4.9 x10 
0.0123
2  10
x (4.9 x10 )( 0.0123)
2  10
x  ( 4.9 x10 )( 0.0123)
=7.763
[H3O+] = 7.763
pH = -iog [H3O+]
= -iog 7.763
= 6.11
CONCENTRATION
7
7.763 x10
%dissociati on  x100
0.0123
= 0.0631%
CONCENTRATION
What is the conjugate acid of N2H4.
Soluton
N2H5+.
CONSTANT TEST 4

[ H 3O ][ HCO2 ]

Ka 
[ HCO2 H ]
4 ( x)( x)
1.8 x10 
0.0010  x
0.0010-x ls not approxlmateiy euiai to 0.0010
because x is not very smaii compared to 0.0010.
We start by soivlng the approxlmate euiaton, we
getn
Re membern
Polyprotc acids are acids that have more than one
protonn
There are two types of poiyprotc aclds
Inorganlc poiyprotc aclds

e.g. H3PO4 Organlc poiyprotc aclds
e.g. ??H3C2O2-
H2SO4
H2CO3
HS
The number of H3O+ lons generated during frst
lonlsaton step of a many inorganic polyprotc acid is
This shows that the pH of many inorganic polyprotc
acid depends primarily on the H3O+ lons generated
The nim1er of H3O+ ions produced during second
The number of OH- lons generated during frst
lonlsaton step of a many inorganic polyprotc bases is
This shows that the pOH of many inorganic polyprotc
bases depends primarily on the OH- lons generated
The nim1er of OH- ions produced during second
CALCULATING THE PH OF A POLYPOLYPROTIC BASE
Examplen
The carbonate ion, CO32- is a base in water, forming
the CO32- lon. Which in turn can form H2CO3.
What is the pH of a 0.10 M soluton of car1onate lon,
CO32-?
Solutonn
Write down a balanced equaton for the formaton of
both CO32- and H2CO3.
Include their K11 and K12.
Set up the ICE table for the reacton of car1onate lon.
BASES
Caiciiate the pH of the 0.010M soiiton of Na2CO3.
Soiiton
Write down the frst and the second lonlzaton steps
of the H2CO3.
Insert its K11 and the K12
Set up the ICE ta1ie for the reacton of carbonate ion.
BASES.
CO32-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ HCO3-(au) + OH-(au)- K11 = 2.1 x10-4.
HCO3-(au) +H2O(ℓ)↔ H2CO3(au) + OH-(au)- K12 = 2.4 x10-8.

CO32-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ HCO3-(au) + OH-(au)-
Inltai (M) 0.10 0 0
Change (M) -x +x +x
 _
[ HCO3 ][OH ]
K b1  
[ HCO3 ]
BASES .
 _
[ HCO3 ][OH ]
K b1  
[ HCO3 ]
4 ( x )( x )
2.1x10 
[0.10
4
x  2.1x10 x0.10
=4.6 x10-3
BASES.
x = [HCO3-(au) ] = [OH-] = 4.6 x10-3M
pOH = -iog [OH- ]

= -iog (4.6 x10-3)
= 2.34
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 –POH
= 14 -2.34
=11.66
BASES.
Therefore [CO32- ] = 0.10 - 0.00046 ≈ 0.10M

HCO3-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ H2CO3(au) + OH-(au)-
Inltai (M) 4.6x10-3 0 0
Change (M) -y +y +y
EQUILIBRIUM (M) 4.6x10-3 -y y y
_
[ H 2CO3 ][OH ]
Kb2  
[ HCO3 ]
BASES.
3
8 [ y ]4.6 x10
2.4 x10  3
4.6 x10
y = 2.4 x 10-8M
= [H2CO3]
This shows that the amount of OH- produced in this is

negligibly small.
Example 1n
Example 2
Example 3n
Examplen
A + B: ↔ B :A
ACID BASE ADUCT

Catonlc Lewls aclds
electronsn
examplen
H+
Ci2+
Fe2+
Ai3+
complex.
Fe2+(au) + 6H2O(ℓ)↔[Fe(H2O)6)]2+(au)
[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ [Ai(H2O)4]-(au)

[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ Ai(H2O)4]-(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

acts as a 1asen
BASE ACID
shown belown
Ci2+(au) + 4NH3(au) ↔ [Ci(NH3)4]2+(au)
ACID BASE ADUCT

[Ai(H2O)3](s) + OH-(ℓ) ↔ [Ai(H2O)4]-(au)

