Week-02

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Basic Terminologies
Ductility
It is the ability to sustain deformation without failure or fracture. There are different levels of ductility, material
level ductility (strain ductility), section level ductility (curvature ductility), member level ductility (rotational
ductility) and structure level ductility (displacement ductility).

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Basic Terminologies
Ductility levels

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 04

What is Earthquake?
• Earthquake is the Shaking, Rolling, and Rumbling of the Earth’s Surface.

Types of Earthquakes
• Tectonic
• Volcanic
• Explosive
• Collapse

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 05

Tectonic Earthquake
The earth crust is made up of unevenly shaped
slab of rocks called tectonic plates. The energy
stored underneath causes the tectonic
plates to move towards away or push against
each other. With time the stored energy and
the movement of the tectonic plates build up
the enormous pressure within the region
between two plates.
Structural
Design Design
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Structures (CE-422),
(CE-514), Dr.Faqeer
Dr. Aslam Aslam Faqeer
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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 06

Earthquake Waves
Earthquake vibrations originate from the point of initiation of rupture and propagates in all
directions. These vibrations travel through the rocks in the form of elastic waves.

Types of Waves
Mainly there are three types of waves associated
with propagation of an elastic stress wave
generated by an earthquake. These are

• primary (P) waves,

• secondary (S) waves and

Figure: Sequence of seismic wave generation.
• surface waves.
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 07

Earthquakes Recording (Ground Motion)

• The vibratory motion produced during an
earthquake could be measured in terms of
displacement, velocity or acceleration.

• The instruments measure the ground

displacements are called seismographs. The
record obtained from a seismograph is
called a seismogram.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Seismic Code Provisions
Structural design of buildings for seismic loading is primarily concerned with structural

safety during major earthquakes.

The seismic analysis and design of buildings has traditionally focused on reducing the

risk of loss of life in the largest expected earthquake (Maximum Considered or Design

basis Earthquake, MCE/DBE)

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Seismic Code Provisions
In general, most earthquake code provisions implicitly require that structures be
able to resist
1. Minor earthquakes without any damage.
2. Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural damage and some nonstructural
damage.
3. Major earthquakes with some structural and nonstructural damage but without
collapse. The structure is expected to undergo fairly large deformations by yielding
in some structural members.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Structure Response against Earthquakes

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Building Irregularities
Plan Irregularities Vertical Irregularities

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 15

PERIODS OF VIBRATION OF COMMON STRUCTURES

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Lateral Force Procedures Based on UBC-97

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Lateral Force Procedures (Seismic analysis)
as per UBC-97
Methods of Analyses are

1. Simplified Static

2. Static

3. Dynamic

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Lateral Force Procedures (Seismic analysis)
as per UBC-97
Simplified static. The simplified static lateral-force procedure set forth in Section

1630.2.3 may be used for the following structures of Occupancy Category 4 or 5:

1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than

three stories in height excluding basements, that use light-frame construction.

2. Other buildings (Regular Buildings) not more than two stories in height excluding

basements.
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Lateral Force Procedures (Seismic analysis)
as per UBC-97
Static. The static lateral force procedure may be used for the following structures:

1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.

2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems
listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.

3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.

4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the
structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion
is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not
greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Lateral Force Procedures (Seismic analysis)
as per UBC-97
Static. The static lateral force procedure may be used for the following structures:

1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.

2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems
listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.

3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.

4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the
structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion
is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not
greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 03

Static Lateral Force Procedure

According to this method the strength level design base shear is calculated by

where
T = fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration
I = seismic importance factor
Cv = a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the seismicity of the region, as set
forth in UBC Table 16-R
W = seismic dead load
R = a factor that accounts for the ductility and over-strength of the structural system, as set forth in UBC Table
16-N
Z = seismic zone factor, as set forth in Table UBC Table 16-I.
Note that Z does not directly appear in the base shear formula. It does, however, affect the seismic coefficients
Ca and Cv .
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 04

Static Lateral Force Procedure

The base shear as specified in above equation is subject to three limits:

1. The design base shear need not exceed

[UBC Eq. (30.5)]

2. It cannot be less than

[UBC Eq. (30.6)]

where Ca is a seismic coefficient dependent on soil conditions at the site and on regional seismicity.

3. In the zone of highest seismicity (zone 4), the design base shear must be equal to or greater than

where Nv is a near-source factor that depends on the proximity to and activity of known faults near the
structure.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Static Lateral Force Procedure
The near-source factor, Nv, is also used in determining the seismic coefficient Cv for buildings located in seismic
zone 4.
Seismic Zone Factor Z
Five seismic zones—numbered 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4—are defined. The zone for a particular site is determined
from a seismic zone map . The map accounts for the geographical variations in the expected levels of
earthquake ground shaking, and gives the an estimated peak horizontal acceleration on rock having a 10%
chance of being exceeded in a 50-year period. The numerical values of Z are

The value of the seismic zone coefficient Z can be considered the peak ground acceleration in percentage of
gravity. For example, Z = 0.4 indicates a peak ground acceleration of 0.4g equal to 40% of acceleration due to
gravity.
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 06

Static Lateral Force Procedure

Seismic Importance Factor I
In seismic design, the importance factor I is used to increase the margin of safety against collapse.
For buildings designed under the 1997 UBC, the values of I are as follows (Table 16-K, UBC 1997):

Building Period T

The building period T may be determined by Modal analysis or by using empirical formulae. It is denoted TA if
determined by empirical formulas (method-A), and TB if determined by modal analysis. The following single
empirical formula may be used for all type framing systems:

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 07

Static Lateral Force Procedure

In case of method B approach, the fundamental period is determined more accurately using Modal analysis
based on Rayleigh’s ritz or Eigen value analysis, the value of TB obtained through modal analysis can be used in
calculating the base shear with certain limitations.

For example, in seismic zone 4 TB cannot be more than 30% greater than that determined by TA and in zones 1,
2A, 2B, and 3, it cannot be more than 40% greater from TA.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 08

Static Lateral Force Procedure

Structural System Coefficient R

The coefficient R is a measure of ductility and over-strength of a structural system, based primarily on
performance of similar systems in past earthquakes.

A higher value of R has the effect of reducing the design base shear. For example, for a steel special moment-
resisting frame, the factor has a value of 8.5, whereas for ordinary moment-resisting frame, the value is 4.5. This
reflects the fact that a special moment-resisting frame performs better during an earthquake.

The values of R are the same as UBC 1994 values except they are divided by a load factor of 1.4 to account for the
strength level design values.
For example, the new value of R for a special moment-resisting frame is equal to the old Rw = 12, divided by 1.4.
Thus, R = 12/1.4 = 8.57, which is rounded to 8.5 in 1997 UBC.

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 09

Static Lateral Force Procedure

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 10

Static Lateral Force Procedure

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 11

Static Lateral Force Procedure

Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi