General Design Specification: 076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 1/59

Project N° Unit Document Code Serial N° Rev.
Page
076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 1/59
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MOTOR OIL (HELLAS) – CORINTH REFINERIES S.A.
The present document or drawing is property of TECHNIP ITALY S.p.A. and shall not, under any circumstances, be totally or partially, directly or indirectly, transferred, reproduced, copied, disclosed or used, without its prior written consent, for any purpose and in any way other than that for which
GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION
FOR
CIVIL WORKS AND STEEL STRUCTURES

it is specifically furnished or outside the extent of the agreed upon right of use.
W - Mod. 1809/E - Type A - Rev. 3
B 04-09-2018 ISSUED FOR FEED D.NICCHIA M.ARDITO V.COLONE/A.POLACCHI
A 09-07-2018 ISSUED FOR REVIEW D.NICCHIA M.ARDITO V.COLONE/A.POLACCHI
REV. DATE STATUS WRITTEN BY CHECKED BY APPROV./AUTHOR. BY

(name & visa) (name & visa) (name & visa)
DOCUMENT REVISIONS
TECHNIP ITALY S.p.A. - 00148 ROMA - Viale Castello della Magliana, 68

Project N° Unit Document Code Serial N° Rev. Page
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GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL WORKS AND STEEL STRUCTURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL 4
2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 4
2.1. General Design Codes 4
2.2. Reinforced Concrete Code 4
2.3. Structural Steel Code 5
2.4. Project Specifications and Standard Drawings 5
3. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 6
4. LOADING AND LOADING COMBINATIONS 7
4.1. General Actions 7
4.2. Dead Load (DL) 7
4.3. Live Load (LL) 8
4.4. Equipment Loads 9
4.5. Thermal Loads (TL) 9
4.6. Wind load (WL) 10
4.7. Earthquake Load (EL) 13
4.8. Displacement calculation for Expansion Joints 23
4.9. Damage Limitation 23
4.10. Maintenance load (ML) 24
4.11. Exchangers bundle pulling 24
4.12. Impact Load (IL) 24
4.13. Vibration Load (VL) 25
4.14. Blast Load (BL) 25
4.15. Construction Load (CL) 25
4.16. Earth Load (HL) 26
4.17. Fluid Load (FL) 26
4.18. Loading Combinations for New Structures and Foundations 26

4.19. Special Provisions for Modifications of Existing Structures and Foundations (according to
EAK2000 Appendix E) 35
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
5. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS 37

5.1. General 37
5.2. Materials 37
5.3. General Design Criteria 38
5.4. Design Requirements 44

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6. FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURES FOR VIBRATING MACHINES 46

6.1. Definitions 46
6.2. General Design Criteria for all Vibrating Machines 46
6.3. Design Criteria for Reciprocating Machinery 47
6.4. Design Criteria for Rotary Machinery 48
6.5. Design Criteria for Light Vibrating Machines 52
7. STEEL STRUCTURES 53
7.1. Materials 53
7.2. Allowable Deflections and Displacements 54
7.3. General Design Requirements 55
8. REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVING 56
8.1. Definitions 56
9. ROADS, PITS AND DITCHES 58
10. FIREPROOFING 58
10.1. Structural Steel 58
10.2. Pipe-rack 59
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1. GENERAL
This specification covers materials, general criteria and methods of calculation for the
design of civil works and steel structure for new NHT, CCR and ISO Units - Motor Oil
Hellas - Corinth Refineries.
2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
The following documents are to be considered as integral part of this specification, as

well as their addenda, updating and reference documents.
2.1. General Design Codes
- EN 1990/A1 Eurocode Basis of Structural Design (all parts and Greek NA)
- EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures (all parts and Greek NA)
- E.A.K. 2000 Greek Seismic Code
- EN 1997-1/ Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design. – General rules
- (all parts and Greek NA).
- EN 1998-1 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance,

Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for
buildings (all parts and Greek NA)

Part4: Silos, tanks and pipelines (and Greek NA)

Part5: Foundations, retaining structures and
geotechnical aspects (all parts and Greek NA)
2.2. Reinforced Concrete Code
- EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures (all parts and Greek

NA) Rules for design and construction of reinforced

concrete structures
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
- ΕΚΩΣ2000 Greek Code for reinforced concrete – Rules for

design and construction of reinforced concrete.
Structural design shall be according to the Eurocodes EN1990 to EN 1999 listed above
and the corresponding Greek National Annexes. In addition, the provisions of the
following codes and regulations apply:

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- Gov.Gaz 315/Β/1997 KTS 97 - Greek Concrete Technology Code

- Gov.Gaz 1416/Β/2008 KTX 2008 - Greek Concrete Reinforcement Technology
Code
- Gov.Gaz 1457/B/2014 Approval for the use and application of Eurocodes with the
corresponding National Annexes.
- ΕLOT 1421 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing Steel
For design of vibrating machinery, in addition, the following codes shall be considered:
- DIN 4024 Machines foundations - 1988 ed.
- VDI 2056 Evaluating the mechanical vibrations of machines
- VDI 2060 Evaluating the balanced condition of vibrating rigid
bodies
For design of reinforced concrete paving, in addition, the following code shall be
considered:
Portland Cement Association (PCA) Concrete pavement design
For design of blast resistant buildings, in addition, the following documents shall be
considered:
- Management of Hazard Associated with Location of Process Plant Building,

Chemical Manufacturing Association, 1995 ed.
- Process Plant Hazard and Control Building Design, Chemical Industries Association,
1990 ed.
- Safety Guide SG - 22 - Siting and Construction of New Control Houses for Chemical
Manufacturing Plants, Manufacturing Chemist Association, 1978 ed.
- ASCE Task Committee on Blast Resistant Building – Design of Blast Resistant

Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
2.3. Structural Steel Code

- EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures (all parts and Greek NA).
2.4. Project Specifications and Standard Drawings

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Reference documents for the Design of Steel Structures are the following:
076971C -0000-STC-1880-00

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Reference documents for the Design of Civil Works are the following:
076971C -0000-STC-1780-00
Basic Design Data
076971C-0000-JSD-0001-01
3. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Calculations and drawings for all works covered by this specification shall be carried out
using International System Units (S.I.).
In particular the following units shall be used:
• Length : meter m
millimeter mm
• Area : square meter m2
square millimeter mm2
• Force : Newton N
kilonewton kN
• Mass : kilogram kg
• Pressure : kilopascal kPa = kN/m2
megapascal MPa = N/mm2
• Density : kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
• Specific weight : kilonewton per cubic meter kN/m3
• Temperature : degree Celsius °C
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4. LOADING AND LOADING COMBINATIONS
4.1. General Actions
New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs and foundations, shall
be designed to resist the minimum actions defined in EN 1991 and this specification.
For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads.
The following classification of actions by the variation in time shall be considered in the
design of the facilities:
- Permanent actions (G): permanent actions due to gravity; actions of soils and water
pressure; deformations imposed during construction, etc.
- Variable actions (Q): imposed loads on floors, roofs or other parts of the works
(excluding wind and snow); snow loads; wind loads (static and dynamic); water and wave
loads; thermal actions; loads in silos and tanks; traffic loads on bridges and pavements;
actions induced by cranes; dynamic actions from machinery; constructions loads; etc.
- Accidental actions (A): impact; explosions; seismic actions; actions due to fire; etc.
The following loads shall be considered in the design of the plant:
• Dead Loads (DL)

• Live Loads (LL)
• Equipment Erection (EE)
• Equipment Test (ET)
• Equipment Operating (EO)
• Thermal Loads (TLTamb, Frl, TLs)
• Wind Load (WL)
• Earthquake Load (EL)
• Maintenance Load (ML)
• Impact Load (IL)
• Vibration load (VL)
•
Blast Load (BL)

• Construction Load (CL)
• Earth Load (HL)
•
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Fluid Load (FL)
4.2. Dead Load (DL)
Dead load is the self-weight of structures and the weight of all materials permanently
fastened there to or supported thereby, such as fireproofing, pipes, insulation and
walkways, weight of electrical conduits and instrument trays, utility installations and
devices inside suspended ceiling.

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The following values shall be applied:
- Steel platform framing and decking: 1.00 kN/m2 (if required)

- Concrete fireproofing: 19.0 ÷ 22.5 kN/m3 (min. thick. 50 mm)
4.3. Live Load (LL)
Live load consists of the following movable loads:

- persons, portable machinery, tools and, for buildings, furniture, business machines
and archive materials;
- materials temporarily stored during maintenance such as exchanger parts, pipes and
fittings, valves;
- materials normally stored during operation such as tools, maintenance equipment,
catalysts and chemicals;
- passing or staying vehicles, trucks and operating machines.
Live loads shall be uniformly distributed over the horizontal projection of the specified
areas and shall have the following minimum values:
• Storage areas to be determined considering the intended

use of the area, but never less than 6.00 kN/m2
• Electrical Room 10.0 kN/m2 (1)
• Technical Room 6.00 kN/m2 (1)
• Access areas 2.50 kN/m2
• Roof areas (non accessible) 1.00 kN/m2
• Stairs 5.00 kN/m2
(1) These live loads shall be confirmed by Manufacturer's documents.
Member to be designed
Floor slab Floor beam
Operating and 2.50 kN/m2 or a moving

maintenance areas 5.00 kN/m2 concentrated load of 5.0 kN
2.50 kN/m2 or a moving
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Offices 5.00 kN/m2 concentrated load of 5.0 kN

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4.4. Equipment Loads
4.4.1. Equipment Erection (EE)
Equipment Erection is the weight of empty equipment and/or piping (including internal
linings etc., if shop installed). In calculations, it shall be considered as a dead load.
4.4.2. Equipment Test (ET)
Equipment Test is the weight of the equipment and/or piping, plus the weight of water
necessary to perform the hydraulic test. In calculations, it shall be considered as a dead
load.
4.4.3. Equipment Operation (EO)
Equipment Operating is the weight of equipment and/or piping during normal operation,
including solids e/o liquids normally inside.
In calculations, it shall be considered as a dead load.
4.5. Thermal Loads (TLamb, Frl, TLs)
Thermal loads are those forces caused by temperature variations. Two different kinds of
thermal loads shall be considered:
• loads caused by daily and seasonal fluctuation of ambient temperature.
TLTamb = Loads due to the variation of ambient temperature.

In static calculation TLTamb shall be considered as variable load, and shall not be
combined with other instantaneous loads such as wind, earthquake or impact load.
A uniform temperature component ΔTu shall be considered. This load shall be based on
design atmospheric temperature according to EN 1991.1-5 as follows:
ΔTu = T – To = 20° C (According to BDD)
Loads caused by structure expansion and contraction due to ambient temperature

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
variation can be neglected adopting expansion joints at a proper distance.
• Frl = loads on structures and foundations caused by the expansion/contraction of

equipment or pipes.
The following coefficients of static friction f shall be used to determine forces at sliding
surfaces:

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- Teflon to Teflon f = 0.10

- Teflon to stainless steel f = 0.10
- Steel to steel f = 0.40
- Steel to concrete f = 0.45
For pipe racks, process structures, and pipe supports, the anchor force in operating
condition shall be deemed as permanent and shall be considered based on the thermal
stress analysis of the piping system.
The Pipe Anchor load (TLs) shall include the Anchor Load, Guide Load, Contingency
Pipe Thermal Load and Pipe Thermal Load.
These forces, in operating condition, will be defined by Piping Stress Department and
shall be considered permanent loads.
The Anchor load shall be combined with other instantaneous loads such as wind,
earthquake or impact, while Friction Loads shall not be combined with Wind Loads or
Earthquake Loads.
4.6. Wind load (WL)
The wind actions shall be in accordance with EC1 (EN 1991-1-4) “Wind actions”.
Together with specific code i should be followed the National Annex for EC1 par 1-4.
Where:
Vb = 33 m/s Basic Wind Velocity
Z0= 0.01 m For Terrain Category “I”
Zmin=1.0 m For Terrain Category “I”
The peak velocity pressure has been given by (EN 1991-1-4 sect.4.5 eq 4.8):
q p (z ) = [1 + 7 I v ( z )] ⋅ ρ v 2m ( z ) = ce ( z ) ⋅ qb
1
2
z0 = 0.010m Terrain Category "I" Table 4.1 EN 1991-1-4

zmin = 1.00m Terrain Category "I" Table 4.1 EN 1991-1-4
vb = 33 Reference Wind Velocity: (vb =c dir ·c seas·vb,0 =1·1·33) Greek National Annex
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
z min < z e < z max = 200m OK
z0,II = 0.05m Terrain Category "II" Table 4.1 EN 1991-1-4

0.07
 z 
kr =
0.19 ⋅  0  = 0.170 terrain factor § 4.3.2 EN 1991-1-4
 z0, II 

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c0 ( z ) = 1 orography factor § 4.3 EN 1991-1-4
kl = 1.0 turbulence factor § 4.4 EN 1991-1-4
ρ = 1.25 kg/m3, density of air § 4.5 EN 1991-1-4

Formulae used in table below
z e = Reference Height (max height of structure)
z 
cr ( ze ) =kr ⋅ ln  e  = Roughness factor § 4.3.2 EN 1991-1-4
 z0 
vm ( z=) cr ( ze ) ⋅ c0 ( ze ) ⋅ v=
b
Mean wind velocity § 4.3.1 EN 1991-1-4
kl
=Iv ( z) = Turbulance intensity § 4.4 EN 1991-1-4
c0 ( z ) ⋅ ln ( z / z0 )
1
q p ( z ) = 1 + 7 ⋅ I v ( z )  ⋅ ⋅ ρ ⋅ vm2 ( z ) = Peak velocity pressure § 4.5 EN 1991-1-4
2
ze c r (z e ) v m(z ) I v (z) q p (z)

[m] [m/s] [k N/m 2 ]
5.0 1.05 34.8 0.161 1.611
10.0 1.17 38.7 0.145 1.884
15.0 1.24 41.0 0.137 2.053
20.0 1.29 42.6 0.132 2.177
30.0 1.36 44.9 0.125 2.357
40.0 1.41 46.5 0.121 2.488
50.0 1.45 47.7 0.117 2.592
Design Wind Forces:
The wind force Fw acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined

directly by using expression:
Fw = C s C d .C f .q p ( z ) ⋅ Aref
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Where:
qp (z) = Peak velocity pressure defined in EN 1991-1-4 eq. 4.5 at height reference z.
Cs & Cd = Structural factor defined in EN 1991-1-4 Section 6.
Cf = Force coefficient as defined in EN 1991-1-4 paragraphs:
7.4.3.2 for “Signboards”

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7.6 for “Structural elements with rectangular cross section”;

7.7 for “Structural elements with sharp edged section”;
7.8 for “Structural elements with regular polygonal section”;
7.9.3 for “Circular Cylinders”;
7.8 for “Spheres”.
Design Wind Pressures:
The wind pressures acting on surfaces, W (kN/m); evaluated at height “Z” shall be
calculated by the following equation:
W = q p ( z) ⋅ C
Where:
qp (z) = Peak velocity pressure defined in EN 1991-1-4 eq. 4.5 at reference height z.
C = Pressure coefficients as defined in EN 1991-1-4 paragraphs:
7.2 for “Buildings”;

7.3 for “Canopies”;
7.4 for “Free-standing walls, parapets and fences”;
In particular for enclosed buildings, wind pressure shall be evaluated as follows:
w = we – wI = qp (Cpe – Cpi) = [kPa]

we = Cpe * qk wi = Cpi * qp
Where:
w= Wind pressure applied to structures or building;
we = Wind external pressure;
wi = Wind internal pressure;
qp = Wind pressure;
Cpe = External pressure coefficient;
Cpi = Internal pressure coefficient.
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In the figure reported below is indicated the pressure on surface, and It show that the
pressure directed toward the surface is taken as positive, and the suction, directed away
from the surface as negative.
4.7. Earthquake Load (EL)
Earthquake loads shall be calculated according to Seismic Greek Code E.A.K. 2000.
See also § 4.15 for Special Provisions for Modifications of Existing Structures and
Foundations.
Structures in seismic regions shall be constructed in such a way that the following
requirements are met:
• No- Collapse requirement

• Damage Limitation requirement
• Minimum serviceability level requirement (in the absence of specific criteria the
check is negligible)
The “Horizontal elastic response spectrum” shall be calculated by the following

equations:
 T  η ⋅θ ⋅ β O 
Φ d (T ) = γ I ⋅ A⋅ 1+ ⋅ −1 for 0 ≤ T < T1
 T 1  q 
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 η ⋅θ ⋅ β O 
Φ d (T ) = γ I ⋅ A ⋅   for T1 ≤ T ≤ T2
 q 
η ⋅θ ⋅ β O  T2 
2/3
Φ d (T ) = γ I ⋅ A⋅ ⋅  for T2 < T
q T 
where:

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Φ d (T ) = Design Spectral Acceleration

A = Ground seismic acceleration = α x g;
α = 0.24 - (seismic risk zone III - table 2.2 of EAK 2000)
q = Structure behavior coefficient:
η = Correction factor relevant to dumping percentage
γI = 1.3 (Importance factor);
T = Fundamental period of the structure
T1 = Characteristic Period 0,15 (sec) (table 2.4 of EAK 2000) *
T2 = Characteristic Period 0,60 (sec) ( “ “ )*
θ = 1.0 - Foundation coefficient (table 2.7 of EAK 2000) *
β0 = 2.5 (for all types of ground and structures);
* Ground Type has to be confirmed from soil investigation.
The corrective factor η is calculated with the relationship:
7
η= ≥ 0,7
2 +ζ
where:
ζ = Critic dumping percentage (2 for welded steel structure, 4 for bolted steel structure
and 5 for concrete structure - Tab.2.8 of E.A.K. 2000).
The maximum values of q (Structure Behavior Coefficient) are given in table 2.6 of EAK
2000, according to the material of the structural system and the type of the structure.
q = 3.5 for Reinforced concrete frames or dual systems

q = 4 for Steel moment resisting frames
q = 3 for Steel concentric braced frames with diagonal bracing
q = 1.5 for Steel concentric braced frames with V or Λ connection
Note:
The spectrum shown below are valid only for ζ= Critic dumping percentage = 4 (for
bolted steel structure).
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

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Horizontal Response Spectrum

Symbol Value Description
I, II, III = III Seismic risk zone (S.R.Z.)
γ1 = 1.30 Importance factor
A (m/sec2) = 2.35 Seismic ground acceleration
α = 0.24 Ground acceleration (see Table 1)
g (m/sec2) = 9.81 Gravitational aceleration
T (sec) = 0 - 3 Fundamental Period of the building
T1 (sec) = 0.15 Characteristic period of Spectrum (see Table 2)
T2 (sec) = 0.60 Characteristic period of Spectrum (see Table 2)

Α, Β, Γ, Δ = Β Ground Type
η = 1.080 Damping correction factor

θ = 1.00 Foundation factor
βο = 2.5 Amplification factor of spectrum
q = 4/3/1.5 Seismic behaviour factor
ζ (%) = 4 Critical damping ratio
Design Response spectra (q=4)

1.2000
1.0000
Φd(T)/A γ1
0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

T (sec)
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Design Response spectra (q=3)

1.2000
1.0000
Φd(T)/A γ1
0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
T (sec)
Design Response spectra (q=1.5)

2.0000
1.8000
1.6000
1.4000
Φd(T)/A γ1
1.2000
1.0000
0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
T (sec)
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q=4 q=3 q=1.5 q=4 q=3 q=1.5

T T
Φ d(T)/A γ1 Φ d(T)/A γ1 Φ d(T)/A γ1 Φ d(T)/A γ1 Φ d(T)/A γ1 Φ d(T)/A γ1
(sec) (sec)
0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.530 0.362 0.482 0.964
0.030 0.935 0.980 1.160 1.560 0.357 0.476 0.952
0.060 0.870 0.960 1.320 1.590 0.353 0.470 0.940
0.090 0.805 0.940 1.480 1.620 0.348 0.464 0.928
0.120 0.740 0.920 1.640 1.650 0.344 0.459 0.917
0.150 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.680 0.340 0.453 0.906
0.180 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.710 0.336 0.448 0.896
0.210 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.740 0.332 0.443 0.885
0.240 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.770 0.328 0.438 0.875
0.270 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.800 0.325 0.433 0.865
0.300 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.830 0.321 0.428 0.856
0.330 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.860 0.318 0.423 0.847
0.360 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.890 0.314 0.419 0.838
0.390 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.920 0.311 0.415 0.829
0.420 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.950 0.308 0.410 0.820
0.450 0.675 0.900 1.800 1.980 0.305 0.406 0.812
0.480 0.675 0.900 1.800 2.010 0.302 0.402 0.804
0.510 0.675 0.900 1.800 2.040 0.299 0.398 0.796
0.540 0.675 0.900 1.800 2.070 0.296 0.394 0.788
0.570 0.675 0.900 1.800 2.100 0.293 0.390 0.781
0.600 0.675 0.900 1.800 2.130 0.290 0.387 0.774
0.630 0.653 0.871 1.743 2.160 0.287 0.383 0.766
0.660 0.634 0.845 1.689 2.190 0.285 0.380 0.759
0.690 0.615 0.820 1.640 2.220 0.282 0.376 0.753
0.720 0.598 0.797 1.594 2.250 0.280 0.373 0.746
0.750 0.582 0.776 1.551 2.280 0.277 0.370 0.739
0.780 0.567 0.756 1.511 2.310 0.275 0.366 0.733
0.810 0.553 0.737 1.474 2.340 0.272 0.363 0.727
0.840 0.539 0.719 1.438 2.370 0.270 0.360 0.720
0.870 0.527 0.703 1.405 2.400 0.268 0.357 0.714
0.900 0.515 0.687 1.374 2.430 0.266 0.354 0.709
0.930 0.504 0.672 1.344 2.460 0.264 0.351 0.703
0.960 0.493 0.658 1.316 2.490 0.261 0.349 0.697
0.990 0.483 0.645 1.289 2.520 0.259 0.346 0.692
1.020 0.474 0.632 1.264 2.550 0.257 0.343 0.686
1.050 0.465 0.620 1.240 2.580 0.255 0.340 0.681
1.080 0.456 0.608 1.217 2.610 0.253 0.338 0.676
1.110 0.448 0.597 1.195 2.640 0.251 0.335 0.670
1.140 0.440 0.587 1.174 2.670 0.250 0.333 0.665

1.170 0.433 0.577 1.153 2.700 0.250 0.330 0.660
1.200 0.425 0.567 1.134 2.730 0.250 0.328 0.656
1.230 0.418 0.558 1.116 2.760 0.250 0.325 0.651
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1.260 0.412 0.549 1.098 2.790 0.250 0.323 0.646

1.290 0.405 0.540 1.081 2.820 0.250 0.321 0.642
1.320 0.399 0.532 1.064 2.850 0.250 0.319 0.637
1.350 0.393 0.524 1.048 2.880 0.250 0.316 0.633
1.380 0.387 0.517 1.033 2.910 0.250 0.314 0.628
1.410 0.382 0.509 1.018 2.940 0.250 0.312 0.624
1.440 0.377 0.502 1.004 2.970 0.250 0.310 0.620
1.470 0.371 0.495 0.991 3.000 0.250 0.308 0.616
1.500 0.366 0.489 0.977

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 18/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

However, if required, the “vertical elastic response spectrum” shall be calculated with
same equations used above for the horizontal spectrum, with the following modifications:
- Instead of the horizontal ground acceleration A, the corresponding vertical

component Av is used and this is taken equal to 0.70A
- Instead of the behavior factor q, the factor qv =0.50q ≥ 1.0 is used
- The value of the foundation factor θ is always taken equal to 1.0
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 19/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

Design Response spectra (qv=2)

1.6000
1.4000
1.2000
Φd(T)/Av γ1
1.0000
0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
T (sec)
Design Response spectra (q=1.5)

2.0000
1.8000
1.6000
1.4000
Φd(T)/Av γ1
1.2000
1.0000
0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
T (sec)
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Φd(T)/Av γ1
0.0000
0.5000
1.0000
1.5000
2.0000
2.5000
3.0000
0
0.5
1
1.5
T (sec)
2
Project N°
076971C
2.5
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX
Design Response spectra (qv=1)

Unit
0000
3
3.5
JSD 1700
Document Code

01
Serial N°

B
Rev.
Page
20/59
076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 21/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

qv=2 qv=1.5 qv=1 qv=2 qv=1.5 qv=1

T T
Φ d(T)/Av γ1 Φ d(T)/Av γ1 Φ d(T)/Av γ1 Φ d(T)/Av γ1 Φ d(T)/Av γ1 Φ d(T)/Av γ1
(sec) (sec)
0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.530 0.723 0.964 1.447
0.030 1.070 1.160 1.340 1.560 0.714 0.952 1.428
0.060 1.140 1.320 1.680 1.590 0.705 0.940 1.410
0.090 1.210 1.480 2.020 1.620 0.696 0.928 1.393
0.120 1.280 1.640 2.360 1.650 0.688 0.917 1.376
0.150 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.680 0.680 0.906 1.359
0.180 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.710 0.672 0.896 1.343
0.210 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.740 0.664 0.885 1.328
0.240 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.770 0.656 0.875 1.313
0.270 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.800 0.649 0.865 1.298
0.300 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.830 0.642 0.856 1.284
0.330 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.860 0.635 0.847 1.270
0.360 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.890 0.628 0.838 1.257
0.390 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.920 0.622 0.829 1.244
0.420 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.950 0.615 0.820 1.231
0.450 1.350 1.800 2.700 1.980 0.609 0.812 1.218
0.480 1.350 1.800 2.700 2.010 0.603 0.804 1.206
0.510 1.350 1.800 2.700 2.040 0.597 0.796 1.194
0.540 1.350 1.800 2.700 2.070 0.591 0.788 1.183
0.570 1.350 1.800 2.700 2.100 0.586 0.781 1.171
0.600 1.350 1.800 2.700 2.130 0.580 0.774 1.160
0.630 1.307 1.743 2.614 2.160 0.575 0.766 1.150
0.660 1.267 1.689 2.534 2.190 0.570 0.759 1.139
0.690 1.230 1.640 2.460 2.220 0.564 0.753 1.129
0.720 1.196 1.594 2.391 2.250 0.559 0.746 1.119
0.750 1.164 1.551 2.327 2.280 0.554 0.739 1.109
0.780 1.133 1.511 2.267 2.310 0.550 0.733 1.099
0.810 1.105 1.474 2.211 2.340 0.545 0.727 1.090
0.840 1.079 1.438 2.158 2.370 0.540 0.720 1.081
0.870 1.054 1.405 2.108 2.400 0.536 0.714 1.072
0.900 1.030 1.374 2.061 2.430 0.531 0.709 1.063
0.930 1.008 1.344 2.016 2.460 0.527 0.703 1.054
0.960 0.987 1.316 1.974 2.490 0.523 0.697 1.046
0.990 0.967 1.289 1.934 2.520 0.519 0.692 1.037
1.020 0.948 1.264 1.896 2.550 0.515 0.686 1.029
1.050 0.930 1.240 1.859 2.580 0.511 0.681 1.021
1.080 0.912 1.217 1.825 2.610 0.507 0.676 1.013
1.110 0.896 1.195 1.792 2.640 0.503 0.670 1.006
1.140 0.880 1.174 1.760 2.670 0.499 0.665 0.998

1.170 0.865 1.153 1.730 2.700 0.495 0.660 0.991
1.200 0.851 1.134 1.701 2.730 0.492 0.656 0.983
1.230 0.837 1.116 1.673 2.760 0.488 0.651 0.976
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
1.260 0.823 1.098 1.647 2.790 0.485 0.646 0.969

1.290 0.811 1.081 1.621 2.820 0.481 0.642 0.962
1.320 0.798 1.064 1.596 2.850 0.478 0.637 0.956
1.350 0.786 1.048 1.573 2.880 0.474 0.633 0.949
1.380 0.775 1.033 1.550 2.910 0.471 0.628 0.942
1.410 0.764 1.018 1.528 2.940 0.468 0.624 0.936
1.440 0.753 1.004 1.506 2.970 0.465 0.620 0.930
1.470 0.743 0.991 1.486 3.000 0.462 0.616 0.923
1.500 0.733 0.977 1.466

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 22/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

Depending on the structural characteristic of the building one of the following two types
of linear-elastic analysis may be used:
a) Simplified Spectrum Method (Equivalent Static Method) ” for buildings meeting

the criteria for regularity in elevation given at paragraph 3.5.1. of the EAK 2000
b) Response Spectrum Method (Dynamic) which is applicable to all types of
buildings
Tall structures and structures having stiffness, weight, or geometric irregularities shall be
analyzed using the “Response Spectrum Method” in which the sum of the effective modal
masses for the modes taken into account amounts to at least 90% of the total mass of
the structure.
- Equivalent Static Method
The overall magnitude of the lateral seismic load V0 (base shear force) shall be:
V0 = M ⋅ Φ d (T )
where:
M = Total mass of the structure = Total Dead Load + 30% Live Load,
Φ d (T ) = Design Spectral Acceleration:
Fundamental period can be calculated for orthogonal-plan structure with the following
formula:
H H
T = 0,09 ⋅ ⋅
L H + ρ ⋅L
Where:
H = Building height
L = Building length in the calculation direction
ρ = Ratio between the wall-surface (in the calculation seismic direction) and
the total surface of walls and columns
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
The vertical distribution of seismic loads for normal buildings and structures (conforming
to § 3.5.1-3 of E.A.K. 2000) can be calculated with the following formula:

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 23/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

mi⋅ ⋅ zi
F = (V0 −VH ) ⋅ , i,j = 1,2,…….N
∑m
j
j⋅ ⋅zj
where:
mi = That portion of mass M which is located at, or is assigned to level i
VH = 0,07⋅T⋅ V0 (≤0,25⋅ V0) is additional force concentrated at the top of the
structure when T ≥ 1 sec
Zi,j = Height above the base to level i or j
N = Number of level of the structure
4.8. Displacement calculation for Expansion Joints
If linear analysis is performed the displacements induced by the design seismic action
shall be calculated on the basis of the elastic deformations as following:
d s = q d .d c
Where:
ds is the displacement of a point of the structural system induced by the design

seismic action;
qd is the displacement behavior factor, assumed equal to q.
dc is the displacement of the same point of the structural system, as determined
by a linear analysis based on the design response spectrum in accordance
with EN 1998-1 3.2.2.5.
4.9. Damage Limitation

The “damage limitation requirement” is considered to have been satisfied if the

interstorey drift are limited as following:
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
a) for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle n1aterials attached to the

structure:
d r .v = 0.005h
.

