1-5

Worked Examples 1(a)

VExample 1.1 Expand cos 80 in a series of powers of (i) sin only and (ii) cos 6
only.
88= cos° 6- 8C2 cox° 0 sin* 6 8C, cos
cos +
sin'e-8C,cos
sin+8C, sin* e (1)
(1- sin 0)" - 28(1 - sin 6)* sin 0+ 70(1 - sin' 0 sin
6-28(1-sin^ 6) sin° 0+ sin" e
=
(1 -4 sin 0+6 sin - 4 sin° 0+ sin ) -28sin ex
(1-3 sin0+3 sin* - sin ) + 70 sin' e(1-2sin? 0+
sin 6)-28 sin° (1 - sin )+ sin* 0.
=
1-(4 + 28) sin 0 + (6 + 84 + 70) sin e-(4+84 + 140 +28)
sin° 0+(1 +28 + 70+28+ 1)sin* .
Thus, cos8 6= 1 -32 sin 0+ 160 sin* e-256 sin 0+ 128 sin 80 (2)
Since R.S. of (1) is symmetric in sin and cos 6, we can get the expansion of cos 86
in terms of cos 0 from (2) by changing sin 6 into cos 6.
Thus, cos'6=1-32 cos0+ 160 cose-256 cos°e+ 128cos e
VExample 1.2
Prove that
Sin 70
7-56 sin'e+ 112 sin'e-64 sine
sin 6
cos 76
Hence, deduce that 64 cos°e-112 cose+
+56cos 0-7.
cose

sin 70 7C, cos sine- 7C; cos e sin' 0 + 7Cs cos e sin'e-7C; sin'e.
sin 76
7 cos e-35 cos'e sin +21 cos e sin^ e- sin'e
sin
7(1 sin 0)-35 sine(1 - sin 0)+21 sin'e(1 - sin 8) - sin'e.

= 7(1 -3 sin?0 + 3 sinte- sin') - 35 sin e (1 -2 sin'6+ sin'8)

+21 sine(1 - sin 0)- sin°e
7-(21 +35) sin*0+ (21 + 70 + 21) sin'6-(7+35+ 21+1) sin'8
7 56 sin 0+ 112 sin*0-64 sin°e
In (1), change Ginto-0.

sin 7-70
Then, 7 -56 sin'-o]+12sin -0-64sin"-0
sin-0
-cos 70
7 56 cos*0+ 1 12 cos'e-64 cos°0
i.e. Cose
 Engineering Mathematics

1-6 cos*8- 7.
112 cos'e +
56
cOs = 64 cos°e-
cOs&

V Example 13
that
cos 0, prove
Ifr=2
It cos6=(-?-2x 1).
1+cosG6
2 Cos270
1+cos70
6
1+cos 2 cos 2
79)2

COS

cos 7a
where a= (1)
cos 2
sin°
Now cos 7a= cos'o-7C, cos'a sin'a 7C4 cos'a sin'a -7C cos a a.

c o s ' a - 2 1 cos a sin a+35 cos o sinta - 7 sin'a.

cos a
= cos°a-21 cos'a (1 - cos a) 35 cos a (1 -7 cos a)
-7(1 - cos a
= cos°a -21 cos a(1 - cos*a) + 35 coso(1 -2 cos*a+ cos a)

- 7(1 -3 cosfa + 3 cos'a- cos°o)

=(1 +21+35 +7)cos'a-(21 +70+21) cos'a+ (35 +21) cos'a - 7
= 64 cosa- 112 cos'a + 56 cosa-7
(2
X
Given that 2 cos =x or cos =
2
1.e.
2 cos 2 2

i.e. cosa=

+2)
(3)
Using (3) in (2), we get
cos 7
64 2 2 -I12 x(+2)+56
cos 64
= (x+ 6x+ 12x +8) 7(1
6 +2)-7
+ 4x +4) + 14(r+ 2) -7
--2r+ 1
(4)
 gonOTI

Using (4) in (1), weeg

1+cos 70
1+cos6
= (--2r+1
Example 1.4
Obtain the expansion of in a series of powers of cos 20 and hence find the
Sin

equation whose roots are cos 27T-, cos 4T , COS 6T

7 7
From worked example (2) above, we have
sin 70
sin7 - 5 6 sin 0
+ 112 sin 6-64 sin°e
7-28(1 - cos 2) + 28(1 - cos 20)-8(1 cos 20)
8 cos26+4 cos 24-4 cos 20-1 (1)

Now, sin 76 =
0, when 6 =0,
sin 76
Sin =0, when - t
sin 0 7
From (1), we see that theroots of 8 cos* 20+4 cos 20-4 cos 26-1 =0 are

(2)
If we put cos 20 = x, (2) means that the roots of 8x + 4x-4x- 1 = 0 a

cos

Thus the equation whose roots

2T 47T 67T is 8+ 4x 4x-1 =0.
cos , cOS COS
7
Example 1.5
Expand tan 70 in powers of tan 0 and hence find the equation whose roots are tan

;kT k = 1,2,...6.
7
nC lan 6-nC, tan 0 +nCs tan° 0 - .
tan ne
- nC2 1an + nC, tan* 0-
Putting n = 7, we get
7
tan 6- 7C, tan' 0+ 7C% tan - 7C, tan o
7C,
tan 70
-

-7C, tan* 0 + 7C, tan" 0-7C, tan° 8

T 27T 3n 4r T br
Now tan 70=0, when 6= 0,7777'7' 7
tan' 0= 0 has the roots
6-7C3 tan 0+7C5 tan' 6- 7C,
7C, tan

kT - 0 12 . . 6 (1)
 EngineeringMathematics
1-8
Putting tan 6=X, we see that (I) means that 7C, x -7C^*+7C5*-7C,x=0

hasrootstan kT k= 1,2,,6.
Removing the factor * which corresponds to the root tan 0 =0, the equation whose
kT
roots are tan
k= 1,2,-.6, is
7C-7C 7C'-7C, =0
1.e.
7-35x+21 -=0
or
-21 + 35 -7 0
Example 1.6
Expand 2 cos 0-cos Bin ascending powers of as far as the term
involving 6.
2 cos
0-cos'= 1+ cos
20-cos +cos 30
4
= 1--
40-*166
24 640
720

902 810
4L224720omitting higher powers of .

720-64,29)

720
Example 1.77
If Sin 19493
prove that 0 is
,
equal to 1°
19494 nearly.
19493
Since is nearly equal to I sine
19494 and since 1, as 6->0, we conclude that
is very small and hence
higher powers of G may be neglected

sin6 19493
Now,
19494
6

i.e. 3! 19493
19494
 Trigonometry 1-9
i.e. 19493
omitting higher powers of 0.
19494

i.e.
6 19494
1
i.e. or 6 radian
3249

i.e. = x 180) degrees

= 1.0052 degrees or 1° nearly.

Example 1.8

(i) Solve the equation cos

-088
(ii) Solve the equation tan 4 x1.001
) cos-x|=0.88

Since cos-X= 0.866 and since 0.88 is nearly equal to 0.866, we conclude

is nearly equalto or x is nearly equal to zero

that-x 6
Hence, height powers of x may be omited.

cos = 0.88

i.e. CoS cOs x + sinsin x= 0.88

i.e. t 0.88
1.e. + 0.88, omitting higherpowers ot a.

1.C. = 1.76-3
= 0.028 radian (nearly)
=1 36' (nearly)

(1i) tan = 1.001

x|isnearly equal
Since tanis nearly equal to 1.001, we conclude that
 Engineering Mathemmatis.

1-10
is nearly equalto
zero.
toorr omitted.
4
powers of x may be
Hence higher

tan

tan+tan x
-=1.001
i.e.
1 tantan x

1+tan =1,001
1.e. 1- tan x

i.e. 15 =1.001
-

i.e. T=1.001, omitting higher powers of x

1-x

x= 0.001O005
2.001
radian (nearly)
= 0.029 degree.

Example 1.9
Evaluate

tan 2x 2 sin x|
lim and
r0

5 sin x -sin 5x ||
(i) lim
X 0 x ( c o s x - cos 5x

lim tan 2x-2

sin x
1) 0
0 |L Note: The given function is of form
0

lim
20
X0|

3x+
lim
r0

limin 3 +terms with higher

0L powers of x= 3.
 Trigonometry 1-11
(ii) = lim 5 sin x -sin 5x |
X 0 x ( c o s x - cos 5x | \Note: The given function is ofform
0

= lim 6 120
X0 4
5
2 24

lim
20x3 26x' +.
x0 12x-26x + . .

2 0 - 1 3 x+terms with
lim
20 10
higher powers ofx
13
x 12- + terms with higher powers of x
6

Example 1.10
Determine the values of a, b, c such that

l i m a + bcos 6)-csin = 1
= lim
0-0L
= lim
e(a +b cos 6)-c Sn| =(Note: The given function is ot form)
0

24 720 6 120 5040

lim|
60

bC
lim
- cy0- 24 120
60L
b

= lim|
(a+b-c),l6 2,(h 120 +terms with higher powersot &|
60

This limit is given to be 1.

in the expansion, the limit cannot be tinite.
As long as the first two terms are prescent
be finite and equal to I, we must have
Hence, in order that the limit may (1)
a +b-c = 0

= 0 or c - 3b = 0
(2)
 Engineering M a t h e l a

1-12 (3)
b C Sb-c=120

= or
and 24 120
180.
120, h= 60,
=
c
=

(2), (3). we get a

Solving (1).
Example 1. 11 two-thirds
circular arc, h that of
of the chord of a C
Ifa is the length show that the
length
that of one-third of the arc,
of the arc and c
1
is approximately(a
-

9h + 45c) B
ofthe arc
10
the radius of the circle.
Let Cbe the centre and 'r 26
circle such that ACB
=

Let AB be a small arc of the (1)

The length ofthearc AB=r 24=2r6
If CM is drawn L to AB, then
ACM =0 and AM = rsin

a = the length of the chord AB

= 2r sin 6
2
b =length of the chord ofarc = 2r sin
Then 3

and c =length of the chord of arc 2r sin

6
Now, 10 -9b +45c) =2 sin-9x2rsin+45
Now,(a 3
x2rsin
803
27 x6 27x6
10-68 + 150), omitting higherpowers of 6
2r 6, nearly
= the
length of the arc nearly [from (1)]
Example 1.12
Expand (i) co" Gand (ii) cos' in series of cosines of multiples of .

Let x = COs G i sin 6. Then= cos 6- i sin 6

. = COs n)+ i sin n6 and COS nb-isin n

"

Also, +
r"
2 cosnd and "-=2isin n), n 21
(i) (2cos 6=
 Trigonometry 1-13
=
+6x +15 +20+ 15+6
20

i.e. 2 cos =2 cos 60+6.2 cos 40+ 15 2 cos 20+ 20

2(cos 60+6 cos 40+ 15 cos 20+ 10)
cos e = (cos66+6 cos 46+15 cos 28 + 10)
32
ii) (2 cos 8
-x+
=+ 1 C + 7 C , * + 7 C , + C ,
x

+7C +7C + 7C,

=x'+ 7a +21 +35x+9,2

i.e. 2' cos'6 =

2(cos 76+7 cos 56+ 21 cos 36+35 cos e)
cos'e =
(cos 70+7 cos 50+21 cos 30+35 cos )
64
Example 1.13
Expand (i) sin'0 and in a series of sines of multiples of &and (i) sin*0 in a series of
cosines of multiples of0
1
Let x = cos G+ i sin 6. Then= cos - i sin

x X
2 cos and x-*= 2i sin 0
Also, C O s nG+ i sin ne - cos n6-i sin n6
r'"

= 2 =2 cos ne and =2i 2i sin ne, n21.

X

(i) (2isin 0' =

= -7C, + 7C, -7C, +7C,
-7C, +7C, - 7C,
35 21
=
x-7 +21-35x +
 Engineering Mathematics

1-14 sin 30-35

sin 6)
2i(sin 70-7 sin50+ 21
+21sin 30 -35 sin 6
sin' ( s i n 70-7sin 50

+21 sin 30-35 sin 6

=(sin 70-7sin 50
64

(2i(2i sin 6 = - .

=*-8C.+8C, -8C +8C,x.-

-8Cg *+8C, 8C, x+8C-

= -8+28x-56x+ 70+

ie.
i.e. 2f sin 0=2 cos 86-8x2 cos 60+28 x 2cos40-56x 2 cos 20+ 70

sin + (cos 86-8 cos 60+ 28 cos 40-56 cos 20+ 35)
128

Example 1.14
Expand sin* e cos° 0 in a series of cosines of multiples of 0.
Let x =cos 6+i sin 6. Then -
cos 6-i sin 6

Also, = cos n6+ i sin nê and =

cos n6, -

i sin n8

= 2 cos n6 and x" + 2i sin n6, n2 1

X

2isin 0 (2 cos
o-({

+3x--
 Trigonometry 1-15

i.e 2" sin 0.2

)-{*).a.)
cos0 =2 (cos 70- cos 50-3 cos 30 + 3 cos 6)
1
sin' cos 8 =

64
(cos 70- cos 5e-3 cos
30 +3 cos )

Example 1.15
Expand sin 0 cos 0 in a series of sines of multiples of e.

Let X = cos 6 + i sin 6. Then

= cos 6-i sin 6.

1
Also, cos n6+i sin ne and cos ne-i sin n
1
'+ 2 cos nG and x- 2i sin n0, n 21.

(2isin 6) (2 cos 6 =|

- 2
2
=
*-3x' +3-+2-6r *-3

i.e.
-)al)4)-*2)
2'sin^ 6 cos 6=2i (sin 86+2 sin 60-2 sin 40-6 in 6
sinsin' cos0=- (sin 80+2 sin 60-2 sin 40-6 sin2)
128

Exercise 1(a)
Part A (Short answer questions)

.. Expand
Expand COs76 in a series of powers of tan e.
cos'0
2. Expand sin 60 sec" series of powers of an 6.
0 in a

tan 66 in terms of powers of tan e.

3. Expand
4 Expand cot 50 in terms of powers of cot 6.
40 in a series of powers of cos 6.
5. Expand cos
 E n g i n e e r i n g M a t h e m a t i k s

1-16
x-Sin
6. Evaluate lim
r-0

x
(sin r- tan
7. Evaluate lim
x0 x of B.
ascending powers
0 in a series of
8. Expand sin
2
ascending powers
of 6.
in a series of
9. Expand 4 cos 0 of x.
of ascending powers
cos x in a series
10. Expand 2 sin 3r

Part B sin 6 only.

powers of (i) cos only (ii)
11. Expand cos 66in a series of
sin 96 6.
in a series of powers of cos
12. Expand sin 6
cos 50
13. Expand in a series of powers of sin 6.
cos 6
Sin 80
in series of powers of sin 6.
14. Expand cOs
a

15.Ifx=2 cos 0, show that 2(1 cos 8)=r*-4x+ 2).

16. Ifx=2cos , show that 1+cOS96=(t- -3x2 +2x+1
1+cos 69
1+cos 5S6
17. Express as a series of powers of x, where x = 2 cos 6.
1+ cos 6
kT
18. Findthe equation whose roots are tan; k= 1, 2, 3, 4.
5
kT
19. Find the equation whose roots are sin k= 1, 2. 3, ... 6.

20.) If sin6
If Sin _
5045
, prove that 6 is equal to 1°58 nearly
5046
21. Jf lan 6 2524
i n d the value of 8 approximately.
2523
x
22 Solve the equation sin+ x|= 0.5033 approximately.6
Expand cos 6 sin° G in a series of ascending powers of & as tar as the term
involving e
24 Expand cos sin O in a series of ascending powers of 8 as
involving G. tar as the term
Find the limits of the following funetions as x>0.
X+2 sinx-sin 3x
25. X+ tan X - tan 2
26

sin 2x-sin x
N(cosr- cos nN)
27. 28
sin 5x sin 4x
29. If a is the length of the chord of a small circular arc
and b is that of
arc, show that the length half the
of the arc a) is(8b- approximately.
 ACIUaly we n a v e exKpI
+ ib) into its real
iB. In other words, we have separated log (a
in the form A +
imaginary parts and
can separate the real
and imaginary parts. Similarly we
inverse circular and inverse hyperbolic functions of
of circular, hyperbolic, as follows.
arguments as illustrated in the worked examples
complex

Worked Examples 1(b)

Example 1.1
Separate the following function into their real and imaginary parts:
) c o r + iy) ii) cosec (x + iy)
(ii) tanh (x + iy) (iv) (x+ iy)a+ib

cos (x + iy)
i) cot (x+ iy) =

sin (x + iy)
2 cos(x + iy) sin (x iy) -

(This is done to make the

2 sin (x + iy) sin (x -iy) denominator real.)J
sin2.r-sin 2iy
cos 2iy- cos 2x
sin 2x i sinh 2y
cosh 2y - cos 2x

s i n sin 2x -sin 2y
cosh 2y- cos 2x cosh 2y- cos 2.x,
(ii) cosec (x + iy)
sin (x + iy)
2 sin(xiy)
2 sin (x + iy) sin (x -

iy)
2(sin x cOs iy -

cOs A Sin iy)

cos 2iy - cos 2x

2 sin x cosh y -2 cosx sn y

cosh 2y - cosh 2 c o s h 2y - cos 2x,
 Engineering Mathematics

1-24
0]
i(r + iy) tan i0=i tanh
(ii) tanh (r+ iy)
=
- tan

=-i tan(ix- y)
= i tan (y - ix)

sin(y-ix)
cos(y-ix)
2 sin (y -ix) cos(y
+ ix)
2 cos(y-ix) cos(y +ix)
sin 2y - sin 2ix

cos 2y + cos 2ix

sin 2y sinh 2x
cosh 2x +cosh 2y

sinh 2x sin 2y
cosh 2x + cosh 2y
cosh 2x + cosh 2y)

iv) Let V =(+ib)

log v = (a + ib) log (r +iy)
= (a + ib) log (re"), where r = yx + y and 6= tan
x
= (a + ib) (log r+ i6)
= (a log r-- b6) + i(b log r+ a6)
y = elog r-b6) b log r+ a)
a log r-be) i{b lor 7+a6)
.

=alor r-b6) [cos(b log r+ a6) + i sin (b logr+a6]

Example 1.2
Ifx + iy = Ccos (A - iB), show that

x y = 1 and
(i) +
ccosh B Csinh B
2

(i1)
ccos A c sin A
x + iy = C cos (A - iB)

Clcos A cos
iß + sin A sin iß|
=

=
Ccos A cosh B + iC sin A sinh R
Equating the real parls on both sides and then inaginary parts on both sides we
have
= C cos A cosh B3
(1)
y= C sin A sinh B
cos A + sin A = 1 (2)

i.e. Csinh2 B from (1) and (2)

C cosh B
 i.e
From (1) and (2)1
ccos A csin A
Example 1.3
Ifsin (6 + io) = cos a +i sin a, prove that cos' 0=t sin a.

sin (0+ ip) = cos a + i sin a.

i.e. sin cos io + cos 6 sin io = cos a+i sin a

i.e. sin 6 cosh o + i cos 6 sinh o = cos a+ i sinh a (1)
Equation real parts in (1),
sin Ù cosh o = Cos (2)
Equation imaginary parts in (1),
cos 6 sinh 6 = sin a (3)
As the required result does not contain o, we proceed to eliminate o from (2) and

(3)
cosh o- sinh o = 1

i.e. cosa (sina=1 [from (2) and (3)]

sin cos 6
e. cos* a coss 6- sin* a sin^ 0= sin* e cos
i.e. (1-sin a) cos20-sin a1 cos 6) =(1 - cos 0) cos* 0.

i.e. cos0- sin a = cos* 6-cost e

i.e. cos" 0=sins a
cos 6=t sin a

Example 1.4
A f cos(x + iy) = cos 6+i sin 6, show that cos 2x + cosh 2y = 2.
cOs(x + iy) = cos 6 + isin 6

i.e. cos x cos iy - sin x sin iy = cos 0+ i sin 6

i.e r cosh y-i sin x sinh y = cos 0+i sin O ()

Equating real parts in (1),
coS x cosh y = cos 6

Equating imaginary parts in (1),

-sin x sinh y = sin 0 (3)
As the required result does not contain 0, we proceed to elimnate d trom ( ) und

(3.
cos 0+ sin 0= 1
cos cosh y + sin x sinh' y= I from (2) and( (4)
1.e.
cos= +cOs 2y
sin
COs 2
Using 2

cosh y
= t c o s h 22y and sinh y
cosh 2y in (4)
2 2
 Engineering Mathematics
1-26 1) =4

cosh 2y) + (1
-
cos 2x) (cosh 2y-
(+cos 2x) (1 +
2y =4
2 cos 2x+ 2 cosh
i.e. 2x + Ccosh 2y
= 2
cos
or
iy) cos 0+ i sin 6
Aliter cos(r + =

8-i sin 6
cos(r- iy) = cos
(cos 8- i sin 6)
C o s (r+iy) cos (r- iy)
= 2(cos 0+i sin 6)
)
i.e. cos 2x+ 2iy 2(cos - # sin
cos =

i.e. cos 2r+ cosh 2y 2(cos* 0+ sin )=

2.

Example 1.5
If cos(x+ iy) =
r(cos oa+ i sin o), prove that
log Sin(x-a)
ylosin (x+ ) sin (x + a)
cos(x+iy) = r(cos a+i sin a)

i.e. COs X COS iy- sinx sin iy = r cos a + ir sin a

i.e. cosxcoshy- i sin x sinh y = r cos d+ir sin a

cos x cosh y = r cos (1)
-sin x sinh y = r sin a (2)
As the required does not contain r, we proceed to eliminate r from (1) and (2).
Dividing (2) by (1), we have
tan a=-tan x tanh y
i.e. tanh y =-tan a cot x
y = tanh (tan a cot x)

log 1 xtan a
cot

1+ cot xtan a
sin x cosa- cos x sin a |
Sinx cos +cos X sin a

sin(x- O)
log sin(x+a)
Example 1.6
Ifx + iy = cos (u + iv), where *, y, u, Vare real, prove that (1 +)+ = (cosh v+
cOS u)
x+iv =COs(u + iv)
()
= COS u cOs (V- Sin u sin i
= COs u COsh v -

i sin u sinh (2)

x =COS u cosh v
(3)
y z-Sinusinh v

x - iv = COs( u - iv)
(4)
Also
 Trigonometry 1-27
From (1) and (4),
(x+ iy)(x - iv = cos(u + iv) cos(u - iv)

i.e. +y =lcos 2u + cos 2iv)

; (cos 2u cosh 2v)

(2cos u-1+2cosh?v-1)
=
(cos v + cos u)
Now (1 +x) + y° =1+2x+x+y (5)
= 1+2 cos u cosh v + cos* u + cosh v- 1[from (2) and (5)]
= cosh v+ cos u + 2 cosh v cos u
= (cosh v + cos u)

