DELUXE

PAGE NG.
DATE

Name Vagot baglep Hamba

B.A TY Sem5
Roll nor |52
CEEN
515

Mo 0994 18991
PaN NO 20190321000620.56

Radee
 CEENS15 (A
Language and Linquisicsw MGE

Onit L Lanquage and ingiufias

Deline lamuaqe eatuotes of hummangucg
Define lini sthes's nctune bianchec,aop

Unit :2Phenetics
PhoneticsitsmeaninqslaniticaiNce
HamanSpeechHeckanism
Vawels and Consonants ahiculationkncHa
Phonetic TnonscoipBoanolL
atennahon.a Phonetc Alpkabet

Uit : Phonoloq4
Phonologqy-k _meanlnq
The cocepk ghaneme
Diding uato intosyllables
Rules OE_placement of primas1y slesson
Skatanga enk.contanackeo ocns in enosk
Antonaio.pitenentolixeetiont of plle
mavement

Fallinone Rinq one allingasns tone

Riglnfalling dne
 whati anguage DATE 1 PAGE

6560 B.C.
handuaqe isthe human_(apacty
CLQuiAing. And uSIngcompk
SyshemsOf commYnicoHioh one ou.
lanquaqe is any Specitc eample
OFSH a hangucge 1s fhe
Specles-specihc and Specie-dnitdaim
A0ssession afman atk ocd'sqH
H0 nan kind onqucaqg
COmmoh o
all humans oëseem o behadod
asioted fi it Ha sOcioal scientists
and philo.saphens S ii's ais ahili
D e anquaqe sinmbolically hant
makess 14S human' cuthout lanquaqe
human ivilizoiak Jould heve 1emalned
mpossibleMan s man alone b lanquag
I5 a meens Of_Comaunicah'on
honquage a human sustem oF canmunKq
tha ses aubitu 1gnalg Suc a
voiceSoUnols qectuies OddGHIen Sqmaalex
1

Tis S the thnq aohlc elifteneni ofes mah

Nom anlmals

Languaae s at least as old d

a0011ttng The_engliskala1o anaua ae
dediveqoately aioe 1ndo- Eudlopean
HonatSpee anguace Haougk Laihe
inauo mcans lanauaq ldfenche
Langd neanslanguage
 DATE PAGE

J n t h e begning theade 2eHe onl,

vicual signals BuEashen yislbllHy60g
not_ peatect humenbeings I the
neec f a vocal Slhels LonquageLs
a Syslem oP siqn foo enuoding
an oletoneliog intaimaionJo qokMstanl
lanaage t necessaY to_See
VaeLaUS definikionsof lengia4e

Lanauage
anquage
sPols
is a sqsem of CconvenHongl
_coifen smals b
medns of cohloks hurman_ben S a
membed_of a soclel 41
P- cnd-
Pauicpake in ik cuuie,coMmuniCate.
Encyclapeclia B
-

anca ridaneaz
amaya4e s uHely humcn Cnd.
ominsthmcve metaod AE corm9
nicatneq ideeS emations ano
deslues by eans of a
of valunatiiky puduciedsepnpols
systepm
E Sapin langudae

Theinstikuhan 2hede by hunans 0

COmmynICaleqnd nadect 02ii
eaaloihi by means of habitlaly
4sed oidculdidctatc audtoay
SYmbok.
_Hall ssa on lomauage)
 DATE PAGE

kanguAq S an anomymous collecHve

and nconseious a t i the esulE
oF thecHeativity of thausands
0F qenaaHons
-Edwa01d sapli

The totality oF he cuteances Ha

Can_be m oole n ospeece
cOnmunly is he longuage ak tak
Speeck comuniky."
Bloom feld laneuaqe
L mnEctrd
1dottar{
Lanquaqe
Lanqudgs is odey aansepactetble
Patofhuman_socikHunan_ avilicotie
has been Pass ible
Anthoio2olaaists eqaid
only thanougklan
lanquGqe_aSa
quaqe
fomOF Cultasma behaulou Sacioloqisss
as an nteiacion befcaeen_nembeMt-at
4uup phllosopbed a means
ofJntamneHng human knolsleda dge,student
of tesn chtuune as an oHshc_nedium'
onauaaeeace a_aSet af skill
Animal& and humcnS bois Coemakinq
holseFa commynieato a henByE
theneQte hocneretslanihcant olitenen
betco een anlma communjcatiàn nd
humam nquCAg.e
 VVCS NAS S LUCS
DATE S1 I PAGE
/ ea-ure TheOriaun Saseela
Ameuicanlinauis Lchailes Hocket
coined he phuase he Desiop_eantlte
Of
languaq in
anquagei 9 bo._Hacket
HSolaled 1a fecuMeS tL chaslackale
human lCmquaqe cohick ad8 fokoalYG._
LanquCLqe s paimaaiily made ypP
LocalL sound< nlypHoalucoeby
hysLoloqlca aticulataty modanism
ihe buman body n the bealminq.
aPpeauMed a o.cal. souno only
usl and SLnqinq
60uds bu he amesoemplayoca-
nak lanquage
itinq9 Came uche lae as an-
ote Iliqenk elHempt o
sOundc -aneA MepIesent vocal
an 1S Cathal_SYmboliM|
nakes Le_ ofvabaelemess
_SUch a soun LwAMoSand
cohic due dulangcolin andphiqser,
Way CesATa Ih
DmcKe Sentnces Ac Heniy
Seet says
Lamquage is fhe epnessl an_oF
by méans aE loeas
speec-sounds
Combln2d 1nBo Lonio _cQcidc
ade comblned
intosenten ce this
combinaHoz_ansejeainq to hat
of
Of
ideas n0 hou.ahts
 DATE PAGE

AUh aguaqei the mos pocoesi

POcoeifu
4ttidableConvenlent cino
pemanent means ancd
tann oFcommunicahton Hon- linguisic
Sumbalsuck as aestu oiesclghalsOF
sYmhal
uaciious Kinds 0od h s the dea and
dumb_and bnaille alphabes efo ae
Clsa means of
sthe hest mednscommunicemonLanquaqe
O self epdess ioh
Han's
Han's socialbehauiaua sCondihonec
in he fHstplace by
humah theposslblty oF
Communicahoncetk he ald OF
anauaqe vebal communicaton is in this
Sense a condihanoF the exisence
hum an Soclek "_
OF

anguade is o sada phenomenon

ngudqe is a set ot
Communcaive Sianals sed
convenfional
tra Q n a l von

Fo anmunlcefioh n a a by huncan_
LcnguCae i n his
Conmynity
Lot aU Soclal qodoup
sense S Possessioks
sepavoreol COmpsiisinog
nlicpensahle set Hules ohie panms
membenS1elate Cdc Daento
intetac a tseac othe1 o co- optots
eec Ofhe Langude
Soclety 1 S a mens of
Oaare

nouMishmg
oewelapinq A
cu Hume Che esFaolishmq1
human setkion
 DATE

PAGE

Hn_
Thus,Lanqueq
aulineoF
elentt
Socla_eent
loquisic Analysis by
-Bloch and TnuqeH
AA_language_ o syshen_Of
autito ocal sumhels hy meons
-O
O f Cdhic Cu S0clalaloupP
CO -oreicesS
o-hepiage ul omati
D

anquaqe is on-instincHueand
NEuto convention.al lo lanquaqe Oas deoked
n_a_a _do out oF a mutyally_cqyeeo.
pnannlla by aqi0up of huean
anquaqe is the out come af evolyHan
-Andl
Cnd ConvenHon fack oenesdaHondianst
his cAVenon on fhe nect Like all
human jnshtehons lanc4aqeCllso
chanqe And olie qsHOco ond ecpand
non-jnstinctive becaclse is
acquoted by humLn belng S Na bio
aets a
qehs languageas innate _ahility
to AGquiue. anouage

JE_ve1y sumhalia chadactesistes

makes anquaq aeAhitlanythe
connection betoeen-the (20e O
C souncl unif felf and thehing it
stands f o i nerpleinahle DHestent
enqyaqe have olifeenen signs
J
nad
 DATE PAGE

Simlaa_phaneha featudes cohich make

a Sound issymbalsed difeMentl
in enqlis 4sslanHinedi, dHey fensan
etc: Foo1 instunce
hee s noHes0n_
0ohy-cw female' adult_human beinq be
Calleod a oorman n enqlis auMet
Mdy ten' in peusIan anod eminein
Fench Theencisno inhestent connecion 's
betaeen 0ndand ohali stend
tutihenmoute These ade at lauiahon
i n diteneni
Lanquaqeof he cO0ldancd
haveno 4ni loo1maliyR Robinsn
Gtenesnol linguisHes Speoks aboutanauage

A lanquage symbolsystem basecd o

Pne 0 Ciob1isianyconventon innikely
ectended_cnd moditiable lGcoadins
o h e chansinq needs od condlHan_
of dhe 6peekers

onguoqe consiss DEVaaious ound

SymholsCAAd heidqidpholag)oc cauntey-_
auH mployed o dlenale
S0me biecs ACCences OM mealma-
Th6e 6ymbols l l e dlbituauily chasen
And cgnventonally OLcCeteo anc
employe og0.eL angiaqe ate
not
Mete sms ON iquesbut
 6
DATE

PAGE

3ymbols_Fmeanng h Inelli ti
Lanqucaqe olepencd On_
af a of hee symol
the sesmbok
CoMtect_ntepietaHoa
or

Fredy anquage s> Sstem of

languce1 Spnh olic
System Althotiqls
CdecANaneeed in
yet 1k SYmhols

sySLEm AL lenucige
peHcdleo
Ciimaeent,
have fhel s1stem Of
A lanquaqes havephanaloalac
1amnaHoelsysten 0ebctve
end
s4ntdcti 6stem
manpholoqica _cno
cnd cithin wo S-_Systei
these
have_se venaOhe SYstems-as
ae
ThOse OF_punal oF moDooFOspect

a tense ee c e can Sa hat.

the beeuhk aitl chasecthe buo
doa is a sentene of nalisk
bat he ed Fulaui qidl ohasd the
b1own cloqS not ThS c e CncMde
hat al lanquages thougs lineA1 n.
theii s u a manitestaion have a
lua 5ystemOfsunlondmecnin
n spte Ofmany 4avenscilly
shaneol altibeukes sud a Sqmbolc
QAd adb1tHeAMYchaotace of
Janquaqe,each cnouc 15 unlaye
thiS e
clo 0 mecn dT
 DATE PAGE

Lanquage do nat bave any simonites

O 14niransal languCAge hcAS eeivit
andp1aolucAk|. 1Ihe Shyctuia elernenTs
of human nguoAqe con be Conbined
t poeluced nea uttenamces ancia
Cheinges acouicling to he peeds OF
h e SDclek old englis is lifenent
fAom n0deAn_ehclick frou ecample poetiy
in old called poest and yousl-1hine

andua4e is hafs inujsHa Cne

communlcaivg Compentence Lenaucqe
no just aVeabel hehaviou ls a
6ystem of AaleseAablishlng co- elation_
betoeen e.canmg a n d sOund seoence
Dut manely ingulSho compenience
not enouqhkoc communication at has
to be Coupled olt commynicaH vee
cOmp etence. ALcoMdinq tosacolinquist
4he Yse OE ongucde

deeends u2on tae Qccasion and

Contesck the Speekecd ane tha
Rctenea dheaioteslon ano dhe
Soclo statusof Thespeake
and stnes.

lo Spe.ciesothed d-an humans

gie
a4sbeen o9itt ansuage
 DATE

PAA
njmals_can not 4la_hum
ymon
ang age- beccuse -Complen
stdciste and heird physlcel
inadequaclesHumanangueage Sis
OPen eneled_extenolahle e
moeiable
is nof
eo.hedea S anillanau
anaee
These all aie he chle
Chauacteyidcs oP lanquaqeA
H. AGleason_

onquade hasso man mr

SMelatHonships coit vaHlOS_specth
oE human ite a t i t con be
studied fuor numemOu poin af
Vleco A aue Valid and USe
oL cOelle acîntalesHnq in
fhemsekes"_

Languuage has ihe chauoctamistia

6uch as ualit Displ cemeot Humamnes
univenSaljy cOhlcw eteHs o
equálihaium th
linguisie Aounds
humanik on
10uns compeence ond
peafomance cohich means dhot
Languege is
nnate an e0ouced
o sOclety A n uathenmaMe lanqyagC
is cu tually_Hansmitted
 DATE PAGE

Thus ysing Rstt's teamlanquaqe

polysystamatio
many Ses Fo laquage e

onguLqe S human a venbes

Sstemetlo symbalism iu a means
ot taMansmina infocmn ehon fo4
of s0elal behavioun Cit q hiq
deameeo cenven-ion.

hatmoug anuaae-
Linauisic.s 6COpelomapnchnts
Ine corl imvistitSh

denivedfrom LaH maca ai lto

Qnd sHcs_knouledlge 0 6cme) J*
fmologiccly linguiHCS The sciphn
5tudyo langlaae lheWoYol
HYst sed in the mlodle 0f te
gt ce mury emphoslee the din
beeon a nea1er Oppr00dcl 0 h
fernce
GHUady OF lamyde hdt as hen
develqpm4 and hemore
Phil0l0g
frddihapa
proac O ehitestphblnquishcs
CAn ho deined 4

A scienifc stuoy of the systems

prineplesndee ly1n_human
cnquoage

i6cient ha pecquie italauac

he qeneral_methoolol.ay of
sci.ence
he64StemsOE nethoo follaca
n_a2crhcular lisaiphlne GHdies
lanquade O unlivers dano
redanizada art_OF hgan behavlour
_atempts t0 oltscnihe ond amayst
onqaqe _omgesziecuerstqnaime
of he place0f
lanaua4e n_ hum
Pfe i the waysm0ohi.cl itoraanistd
fynctans _gAr forms
 DATE PAGE

hecdlins cobuild Enqlish Lcinquage-

>icHonary lenes linquistic as
The Stucly af he oay in_cohich
anquaqe works

Thuswecan say that Lingyiste-

S4sfemeia stily of the cian

Lohlck_a languaae anks
Linquistos_has teo malaralas
Lan
cib) tostuay te natuutelanguaqe ana
estalbish a heorylamq aqe
KCiD) to olecrie a lanqyaqeand all
languagas b aPplyinghe theor
estabiched

Ainquistis aperton aho

skudles language n a
olSpects
He ldendhedcooddlescnibe the ois
-Cndpathernsthe sOndaf cystrem
The o.nosctndmon phemes It
can
mo edeived 1 smgaller meqnm ahL
Umiis)and he phuaceano Senbencer
i hestnu re aFlanquaqeCS
LOmplete
l y ClCCyrdte ly ans econom|cll
Aspossde inqui.sdias is baseo on
 DATE

2051itePs
obsenveHons formton0 pathes
suno
Pediclon 4t ls 0jeaMEPecs
and Systematic
FiedlS
The total hiectMaHer af
KHcy Lanqua4 or languager
nay be_ecamined from_a histe
-anále If the. study deak as ical
Ahanqes that_rcuy 9_Corse of
flme t i calleddiauhronlc2
inqulsics if dhe Hdy eealc_cot.
the disthipdph 6 Amauda a A_
gienpani aE n e iIf Is_Calleel
HáYnchnonic inqukioshe 0Mpabis th
MOne
IS Colled
olla.chronisis_cleccriptions
\comahctive
COmpan isiow OF t0 o limuisiLsThe
more
sundhnonl6olescriph.onns
cotrashve hnguishias
celle o
Just ike a sdentist
hus hés anouaae a linquls
_methdololoau ane aborortry
oloenesss
lt 0ie aral
mahemaflcsphyslas,saence ike
biologyzaoloy ett
proof OFiS anAthe
6Clealha parture
 DATE PAGE

Lomponents O inguisfs
Phonehas

FhonefiGS_Sthe component oF
inguises that deallscol 6peechu
SOunds t my be_s4h olivided Ino -

Ca)Arhkulatoryphoneíesi
hestudy aE ppodlqcHa_at Unds
yfhe Orqgns OF peec-

()) Acoyshia phonetes

The 6tudy of physica) properies of
62eec
S P e e c Sounols suck as reqyen.cu1
Movemgt
Canc ampliiuole Cnd dheca in
cohics fhy_Cre transmHeed

a t1
Auditory Phonetas i
qn derstmot
The skudy of heatingand thapen
Cep-Hoa of ápeec SOunals nean's
he-o n c o h l c ha heqrerrecelves

ha 6oundlsPhonetlos dlso deals ot

the
he classiticaio oFSpeec60n ds
Into VOceS an cDnS0nant. ***
 DATE

Phonolo gy
Phonaloagyk he study_oF h
FOrganisater of the unisaE the
SõyndsOF speecsnto Gulla,les
and other Langen syni Ihephono -
9 af a lanluase S Cu des
loq deg
Criptia af thesystems and
paterns OF_60undhat 0CY 1y
Tatlanquaq1t deals ults 1he co
N_Ghick sounds funci.ok in a
nguaqe ahic Include he sele.cia
and 0rqanisaHon afSaundand
Saund nj called ph0nemes.

Selecto f Speeck 50unel

e eamina ug lanqua se
carel l y e ail And thar s0me
Soynels that exist n one lanquage
dlonl ecist in he other, For exampk,
he Souno reprasenke.ol by ihelefter
easye 457 1n the enqlis wandlpleasura
C the sAunol 1 oloesn't_cst in
SPNera ndllakanquaae The sosnd
Vichoay hdt heqins ha enlhworolvillagaL
Hhe sound ivl) _cdoesnt exist in
n oian lanquoiqeThdt maanr the
Lsoynd13 na v ate selecred b
3
 PAGE
DATE

enqlisk bu no by6eWeral ndlia w

lanqucaes-
cin Oradanisation of sounds
he sounds selectedby o lanquage
landtage
from he sound system oF hat
ach lanqucqe onganizeshe sounds
selected by_E in dáferent ways For
c 2 0 n d s Can beqio c
example, Englah
ThneeConsohas_nithoute yowel hetwe
saneu ete.
hen Lke- Sppingsipicb
mans ndlian lanqua4eL
an h e . chen hano
fhrea consoas to Occu
do notpermit
wores
ogether at he beomning oF dhe
Enqlshond himedi ooords con end i
kannqda
Consananb g0tneds hut capds_in
dlaas Lnd h _Vnwals

i i ) Phonemes
olistin=
6mallesE unlt_of speeck
he- oro elerment)E
oOrd o r
qulshingone heelement_P i

another qs
iromsbaF
Sepatdes that
2rd oi
ap 2ohick bobar
ofan'
tal'ba faq

Bad e
Cct, B )
 DATE

PAGE

Morpholoq
Pa:ts
Morpholoqy AOndsanel
deals_wh a00nds
a :14The
la:1+ wy n_ahlchs
alarcc
CAn_be
cAn_b
unjkor e el.
divieledL Into_Smallkp
split_Into
ttATt e ound air cai be
1 3 i , I U 13 ut t hse
three 60unds
Thernselvesare
hree
h e SQunds by
Cut IE take Ihe
meaninqless he ceywele
L a r d g i c l s h i s a2and Lan

Lntotuwo_pant he too a are

h e Lword qiel s cahicka lnsic9ter
plural The aord qll_Í 2tcours -

negnmqhil s a the_u20y olqlels-

and - s
hCCa ton mnrpheneJ q l r l

_minimgl UnLt o peahN e or

a
granmatical functHon

Morphemeg May he-

i Eree That can 6td hy thernseei

aS lnqle _cJVdls Lor eccmpla open
qir etc. They can be loloaihe
HeaoF

munc
fOyr
A n0yns, alclecives Verbs eto
aod
cii Bouno ihat can n0t stane ahne
Ahol ars yplecly atacheol to anofher.
Lfor ampk ,_ Se eto.
Hon ly.ed,ert
 DATE PAGE

syntaa
Suntaz Ís a componen of lingHistc
Hhat deak aith the sentence stryctqre
O anquaqes, Zt deals ait the
CambingHow of coord Into_phrases
clauses and Sentences he e y i w
cohiek w0nds ave arnangee fo from
Sentences Theoa in hic Loonds
are arfanqed foFrom SenkenceS is
P
nof he emein_allangusqesFor
eLanple, in enq|s he adiective fhaE
qualihes _a naus must be before the
houn as in
The leurt o The Smat kid

B u t in Sansknit _an_adjeciremay be
added bere or ater a noun Ike

Or

To clte Anotheneiampleenglis
cloes m.oFpe rmit a Verh obegin
Stasement,_

Kavsa Ohe olaily

19

G10espniya cCollege
euchyela

BukScmsknit-nas accornelatoks Ho staets

5etm ce _ot a verh i k e
 DATE

oleoleTyATTueTc TET

aE is uch thye as,

TyaT TAT4TETTGTY

SemantcS

SemantCS isConcenneed c

skudya _cneaning injs all its qn

ASpe.cts lheallaueng
Senece l n english
Deep chocolde
Raghd eat Cake

Raghavk he s4hlect of the

sentenceThasentence Ls a
SteteMent ono aecoheling he
pulec of enalishSyD a statr|
sho uld beginwth the 64bed
The 6uhiectis blloued by the
yverb cak" L2hlch is flloaeslby-
he ahlect cake" he Sentence
ghammoffi.callyOiceptoble pti
alsomeanm L Aut nat his
sentente
Dee? Sto ne
aghav eats tahle Machine
1

Comy-ey
 DATE PAGE

The senten.ce Ís accepteble arammctkqll

Lhyt semant cally i t is nacceptahle
hecadSA fE notposs]ble or any
human o et tuble..

Pragm.aBcs
i s a aubfield thatstudles the
cOasin uhic contest contributec
meaning dnlike cenanic preqmafa-
studies oco The troansmissi2n oF mehlngg
olepends not only _on_sdryeynal _ane
linq uisH knocaleslqe F thespeeikek
andlistenep hyt so an th conkerf.
ef the uftanance_dny precisng
knoaledqe ahaut those Inalves the-
t e r f e c inlent_of he 6peaker end
GtherrfactorsFar e a Causal 44esto
SKe lo doyau do 1 oloe not meqh
cse
that gle full acoun- oP oU healt
condihoh