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 24/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

b) for buildings having ductile non-structural elements:
d r .v = 0.0075h
c) for buildings having non-structural elements fixed in a way so as not to interfere with
structural deformations, or without non-structural elements:
d r .v = 0.0010h
Where:
dr is the design interstorey drift determined by a linear analysis based on the

design response spectrum in accordance with EN 1998-1 3.2.2.5 ;
h is the storey height;
ν is the reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the
seismic action associated with the damage limitation requirement. (v=0.5
conservative).
4.10. Maintenance load (ML)
Maintenance loads are temporary forces due to dismantling, repair or painting of

equipment. In calculations, they shall be considered as live loads.
4.11. Exchangers bundle pulling
Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers shall be designed to withstand

a longitudinal force applied at the centroid of the tube bundle.
Such force shall be supported by the fixed saddle only, and it shall be equal to the weight
of the bundle or to 10 kN, whichever is bigger.
In case of stacked equipment it shall be assumed that the bundle pulling of equipment
shall not be simultaneous.
4.12. Impact Load (IL)
Impact loads are forces caused by moving objects, such as bridge-cranes and monorails,
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
on their supporting structures, on their runways or where they place the lifted loads. In
calculations, they shall be considered as live loads.
For structures supporting live loads which induce impact, the design live loads shall be
increased for the impact effect.
The increase of loads due to impact, if not otherwise specified, shall be evaluated as
shown in the following table:

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 25/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

STRUCTURE LOAD DIRECTION DYNAMIC INCREASE

a) Vertical 25% of lifted load
b) Horizontal 10% of maximum wheel load applied at top of

runway
Bridge-crane runways c) Transversal 20% of the sum of the lifted load and the weight of
the crane trolley applied at top of runway, one half
on each side.
This force shall be considered acting in either
directions normal to runway rail.
b) Horizontal 10% of wheel load

Monorails runway
c) Transversal 20% of lifted load

Davits (1)
b) Horizontal 20% of equipment weight
(1) davits for manhole are not included.
4.13. Vibration Load (VL)
Vibration loads are those forces and moments caused by rotating or reciprocating
machinery such as compressors, turbines, fan, blowers, and pumps.
The evaluation of such loads shall be done on the basis of Manufacturer's documents
and as indicated in the following paragraph 6. "Foundations and Structures for Vibrating
Machines".
4.14. Blast Load (BL)

Blast loads are those forces caused by vapor cloud explosion. Unless otherwise directed
by risk analysis study, blast loads and loading combination shall be evaluated based on
prescriptions included in document “Management of hazard associated with location of
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
process plant building” 1995 ed. published by Chemical Manufacturing Association and
associated documents listed in paragraph 2.2.1.
4.15. Construction Load (CL)
Construction load is any temporary force due to the erection of structures or equipment.
In calculation, it shall be considered as a live load.

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 26/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

4.16. Earth Load (HL)
Earth loads are those forces due to soil and ground water pressure against structures
and foundations. In calculations, it shall be considered as a dead load.
4.17. Fluid Load (FL)
Fluid loads are those forces due to weight and pressure of fluids. In calculations, it shall
be considered as a live load.
4.18. Loading Combinations for New Structures and Foundations
All loading combinations shall be done in accordance with the referenced design codes.
At least the loading combinations listed in the following paragraphs shall be considered.
Combinations of loads and forces shall be considered to determine the critical loading
condition for the design of the structural elements (columns, beams, slabs, bracings,
anchor bolts, foundations) and to check the stability of the structure.
However, safety of persons and structures shall be assured during all transient phases
of construction.
- Elevated structures and foundations shall be designed for the Strength Limit State.
- Maximum deflections in structures shall be checked for Serviceability Limit State.
Geotechnical design shall be conducted according to Load Combinations for Ultimate

Limit State and for drained/undrained conditions, static/seismic conditions, foundations’
dimension ratio L’/B’=1,2,10 and maximum dimension size 4.0m (of effective areas by
Meyerhoff) and bearing residue σd according to EC7 & EAK.
4.18.1. Process structures, Pipe-Racks, Substations, Control Houses and other buildings
Ultimate Limit States – Design of Structures and Foundations

Elevated structure and structural design of foundations, verification for material failure or
structure collapse ULS. – (Eurocode Table A1.2(B) – Design values of actions
(STR/GEO) Set B).
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
a) Combinations of actions for persistent or transient situations:
Ed = γ G , j ,sup .Gk , j ,sup + γ Q ,1.Qk ,1 + ∑ γ Q ,i .ψ 0,i .Qk ,i

i >1
Ed = γ G , j ,inf .Gk , j ,inf + γ Q ,1.Qk ,1 + ∑ γ Q ,i .ψ 0,i .Qk ,i

i >1

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 27/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

b) Combinations of actions for seismic design situations:
Ed = ∑ Gk , j + AEd + ∑ψ 2,i .Qk ,i

j ≥1 i >1
STR/GEO Table A1.2 (B) - Design of Structural members & Foundations

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
ϒG,j,sup 1.35
ϒG,j,inf 1.0
ϒQ,1 1.5
ϒQ,i 1.5

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 28/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

A) Elevated structure and foundations strength design

A1) Erection and Construction
1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL
1DL+1EE + 1HL + 1.5TLTamb
1DL+1EE + 1HL + 1.5WLx

1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.6CL
1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLx + 1.5*0.6CL
1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5CL
1DL+1EE + 1HL + 1.5WLz

1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.6CL
1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLz + 1.5*0.6CL
1.35DL+1.35EE + 1.35HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5CL
A2) ERECTION ACCIDENTAL EARTHQUAKE

DL + EE + HL + ELx + 0.3ELz + 0.3LL
DL + EE + HL + 0.3ELx + ELz + 0.33LL
A3) OPERATING
1.35DL + 1.35EO + 1.35VL + 1.35HL + 1.35FL
1DL + 1EO + 1VL + 1.35TLs + 1HL + 1FL + 1.5TLTamb+1.5*0.6FrL
1.35DL+1.35EO+1.35VL+1.35TLs+1.35HL+ 1.35FL + 1.5*0.7LL+
+1.5*0.6TLTamb + 1.5FrL + 1.5*0.6IL

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
1DL + 1EO + 1VL + 1.35TLs + 1HL + 1FL + 1.5WLx

1.35DL + 1.35EO + 1.35VL + 1.35TLs + 1.35HL + 1.35FL + 1.5LL+
+1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
1.35DL + 1.35EO + 1.35VL + 1.35TLs + 1.35HL + 1.35FL + 1.5*0.7LL +

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 29/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

+ 1.5WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
+ 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5IL
1DL + 1EO + 1VL + 1.35TLs + 1HL + 1FL + 1.5WLz

1.35DL + 1.35EO + 1.35VL + 1.35TLs + 1.35HL + 1.35FL + 1.5LL +
+ 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.7IL
+ 1.5WLz + 1.5*0.7IL
+ 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5IL
A4) OPERATING ACCIDENTAL EARTHQUAKE

DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + ELx + 0.3ELz + 0.3LL + 0.3IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.3ELx + ELz + 0.3LL + 0.3IL
A5) Hydraulic Test

In hydraulic test condition, 50 % of live load and wind load shall be considered.
1.35DL+1.35ET + 1.35HL + 1.35FL
1DL+1ET + 1 HL + 1 FL + 1.5*0.5WLx
1.35DL+1.35ET + 1.35HL + 1.35FL+ 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.5WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
1.35DL+1.35ET +1.35HL+1.35FL+1.5*0.5LL+1.5*0.6*0.5WLx + 1.5*0.7IL

1.35DL+1.35ET + 1.35HL + 1.35FL+ 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.6*0.5WLx + 1.5IL
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
1DL+1ET + 1HL + 1FL+ 1.5WLz

1.35DL+1.35ET + 1.35HL + 1.35FL+ 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.5WLz + 1.5*0.7IL
1.35DL+1.35ET + 1.35HL + 1.35FL+ 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.6*0.5WLz + 1.5IL

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 30/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

A6) Maintenance
1DL + 1EE + 1HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.7IL

1.35DL+1.35EE +1.35HL +1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx +1.5*0.7IL
1DL + 1EE + 1HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.7IL

1.35DL+1.35EE+1.35HL +1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz +1.5*0.7IL
In addition to the loading combinations of point A1, A2 and A3, in order to determine the
most severe condition, loading combinations with loading factors 1.0 for dead loads
(instead of 1.35) and 0 for live loads (instead of 1.5), shall be investigated.
Serviceability Limit States – Vertical and Horizontal Displacements.

Ed = Gk , j ,sup + Qk ,1 + ∑ψ 0,i .Qk ,i
i >1
Ed = Gk , j ,inf + Qk ,1 + ∑ψ 0,i .Qk ,i

i >1
E d = Gk , j ,sup + qd .v. AEd
Where:
qd :is the displacement behaviour factor, assumed equal to q.
v: Is the reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the
seismic action associated with the damage limitation requirement (v=0.5 as
EN_1998-1-NA).
AEd: Design response spectrum.
B) Check of maximum deflections for steel structures

B1) Erection and Construction
DL + EE + HL
DL + EE + HL+ TLTamb
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
DL + EE + HL + WLx
DL + EE + HL + LL + 0.6WLx + 0.6CL
DL + EE + HL + 0.7LL + WLx + 0.6CL
DL + EE + HL + 0.7LL + 0.6WLx + 0.6TL + CL
DL + EE + HL + WLz

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 31/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

DL + EE + HL +LL + 0.6WLz + 0.6CL

DL + EE + HL + 0.7LL + WLz + 0.6CL
DL + EE + HL + 0.7LL + 0.6WLz + CL
Earthquake Load (EL= qd*ν*ELd)
DL + EE + HL + qd*0.5*ELx + qd*0.5*0.3*ELz
DL + EE + HL + qd*0.5*0.3*ELx + qd*0.5*ELz
B2) Operating
DL + EO + VL + HL + FL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + TLTamb+0.6FrL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.7LL + 0.6TLTamb + FrL +
0.7IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + WLx
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + LL + 0.6WLx + 0.7IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.7LL + WLx + *0.7IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.7LL + 0.6WLx + IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + WLz
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + LL + 0.6WLz + 0.7IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.7LL + WLz + *0.7IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.7LL + 0.6WLz + IL
Earthquake Load (EL= qd*ν*ELd)

DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + qd*0.5*ELx + qd*0.5*0.3*ELz

DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + qd*0.5*0.3*ELx + qd*0.5*ELz
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
B3) Hydraulic Test

DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.5WLx
DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.7*0.5LL + 0.5WLx + 0.7IL

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 32/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.7*0.5LL + 0.6*0.5WLx + IL
DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.5WLz
DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.7*0.5LL + 0.5WLz + 0.7IL
DL + ET + HL + FL + 0.7*0.5LL + 0.6*0.5WLz + IL
B4) Maintenance
DL + EE + HL + ML + BP + 0.7LL + 0.6WLx + 0.7IL
DL + EE + HL + ML + BP + 0.7LL + 0.6WLz + 0.7IL
In addition to the loading combinations of point B1and B2, in order to determine the most
severe condition, loading combinations with loading factor 0 for live loads (instead of 1.0
or 0.7), shall be investigated.
Ultimate Limit States – Global stability check
Verification of static equilibrium ULS. – (Eurocode Table A1.2(A) – Design values of

actions (EQU) Set A).
Ed = γ G , j ,sup .Gk , j ,sup + γ Q ,1.Qk ,1 + ∑ γ Q ,i .ψ 0,i .Qk ,i

i >1
Ed = γ G , j ,inf .Gk , j ,inf + γ Q ,1.Qk ,1 + ∑ γ Q ,i .ψ 0,i .Qk ,i

i >1

Ed = ∑ Gk , j + AEd + ∑ψ 2,i .Qk ,i

j ≥1 i >1
EQU Table A1.2 (A) (SET A) - Static Equilibrium (overturning & sliding)
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
ϒG,j,sup 1.1
ϒG,j,inf 0.9
ϒQ,1 1.5
ϒQ,i 1.5

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 33/59
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

C) Overturning and Sliding Checks for foundations
C1) ERECTION & CONSTRUCTION
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL + 1.5TLTamb
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL + 1.5WLx

1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.6CL
1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLx + 1.5*0.6CL
1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5CL
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL + 1.5WLz

1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.6CL
1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLz + 1.5*0.6CL
1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5CL
ERECTION ACCIDENTAL EARTHQUAKE

DL + EE + HL + ELx + 0.3ELz + 0.3LL
DL + EE + HL + 0.3ELx + ELz + 0.3LL
C2) OPERATING
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1HL + 1.1FL
0.9DL + 0.9EO + 0.9VL + 1.1TLs + 0.9HL + 0.9FL + 1.5TLTamb+1.5*0.6FrL
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7LL +1.5*0.6TLTamb

+1.5FrL + 1.5*0.7IL
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
0.9DL + 0.9EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 0.9HL + 0.9FL + 1.5WLx

1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLx +1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLx +1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx +1.5IL

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0.9DL + 0.9EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 0.9HL + 0.9FL + 1.5WLz

1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5LL + 1.5*0.6WLz +1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5WLz +1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL + 1.1EO + 1.1VL + 1.1TLs + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz +1.5IL
C3) TEST
0.9DL + 0.9ET + 0.9HL + 0.9FL + 1.5*0.5WLx

1.1DL+1.1ET + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.5WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL+1.1ET + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7*0.5LL +1.5*0.6*0.5WLx + 1.5IL
0.9DL+0.9ET + 0.9HL + 0.9FL + 1.5*0.5WLz

1.1DL+1.1ET + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.5WLz + 1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL+1.1ET + 1.1HL + 1.1FL + 1.5*0.7*0.5LL + 1.5*0.6*0.5WLz + 1.5IL
C4) OPERATING ACCIDENTAL EARTHQUAKE
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + ELx + 0.3ELz + 0.3LL + 0.3IL
DL + EO + VL + TLs + HL + FL + 0.3ELx + ELz + 0.3LL + 0.3IL
C5) Maintenance
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLx + 1.5*0.7IL
0.9DL+0.9EE + 0.9HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.7IL

1.1DL+1.1EE + 1.1HL + 1.5ML + 1.5BP + 1.5*0.7LL + 1.5*0.6WLz + 1.5*0.7IL
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
In addition to the loading combinations of point C1 and C2, in order to determine the
most severe condition, loading combinations with loading factor 0 for live loads (instead
of 1.5), shall be investigated.

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Load combinations for Basins
A) Erection
1.35 x (DL+ HL)
B) Operating
1.35 x (DL+ FL + HL)
4.19. Special Provisions for Modifications of Existing Structures and Foundations

(according to EAK2000 Appendix E)
4.19.1. General
In case of additions which are not statically independent from the existing structure (e.g.
additions in height), the seismic study and generally the design that concerns the
additions and possible strengthening of the existing structure, shall be carried out
according to all the provisions of EAK2000, with the clarifications mentioned in the next
paragraph 4.17.2.
The Owner will supply all the available information (e.g. loads, external actions,
reinforced concrete or steel elements characteristics and updated drawings) of the
existing structure to the designer to perform the above seismic study and relevant
checks.
The check of the existing structure, when carried out according to EAK2000, is allowed
to be constrained only to the satisfaction of the collapse prevention criteria and especially
to the fulfillment of the requirements of § 4.1.2 and § 4.1.3 of EAK2000, regarding Design
Actions and Strength Check (see § 4.15.3 Loading Combinations).
4.19.2. Detail Design Provisions
In case of modifications to existing structures built after year 1985 (category C and D of
EAK2000 Appendix E), independently of importance, if the following relation is

guaranteed, an exception from the seismic check is allowed (no calculation shall be
performed).
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
V0NEW
ψ= ≤ 1.10
V0EXISTING
Where:

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V0NEW = Total Seismic Load (Base Shear) of overall structure after

modifications and probable future additional stories calculated according to EAK2000
(see §4.6.1 of this specification).
V0EXISTING = Total Seismic Load (Base Shear) of existing structure calculated

according to EAK2000 (see §4.6.1 of this specification).
This exception is valid only for one time in the lifetime of the structure and shall have
written approval from the Owner.
In case of modifications to existing structures built after year 1985 (category C and D of
EAK2000 Appendix E), independently of importance, if the modifications are foreseen
inside their original approved design studies, an exception from the seismic check is
allowed. This exception shall have written approval from the Owner.
Where the modifications to an existing structure, independently of importance, consist

of additions or replacement of old equipment with new ones that determine total
operating weights not exceeding 10% of the existing, no calculation shall be performed
with exception of all the necessary local checks that will be carried out according to the
loading combinations given in the following § 4.15.3. According to EAK2000 Appendix
E, this exception shall have written approval from the Owner.
4.19.3. Loading Combinations
All loading combinations of revamped structures shall be done in accordance with project
design codes, Eurocode 1 and EAK2000.
At least the loading combinations listed in the above paragraphs shall be considered.
Combinations of loads and forces shall be considered to determine the critical loading
condition for the verification of existing structural elements (columns, beams, slabs,
bracings, anchor bolts, foundations), design of the new ones and to check the stability of
the structure.
However, safety of persons and structures shall be assured during all transient phases
of construction.
- Elevated structures and foundations shall be designed/checked for the Strength Limit
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
State.
- Maximum deflections in structures shall be checked for Serviceability Limit State.

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5. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS
5.1. General
Material quality for reinforced concrete, bar arrangement such as spacing, lapping,
anchorage and concrete cover shall be carried out in accordance with Greek Code.
Reinforcement details not shown on the above mentioned documents shall be carried
out in accordance with the requirements of Greek Code.
5.2. Materials
5.2.1. Concrete
Concrete classes and relevant minimum specified compressive strength at 28 days (fck),
measured on cylindric samples shall be:
• fill and lean concrete C 16/20 (fck = 16 N/mm2)

• concrete duct banks and anchor blocks C 20/25 (fck = 20 N/mm2)
• foundation and elevation concrete (cast in situ) C 20/25 (fck = 20 N/mm2)
• paving, pits and ditches C 20/25 (fck = 20 N/mm2)
• concrete fireproofing C 20/25 (fck = 20 N/mm2)
• basins and water retaining structures C 25/30 (fck = 25 N/mm2)
• foundation for heavy vibrating machines C 25/30 (fck = 25 N/mm2)
• foundation for light vibrating machines C 20/25 (fck = 20 N/mm2)\
The cement used for all concrete works shall be Portland type.
All concrete shall have generally water/cement ratio of 0.45.
Concrete for water retaining structures shall have water/cement ratio of 0.40 with a
minimum slump of 150 mm.
5.2.2. Reinforcing steel
Deformed Reinforcing steel bars shall be Grade S500s (minimum yield strength fyk=500
N/mm2) according to Greek Code.
Welded wire fabric shall be Grade S500 (minimum yield strength fyk=500 N/mm2)
according to Greek Code. The use of welded wire mesh is permitted for thin walls and
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
for paving only.
Bar diameters in use for the whole project shall be:

∅ 8, ∅ 10, ∅ 12, ∅ 16, ∅ 20, ∅ 25, ∅ 32 (mm)

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5.2.3. Anchor bolts, plates and steel inserts
Material for steel plates and steel shapes for inserts shall be S 275 JR (Fe 430B type
FN) with minimum yield strength fy = 275 N/mm2 according to EN 10025.
Anchor bolts, nuts and washers shall be hot-dipped galvanized and shall conform to EN
ISO 898.
Anchor bolts shall comply Project standard drawings 076971C -0000-STC-1790-03.
5.3. General Design Criteria
5.3.1. Anchor bolts
Anchor bolts design shall be in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 Para. 2.7.

Grade 8.8 anchor bolts may be used where large diameter bolts ( Φ > 42mm) are
required to resist high tensions and shears.
The minimum size of anchor bolts shall be 12mm.
Design of anchor bolts, shall be done considering the following design stresses:
Anchor Bolt Characteristics

Diameter fyk,b (N/mm2) fuk,b (N/mm2)
Selection CLASS Yield strength Ultimate tensile
(mm) strength
Ø<42 Grade 5.6 300 500
Ø≥42 Grade 8.8 640 800
Design resistances at the Ultimate Limit State for anchor bolts shall be in compliance
with anchor bolt material and applicable codes and standards. In principle Table 3.4 of
Eurocode EN 1993-1:8:2005 applies:
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

Project N°
076971C
NEW NAPHTHA COMPLEX

Unit
0000

JSD 1700
Document Code

01
Serial N°

B
Rev.
Page
39/59
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The Ultimate strength for anchor bolts Grade 5.6 is:

- Ft,Rd/ Ab =k2*fub/γM2= 0.9*500/1.25 = 360N/mm2
- Fv,Rd/ Ab =av* fub/γM2= 0.6*500/1.25 = 240N/mm2
The Ultimate strength for anchor bolts Grade 8.8 is:
- Ft,Rd/ Ab =k2*fub/γM2= 0.9*800/1.25 = 576N/mm2

- Fv,Rd/ Ab =av* fub/γM2= 0.6*800/1.25 = 384N/mm2
In principle shear stress should not be transferred on foundation by anchor bolts.
Shear design of steel structure base-plates shall meet the following criteria:
i. Shear-keys shall be provided under columns which transfer important shear

loads (such as braced frames, shelters with bridge-crane and pipe rack braced
bays). Shear-key consists of steel profile welded under column base-plate.
ii. Shear can be transferred to foundation by friction for minor structures, such
as walkways, shelters without bridge-crane, pipe-racks, etc. In these cases
the effective compressed area shall be calculated based on actual vertical
load and moment. If the effective shear load exceeds the maximum shear
transferred by friction, shear-key shall be foreseen.
Whereas shear is unavoidable bolts check will be carried out with following formulas:
 F   FV ,Ed 
 t ,Ed    ≤1
 1.4 F +F 
 t , Rd   V ,Rd 
Where:
Ft,Ed = Resultant design tension on bolt
Fv,Rd = Resultant design shear on bolt
5.3.2. Shallow Foundations

The design and specifications for construction of concrete foundations shall be adequate
for the structure’s intended use, in accordance with commonly accepted engineering
practice and the requirements described in this section. A geotechnical investigation is
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
required for all foundations.
The allowable soil bearing capacity will be reported on the result of the geotechnical
investigation, taking into account allowable settlements & safety factors. Soil pressure
will be calculated under the action of vertical and lateral forces according to appropriate
loading combinations.

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As general rules the preferred types of shallow foundation are: isolated footing, strip
footing, mat foundation and ring wall. They shall be designed to the requirement of the
equipment, structures or building that they support.
The calculated maximum soil pressure for isolated foundations max plan dimension and
thickness that it must be consider rigid, shall be carried out following the “reduced area
method” of Meyerhof as follows:
σ = P/AR ≤ allowable bearing pressure
Where:
AR is the area obtained reducing the soil contact area by shifting its edge(s), that is (are)
opposite to the load application point of twice the eccentricity; hence the centroid of the
reduced area is coincident with the load application point.
For a rectangular foundation it is as follows: AR = (Lx-2ex)(Ly-2ey)
Where: Lx
ex = |My/P|
ey = |Mx/P|
P = vertical load at foundation base level 2ex
Mx = moment about x axis at base level
My = moment about y axis at base level Ly
Lx = Length of the foundation in x direction 2ey
Ly = Length of the foundation in y direction
For strip and mat foundations the calculation shall be performed using finite element
method, according to Winkler’s theory of elastic soil applying the geotechnical
parameters indicated on soil investigation report.
Shallow foundations are foreseen for all process structures, buildings and equipment.
(HOLD)
Foundations shall be placed at the same depth of the neighboring foundations, but never
less than 1.0 m, on compacted undisturbed soil or backfill.
Maximum soil pressure, calculated within the loading combination of par. 4.16, shall be
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
lower than the allowable bearing pressure of soil.

Allowable bearing pressure of soil shall comply the prescriptions of Soil Report.
Check of soil pressure shall be carried out according to the ULS method and with SLS
for settlements check purposes, unless otherwise prescribed in final report for
geotechnical recommendations.
Design stress on soil shall be determined on the base of prescriptions of final soil report.

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Shallow foundations shall be designed according to the following criteria:
• Overturning check shall be carried out according to ULS Method (EQU)

combinations as indicated in EN 1997-1 2.4.7.2. It shall be verified that:
E stb ,d
≥1
E dst ,d
E dst ,d = E {γ F Frep; X k / γ M }dst

Where;
E stb ,d = E {γ F Frep; X k / γ M }stb
- Edst,d Destabilising actions

- Estb,d Stabilising actions
- Frep Value of an action
- γF Partial factor on actions (See EN 1997-1 Annex A Table A.1)
- Xk Value of soil action ; if any.
- γM Partial factor of soil (See EN 1997-1 Annex A Table A.2)
• Bearing capacity and sliding check shall be carried out according to ULS Method
(STR/GEO) combinations as indicated in EN 1997-1 2.4.7.3. It shall be verified
that:
Ed ≤ Rd
Ed = E {γ F Frep; X k / γ M }
Where;
Rd = R{γ F Frep; X k / γ M }/ γ R
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
- Ed Design value of the effect of actions

- Rd Design value of the resistance to an action
- Frep Value of an action
- γF Partial factor on actions (See EN 1997-1 Annex A Table A.3)
- Xk Value of soil action ; if any.

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- γM Partial factor of soil (See EN 1997-1 Annex A Table A.4)

- γR Partial resistance factor (See EN 1997-1 Annex A Table A.5)
Equations Factors described above are applied according with the “Design approach 2”
(see EN 1997-1 2.4.7.3.4.3) as follows:
Combination : A1 + M 1 + R 2
Due to above, Maximum soil pressure due to soil resistance, determined considering
dimensions and shape of foundation, shall be lower than the design figure in all USL
applicable loading combination (maximum vertical load, or maximum overturning
moment or both) using the Meyerhof Area reduction method.
q Ed
≤ 1/ γ R
q Rd
q Rd
≥ 1.0
q Ed
Where:
qEd Acting bearing pressure
qRd Ultimate bearing capacity
• According to the paragraph 6.5.3 of EN 1997-1, where the loading is not normal
to the foundation base, foundations shall be checked against failure by sliding on
the base.
Where:
Hd design action: shall include the design values of any active earth forces imposed on
the foundation. All loads acting at the base of the foundation shall be factorized according
to partial factors given in EN 1997-1 and for the design approach 2.
Rd design resistance: according to Approach 2, it can be calculated for drained condition

as follows:
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
γR,h are provided according to the design approach from EN 1997-1.
Friction coefficient between soil and foundation shall be based on soil report
recommendations.

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Should this information be not available it shall be assumed equal to tan  (where  is
the soil friction angle) and shall not exceed the following values:
- 0.60 in case of coarse or gravel soils
- 0.45 in case of fine to medium sand, or stiff clayey soils
- 0.35 in case of clayey soils.
• Total and differential settlements due to dead and live loads shall not exceed the
allowable values, shown in the following table:
FOUNDATION MAXIMUM TOTAL MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL

TYPE SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT
Towers and vertical 15 mm Deviation from vertical line due
equipment to differential settlement shall
(storage tanks excluded) not exceed 0.2%
Horizontal equipment 15 mm 10 mm
Vibrating machinery 5 mm 0
Process structures 20 mm 10 mm
Buildings 20 mm 10 mm
Furnaces 10 mm 0
Maximum differential settlement between two adjacent equipment shall not exceed 15
mm.
5.4. Design Requirements
Elevation 100.000 corresponds to absolute level 24.50 m above mean sea level.
High point of paving (H.P.P.) of existing units corresponds to el. 100.000, of CDU unit
corresponds to el. 108.000 and of Cooling Tower area to el.103.000.
Top of concrete foundations shall be at least 200 mm above finished grade or high point
of concrete paving.
All foundations shall be cast on a 80 mm thick lean concrete layer.
In order to allow the adjustment of equipment and steel structures, top of concrete
foundations shall be left at least 25 mm below the final level.

Surface under base plates of equipment and structures shall be rough to increase grout
bonding.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Concrete foundation shall extend at least 25 mm beyond the base plate borders.
Grout shall be used for filling the space between foundation and base plate.
Minimum distance between the axis of anchor bolt and the foundation edge shall be as
follows:
• 100 mm for anchor bolts 14 <= D <= 24 mm

• 150 mm for anchor bolts 27 <= D <= 45 mm

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• 200 mm for anchor bolts D > 45 mm.
Anchor bolts shall be positioned within the reinforcing bar cage. As general rule anchor
bolts shall be installed before concrete casting. If necessary, adequate pockets shall be
provided in the foundation when anchor bolts are installed later. Pockets shall be filled
using non-shrinking grout.
Foundation for vertical equipment on skirt shall have the top surface sloped for drainage
purposes. For this reason, an embedded pipe or opening in the grout shall be foreseen
in order to discharge on to the pavement outside the skirt.
Minimum concrete cover of reinforcing bars shall be as follows:
• Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75 mm

• Concrete exposed to earth but cast in forms 50 mm
• Concrete not exposed to earth:
- walls and slabs 25 mm
- beams and columns 35 mm
Minimum distance between reinforcing bars shall be 2 times the maximum diameter of
bars.
Above mentioned figures for concrete cover and bar distance shall be checked against
maximum granulometry of available aggregate.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

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6. FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURES FOR VIBRATING MACHINES
Following mandatory requirements shall govern the design of foundations and structures
supporting vibrating machines.
6.1. Definitions
Vibrating machinery is any equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the major
moving parts (such as reciprocating or rotary compressors, pumps, turbines) and having
a gross plan area exceeding 2.5 m2, or a total weight greater than 25 kN.
6.2. General Design Criteria for all Vibrating Machines
Dynamic modulus of elasticity (E') of concrete to be used in dynamic analysis is indicated

in the following table (DIN 1045):
f’c E’ (N/mm2)
25 30. 000
35 34. 000
45 37. 000
55 39. 000
Soil pressure, considering dead and live loads, shall not exceed 50% of the allowable
figure1.
The allowable soil-bearing for foundations for equipment designed for dynamic loads
shall be a maximum of 50% of normal allowable for static loads.
The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the combined weight of the
foundation and machinery and the bearing surface shall be 5% in each direction.
The effects of shrinkage and thermal expansion shall be taken into account. In order to
prevent cracking, minimum amount of reinforcement shall be 50 Kg/cum. In any case
minimum reinforcing bar diameter shall be 16 mm. All reinforcement shall be triaxilly
arranged.
The following rules shall considered in foundation design:
• foundation shall consists of clean simple lines;

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
• pockets where vapor could accumulate are not permitted;

• beams and columns shape shall be uniform and rectangular;
• slender elements shall not be used.
All parts of machine supports shall be independent from the adjacent foundations and
buildings. Concrete floor slabs, adjacent to machine foundation, shall be spaced a

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minimum of 10 mm from the foundation. The space between slab and foundation shall
be filled with a flexible joint filler and sealer.
Thickness of foundation slab, in metre, shall not be less than:
Thk = 0.6 + L/30

where:
-for one machinery train:

L = longest dimension of the foundation slab (m);
-for two or more machinery trains supported on a common foundation:

L = greater of:
-width of the common slab;
-maximum slab segment length assigned to any train.
In any case minimum thickness of foundation\ slab shall not be less than 1/10 of its
maximum dimension.
The height of supports above grade shall be the minimum required to accommodate
suction and discharge piping configuration.
• For centrifugal machinery less than 500 horsepower, in the absence of a detailed
dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least 3 times the total
machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the equipment manufacturer.
• For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower, in the absence of a detailed
dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least 5 times the total
machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the manufacturer.
• Foundations for reciprocating compressors greater than 150 kilowatts (200 brake
horsepower) and all table-top special purpose equipment shall be dynamically analyzed.
If the analysis predicts a resonance, then the mass of the foundation should be increased
(if possible) to overturn it.
6.3. Design Criteria for Reciprocating Machinery

Design of foundation for reciprocating machinery shall be carried out in accordance with
the following criteria:
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
a) Total foundation weight shall be at least 5 times the total weight of machinery;
b) The horizontal eccentricity in any direction, between the centroid of the machine +
foundation system and the centroid of the base contact area shall not exceed 5%
of the respective base dimension;

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c) The center of gravity of the machine-foundation system should be as close as

possible to the lines of action of unbalanced forces;
d) Compressor foundation shall include supports for pulsation bottles;
e) Groups of reciprocating machinery could be tied together with a common

foundation slab when allowed by their location and service.
Dynamic analysis shall be carried out as follows:
a) Barkan's theory shall be utilized to carry out the calculation of natural frequencies
and amplitudes;
b) Natural frequencies in the modes being excited shall preferably out of 0.7 to 1.3
times the disturbing frequencies of any machine on the foundation. If it is not
possible fulfill this prescription, frequencies within the above mentioned range can
be accepted if the maximum amplitudes shall within the limits listed in the following
point f);
c) Damping shall not be higher than 5%;
d) Primary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at machine speed for
calculation of primary amplitudes;
e) Secondary forces, couples and moments shall be applied at twice the machine
speed for calculation of secondary amplitudes;
f) Total amplitude shall be calculated by combining, in phase, primary and secondary

amplitudes.
Total peak-to-peak amplitude on foundation shall not exceed 0.05 mm.
6.4. Design Criteria for Rotary Machinery

6.4.1. General
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Rotary machines may be supported either directly on a foundation or on elevated

structure. Structures and foundation supporting rotary machines shall be designed in
accordance with the requirements of DIN 4024, 1988 ed.
Foundation and elevated structures shall be dimensioned applying the criteria mentioned
in par. 6.3.1b) and 6.3.1d) of this specification and in accordance with the prescriptions
included in par. 7 of DIN 4024. Furthermore weight of basement (foundation and elevated
structure) shall be at least 3 times the weight of the machinery.

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6.4.2. Materials
Minimum concrete class shall be fck= 25 N/mm2.

If evaluation of damping of concrete are not carried out, the damping factor of system
machine + foundation shall be assumed 0.02.
Higher values of damping factor shall be considered in loading condition in which the
loads are significantly higher than that during normal operation.
6.4.3. Loads
A) Machine
Machine's manufacturer documents shall include the following information:

• loads in erection;
• loads during normal operation;
• loads in malfunctioning state;
• operating frequency or operating range of machine;
• thermal loads due to machine or ancillary equipment.
Static and dynamic loads shall be given separately for each of above mentioned
loading conditions.
B) Foundation
The following loads shall be considered in foundation design:
• dead loads;
• live loads;
• shrinkage and creep of concrete;
• wind, earthquake and thermal loads;
• malfunctioning loads.
6.4.4. Dynamic analysis
- Model
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Structure model shall be defined in accordance with the requirements of DIN 4024.
Dynamic analysis may be dispensed if the mass of rotating elements is less than 1/100
of the mass of the whole system (machine + foundation).
Model shall be defined in such a way to describe correctly the foundation behavior up to
1.5 fmax, where fmax is the maximum operating speed.

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Foundation shall be neglected in dynamic analysis if the requirements of DIN 4024 par.
5.2.3 are fulfilled.
- Natural Frequencies
Natural frequencies of the system machine + foundation shall be calculated in

accordance with the following criteria.
Number of natural frequencies to be calculated shall be defined so that the highest

natural frequency calculated is at least 10% higher than the maximum operating
frequency
This prescription may be neglected in case of machines having operating frequency
higher than 75 Hz.
However, depending on the analysis model, the number of natural frequencies to be

calculated, n, shall met the following shall comply with the following:
• n=10 for two-dimensional models in which only displacements out of the plane are
considered and in which vibration in one coordinate has influence in other
coordinates.
• n=6 for two dimensional models in which only displacements out of the plane are
considered and in which vibration in one coordinate has only secondary influence in
other coordinates (the system may be represented by independent models).
The assessment of vibration behavior shall be checked against prescriptions of DIN 4024
chap. 5.3.2, which are summarized below:
• First order natural frequency (lowest frequency):
f1 >= 1.25 fm
or
f1 <= 0.8 fm
where fm is the lowest service frequency.

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
• Higher order natural frequencies:
- a) fn <= 0.9 fm and fn+1 >= 1.1 fm
- b) if condition a) is not met ,it shall be suffice that fn is less than fm where n is
equal to 6 or 10.

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- Analysis of vibrations due to unbalanced forces
Exciting forces
If unbalanced forces are provided by machine manufacturer they shall be used for
dynamic response of foundation; in absence of such information unbalanced forces shall
be calculated according to VDI 2060, on the basis of quality balance of machine as
follows:
a) Operating state
The balanced quality of machine shall be assumed one grade lower than that for the
relevant machine group as specified in VDI 2060.
F = M ω2 e = F (ωe ) ω
where:
M = Rotor mass in Kg
ω= Speed in rad/sec
(ω e) = class of balance of machine.
All forces shall be considered applied at the bearings
b) Malfunctioning state
Forces due to malfunctioning shall be assumed 6 times the values for operating state
and shall be used for static design and stability checks of structure.
Allowable displacements
If allowable displacements are given by machine manufacturer, they shall be used for
the check of structure.
In absence of such information the maximum amplitudes, effective at the bearings may
be assumed for the particular machine group in accordance with VDI 2056 as follows:
a) Operating state
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
The value associated with the operating frequency for the assessment criterion
given in VDI 2056 which is one grade higher than that guaranteed by the
Manufacturer shall be taken as the amplitude under service conditions.

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b) Malfunctioning state
The amplitude in case of malfunctioning shall be assumed to be 6 times the values

used for operating state.
6.5. Design Criteria for Light Vibrating Machines
Minimum concrete class shall be fck= 20 N/mm2

Following mandatory requirements shall govern the design of foundation and structures
supporting light vibrating machines.
Light vibrating machinery is an equipment having reciprocating or rotary masses as the

major moving parts (such as reciprocating or rotary compressors, pumps, etc.) and
having both a gross plan area less than 2.5 m2 and a total weight less than 25kN.
For light vibrating machinery dynamic design shall be neglected. Static design shall be
carried out according the criteria of par. 5.of this specification; in addition it shall be
checked that foundation weight shall not be less than 3 times of total rotary machine
weight or 5 times of total reciprocating machine weight.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

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7. STEEL STRUCTURES
7.1. Materials
7.1.1. Structural steel
Material for structural steel shall be according to EN-10025 type S275 JR/J0 and S355
JR/J0, with minimum yield strength fy = 275/355 N/mm2.
Material for structural steel shall be S 275 JR according to EN 10025 (2005). Equivalent
material (with minimum yield strength 275 Mpa) is also accepted.
7.1.2. Steel Grating
Material for steel grating shall be S 275 JRG2 (Fe430B) according to EN 10025.
Hot deep galvanized steel grating shall be a 30 x 50 mm mesh with 25 x 3 mm bearing
bars.
7.1.3. Checkered Plate
Material for checkered plate shall be be S 275 JRG2 (Fe430B) according to EN 10025
Minimum thickness shall be 6+2 mm.
7.1.4. Steel Connections
All structural connections, including equipment connections, shall be performed by

bolted connections, except where welds are shown on construction drawings.
All structural bolted connections are bearing type connections.
Bearing type bolts for shear and moment connections shall be conform to grade 5.6 or
8.8 according to EN-ISO 898, for diameter selection see next table.
The grade 5.6 shall be used only for secondary connections.
The minimum diameter of bolts grade 8.8 for structural connections shall be 20 mm.
Washers have to be under nut and head of bolt (i.e. 1 bolt = 2 washer + 1 nut).
For minor structures, stair treads and handrail posts the maximum diameter shall be
16mm Grade 5.6, unless otherwise noted on construction drawings.
Diameter fyb (N/mm2) fub (N/mm2)

Bolt Grade
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
selection yield strength ultimate tensile

Φ (mm) strength
< 20 5.6 300 500
≥ 20 8.8 640 800
Table 7-1 Structural Bolts Characteristics

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Bolted connections shall use a minimum of two bolts.

Ladder, stair tread, purling girt, doorframe and handrail connections shall be made by
means of standard bolts type 5.6 for bolt diameter < 20mm and type 8.8 for bolt diameter
≥ 20mm unless note otherwise in construction drawings; conform to EN-ISO 898.
7.2. Allowable Deflections and Displacements
7.2.1. Allowable Deflections
Maximum deflections in structures shall be checked for the Serviceability Limit State.
Deflections shall conform to EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures,
whichever is more restrictive, and to the additions and modifications herein specified.
a) beams with at least two supports:

a.1) purlins L/200
a.2) beams not supporting equipment and pipe rack beams L/250
a.3) floor beams supporting equipment (*):
a.3.1) operating L/500
a.3.2) hydraulic test L/250
a.4) crane runway beams and monorails (*):
a.4.1) vertical L/600
a.4.2) horizontal L/1200
b) cantilevers:
b.1) not supporting equipment L/150
b.2) pipe supports L/150
b.3) supporting equipment (*):
b.3.1) operating L/500
b.3.2) hydraulic test L/250
b.4) crane runway beams (*):
b.4.1) vertical L/300
b.4.2) horizontal L/600
b.5) monorails (*):
b.4.1) vertical and horizontal L/300
where: L = theoretical span of beam or cantilever.

(*) unless specified by Vendor.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
7.2.2. Allowable Displacements
Deflections shall conform to EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures,

whichever is more restrictive, and to the additions and modifications herein specified:
a) one story walkways and shelters without bridge-cranes H/150

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b) frames without equipment H/250

c) pipe-racks H/250
d) frames supporting equipment (*) and buildings H/300
e) frames supporting bridge-cranes (*) H/400
d) Inter-story drift limitations h/150
where:
H = total height of structure

h = inter-story height
(*) unless specified by Vendor.
7.3. General Design Requirements
Structural shapes (dimensions and properties) shall be in accordance with Euronorm.

Design of structures shall be carried out maximizing, where it is possible considering the
layout of equipment and piping, the use of braced frames.
All steel structures shall be bolted type, except where welding is shown on
construction drawings. In those cases welding shall be in accordance with AWS D.1.1,
or equivalent Code. Welding cathetus shall be 8/10 of the minimum thickness to be
welded.
All connections shall be designed according to Eurocode 3 (1993) or equivalent
Grating shall be used for the deck of all platforms, unless specified on construction
drawings.
Checkered plate having minimum thickness 6+2mm shall be used where indicated on
construction dwgs.
All cutouts shall be banded with bars of the same size as the bearing bars.
All permanent grating shall be clamped and bolted to the supporting members, unless
otherwise specified on construction drawings.
Members made of coupled shapes shall have stiffening brackets spaced 50 times the
minimum radius of gyration of each single shape, but not more than 600 mm.
7.3.1. Pipe-rack
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
Transverse bent shall be designed as rigid frames having end plate moment connections
designed to develop the frame moments. Transverse bracing across bents shall not be
allowed.
Longitudinal stability shall be provided by struts connecting each bent to braced bays.
Typology and location of longitudinal bracing shall be established considering access
clearance requirements.

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7.3.2. Minimum Clearances
Unless otherwise indicated on construction drawings, height clearances shall be as

follows:
- for main access areas (from grade level) 2.70 m;
- for plant areas 2.10 m;
- for stairways (vertically above edge of stair tread) 2.30 m.
7.3.3. Ladders, Stairways and Handrails
Ladders, stairways and handrails shall be in accordance with Project std. Dwgs 076971C
-0000-STC-1890-00.
Generally access to platforms shall be by ladder. Access shall be by stairways if the

service requires frequent attention by operational personnel.
An emergency ladder shall be provided at the opposite end to the usual access, in
accordance with safety regulations.
8. REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVING
8.1. Definitions
8.1.1. Light duty paving
Light duty paving will be used in all areas not subjected to vehicle traffic, or 8.
occasionally subjected to transit of light movable equipment with maximum axial load
equal to 10 kN.
Concrete slab shall be of uniform thickness of 150 mm.
Reinforcement consists of welded wire mesh ∅ 6/150 x 150 mm.
8.1.2. Medium Duty Paving
Medium duty paving is provided for areas subjected to light and medium traffic and to
transit of maintenance vehicles.
Concrete slab shall be 150 mm thickness with thicken edges and designed to withstand
a maximum load of 60 kN per axle.
Reinforcement consists of double welded wire mesh ∅ 6/150 x 150 mm (top and bottom).
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
8.1.3. Heavy duty paving
Heavy duty paving is provided for areas subjected to heavy vehicle traffic including the
areas from loading arms to outlet road.
Paving shall be designed to withstand a maximum load per axle of 120 kN (4 tyres)

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Concrete heavy duty paving shall be 200 mm thickness in central area and 300 mm
along the edges. Reinforcement consists of double welded wire mesh.
A polyethylene sheet (0.6 mm thickness) shall be provided between sub-base and

paving.
Static design of reinforced concrete paving shall be carried out according to the criteria
indicated in manual 'PCA-Portland Cement Association-Concrete Pavement Design'.
Reinforced concrete paving shall be foreseen in areas in which may be hydrocarbon

spillage. Paving in areas liable to the spillage of either caustic or acid solutions shall be
curbed and acid proofed.
Curbs, where required to retain spilled material, shall generally be 150 x 100 (HxW) mm
reinforced, cast integrally with the paving.
Areas, where storage tanks containing corrosive products are installed, shall be
surrounded by a dike. Dike capacity shall be sufficient to contain the tank content without
danger of overspill. Paving and dike walls shall be constructed using material resistant
to the corrosive action of said products or shall be lined with a sufficiently thick suitable
coating.
Concrete paving may support minor equipment (small pumps, staircase, light skid
mounted packages) if the local strengthening is limited to 10 kN/m2
Concrete paved areas shall be parted into rectangular sections limited by contraction
joints. These joints shall not be more than 16÷20 m apart and shall extend to the full
depth of concrete paving. Contraction joints shall be 25 mm width and shall be filled with
hot bitumen or with suitable material hydrocarbon resistant. Lower part of joint shall be
filled with polystyrene or with suitable non extruding material.
In correspondence of contraction joints shall be foreseen dowel bars for transferring at

least 20% of the load across the joint. Generally these dowel bars consist of smooth steel
bar 20 mm diameter, 500 mm long every at a spacing of 500 mm. Half dowel bar shall
be oiled to prevent bond between two section of r.c. slab.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
• Construction joints shall not be more than 4.5 m apart and shall extent to the full
depth of concrete paving. Construction joints shall be 8 mm width, 10 mm deep
and shall be filled with hot bitumen or with suitable material hydrocarbon

076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 58/59
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resistant. Lower part of joint shall be filled with polystyrene or with suitable non
extruding material.
• Control joints shall not be more than 6 m apart. They shall be 6 mm wide and 10
mm deep filled with suitable material non extruding. The cut in concrete shall be
made after casting.
• Isolation joints shall be foreseen between paving and foundations projecting

above grade.
The slope of paving shall be at least 1%, with a maximum level variation of 150 mm.
9. ROADS, PITS AND DITCHES
Unless otherwise indicated the following design requirements shall be followed:

a) roads and minor constructions, such as ditches, manholes and pits located in the
plant area, shall be capable to withstand the loads transmitted by a 20 tons truck;
b) ditches, manholes and pits located outside traffic areas shall be capable to
withstand a load of 10 kN/m2.
Pit slab covers shall be at the same level as surrounding paving.
Jointing chambers for electric cables shall be filled with sand.
10. FIREPROOFING
Three hour rating concrete fireproofing class C20/25 (density of 19.0 ÷ 22.5 kN/m3),
having thickness 50 mm, shall be applied to steel structures, with the extension
herebelow described.
Fireproofing shall be casted in situ. Concrete fireproofing details shall be in accordance
with Project Standard dwgs. 076971C -0000-STC-1780-07.
10.1. Structural Steel

W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3
When supporting fire potential equipment, columns and beams transmitting the
equipment load to the columns shall be fireproofed from their bases to a minimum height
above grade indicated in the specification 076971C -0000-JSD-1980-01.
All bracing which contributes to the support of vertical loads or stability of columns shall
be fireproofed when part of a fireproofed supporting system.

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10.2. Pipe-rack
Both the Vertical and horizontal members of the first level of Pipe-racks shall be
fireproofed.
When longitudinal bracings and beams are designed to bear wind and seismic loads
only, they shall not be fireproofed.
If air cooled exchangers are installed above pipe-racks, also the upper levels of the pipe-
racks shall be protected with fireproofing. All horizontal structural members supporting
air-cooler exchangers, including that cantilever beyond the vertical supports shall be
fireproofed.
W - Mod. 1810/E - Type A - Rev. 3

General Design Specification: 076971C 0000 JSD 1700 01 B 1/59

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