Smaw Mod 1 and 2 Revision 2019

SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING
NC 1 AND NC 2
Competency Based Learning Material

(Student Handouts)
POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 1

3rd Floor M.I. Paredes Bldg, Km.21 Aguinaldo Highway
Imus, Cavite, Philippines 4103
Contact No. 046.515.5709 / 0919.882.6600 / 0927.424.6503

Sector:
METALS AND ENGINEERING
Quali Q Qualification:
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING MODULE 1
Unit of Competency:
1. Weld carbon steel plate using SMAW
2. Weld carbon steel plates in 1g,2g,3g,4g positions
Module Title:
Welding Carbon Steel Plates using SMAW

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRONT PAGE 1-2
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL 4
RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 5
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOME 6
INTRODUCTION TO WELDING TECHNIQUES 7
HISTORY OF WELDING 8
SAFE PRACTICES IN WELDING 9
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS 10-14
WELDING HAZARDS 15-20
WELDING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS 21-24
SELF-CHECK EXERCISE 25
WELDING MACHINE 26
TYPES OF WELDING MACHINES 27-30
DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCH OF SMAW PROCESS 31
IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRODE 32
TYPES OF ELECTRODES 33
FUNCTIONS OF ELECTRODES 34
REMINDER FOR WELDERS 35
STRIKING AN ARC 36
RUNNING A BEAD 37
BASIC WELDING POSITIONS 38
TYPES OF BEADS 39-40
TYPES OF JOINTS 41
BASIC WELDING POSITIONS 42-43
WELDING DEFECTS 44-47
REMEDIES FOR WELDING DEFECTS 48-49
SELF-CHECK EXERCISE 1-1 50
GROOVE WELD 51-55
SELF –CHECK EXERCISE 1-2 56
GENERAL SAFETY GUIDE LINES 57
ANSWER 1-1 58
ANSWER 1-2 59
ANSWER KEY 1-3 60
MODULE II 61
MODULE TITLE 62
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOME 63
PIPE WELDING 64
TYPES OF PIPES 65-67
DIMENSIONS OF PIPES 68
BEVELLING OF PIPES 69
DEFINITION OF BEVEL 70
PIPE WELDING POSITIONS 71-72
BASIC WELD SYMBOLS 73
COMPLETE WELD SYMBOLS 74
MAJOR PARTS OF WELDING SYMBOLS 75
WELD SYMBOLS IN FILLET 76
FILLET WELDING 77
SELF –CHECK 78
ANSWER KEY 2.1-1 79

NOTE TO A WELDER 80
Introduction:
Welcome to this Competency Based Learning Material for the Module on

“SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC 1 and NC II.This module
contains training materials and activities to comply.
How to Use this Competency-Based Learning Material
The unit of competency Weld Carbon Steel Plates and

Pipes contains knowledge, skills and attitude for Shielded
Metal Arc Welding NC1 AND NC II.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order

to compete each learning outcome in the module.in each learning
outcome are Information Sheets, Self-check, and Job Sheets. Follow
this activities on your own.
If you have question do not hesitate to as your facilitator for

assistance.
This module was prepared to achieve the required competency in

SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC 1 AND NC II.
When you completed this module, you are about to undergo into an
institutional assessment. This will tell you that you have succeed and
have had sufficient practice. When you feel confident enough. Tell your
trainer that you are ready for assessment. He will arrange an
appointment with a registered assessment center to conduct your
assessment.
The result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency

achievement record

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this module because you have:
 Been working for some time
 Already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

particular skill, talk to him/her about having them formally
recognized so you would not have to undergo the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from
previous trainings, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired
are still current and relevant to this module, they may become part
of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about

MODULE 1
Summary of Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module the trainee/student must be able

to:
LO1: Participate in workplace communication

LO2: Apply safety practices
LO3: Contribute to quality systems and standards
LO4: Use hand tools
LO5: Practice occupational health and safety
LO6: Interpret drawings and sketches
LO7: Weld carbon steel plates in 1g, 2g,3g and 4g positions
Assessment Criteria:
1. Perform welding carbon steel plates using SMAW

2. Identify welding defects
3. Repair welds in accordance with welding procedural
standards (WPS).
Conditions:
The trainee must be provided with the following:
 Competency Based Learning Material

 Tools and Equipments
 Carbon steel plates
 Electrodes

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING TECHNIQUES
Welding is the most efficient and economical way of

joining metals permanently.it is the only way of joining two
or more of pieces of metals to make them act as a single
piece.it is often said that over 50% of the national gross
product of a developed or developing countries is related to
welding in one way or another. Welding ranks high among
industrial processes and involves more sciences and
variables than those involved in in any other industrial
processes.
Nearly, in everything we use in our daily life is welded or
made by the equipment that is welded. Welders help build
space and sea vehicles and millions of the other products
ranging from oil drilling rigs to automobiles.in
constructions, we are virtually rebuilding the world,
extending subways, building bridges, and helping to
improve the environment by building pollution devices.

HISTORY OF WELDING
Welding can trace its historic development back to ancient

times. The earliest example comes from the Bronze Age.
Small gold circular boxes were made by pressure welding
lap joints together. It is estimated that these boxes were
made more than 2000 years ago. During the Iron Age the
Egyptians and the people in the eastern Mediterranean era,
learned to weld pieces of iron together many tools were
found which were made approximately 1000 B.C.


Personal Protective Equipment. (P.P.E)

Welding mask is one of the most important

Proctective Equipment that a welder must posses.
Welding mask or welding helmet in general, provides
a welder a clearer vision of his activity during welding.
This also serves as a protection of the welder against
arc strikes that results into eye irritation sudden
blindness, and protects a welder’s face from burns
and massive heat exposure.

WELDING GLOVES
Welding gloves are welder’s protection against burns and electric

shock. A welder must always be reminded that welding in bare
hands is not acceptable. Electric shock may occur during welding
especially with wet hands. Welding gloves may vary depending
on welding process performed by a welder.

Aprons, jackets and leather shoes
These protects a welder against excessive heat during

welding. Wearing apron or welding jackets will reduce the
exposure of the body and other vital organs. A
professional welder will always prefer wearing this to avoid
such danger during welding.

Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that

usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order
to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes.
They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking.
They are often used in snow sports as well, and in swimming.
An earplug is a device that is meant to be inserted in

the ear canal to protect the user's ears from loud
noises or the intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust
or excessive wind. Contents. [hide]. 1 Protection from
water; 2 Hearing protection; 3 History; 4 'Basic'
type plugs; 5 Noise Reduction Ratings (NRR). 5.1 In
practice

WELDING HAZARDS

WELDING HAZARDS


In welding, fire hazards are always in occurance. A welder

must first check the sorroundings free from waste such as
papers, dump cloths and other flammable materials.
Presence of paints, gasoline, or kerosene and other fluids are
not allowed inside a welding laboratory.
Welders should observe a comfortable working environment at

all times.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

HAND TOOLS
ANGLE GRINDER
An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or

disc grinder, is a handheld power tool used for
grinding (abrasive cutting) and polishing. ... Angle
grinders can be powered by an electric motor, petrol
engine or compressed air.
Cutting disc Grinding disc

STEEL BRUSH
A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose

bristles are made of wire, most often steel wire.
The steel used is generally a medium- to high-carbon
variety and very hard and springy. Other wire
brushes feature bristles made from brass or
stainless steel, depending on application.

CHIPPING HAMMER
A chipping hammer is a tool used to remove welding

slag from a weld and welding spatter from alongside
welds.
FILES
A coarse file with sharp pointed projections.

Synonyms: rasp Type of: file. A steel hand tool with
small sharp teeth on some or all of its surfaces; used
for smoothing wood or metal.

FILLER GAUGE
A gauge consisting of a number of thin blades of

calibrated thickness used for measuring narrow gaps
or clearances.
FILLET GAUGE
A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a

tool used to measure the radius of an object.
Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object
to be measured. The gauge is placed against the
edge to be checked and any light leakage between
the blade and edge indicates a mismatch that
requires correction.

SELF- CHECK 1-1
Instructions: identify the following with correct

answers.
1……………..is a tool use for smoothing planes and

edges of metals.
2……………..is a tool that is use for measuring radius

of an object and weld.
3……………..is use for measuring narrow gaps or
clearance between two parts.
4 …………….is an equipment that can be powered by

electric motor petrol engine or compress air.
5……………… is use to remove slag of the bead after

welding.

WELDING MACHINES
“What is a welding machine?” A simple question with a

complex answer. There are (more than) several methods to
join metals by welding. All these processes convert energy to
heat in the weld zone that result in melting , fusion, and
joining.
Welding machine is a equipment which joins the two metals

or thermoplastics by heat. It basically helps to unite or fuse by
hammering. Welding machine comes in different types and
sizes. It can be use for : Welding metals together. •
There are many types of welders. Simplest answer is that

would be what a power supply is, which is usually a large
transformer or inverter providing high current to create an arc.
Simplest and broadest definition for what an arc welder is.
There are many types of “welding machines”, and most
specialize in just one type of welding, (i e) stick, or MIG or
TIG, some however are capable of welding in many kinds of
welding.

Types of welding machines
 Transformer
 Inverter
 Motor generator
 Engine driven
TRANSFORMER TYPE WELDING MACHINE
Welding Transformers are used in AC machines to

change alternating current from the power line into a
low-voltage, high amperage current in the secondary
winding. A combination of primary and/or secondary
taps on the welding transformer are commonly used
to provide a macro adjustment of the welding current,
as well ...

INVERTER TYPE WELDING MACHINE
Inverter. ... These designs are known as inverter

welding units. They generally first rectify the utility AC
power to DC; then they switch (invert) the DC power
into a step down transformer to produce the
desired welding voltage or current. The switching
frequency is typically 10 kHz or higher.

MOTOR GENERATOR TYPE WELDING MACHINE
Motor Generator Welding Machine

consists of Three-Phase Motor and DC Welding
Generator either coupled or form an Integral Unit
having a common-shaft between two ball-bearings.
Backed by a team of efficient personnel. All rotating
parts are dynamically balanced and run with the help
of bush bearing.

ENGINE DRIVEN TYPE WELDING MACHINE
Welding power supplies may also use generators

or alternators to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Modern designs are usually
driven by an internal combustion engine but
older machines may use an electric motor to drive
an alternator or generator.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual

metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded
arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual
arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered
with a flux to lay the weld.
The most widely used type of arc welding is shielded
metal arc welding. The arc reaches the temperature of
around 13,000 deg. Fahrenheight. which is concentrated at
the tip of the electrode. The electrode has a metal core
surrounded by flux, which melts with the work piece
creating a fusion of weld.
The arc
This is created when the tip of the electrode touches the

work piece that produce a luminous light. When this
happen , the metal core reaches its melting point then
automatically forms a bead. A cooling down effect occurs
after each weld.
ELECTRODES

Welding electrodes. In arc welding, an electrode is

used to conduct current through a work piece to fuse
two pieces together. Depending upon the process, the
electrode is either consumable, in the case of gas
metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding, or
non-consumable, such as in gas tungsten arc
welding.

Types of electrodes
Bare electrode
An uncoated electrode used in submerged arc

automatic welding with a gas-shielded arc or a
granular flux deposited in an elongated mound over a
joint.
Coated electrode
The electrode is coated in a metal mixture called

flux, which gives off gases as it decomposes to
prevent weld contamination, introduces deoxidizers to
purify the weld, causes weld-protecting slag to form,
improves the arc stability, and provides alloying
elements to improve the weld quality.
Carbon electrode
A carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is made from a

mixture of conducting graphite powder and a pasting
liquid. These electrodes are simple to make and offer
an easily renewable surface for electron exchange.
Carbon paste electrodes belong to a special group of
heterogeneous carbon electrodes.

Functions of coated electrodes
 Provides a shielding gas to shield the arc and

prevent excessive atmospheric contamination of the
molten filler metal as it travels across the arc.
 Provides deoxidizers and fluxing agent to cleanse

the weld and prevent grain growth in the weal bead.
 Establishes the electrical characteristics of the

electrode.
 Provides a slag blanket to protect the hot weld metal

from the presence of air and enhances the
mechanical properties, bead shape, and surface
cleanliness of the weld metal.
 Provides a means of alloying elements to change the

mechanical properties of the weld metal.
Current range for electrons
E6011 75 amps-125 amps

E6013 90 amps -140 amps
E7018 105 amps-150 amps

REMINDER;
SMAW WELDING TECHNIQUES
This information is important to your intelligent progress

in welding .We suggest you to re-read at the start of each
practice session in the early stages. The actual skills of
laying down A BEAD can only be achieve by practical
applications. “Practice makes perfect”….
 One of the basic that need to be learned by the one

who wants to learn arc welding is to produce an arc
between the base metal and the electrode and yet
how to maintain it.

Two ways of striking an arc
Scratching or glancing motion
A welding arc is maintained when the welding current

is forced across a gap between the electrode tip and
the base metal. A welder must be able to strike and
establish the correct arc easily and quickly. There are
two general methods of striking the arc
Straight down and up or pecking motion
This is done by moving the electrode downward in vertical

direction until it just taps the base metal. It can also be
called the tapping motion.

RUNNING A BEAD
As the arc occurs, the bead will begin to form.
Factors to be considered to run a good bead
 Correct selection of electrodes

 Correct current setting
 Correct length of arc
 Correct angle of electrode
 Correct speed of travel
 Comfortable body position
SELECTION OF ELECTRODE
SMAW or stick electrodes are consumable, meaning they

become part of the weld, while TIG electrodes are non-
consumable as they do not melt and become part of the weld,
requiring the use of a welding rod.The MIG welding electrode is
a continuously fed wire referred to as wire.
CURRENT SETTING
The strength of current in amperes. This may vary on

electrodes classification .
ARC LENGTH
Commonly used electrode diameters are 2, 2.5, 3.18, 4, 5 and 6
mm. Length of electrodes may depend on diameter of core wire
ranging from 250 to 450 mm i.e. larger the core diameter larger
the length. However, special electrodes may be of 8-10
mm diameter.
Arc length depends on electrodes diameter.

ANGLE OF ELECTRODE
Angle : Stick welding in the flat, horizontal and

overhead position uses a “drag” or “backhand”
welding technique. Hold the electrode perpendicular
to the joint, and then tilt the top in the direction of
travel approximately 5 to 15 degrees.
SPEED OF TRAVEL
In most cases, weld penetration into a base material

is increased when the travel speed of a weld is
increased, and vice versa. At slower travel speeds,
the arc is directly above the center of the molten weld
pool.
COMFORTABLE BODY POSITION

A welder should always consider a comfortable way of
performing welding activities at all times.

Two types of beads
Stringer beads are generally not very wide and can be

used in any welding position. Even though you're
moving in a straight line, it's still important to make
sure you get "tie in" with the toe of the weld on either
side. Remember, the object of welding is not just to fill
a joint with new metal.

WEAVING BEAD
Your hand can perform a zig-zag, crescent or curly

cue technique. Besides allowing a
wider bead, weaving is used to control heat in
the weld puddle. Besides that, you'll usually want to

pause on each side of the weld to achieve good tie in
and prevent undercutting of the edges.
cliffswelding.com
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more

pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They
are formed by welding two or more workpieces
(metal or plastic) according to a particular geometry.
Five types of joints referred to by the
American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap,
and tee.

BASIC WELDING POSITIONS
Flat Position Welding. This type of welding is

performed from the upper side of the joint. The face of
the weld is approximately horizontal. ... Note: The
axis of a weld is a line through the length of the weld,
perpendicular to the cross section at its center of
gravity.
HORIZONTAL POSITION
You will discover that it is impossible to weld all

pieces in the flat position. Often the work must be
done in the horizontal position. The horizontal
position has two basic forms, depending upon
whether it is used with a groove weld or a fillet weld.

VERTICAL POSITION
Create a Weld Shelf. Of the five welding positions—
flat, horizontal, overhead, vertical-up, and vertical-
down—vertical-up is the slowest because the welder
needs to combat gravity. A slow travel speed provides
better penetration than vertical-down, so the
technique is required on most material thicker than
sheet metal.
OVERHEAD POSITION
An architect's blueprints would indicate the welding

symbol. 1 refers to a flat position, either 1F or 1G. 2
refers to a horizontal position, either 2F or 2G. 3 is a
vertical position, either 3F or 3G. 4 is an overhead
position, either 4F or 4G.

WELDING DEFECTS/IMPURITIES AND FAULTS
- Here you will learn about different types of welding

defects produced during welding, its causes and
remedies to remove it.
CRACKS
These are generally the result of

longitudinal shrinkage stresses acting on weld metal of low
ductility. Crater cracks occur in the crater when the
welding arc is terminated prematurely. Crater cracks are
normally shallow, hot cracks usually forming single or
star cracks.

A very common occurrence in arc welding is the creation

of what welders call “spatter,” which is essentially droplets
of molten material that are generated at or near
the welding arc. Spatter is generally regarded as a
nuisance and is a critical factor to consider when
developing an application.
POOR PENETRATION/EXCESSIVE PENETRATION
Lack of fusion is the poor adhesion of the weld bead to

the base metal; incomplete penetration is a weld bead
that does not start at the root of the weld groove.

Porosity is a weld defect that is fairly common, but also

fairly easy to fix. Porosity is weld metal contamination in
the form of a trapped gas. Shielding gases or gases
released as a result of the torch being applied to treated
metal are absorbed into the molten metal and released as
solidification takes place.
POOR APPEARANCE
It is caused by the trapping of gas during the welding

process, due to. (a) Chemicals in the ... Poor
Weld Bead Appearance. If the width of weld ... It is
due to improper arc length, improper
welding technique, and damaged electrode coating
and poor electrode and connections.
SLAG INCLUSIONS

Linear inclusions occur when there is slag or flux in

the weld. Slag forms from the use of a flux, which is
why this type of defect usually occurs
in welding processes that use flux, such as shielded
metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, and
submerged arc welding, but it can also occur in gas
metal arc welding.
OVERLAP
Some weld profile discontinuities are

undercut, overlap, insufficient throat, and excessive
convexity.

Undercutting is a groove or crater that occurs near

the toe of the weld. When this weld flaw occurs,
the weld metal fails to fill in that grooved area,
resulting in a weak weld that is prone to cracking
along the toes.
REMEDIES AND PREVENTION FOR WELDING

DEFECTS;


NOTE: A WELDER SHOULD ALWAYS BE OBSERVANT OF

WHAT WAS GOING ON DURING THE ACT OF WELDING
SELF –CHECK EXERCISE 1-2

Instructions; Identify the appropriate welding defect in each
question.
1………….the result of improper preparation during and

after welding?
2………….is a defect that is cause by the presence of air

within the part of the electrode and create pinholes on the
weld bead?
3………….is a defect resulted by insufficient interpass

cleaning after each weld?
4………….. is a groove or crater that occurs near the toe

of the weld.?
5………….. is an excessive weld metal deposited at the

toe of the groove weld size?
6………….. is cause by improper arc length during

welding.?
7…………..is like molten droplets or molten metal droplets

in the surface of the base metal being welded?
8…………..is cause by excessive heat and longitudinal

shrinkage and stress upon the base metal.
9…………...is a shallow fusion between the weld bead and

base metal.
10………….is a weld metal passing through the base metal

and hanging underneath?

GROOVE WELD
. A type of weld that consists of an opening between

two part surfaces, which provides space to
contain weld metal. Groove welds are used on all
joints except lap joints. Horizontal - position welding.
A common welding position used for fillet
and groove welds.
GROOVE WELDING POSITIONS

The process of hot plate welding uses a heated

platen to melt the joining surfaces of the two halves of
a thermoplastic part. The part halves are brought into
contact with a precisely heated platen for a
predetermined period.

MULTIPLE PASSES
ROOT PASS
Root pass is the first pass made in the joint.

Fillet welds requiring only one pass. This pass would
technically be considered the root pass. If a T-joint requires
more than one pass the root pass would be the first pass
HOT PASS
A hot pass is a term used in stove-pipe welding, when the bead

is complete it is given a quick clean up with a grinder then
the hot pass follows, it burns out the slag that is trapped at the
junction between the bead and the pipe wall, the slag is often
called wagon tracks.
FILLER PASS/FILL PASS
The third and subsequent passes of welding with the purpose

of filling the joint with metal. Filler passes follow the stringer and
hot passes and precede the cap weld.
CAPPING PASS

Cap - the last bead of a groove weld, it can be made

with a weave motion back and forth, or with stringer
beads tied into each other.
Reminder;
Always take time to clean each pass one after another.
The process of hot plate welding uses a heated

platen to melt the joining surfaces of the two halves of
a thermoplastic part. The part halves are brought into
contact with a precisely heated platen for a
predetermined period.

SELF –CHECK EXERCISE 1-2
Instructions: Answer the following questions in correct

terminologies.
1...What is groove welding?
2…What are the four basic plate position in groove

welding?
3…in fillet welding?
4…What are the four passes in groove welding?
5…What should the welder do after each passes in

performing groove welding?

REMINDER…

ANSWER KEY 1-1
1. FILES
2. FILLET GAUAGE
3. FILLER GAUAGE
4. ANGLE GRINDER
5. CHIPPING HAMMER

ANSWER KEY 1-2
1. WELDING DEFECT
2. POROSITY
3. SLAG INCLUSIONS
4. UNDERCUT
5. OVERLAP
6. POOR APPEARANCE
7. SPATTERS
8. CRACKS
9. POOR PENETRATION
10. EXCESSIVE PENETRATION

ANSWER KEY 1-3
1. A TYPE OF WELD THAT IS CONSIST OF AN

OPENING BETWEEN TWO PART SURFACES
2. 1G,2G,3G AND 4G
3 . 1F,2F,3F,4F
4 . ROOT PASS,HOT PASS, FILL PASS AND CAPPING

PASS
5 . WELDER MUST PERFORM SUFFICIENT

INTERPASS CLEANING

MODULE II

Sector:
METALS AND ENGINEERING
Quali Q Qualification:
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING MODULE II
Unit of Competency:
1. Weld carbon steel pipes using SMAW
2. Weld carbon steel pipes in 1g,2g,5g,6g positions
Module Title:
Welding Carbon Steel pipes using SMAW

Summary of Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module the trainee/student must be able

to:
LO1: Participate in workplace communication

LO2: Apply safety practices
LO3: Contribute to quality systems and standards
LO4: Use hand tools
LO5: Practice occupational health and safety
LO6: Interpret drawings and sketches
LO7: Weld carbon steel plates in 1g, 2g,5g and 6g positions
Assessment Criteria:
4. Perform welding carbon steel plates using SMAW

5. Identify welding defects
6. Repair welds in accordance with welding procedural
standards (WPS).
Conditions:
The trainee must be provided with the following:
 Competency Based Learning Material

 Tools and Equipments
 Carbon steel plates
 CARBON STEEL PIPES
 Electrodes

PIPE WELDING
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins

materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing
fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-
joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do
not melt the base metal.
A pipe is a long, round, hollow object, usually made of

metal or plastic, through which a liquid or gas can flow.
They had accidentally damaged a gas pipe while drilling.
The plant makes plastic covered steel pipes for the oil and
gas industries.

TYPES OF PIPES
There are a lot of factors to consider when shopping for a

suitable pipe. Researching on what type of pipe is the best
for a specific situation is important. The next time you hire
a plumbing company, find out what type of pipe they are
going to install if you want to get good value for your
money.
Here is some information you may need on the type of
pipes used by plumbers today:
Cast Iron Pipes
These are probably the most common types of pipes used

today in sewer lines of homes and some commercial
properties. Cast iron pipes are strong and can withstand the
weight of dirt and stones without breaking. The only major
drawback of cast iron pipes is that they can rust and
corrode really fast. The pipe can wear out and decrease in
diameter over the years which is what causes the drains to
clog. Cast iron pipes are most commonly used in indoor
plumbing projects. Outdoor usage is least recommended

Asbestos Pipe
This is a type of pipe that is made using asbestos and
cement. Because this type of pipe is able to withstand high
pressure, it can be used for water mains. However, this type
of pipe can be damaged by root intrusion. If you have a tree
near the septic tank or sewer line, it’s best to install a
different kind of pipe.
PVC Pipes
There are different types of plastic/PVC pipes. They
include un-plasticized PVC pipes that is commonly used in
cold water systems, plasticized PVC pipes used in low
temperature and low strength applications and chlorinated
PVC pipes that are designed to withstand high
temperatures.
Galvanized Steel (GI) Pipes

When steel pipes are coated with zinc, you get galvanized
pipes that are well protected from corrosion. Galvanized
pipes come in different grades that represent varying levels
of thickness. The light and medium level grades of
galvanized pipes are used in internal plumbing. These pipes
are more expensive than PVC pipes.
Concrete Pipes
These pipes are mostly used to supply water. They can be
reinforced or unreinforced with varying diameters. The
smaller unreinforced concrete pipes are used to drain rain
water whereas the larger reinforced concrete pipes are used
in major water supply projects.

HDPE Pipes
High density polyethylene pipes are probably the most
effective pipes in the market. They come in various
thicknesses and can be used in demanding pressure
environments. This type of pipe can bend into a 90-degree
angle and some have 50 years warranty due to their high
quality. Roots can never grow into this type of pipe and
that’s why they are best recommended for sewer lines and
water lines in different applications.


BEVELLING OF PIPES
A groove angle is the total angle formed between

the groove face on one work piece and the groove face on
the other work piece. The groove face is the joint member
surface included in the groove. A bevel angle is
the angle formed between the bevel of one piece and a
plane perpendicular to the surface of the piece.

Definition of bevel. 1 : an instrument consisting of two

rules or arms jointed together and opening to any angle for
drawing angles or adjusting surfaces to be cut at an angle.
2 a : the angle that one surface or line makes with another
when they are not at right angles. b : the slant of such a
surface or line.
The root opening is the gap at the joint root workpieces,

Figure 16-2. The jointroot refers to the part of a joint to be
welded where the members align closest to each other.
The root opening is used to provide access to the joint for
the electrode and improved weld penetration.

Pipe welding positions
1G POSITION
Basic welding positions are of 4 types which are
Flat position, Horizontal position, Vertical position and
overhead position. ... For fillet weld it is named as 1F
(1means the flat position and F means the fillet weld) and
for Groove weld it is named as 1G ( 1 means the Flat
welding and G means the groove weld.
2G POSITION
Welding Position. The 1G and 5G horizontal and 2G
vertical positions refer to the pipe position. The welding
positions shown above are commonly used by codes when
qualifying welders.
In the 5G position, the pipe is fixed at one or both

ends and the welding operator must travel in one of
two directions, either vertical-up or vertical-down.
6G POSITION
The 6G pipe weld is one of the most
difficult weld certification tests to pass because the pipe is
at a 45-degree angle and immovable. Welders performing
the 6Gcertification test must weld in all positions including
horizontal, vertical and overhead, and may have
to weld both right-handed and left-handed

BASIC WELD SYMBOL
A groove-weld symbol may be added to a welding

symbol, below the reference line, to specify
a weld only on the "arrowside" of the joint
(single weld); above the reference line, to specify
a weld only on the "other side" of the joint (also a
singleweld); or weld symbols may be added both
below and above treference .