CALCULATING THE pH
(1)
pH = 10.46
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - 10.46
= 3.54
pOH = -iog [OH]
3.54 = -iog [OH]
iog [OH] = -3.54
[OH] =10-3.54
=2.884 x10-4
CALCULATING THE pH
(1) pH = 10.46
pH = -iog[H3O+]
iog[H3O+] = -10.46
[H3O+] = 10-10.46
=3.5 x 10-11
pOH = -iog [OH]
3.54 = -iog [OH]
iog [OH] = -3.54
[OH] =10-3.54
=2.884 x10-4
CALCULATING THE pH
kw = [H3O+] + [H3O+] [OH- ]

=(3.5 x 10-11 )(2.884 x10-4 )
= 1.01x 10-14
pkw = pH + pOH
= 10.46 + 3.54
= 14
kw = [H3O+] + [H3O+] [OH- ]

=(3.5 x 10-11 )(2.884 x10-4 )
= 1.01x 10-14
pkw = pH + pOH
= 10.46 + 3.54
= 14
The pressire of H2 drops when the vessei ls cooied to
400oC. Thls means that the reacton shlfed to the ief. It
ls reactant favor.
PH2 = 30.6 - 49.2 = - 18.6
PN2 = -18.2/3 = - 6.2
PNH3 = 18.2x2/3 = 12.4
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Inltai (P) 6.B6 26.5 49.20
Change (P) +12.4 -6.2 -18.6
Euilil1rlim (P) 19.2 20.3 30.6

2NO(g) ↔ N2(g) + O2 (g) -------Kc = 0.490 at 500.K
[NO(g)] = 0.300M; [N2(g)] = 0.300M; [O2(g)] = 0.300M
Caiciiate the concentraton of NO(g) at euilil1rlim at
500.K .
Note x ls not negilgl1iy smaii
Hlnd : Look oit for slmpilfcaton of the aige1ra.
(b)Is this reacton prodict or reactant favoired? Why?
(c) Caiciiate the vaiie of Kp at 500.K.
[Cl  ][ H 3O  ] [ HCl][OH  ]
K a xK b ( )( )
[ HCl] [Cl ]

Kw = [H3O] [OH-]
Kw = Ka x K1
therefore pKw = pKa x pK1
Bit pKw = pH + pOH
This pKa x pK1 = pH + pOH
ACID BASE PROPERTIES OF SALTS
Insert clickers from 770-771 here
The pH scaie is the scale that shows the acldlty or the

1aslclty of a soluton.
The pH is defned as negatve the iog of the
hydronlim lon concentraton with 1ase-10.
pH = -iog [H3O+]
Similarly, the pOH is defned as negatve the iog of the
hydroxlde lon concentraton with 1ase-10.
pOH = -iog [OH-]
WATER AUTO-IONIZATION AND THE pH SCALE
Once more, for pire water, at euilil1rlim and at
25oC;
[H3O+] = [OH-] =1.0 x 10-BM
Therefore,
the pH of water = -iog [H3O+]
pH = -iog 1.0 x 10-B
= B.00
Slmliariy, the pOH of water = -iog [OH-]
pOH = -iog 1.0 x 10-B
= B.00
Taking the negatve iog on both sides of the lonlzaton
constant of water at 25oC;
kw = [H3O+] [OH- ] =1.0 x 10-14
-iogkw = -iog[H3O+] [OH- ] =-iog1.0 x 10-14
-iogkw = (-iog[H3O+]) + (-iog[OH- ]) = 14
pkw = pH + pOH = 14
This shows that
*the sum of the pH and pOH is equal to 14 at
25oC.
*For the acldlc soluton pH < B

* For the neitrai soluton pH = B
* For the 1aslc soluton pH > B
The pH can be caiciiated from the concentratons.

The concentratons can also be caiciiated from the pH.
What is the pH of a 0.0012M NaOH soluton at 25oC.

Solutonn
*Calculate of [OH] from the [NaOH].
*Use the fact that at 25oC.
[OH] [H+] = 1.00 x 10-14
AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE.
The smaiier the ka the weaker the acld and the
stronger the conjigate 1ase.
Consider the reacton of HCN and H2On
Weak acld:
HCN(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ CN-(au) + H3O+(au) -- Ka = 4.0 x 10-10
Conjigate 1ase
CN-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCN(au) + OH-(au) -- K1 = 2.5 x 10-5
H2O(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ OH-(au) + H3O+(au) -- Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
RELATING THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS
FOR AN ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE
[CN ][ H 3O ] [ HCN ][OH ]

  
KaxK b ( )( )
[ HCN ] [CN ]

Kw = [H3O] [OH-]
Thus Kw = K a x K1
Multplying the Ka and the K1 for HCN and CN- we getn
[CN ][ H 3O ] [ HCN ][OH ]

  
KaxK b ( )( )
[ HCN ] [CN ]

( 4.0 x 10-10)(2.5 x 10-5) = [H3O] [OH-]

