Kultura

nang
Pilipinas
Ipinasa ni: Latap, Ana Mae
C. Latap
 Mula sa mga tradisyon na nagmula sa mga
kulturang Tagalog, kultura ng
Kapampangan, o kultura ng mga Bisaya,
talagang napakayaman ng Pilipinas. Narito
ang listahan ng mga Kultura ng Pilipino na
hanggang ngayon ay buhay na buhay pa
rin.

-Kultura ng Pamamanata sa Poon

(Devotion to the Patron Saint)
-Kultura ng pagdidiwata (Harmony with the Spirit World)
-Kultura ng Pag-uuma at Pag-uukir (Devotion to Islam and the Arabesque in Art)
-Kultura ng Pananahan (Devotion to the Home and Family)
-Kultura ng Pag-aaliw (Culture of Entertainment)
-Kultura ng Pagtutol (Protest Against Social Ills)
-Kultura ng Pagkabansa (Culture of Nationhood)

Wika
Ang wika ay malaking bahagi ng iba’t ibang kultura.
Mayroong mahigit 130 ethnolinguistic groups sa
Pilipinas at may kani-kaniyang sariling diyalekto.
Kabilang na rito ang mga wikang Tagalog na bahagi
ng kultura ng mga Tagalog, Ilokano, Kapampangan
na bahagi ng kulturang Kapampangan, Bisaya, at
Chavacano.
Pagkain
Bagamat maraming putahe ang nagmula
sa impluwensiya ng ibang bansa, marami
ring pagkain ang orihinal na gawang
Pilipino na naging bahagi na ng kultura.
Mula sa mga sikat na ulam at kakaibang
lutuin hanggang sa panghimagas, hindi ka
mauubusan ng masasarap na pagkaing
Pinoy. Narito ang ilan sa mga pagkaing
Pilipino na ipinagmamalaki sa buong
mundo.Sinigang, adobo, sisig, kare,
lechon, crispy Ppta, bulalo, kansi, halo-
halo, suman, puto Bumbong, at sorbetes.

Kaugalian
Kahit saang sulok ng mundo, kilala ang
Pilipinas hindi lang sa natatanging
tanawin kundi maging sa magagandang
katangian at kaugalian ng mga Pilipino.
Sa katunayan nga, itinuturing ng mga
banyaga na “Most Hospitable” locals ang
mga Pilipino dahil sa magagandang
katangian ng mga Pinoy. Mga kaugalian
kagaya nang, Bayanihan, Pagsasabi Ng
“Po” At “Opo”, Panghaharana, Hospitable,
Lubos na paggalang sa matatanda,
Pagmamano, Relihiyoso, Palabra de
Honor, Pamamanhikan, at Pakikisama.
Musika, Sining, at
Literatura
Hindi lang sa mga tradisyon at kaugalian
makikita ang mayamang Kulturang
Pilipino dahil marami pang aspekto ng
kultura gaya ng musika, sining, at
literatura. Ang mga ito ay sumasalamin sa
nakaraan, kasalukuyan at hinaharap ng
bansa. Sa pamamagitan ng musika,
sining, at literatura ay naipahahayag ng
mga Pilipino ang kanilang pagkamalikhain.
Gumagawa sila ng mga kanta, nagsusulat
ng mga tula, at gumuguhit ng iba’t ibang
klaseng mukha ng kultura ng Pilipinas.

Mga Uri ng Sining sa

Pilipinas
●Traditional Art in the Philippines
●Contemporary Arts in the Philippines
●Indigenous Arts in the Philippines
●Basahin din: A Beginner’s Guide to Art
in the Philippines
Relihiyon
Ang relihiyon ay malaking bahagi ng
kultura at tradisyon ng Pilipinas. May
iba’t ibang uri ng relihiyon sa Pilipinas:
Katolisismo, Kristiyano, Islam, at iba pa.
Pero ang tatlong nabanggit ang silang
may pinakamaraming bilang. Karamihan
sa mga Pilipino ay Katoliko, ang isa sa
itinuturing na pamana ng Espanya
noong sinasakop pa nila ang Pilipinas.
Kung titingnan mo ang mga relihyon sa
Pilipinas, mababatid mo na kung paano
pahalagahan ng mga Pilipino ang
kanilang kultura.

Pananamit
Pagdating sa kultura ng Pilipinas sa
pananamit, laging nakasunod sa uso
ang mga Pilipino. Pero noong unang
panahon, ang tradisyonal na kasuotan
ng mga Pilipino ay Baro’t Saya para sa
mga babae at Barong Tagalog o Camisa
de Chino para sa mga lalaki. Ngayong
makabagong panahon, naiba na ang
kultura sa pananamit bunsod ng mga
bagong nauuso. Sa kabila nito, hindi pa
rin nawawala sa isipan ng mga Pilipino
ang kahalagahan ng kultura sa
pananamit.
 Selebrasyon
●Sinulog Festival – Cebu
●Ati-Atihan Festival – Aklan
●Dinagyang Festival – Iloilo City
●Pahiyas Festival – Lucban, Quezon
●Panagbenga Festival – Baguio City
●Lechon Festival – Batangas
●Kadayawan Festival – Davao City
●MassKara Festival – Bacolod
●Tuna Festival – General Santos City
●Higantes Festival – Angono, Rizal

Book Fair
 Performance Task in
Music

Submitted by: Latap, Ana Mae C.

 Music of Renaissance,
Medieval, and Baroque Period

Music of the Baroque Period

The Baroque period in European music lasted from about 1600 to about 1750. It was
preceded by the Renaissance and followed by the Classical period. It was during the
Baroque that the major/minor tonal system that still dominates Western Music was
established.

It was in the Baroque era – roughly 1600-1750 – that the notion of the orchestra really
came into its own, and composers started to layer instruments up in complex polyphony
– different musical parts – and harmony. Opera also kicked off in a big way, with those
by Handel and Purcell remaining among the most often-performed still today.

Writing for instruments a little different from today’s, including string instruments with gut
strings, the soft viol de gamba, and strummed, guitar-like lutes and theorbos, here are
some of the greatest Baroque composers that ever lived.

Composers of Baroque Period

Tomaso Albinoni (1671-1751)

Albinoni, a contemporary of fellow Italian Baroque

composer, Vivaldi (see below), was famous in his own day
for opera. Tomaso Albinoni, eldest son of a wealthy paper
merchant, was born in Venice in 1671. At an early age he
became proficient as a singer and, more notably, as a
violinist, soon turning his hand to composition. Until his
father’s death in 1709, he was able to cultivate music more
for pleasure than for profit, referring to himself as “dilettante”
– a term which in 18th century Italy was totally devoid of
unfavorable connotations.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

Baroque music – and all music, as far as we’re concerned –

can start and end with Bach if forced to pick one composer.
The genius German composer and organ improvisor
extraordinaire has truly earned his enduring place in the
musical canon.

Francesca Caccini (1587-1640)

Early Italian Baroque composer Francesca Caccini was the daughter of Renaissance
master, Giulio Caccini. The singer, lutenist, poet and teacher, was one of the most
influential women composers in Europe in her day. And her opera La liberazione di
Ruggiero has gone down in herstory as the first ever written by a woman.

George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)

German and English Baroque heavyweight Handel is

famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems and organ
concertos. His music for all occasions, such as the
‘Hallelujah’ chorus from the Messiah oratorio (Christmas)
and Music for the Royal Fireworks (Guy Fawkes Night)
still make for popular musical markers in our calendar
years.

Claudio Monteverdi (1567- 1643)

Monteverdi was the grandfather of Baroque

opera – meaning opera as a whole, pretty much – as
far as many musically- minded people are
concerned.

His birth date puts him right at the crossroads of the

late Renaissance period, and early Baroque
revolutions. His tragic opera, L’Orfeo, changed the
music world for good and cemented the operatic
form, as well as the telling of a powerful story that
would be revisited by composers for centuries
– including fellow Baroque masters Schütz and
Telemann (see below), Gluck during the
Classical era, and Offenbach in the Romantic era.

Art of Baroque Period

Key Points

The popularity of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided
at the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes and direct emotional
involvement in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Baroque style is characterized by
exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in
sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The chiaroscuro technique refers
to the interplay between light and dark that was often used in Baroque paintings of dimly lit
scenes to produce a very high-contrast, dramatic atmosphere. Famous painters of the Baroque
era include Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt. In music, the Baroque style makes up a large
part of the classical canon, such as Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi. The later Baroque style was
termed Rococo, a style characterized by increasingly decorative and elaborate works.

Characteristics
The Baroque style is characterized by
exaggerated motion and clear detail used to
produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in
sculpture, painting, architecture, literature,
dance, and music. Baroque iconography was
direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to
appeal above all to the senses and the
emotions. The use of the chiaroscuro
technique is a well-known trait of Baroque art.

In the Baroque style of architecture,

emphasis was placed on bold spaces, domes,
and large masses, as exemplified by the
Queluz National Palace in Portugal. In music,
the Baroque style makes up a large part of
the classical canon. Important composers
include Johann Sebastian Bach, George
Handel, and Antonio Vivaldi. In the later part
of the period, the Baroque style was termed
Rococo, a style characterized by increasingly
decorative and elaborate works.

Music of Renaissance
Renaissance music is music written in Europe during the Renaissance. Consensus
among music historians–with notable dissent–has been to start the era around 1400,
with the end of the medieval era, and to close it around 1600, with the beginning of the
baroque period, therefore commencing the musical Renaissance about a hundred years
after the beginning of the Renaissance as understood in other disciplines. As in the
other arts, the music of the period was significantly influenced by the developments
which define the early modern period: the rise of humanistic thought; the recovery of the
literary and artistic heritage of ancient Greece and Rome; increased innovation and
discovery; the growth of commercial enterprise; the rise of a bourgeois class; and the
Protestant Reformation. From this changing society emerged a common, unifying.

The main characteristics of Renaissance music are the following:

-Music based on modes

-Richer texture in four or more parts

-Blending rather than contrasting strands in the musical texture

-Harmony with a greater concern with the flow and progression of chords

Composers of Renaissance

John Dunstable (1390-1453)

Dunstable (sometimes spelt Dunstaple) was an English

composer whose music spans the transition from the
Medieval era to the Renaissance period. The biographical
details we have are limited, although we know that he was
an educated man who was also a well-regarded
astrologer, astronomer and mathematician. As a composer
he wrote mostly religious music under the patronage of
various noble households. Dunstaple’s compositional style
was highly influential, and a number of important
composers from continental Europe, including Guillame
Dufay, were impacted by his work.

Guillame Du Fay (1397-1474)

Du Fay (also sometimes written Dufay) was a Franco-Flemish composer who was
considered one of the most important and influential artists of his day. Born in Brussels,
he moved to Cambrai as a child, receiving musical training at the Cathedral there. He
would later live in Rimini, Rome and Savoy. He wrote both religious music – including
Masses, Magnificats and hymns – and more than 70 secular chansons, where he put
texts to the popular forms of the time, such as rondeau, virelai and Italian ballate.

Johannes Ockeghem (1410-1497)

Johannes Ockeghem was a chorister in Antwerp

before joining the households of various French
noblemen and royals. He left behind a relatively small
number of compositions, but his Masses, motets, and
secular chansons that survive are praised for their
balance of technical prowess and expressiveness.

Josquin des Prez (1450/55-1521)

Often referred to simply as Josquin, this Franco-

Flemish composer was so admired that numerous
anonymous pieces were attributed to him to increase
their value. It has since been discovered that many of
these attributions were incorrect. Still, the music that he
did write – both religious and secular – remains
popular, and has been recorded extensively since the
20th Century. Significantly, his rise to prominence
coincided with the invention of the printing press, and
when the influential printer Ottaviano Petrucci produced
a series of anthologies of motets, it was Josquin’s work
that lay at the front of each one.

Thomas Tallis (1505-1585)

Tallis was an Englishman who worked as a chorister and

organist, before being appointed to the Royal Court, where he
performed and composed for four successive monarchs:
Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor, and Elizabeth I.His job
required great versatility, with each king or queen demanding very different
compositional styles.

Whilst working in the Chapel Royal he taught William Byrd (1539-1623), who would also
go on to become regarded as one of England’s greatest ever composers.

Art of Renaissance Period

Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music,
and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th
centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an
increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical
learning, and a more individualistic view of man. Scholars
no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt
break with medieval values, as is suggested by the
French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.” Rather,
historical sources suggest that interest in nature,
humanistic learning, and individualism were already
present in the late medieval period and became
dominant in 15th- and 16th-century Italy concurrently
with social and economic changes such as the
secularization of daily life, the rise of a rational money-
credit economy, and greatly increased social mobility.

The period known as the High Renaissance represents

the culmination of the goals of the Early Renaissance,
namely the realistic representation of figures in space
rendered with credible motion and in an appropriately
decorous style. The most well-known artists from this
phase are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and
Michelangelo. Their paintings and frescoes are
among the most widely known works of art in the
world.

In architecture, the Medici are responsible for

some notable features of Florence, including the
Uffizi Gallery, the Boboli Gardens, the Belvedere,
the Medici Chapel, and the Palazzo Medici. Later, in Rome, the Medici Popes continued
in the family tradition by patronizing artists in Rome. Pope Leo X would chiefly
commission works from Raphael. Although none of the Medici themselves were
scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo
Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important
figurehead for his patron’s quest for power.

While Leonardo da Vinci is greatly admired as a

scientist, an academic, and an inventor, he is
most famous for his achievements as the painter
of several Renaissance masterpieces. His paintings
were groundbreaking for a variety of reasons and
his works have been imitated by students and
discussed at great length by connoisseurs and
critics. Among the qualities that make da Vinci’s
work unique are the innovative techniques that he
used in laying on the paint, his detailed
knowledge of anatomy, his use of the human form
in figurative composition, and his use of sfumato.
All of these qualities are present in his most
celebrated works, the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper,
and the Virgin of the Rocks.

Music of Medieval Period

Instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. The flute
was once made of wood rather than silver or other metal, and could be made as a side-
blown or end-blown instrument. The recorder has more or less retained its past form.
The gemshorn is similar to the recorder in having finger holes on its front, though it is
actually a member of the ocarina family. One of the flute’s predecessors, the pan flute,
was popular in medieval times, and is possibly of Hellenic origin. This instrument’s pipes
were made of wood, and were graduated in length to produce different pitches.
Medieval music was both sacred and secular. During the earlier medieval period, the
liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic. Polyphonic genres
began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later
thirteenth and early fourteenth century. The development of such forms is often
associated with the Ars nova.
The earliest innovations upon monophonic plainchant were heterophonic. The organum,
for example, expanded upon plainchant melody using an accompanying line, sung at a
fixed interval, with a resulting alternation between polyphony and monophony. The
principles of the organum date back to an anonymous ninth century tract, the Musica
enchiriadis, which established the tradition of duplicating a preexisting plainchant in
parallel motion at the interval of an octave, a fifth or a fourth.

Composers of Medieval
The history of Western classical music can be divided into six major eras, and the
Medieval period is the first of these. It is also the longest, spanning an incredible 900
years, from 500 to 1400AD. Religious music dominated the era, with Gregorian chant
perhaps its best-known exponent. And while a relatively small amount of Medieval
music survives today in comparison to other periods – in part because written notation
was not invented until the 9th Century – there are some beautiful and important pieces
from this time that survive and continue to be performed today.
1. Stephen of Liège (850-920)
Stephen of Liège was active towards the end of the Early
Medieval period, which lasted from 500-1150AD. However,
the further back in history one looks, the scarcer names of
individual composers become, so Liège is one of the
earliest formal composers we are aware of. This is largely
because music was passed “by ear” from person to person
until the 9th Century when primitive musical notation was
developed. He wrote Gregorian chant, or plainsong, which
was the dominant form of
music in the Early Medieval
period.

2. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)

A fascinating figure, Hildegard of Bingen was a
German abbess (head of a group of nuns), writer,
philosopher, poet and composer. She experienced religious visions from a young age
and her Christian mysticism informed her work deeply. In fact, she was not formally
trained as a composer or musician, but claimed that the pieces she wrote came to her
while she was in trance-like states. She is one of the best known and most frequently
recorded composers of monophonic sacred works, while her Ordo Virtutum, which
contains 82 songs, is considered the first ever morality play. She also wrote theological,
botanical and medicinal texts, and was made a Saint in 2012:

3. Fulbert of Chartres (c. 952-1028)

The exact details of Fulbert’s origins remain
something of a mystery, although he was born in
the late 10th Century in northern France or possibly
Italy, before becoming Bishop of Chartres and a
teacher at the cathedral school there. He wrote a
number of hymns to glorify the Virgin Mary, as well
as “Chorus Novae Jerusalem”, to be sung at Easter.

4. Peter Abelard (1079- 1142)

Abelard is best known as a theologian and
scholar: the Frenchman was one of the most
important and controversial figures in the
Western church in his day. But he was also
a composer, writing monophonic
hymns and biblical planctus. These were
mournful songs that lamented a death, in this
case the demise of a biblical figure. He had a
famous and
scandalous
affair with
Héloïse, a well-
known nun and scholar, composing a number of
love songs for her, although these have sadly now
been lost, as well as a book of hymns for Héloïse’s
order of nuns. His music was ahead of its time in its use of repetitive sequences and
limited melodic material.
5. Léonin (c. 1155-1201)
French composer Léonin was active during the High Medieval Period (1150-1300), and
was a pioneer of polyphonic organum. However, Léonin was the first person to write
two melodic parts with greater independence and strict note lengths, so he is credited
as the first composer of polyphonic art music. Léonin was also innovative in his use of
rhythmic modes. These were set patterns of long and short notes and one of the first
ways in which rhythm was notated:
Arts od Medieval Period
Medieval art—which includes a wide variety
of art and architecture—refers to a period
also known as the Middle Ages, which
roughly spanned from the fall of the Roman
Empire in 476 A.D. to the early stages of the
Renaissance in the 14th century. Work
produced during this era emerged from the
artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and
the iconographic style of the early Christian
church, fused with the “barbarian” culture of
Northern Europe.

Art from this period was created between

the fourth century and 1050 A.D. During this
time, the Catholic Church and wealthy
oligarchs commissioned projects for specific
social and religious rituals. Many of the
oldest examples of Christian art survive in
the Roman catacombs or burial crypts
beneath the city. Artists were commissioned
for works featuring Biblical tales and classical
themes for churches, while interiors were
elaborately decorated with Roman mosaics,
ornate paintings, and marble incrustations.
 Built in 537 AD at the beginning of the
medieval period under the direction of
Byzantine emperor Justinian I, the Hagia
Sophia epitomizes Byzantine architecture.
Though originally built as a Greek Orthodox
Christian cathedral, it was repurposed as a
mosque after the Turkish conquest of
Constantinople in 1453, and today stands as
a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. At the time it
was built, it was the world’s tallest building,
known for its iconic, massive dome.

Different
Communicative Styles
Submitted by: Latap, Ana Mae C.

Intimate Style
Casual Style

Consultative Style
Frozen Style

Formal Style