Example 1.7
IfA + iB = tan (x + iy), prove that

Blo+(1+
BO +0-y
A+ iB = tan"(x + iy)
X+ iy = tan (A + iB) (1)
and so X- iy = tan (A - iB) (2)
2iB (A +iB) - (A - iB)
Consider
tan 2iB tan {(A + iB)-(A- iB)}

1.e. i tanh 2B =
tan(A +iB) - tan(A iB)
1+ tan(A +iB)- tan (A - iB)

(x+iy)-(-iy) from (1) and (2)

1+(x+iy) (x - iy)

2iy
1++y
. tan 2B =E
2y
1+x + y

or 2B lanh

2y
1++ y2
2y
1+x+ y
i.e. B=
Lloe++y+2
4 + (1+ y -2y)
 or
B=log+0+*|
Example 1.8
it tan
(6 +io) =
tan a+i sec a,
prove that e2" =t cotand 26= nt* .
tan (6+ i) = tan a +i sec a 2 2
()
tan (6- io) =tan - i sec a
tan
2i0= tan [(6+ iÙ)-(0-i)) (2)
tan(6+io) tan( -i0) -

1+tan(+ io) tan(0 io) -

tan & + isec a) (tan a- i -

sec a)
1+(tan a+i sec oa) (tan o -i sec ) from (1) and (2)]
i.e. i tanh 20 = i2 sec a
1+ tan a+ sec a

i.e. tanh 20 = -2 sec

2 sec o
COS X
20 tanh (cos a)
=

(1+cosa
lo 1-cos ax
2 cos2
log 2 sin2

log cot 2

= logC2 Or
log teot
e2 =t cot
2
Now 20= (0 + i)) + (0- io)
tan 20 =
(lan+ i see «) + (tun - isec a)
o

-(tan a+i see a)(lan

x- i sec x)
2 tan a
- tan X - sec" a

2 tan a
-2 tan a
( secs
a-l= tan a)
 Trigonometry 1-29
tan+a
. General value of 20 is given by
20 =
nt ++d.
2
Example 1.9
Iftan (6+ io) = sin (x+ iy), prove that sin 20 cot x sinh 20-coth y.
sin(x+ iy) = tan (6+ io)

sin x cos iy + cos X sin iy =

sin(6+ idp)
i.e.
cos(6 +io)

i.e. sinx cosh y +i cos x sinh y,

2 sin(+ iÙ) cos(6-io)
2 cos(6+ io) cos(6- io)
sin 20+ sin 2i0
COS 27T+ cos 2i0

sin 20 sinh sinh 2

cos 20+ cosh 20 cos 20 + cosh 20,

S i nsin 20
sin x cosh y = (1)
cos 20+ cosh 20
sinh 20
and cos x sinh y (2
COs 20 + cosh 20
Dividing (1) by (2), we get
Sin 20
tan x coth y
sinh 20
coth y sin 20
i.e.
cot x sinh 20
sin 20 cot r = sinh 20coth y

Example 1.10
Iftanh= tan show that x = log tan conversely.

tanh= tan

2
tanhan
1+tan
2
lo2 - tan
2
 Engineering Mathematics

1-30
tan+tan
2
x = log{
1 -tantan
4 2

= log tan

Converse x =
log tan (
tantan
1+tan5
=
i.e. 1
1-ta
2 tan
-1 Nr.-Dr.
Nr.
2
Nr.+ Dr.
+1

and denominator in the

numerator
. = tan (multiplying
i.e.
e+e
L.S. by e 2)

i.e tanh= tan

Example 1.11
Prove that

(i) tanhx= sinh"

-

-x
tanhx+ tanh y=tanh TL|
(ii)

(i) Let tanhx =y (1)

Then x= tanh y
tanh y

-y1-tanh' y
tann 1+ lan iy =sec iy or 1-tanh2 y= sechs yl
sech y
= sinh y

y = sinh
y= s J1-* (2)
 From (1) and (2).