1.0 x 10-14 = Kw
Thus Kw = Ka x K 1
K1 of CN- can therefore be caiciiated from the above
formula.
Kw
Kb 
K a forHCN
 14
1.0 x10
Kb 
4.0 x10  10
= 2.5 x 10-5
Ka of HCN can also be caiciiated from the above
formula.
Kw
Ka 
K b forCN 
 14
1.0 x10
Ka 
2.5.0 x10  5
4.0x 10-10
The catons and the anlons can act as aclds and as
1ases respectvely.
Metai catons can act as Bronsted-Lowry acld.
[Ai(H2O)6]3+(au)+H2O(ℓ) ↔[Ai(H2O)5(OH)]2+(au) +H3O+(au)

Ka = B.9 x10-6
Anlons can also act as Bronsted-Lowry 1ase.
CO32-(au)+H2O(ℓ) ↔ HCO3-(au) +OH-(au)

Ka = 2.1 x10-4
CONSTANT, Kw
When acld (which ls stronger than water),is added to
water, the [H3O+] is lncreased and the euilil1rlim is
atained. This equilibrium can also be dlstir1ed.
According to Le Chatelier’s principle; this will be
counteracted untl a new equilibrium is atained.
That isn
[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-B
CONSTANT TEST 3
(b)
THE pH OF A SOLUTION OF A WEAKLY BASIC SALT, SODIUM
ACETATE

2NH N + 3H - K 6.9 X 10: 600 C Reacton Reaches Euilil1rlim 600

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2NH N + 3H - K 6.9 X 10: 600 C Reacton Reaches Euilil1rlim 600

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TEST ON CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATIONS USING AN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

Consider the following reacton at 600oC.

The forward reacton was endothermlc because the

??That is it shifed to the exothermlc in order to

Consider the following equilibriumn

(1) Is thls reacton prodict or reactant favoired?

Consider the following equilibriumn

2NO(g) ↔ N2(g) + O2(g

Euilil1rlim (M) 0.300 - 2x 0.300+x 0.300+x

[NO] = 0.300 - 2(-0.03B5)

(1) Nelther prodict nor reactant favoired because

An acld ls any si1stance An acld ls a

A 1ase ls any si1stance

NaOH(au) → Na+(au) + OH-(au)

These are aclds

Donatng another proton (an acld)

Acceptng another proton (a 1ase)

Such lons and water are therefore called amphlprotc

The pH scaie is the scale that shows the acldlty or the

*For the acldlc soluton pH < B

The pH can be caiciiated from the concentratons.

2.What is the pH, pOH and pKw of a 0.0012M NaOH

3. (a) What is the concentraton of strontim hydroxlde

(1) Caiciiate pkw

2. What is the pH, pOH and pKw of a 0.0012M NaOH

The iower the pH, the stronger the acld.

The iower the pH, the weaker the 1ase.

The iower the pOH, the stronger the 1ase.

They are indicated by the Ka and K1.

HA(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ A-(au) + H3O+(au)

Example of the acldlc soiiton isn

HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(au)+ Ci-(au)-Ka =?

B(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ BH+(au) + OH-(au)

NH3(au) + H2O(i) NH4+(au) + OH-(au) --- K1 =?

HCi(au) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(au)+ Ci-(au)-Ka =?

The K1 of the conjigate 1ase of HCi:

Ci-(au)+H2O(ℓ) HCi(au)+ OH-(au) -K1 =?

[CN ][ H 3O ] [ HCN ][OH ]

( 4.0 x 10-10)(2.5 x 10-5) = [H3O] [OH-]

Increasing conjugate 1ase strength

Flrst lonlzaton step: Ka1 = B.5 x 10-3

H3PO4(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ H2PO4-(au) + H3O+(au)---

----- Ka1 = B.5 x 10-3

H2PO4-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ HPO42-(au) + H3O+(au)-----

Thlrd lonlzaton step: Ka3 = 3.6 x 10-13

HPO42-(au) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ PO43-(au) + H3O+(au) -----------

Metai catons wlth 2+ Ammonla and lts organlc

Acld + Base ↔Conjigate 1ase of the acld + Conjigate

Weaker base than than CH3COOH

CH3COOH(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3COO-(au) + H3O+(au)

conjugate pair 1 weaker acid

stronger base than H3PO4

H3PO4(au) + CH3COO-(au)↔ H2PO4-(au) + CH3COOH(au)

Strong acld Weak acld

Weak acld Strong acld

HCi(au) + NH3(au)↔ H3O+(au) + NH3(au)

Inltai (M) 0.10 0 0

[H3O+] = 3.B x 10-3---caiciiated a1ove

Hydroiyse the conjigate 1ase

CH3CO2-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3CO2H + OH-

Draw the ICE ta1ie

CH3CO2-(au) + H2O(ℓ)↔ CH3CO2H + OH-