Dr.

/ Abdelhady Ghanem

Power Electronics (1) – ELE221

Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Lec. №: (6)
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

(1) Resistive Load +
vSCR
-
iG i +
➢ A way to control the output of a half-wave rectifier is to
vs = V m sin (t )
Gate
use an SCR instead of a diode. Control R vo
-
➢ Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:
1) The SCR must be forward-biased (vSCR > 0). (a)
2) A current must be applied to the gate of the SCR.
vs

ωt
➢ The SCR will not begin to conduct as soon as the source
becomes positive. Conduction is delayed until a gate
current is applied, which is the basis for using the SCR vo
as a means of control. Once the SCR is conducting, the
 ωt
gate current can be removed and the SCR remains on
until the current goes to zero.
vSCR

 ωt

(b)
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

(1) Resistive Load +
vSCR
-
➢ If a gate signal is applied to the SCR at 𝜔t=α, where α is the iG i +
delay (firing or triggering) angle. The average (dc) voltage
vs = V m sin (t )
Gate

across the load resistor and the average (dc) current are
Control R vo
-
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1 + cos 𝛼 (a)
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = = 1 + cos 𝛼
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
➢ The rms voltage across the resistor and the rms current are computed from

1 𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 𝛼 sin 2𝛼 𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1− + = 𝜋−𝛼+
2𝜋 𝛼 2 𝜋 2𝜋 2 𝜋 2
➢ The power absorbed by the resistor is
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2𝛼
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 𝜋−𝛼+ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝑅 2𝑅 𝜋 2 𝑃𝑎𝑐 =
𝑅
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

Example: The single-phase half wave rectifier has a purely resistive load of R and the
delay angle is α=π/2, determine: 𝑉𝑑𝑐 , 𝐼𝑑𝑐 , 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠.

𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos 𝛼 = 1 + cos = 0.1592𝑉𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 0.1592
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑚
2𝜋𝑅 𝑅

𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2𝛼 𝑉𝑚 1 𝜋 sin 𝜋
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = + = 0.3536𝑉𝑚
2 𝜋 2 2 𝜋 2 2

𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2𝛼 𝑉𝑚 1 𝜋 sin 𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = + = 0.3536
2𝑅 𝜋 2 2𝑅 𝜋 2 2 𝑅
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

Example: Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V across a 100Ω load resistor from a
120Vrms 50-Hz ac source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.

𝑉𝑚 −1
2𝜋𝑉𝑑𝑐 −1
2𝜋 × 40
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 + cos 𝛼 → 𝛼 = cos − 1 = cos − 1 = 61.2° = 1.07 rad
2𝜋 𝑉𝑚 120

𝑉𝑚 1 sin 2𝛼 120 1 sin 2 × 1.07

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜋−𝛼+ = 𝜋 − 1.07 + = 75.6 𝑉
2 𝜋 2 2 𝜋 2

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
75.6 2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 75.6
𝑃𝑎𝑐 = = = 57.1 𝑊 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 0.756 𝐴
𝑅 100 𝑅 100
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120 × 0.756 = 90.72 𝑊

𝑃𝑎𝑐 57.1
𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.629
𝑆 90.72
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

vSCR
(2) R-L Load + -
+
i
➢ The current is the sum of the forced and natural responses. +
R VR
𝑉𝑚 vs Vo -
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑖𝑓 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝜔𝑡Τ𝜔𝜏 +
𝑍 L VL
-
➢ The constant A is determined from the initial condition 𝜔t=α -
(a)
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝛼 =0= sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝛼Τ𝜔𝜏 𝐴 = − sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 𝛼Τ𝜔𝜏 vo
𝑍 𝑍 0
 2 + 
  vs ωt
2
➢ Substituting for A and simplifying, vR

2 + 
0
  vs ωt
2
𝑉𝑚 𝛼−𝜔𝑡 Τ𝜔𝜏 2 + 
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 = ቐ 𝑍 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 for𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽 0

vL  
ωt
vs 2
0 otherwise
vs 2 + 

0
  vSCR ωt
(b) 2
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

(2) R-L Load ➢ The extinction angle 𝛽 is defined as the angle at which the current
returns to zero, as in the case of the uncontrolled rectifier. When 𝜔t=𝛽
𝑉𝑚 ➢ This equation must be solved numerically for 𝛽.
𝑖 𝛽 =0= sin 𝛽 − 𝜃 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 𝛼−𝛽 Τ𝜔𝜏 ➢ The angle (𝛽-α) is called the conduction angle 𝛶.
𝑍
1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚
➢ The average (dc) output voltage is 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋
1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚
➢ The average (dc) output voltage is 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑖(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) or, 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋 𝛼 2𝜋𝑅
1 2𝜋 2
➢ The rms current is computed from 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑖 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼
Or it can be written as: 1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚2 1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 2 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − sin 2𝛽 + sin 2𝛼
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚 4𝜋 2 2

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 𝑉𝑚2 1 1

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − sin 2𝛽 + sin 2𝛼
𝑍 𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿)2 𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿)2 4𝜋 2 2
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier

Example: For the circuit of controlled half-wave rectifier with R-L Load, the source is 120Vrms at
50 Hz, R=20Ω, L=0.04H, and the delay angle is 45o. Determine (a) an expression for i(𝜔t), (b) the
rms current, (c) the power absorbed by the load, and (d) the power factor.
𝑉𝑚 = 120 2 = 169.7 𝑉 𝑍= 𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿)2 = 202 +(2𝜋 × 50 × 0.04)2 = 23.62 Ω 𝛼 = 45° = 0.785 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝐿 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.04 𝜔𝐿 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.04
𝜃= tan−1 = tan −1 = 32.142° = 0.561 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜔𝜏 = = = 0.628 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑅 20 𝑅 20
(a) 𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 𝛼−𝜔𝑡 Τ𝜔𝜏
for𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛽 𝑍
= 7.18 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 0.561 − 5.58𝑒 −𝜔𝑡Τ0.628 𝐴 𝛽 = 3.7 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑉𝑚
(b) 𝑖 𝛽 =0= sin 𝛽 − 𝜃 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜃 𝑒 𝛼−𝛽Τ𝜔𝜏 = 7.18 sin 𝛽 − 0.561 − 5.58𝑒 −𝛽Τ0.628
𝑍

1 𝑉𝑚2 1 1 1 169.72 1 1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − sin 2𝛽 + sin 2𝛼 = 3.7 − 0.785 − sin 7.4 + sin 1.57 = 3.49 𝐴
𝑅2 + (𝜔𝐿)2 4𝜋 2 2 23.62 4𝜋 2 2

𝑃𝑎𝑐 243.6
(c) 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 𝑅 = 3.492 × 20 = 243.6 𝑊 (d) 𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.581
𝑆 120 × 3.49
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier

➢ The first figure shows a fully controlled bridge rectifier, which iT1
is
uses four thyristors to control the average load voltage. ig1
io

1-ph ac source
T1 T3

➢ Thyristors T1 and T2 must be fired simultaneously during the iT3

Load
vo
positive half wave of the source voltage vs to allow conduction of vs
current. To ensure simultaneous firing, thyristors T1 and T2 use the T4 T2

same firing signal. iT4

➢ Alternatively, thyristors T3 and T4 must be fired simultaneously

during the negative half wave of the source voltage.
T1
➢ For the center-tapped transformer rectifier, T1 is forward-biased
when vs is positive, and T2 is forward-biased when vs is negative,
but each will not conduct until it receives a gate signal. io
- v +
➢ The delay angle is the angle interval between the forward biasing vs o

of the SCR and the gate signal application. If the delay angle is
zero, the rectifiers behave exactly as uncontrolled rectifiers with
diodes.
T2
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier

(1) Resistive Load vo

➢ The average component of the output voltage and current ωt

waveforms are determined from -vs vs

1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑚

ig3,ig4 ig1,ig2
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1 + cos 𝛼 𝐼𝑜 = = 1 + cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋 𝑅 𝜋𝑅 ωt

➢ The rms component of the output voltage and current ωt

waveforms are determined from

iT1,iT2
1 𝜋 2
1 𝛼 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 − + ωt
𝜋 𝛼 2 2𝜋 4𝜋

iT3,iT4
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 1 𝛼 sin 2𝛼 N.B: ωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = − +
𝑅 𝑅 2 2𝜋 4𝜋 The rms current in the is
source is the same as the ωt
➢ The power delivered to the load is rms current in the load.  2 + 
 +
2 𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Single Phase Controlled Full Wave Rectifier

Example: A full-wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac input of 120Vrms at 50 Hz and a
20Ω load resistor. The delay angle is 40°. Determine the average current in the load, the
power absorbed by the load, and the source voltamperes.

𝑉𝑚 120 2 𝑉𝑜 95.4
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos 𝛼 = 1 + cos 40 = 95.4 𝑉 𝐼𝑜 = = = 4.77 𝐴
𝜋 𝜋 𝑅 20

𝑉𝑚 1 𝛼 sin 2𝛼 120 2 1 0.698 sin 1.396

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = − + = − + = 5.8 𝐴
𝑅 2 2𝜋 4𝜋 20 2 2𝜋 4𝜋
2 𝑅 = 5.82 × 20 = 672.8 𝑊
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
➢ The rms current in the source is also 5.8 A, and the apparent power of the source is

𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120 × 5.8 = 696 𝑉𝐴

𝑃 672.8
𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.967
𝑆 696
Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem