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Fourth Periodical
Test Reviewer
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SCHOOL YEAR 2019-2020

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Module 1: Biodiversity
Species Diversity- different kinds of organisms
Genetic Diversity- genetic information that the organisms contain
Ecosystem Diversity- different kinds of places where organisms live
and interconnections that bind these organisms together
Classifying and Naming Organisms
 Different groups are ranked from the largest to smallest groups.
 Large groups include many organisms with few similarities
 Small groups include few organisms with many similarities
Thermophiles- can live in places with high temperatures
like volcanic hot springs with temperatures between
80₀ to 110₀ C
- inhabit the small deep sea openings
where hot water with temperatures higher
than 250₀ C comes out
- turn hydrogen sulfide released from the
openings to food for other organisms and
in turn are provided essential nutrients by
t he former
BACTERIA DOMAIN : KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

Categories Eubacteria – unicellular and microscopic

 Domain - referred to as “true bacteria”
 Kingdom - usually called the ‘bacteria’ group
 Phylum - cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, a
carbohydrate
 Class
- consist of a very diverse group
 Order
- can be found at all kinds of places, in soil,
 Family water, air, raw or spoiled food, or organisms,
 Genus including the human body
 Specie
Classification According to Shape
Specie- a group of similar organisms and capable of reproducing
their own kind
 Coccus (differently arranged)
 only members of the same species can mate and produce fertile  Diplococcus (can form pairs)
offsprings  Streptococcus (can form chains)
 Staphylococcus (can form clusters)
Eukaryotes- materials are enclosed by a membrane  Streptobacillus (chains of bacillus)
- multicellular
- larger in size because of the greater number Disease – Causing Bacteria
of cells their bodies contain
- contains the third domain, Eukarya that includes the Propionibacterium acnes – pimples
protists, fungi, plants and animals Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberculosis
Leptospira interrogans – leptospirosis
Prokaryotes- materials are not enclosed by a membrane Bacillus anthracis - anthrax
- tiny and unicellular
- referred to as microorganisms
- divided into two domains: Archaea and Bacteria for Treatment
Eubacteria
Streptomyces griseus – tuberculosis and certain types of
pneumonia
Streptomyces venezuelae – typhoid fever and skin
 For any organimsm identified, a scientific name is given so that infections
scientists and people from all over the world would use the same
name for the same organism. Escherichia coli – naturally found in the large intestines of
humans
Binomial System of Classification - feeds on partially digested food moving
- way of naming organisms from the stomach to the small intestine
- written in Latin language and are italicized - provide the much needed vitamin B12
that otherwise the humans cannot
Six- Kingdom Classification produce

 Archaea E. coli – produces poisons causing diarrhea, kidney damage

 Eubacteria and even death
 Protists
Lactobacilli bulgaricus – present in the starter to skimmed
 Fungi
milk powder
 Plant - changes the milk sugar into l
 Animal lactic acid
ARCHAEA DOMAIN : KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Bioremedation – process of breaking down or removing
pollutants
Archaea - ancient bacteria
- microscopic Cyanobacteria – plantlike because they have chlorophyll
containing cells
Methanogens- can survive in places without oxygen - most of them are single- celled
(anaerobic) - some form filaments, while others form
- inhabit the digestive tract of some animals and spores
animals where animal, human and domestic - grow in ditches, esteros or in moist
wastes are treated places
- present at bottoms of lakes, swamps and rice
fields Anabaena azollae- converts nitrogen in air onto
- produce methane gas, which is utilized as compounds usable by plants for
biogas, a cheap source of energy used for growth and development
everyday living
Bacillus thuringiensis – developed into a microbial
Halophiles- adapted to very salty environments pesticide
- produces the orange or yellow colors in salt ponds - used to control pests and insects
carrying disease- causing organisms

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PROTISTS

Protists- came from unrelated ancestors

- referred to by biologists as an artificial grouping
- differ in size, movement and obtaining energy
-some are microscopic, some can grow to as high as several
meters

Phototrophs – produce their own food

- contains chlorophyll
- includes the algae, dinoflagellates and
euglenoids

Heterotrophs – feed on other organisms

- divided into a group with no permanent part
for movement, those with cilia, and those with limited
movement

Sporozoans – nonmotile and form spores

- parasitic

Algae – may be green, golden, brown or red

- chlorophyll is not masked in contrast to other
members of the group

Green Algae – carbohydrate they produce is stored as starch

- grow on wet, humid rocks or bark of trees; in non-
flowing canals, in seas, freshwater bodies and
polluted waterways.
- differ in size and shape
- some are unicellular
- others form colonies, sheets, filaments. tubes, and
ribbons
- some are edible

Golden Algae – contain chlorophyll but is masked by yellow

pigments
- mostly microscopic
- store food in the form of leucosin oil or
chrysolaminarin

Brown Algae - largest of all the algae species

- store carbohydrates in the form of laminarin

Red Algae – store food in the form of floridean starch

- red pigments mask their chlorophyll
- can change color depending whether they are
exposed or hidden in light
- green in color, but grow red when not exposed with
light
- consists of both microspic and large multicellular
organisms
-most are found in marine waters
- species that help produce coral reefs because they
produce calcium carbonate

Dinoflagellates – most live in oceans and seas

- mostly unicellular
- some occur as single organisms while others
form colonies
- produce toxins and cause paralysis of the
diaphragm and lead to death

Pyrodinium bahamense – ones that cause “red tide”

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