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Illumination: Light
Illumination: Light
1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
Illumination
- Light is the prime factor in the human life. Where there is no natural light, use of
artificial light is made.
- Good lighting protects our health, eyes, nervous system, and reducing accidents.
Light
Light is the form of radiant energy (electromagnetic waves). Visible light can have a
wave length between 4000 Angstrom and 7500 Angstrom. The electromagnetic wave
travels at velocity of 3 10 8 m / s
F 3 10 8 m / s
Where F: frequency (Hz), : wave length (m)
Color
The sensation of color is due to the difference in the wave lengths of light radiations
1
Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
1. Plane angle
A plane angle is between two straight lines in the same plane (2 dimensions)
arc
, Unit : radian
radius
For the largest angle, arc = 2πr, (the perimeter of the circle)
It is defined as mean horizontal candle power; it is the mean of candle powers in all
directions and in horizontal plane containing the source of light.
2r
2 (rad)
r
2. Solid angle
It is the angle generated by the surface passing through the point in space (3 dimensions).
To understand it, consider a cone. It is denoted by ω, expressed in (steradians).
area
, Unit : steradians
radius2
Area of cone = 2r (1 cos ) , hence
2
2
2 (1 cos )
2
Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
For the largest angle, area = 4πr2, (the area of the sphere)
It is defined as mean spherical candle power; it is the mean of candle powers in all
directions and in all planes from source of light.
4r 2
4 (sr)
r2
3
Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
5. Illumination (E)
When the light falls up on any surface, the illumination of a surface is defined as the flux
received per unit surface area.
wp
Eav
area
lm
Unit: 2 = lux = meter candle
m
Note:
All over discussions were based on the assumption that the luminous intensity of the
candle power from a source is uniformly distributed over the surrounding surface.
Laws of illumination
There are two laws of illumination:
a) Laws of inverse squares
b) Lambert’s cosine law
4
Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
wp I I
Eav 2
area d 2
d
2 (1 cos )
I I
E1 , E2
d12 d 22
I
E AB
d2
wp wp
E AB , ECD
area AB area CD
area AB area CD cos
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Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
I
ECD E AB cos cos
d2
h d cos
I I
ECD 2
cos 2
[cos ]3
h h
cos
Example (I-1)
A lamp having luminous intensity of 500 lm per sr, is hung 4 m above the center of a
circular area of 6 m diameter. Calculate the illumination at:
i. Center of the area
ii. Periphery of the area
iii. Average illumination
6
Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly
Example (I-2)
Find the illumination beneath each lamp at A, B, and C due to the three street lamps.
note:
lamp I lamp
WP I WP