Welding symbols

This is called the weld symbol (not to be confused

with the overall welding symbol ). The three weld
symbols you see in the drawings above represent
a square, fillet and V-groove weld, respectively. The
weld symbol may also be placed above the reference
line, rather than below it. This placement is important.
Three major parts of welding symbols

The arrow connects the reference line to the arrow

side member of the weld joint. The arrow may or may
not be broken to indicate weld locations. The fillet
weld symbol is probably the most recognized. The
symbol represents a miniature detail of the weld.
www.mtm-inc.com
The tail of the welding symbol is used to indicate the

welding or cutting processes, as well as the welding
specification, procedures, or the supplementary
information to be used in making the weld. A circle at
the tangent of the arrow and the reference
line means welding to be all around
A groove-weld symbol may be added to a welding

symbol, below the reference line, to specify
a weld only on the "arrowside" of the joint
(single weld); above the reference line, to specify
a weld only on the "other side" of the joint (also a
singleweld); or weld symbols may be added both
below and above the reference ..
Weld symbols in fillet

Fillet welding

Fillet welding refers to the process of joining two
pieces of metal together whether they be
perpendicular or at an angle. ... Welders use fillet
welds when connecting flanges to
pipes, welding cross sections of infrastructure, and
when fastening metal by bolts isn't strong enough and
wear off easily

SELF –CHECK 2.1-1-1
Instructions :Answer the following
1.What are the basic pipe welding positions?
2.What is welding symbol?
3. What are the three major parts of welding symbol?
4.What are the two major parts of the reference line?
5.What are the examples of pipes?

ANSWER KEY
1. 1G-
2G-
5G-
6G-
2. WELDING SYMBOL refers to a blue print in welding.
3.Reference line.arrow and tail
4.other side and arrow side
5.galvanized pipes .asbestos pipes,pvc,concrete and hdpe

pipes

THE MOST IMPORTANT PART

OF A WELDERS BEING ARE HIS
EYES, THE EYES THAT SEEK
GODS WILL……….PUT GOD
FIRST IN LIFE AND NEXT IS
YOUR FUTURE…..





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SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

Competency Based Learning Material

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 1

Contact No. 046.515.5709 / 0919.882.6600 / 0927.424.6503

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 2

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 3

Welcome to this Competency Based Learning Material for the Module on

How to Use this Competency-Based Learning Material

The unit of competency Weld Carbon Steel Plates and

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order

If you have question do not hesitate to as your facilitator for

This module was prepared to achieve the required competency in

The result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 4

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 5

Summary of Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this module the trainee/student must be able

LO1: Participate in workplace communication

1. Perform welding carbon steel plates using SMAW

The trainee must be provided with the following:

 Competency Based Learning Material

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 6

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING TECHNIQUES

Welding is the most efficient and economical way of

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 7

Welding can trace its historic development back to ancient

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 8

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 9

Personal Protective Equipment. (P.P.E)

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 10

Welding mask is one of the most important

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 11

Welding gloves are welder’s protection against burns and electric

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 12

Aprons, jackets and leather shoes

These protects a welder against excessive heat during

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 13

Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that

An earplug is a device that is meant to be inserted in

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 14

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 15

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 16

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 17

In welding, fire hazards are always in occurance. A welder

Welders should observe a comfortable working environment at

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 18

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 19

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 20

An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or

Cutting disc Grinding disc

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 21

A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 22

A chipping hammer is a tool used to remove welding

A coarse file with sharp pointed projections.

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 23

A gauge consisting of a number of thin blades of

A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a

POWER SKILLS TECHNICAL CENTER 24

SELF- CHECK 1-1