tanhx= sinh
I-
(i) Let tanhx=A and tanh' y = B (1)
tanh A =x and tanh B = y (2)
tan iA + tan iB
Now tani(A+ B) =

1 tan iA tan iB

i.e. i tanh (A + B) = "tanh A+ tanh B)

1+ tanh A tanh B

1.e.
tanh(A + B) = fromfrom (2)
1+xy
A+B tanh-!*
1+
i.. tanhx+ tanh= tanh |, from (1),
1 xy
Example 1.12
i ) Expand cosh 5x in a series of powers of hyperbolic cosines of x.
(ii) Expand sinh° x in a series of hyperbolic sines of multiples of x.
i) cos 56 = cos 6-5C2 cos* 4 sin 6+5C4 cos sin*
=
cos -10 cos e(1 co 6) + 5 cos 6(1 cos"
-
-

Cos - 10 cos 0(1 cos* 0) + 5 cos 6(1 2 cos 6+ cos" 6)

-
-

= 16cos6-20 cos 0+5cos 6 (1)

Put i x in (1)
Then cosh 5x = 16 cosh'r-20 cosh'x+5 cosh x
(ii) We may first prove that

sin =(sin 50 -5 sin 30 +10 sin 0)

16
Putting 6= ix in (2), we get

sinhx = (sinh 5 - 5 sinh 3x +10sinh )

16

or sinh x = (sinh 5x-5sinh 3 +10 sinh A)

16

Aliter: sinh' x =

-
5c,e.e+
-5C,"".e" e" + 5c,e'.
2
Sc4e * - Scse")
 Engineering Mathematics

1-32
i-3 ee
*))
10e +5e -
(e. 5e + 10e -

+ 10(e
-

e)]
-eS* ) - 5(e3-e*)
e
-3x

|+10 2
2

Isinh 5x-5sinh 3x+ 10 sinh x].

16

Example 1.13
a ib 2ab
NProve that tan i log
a +ib | a2-b2

a -ib + ib)
= ib
loga+ log(a - ib) log(a
-

b
log(a +b')-i tan
Part B

21. Separate the following functions into their real and imaginary parts:

(i) tan (x + iy), (ii) sec (x + iy), (ii) coth (x+ iy),

(iv) tan (*+iy) and cot (r + iy)

22. If sin (A + iB) =x+ iy, prove that

(i) = 1 and (ii) +- = 1.

2
sin A cos A
cosh B sinh B
23. If u + iv = cosh (x + iy). prove that

u
i) = l and (ii) - = 1.
coshx sinh x cos y sin y
24. Ifcos («+ iß) = 0+ i0, show that
i) o sech o + ß* cosech o, =1 and
(i) sec* 0-P cosec o= 1.
25. Ifcos (8+ ið) = cos a+ i sin a, prove that sins 6 = tsin a.

26. If sin (9 + io) = r (cos a + i sin ) , prove that 2 = cosh 20- cos 20 and
tan a= tanh o cot 6.

27. If sin (e+ i ) = tan a+ i sec a, prove that cos 20 cosh 20 =3.

(r- a)
28. If sin (x+ iy) r (cos a+ i sin c), g OS
prove that y' l olog-
= =

29. Ifx+ iy = cos (u + iv), where , y, u, v are real, prove that (1 - ) + y= (cosh
2 cos(x +a)
cos(r+a)

V CoS u).

3030 Ifi)tanx+y+2x
(A + iB) =x+ iy, prove that
cot 2A = I and
(ii) +y-2y coth 28 + 1 =0
31. If tan (0+ io) =cos a+i sin a, prove tlhat 0 =- and
log lan
/32. I ftan (G+ i ) = cos (x iy), prove that tan a sin 20= coth v sinh 20

33. If tan tanh prove that

(0) tan x = sinh y and ( i )cos Coshy= I.

34 I fcosh x = sec 0, prove that v = log tan |

B) = sinn
B. prove that tan (A +
35 If tan A = tan a tanh Band tan B = cot a tanlh
2 Bcosec 2a.