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SPM Chemistry Revision Module On The Basics
SPM Chemistry Revision Module On The Basics
REVISION MODULE
FOR THE
MASTERY OF THE BASICS IN
SPM CHEMISTRY
Panel :
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE
1 REVISION CHECK-LIST
Form 4 4 - 10
Form 5 11 - 15
2 WRITING EQUATIONS
2.1 Charges of ions 17
2.2 Formulae of compounds 17
2.3 Reactions of Acid 18 – 19
2.4 Displacement of Metals 20
2.5 Double decomposition reaction 20
2.6 Others 21
3 CALCULATIONS
6 SUGGESTED ANSWERS
58 - 64
Page
STUDENTS’
REVISION
CHECKLIST
FOR
SPM
CHEMISTRY
By :
SM SAINS KUCHING
Page
8) Explain why the temperature remains unchanged during the freezing process.
9) A solid compound is heated until it converts into gas. Explain the changes in energy
content, forces of attraction between the particles, and arrangement of particles.
27
11) 13 Al is the symbol of aluminium.
(a) Determine the number of neutron of aluminium.
(b) Draw the electron arrangement of aluminium.
C. Synthesis (Experiment)
12) Solid Z has a melting point of 65oC. Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the
melting point of Z. Your answer should show how the melting point of Z is determined.
13) Compound W has a freezing point of 82oC. Describe a laboratory experiment to determine
the freezing point of W.
4
Page
2) Define mole.
8) Compare and contrast empirical formula with molecular formula using ethane as an
example.
11) Hydrogen gas is reacted with 20 g of hot copper(II) oxide powder to produce solid copper
and water.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the maximum mass of solid copper formed.
[Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; O,16; H,1]
C. Synthesis (Experiment)
12) Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Your answer should include all the precautions and calculations involved.
[Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O,16]
5
Page
4) State the changes in the atomic size and electronegativity of elements across Period 3.
7) When going across Period 3 from sodium to argon, the atomic size decreases. Explain.
8) When going across Period 3 from sodium to argon, the electronegativity increases. Explain.
9) The reactivity of Group 1 increases when going down the group. Explain.
10) The reactivity of Group 17 decreases when going down the group. Explain.
12) X is an element from Group 1. X is burnt in oxygen and the product is dissolved in water.
What is the property of the solution formed? Explain.
C. Synthesis (Experiment)
15) Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the reactivity of elements in Group 1: lithium,
sodium and potassium.
16) Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the reactivity of chlorine, bromine and iodine
in the reaction with iron wool. State the observation and write the chemical equations
involve in reactions. 6
Page
2) What is cation?
6) Magnesium chloride and hydrogen chloride are two compounds of chlorine. At room
condition, magnesium chloride exists as a solid but hydrogen chloride exists as a gas.
Explain why.
8) By using example, describe the formation of covalent bond between element from Group
14 and element from Group 17.
C. Synthesis
9) Draw electron arrangement of the compound formed from the following elements.
a) Nitrogen and hydrogen,
b) Carbon and oxygen,
c) Magnesium and chlorine,
d) Carbon and hydrogen,
e) Hydrogen and chlorine,
f) Sodium and oxygen.
7
Page
5) By using example, explain how the following factors can determine the selective discharge
of ions at the electrodes.
a) Types of electrodes,
b) Concentration of the ions.
8) Draw the structure of Daniell cell and explain how it can produce electricity.
9) Draw the structure of a dry cell and explain how it can produce electricity.
C. Synthesis
10) Describe a laboratory experiment to extract lead from lead(II) oxide by using electrolysis.
11) Describe a laboratory experiment to show that types of electrodes affect the selective
discharge of ions in electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution.
12) You are given magnesium ribbon, copper plate, magnesium nitrate solution, copper(II)
sulphate solution, connecting wires with crocodile clips, 250 cm3 beaker, voltmeter and
porous pot.
Construct a voltaic cell by using the above materials.
Explain how the voltaic cell can produce electricity. Your answer must include observation
and half equations for reaction at anode and cathode.
8
Page
3) What is neutralisation?
4) What is salt?
7) 80 cm3 of distilled water is added to 20 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 solution of HCl. Find the molarity
of the dilute solution.
8) In a titration, 40 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution is needed to
neutralise 20 cm3 of nitric acid, HNO3. Calculate the molarity of the nitric acid, HNO3.
9) Given dilute nitric acid and dilute sulphuric acid have the same concentration of
0.5 mol dm-3. In a neutralisation experiment, 20 cm3 of nitric acid is required to neutralise
20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution but only 10 cm3 of sulphuric acid is required to
neutralise 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Explain why.
C. Synthesis
10) Describe a chemical test to show that a given solution is an acid.
12) You are given solid sodium chloride. Describe how you can prepare sodium chloride
solution of 0.2 mol dm-3 in laboratory by using 250 cm3 volumetric flask.
16) Solid W is a salt. Describe the tests you would carry out to confirm the presence of zinc ions
and nitrate ions in the salt
17) Solid X is a metal carbonate. Beside heating, describe chemical tests that you would carry
out to confirm that X consists of carbonate ions.
.
18) You are given four test tubes filled with solution consisting zinc ions, lead(II) ions, aluminium
ions and magnesium ions respectively. Describe the tests you would carry out to confirm the
ion that is present in each test tube.
19) You are given potassium chloride solution, lead(II) oxide powder and dilute nitric acid.
Describe how you would prepare lead(II) chloride salt from the given materials.
9
20) You are given dilute sulphuric acid, copper(II) nitrate solution and sodium carbonate
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solution. Describe how you would prepare copper(II) sulphate salt from the given materials.
5) State four types of glass and their compositions. List the uses of each glass.
6) What is ceramics? State the properties and list the uses of ceramics.
10) Explain the industrial process involved in the manufacture of ammonia gas.
Write all the chemical equations involved.
C. Synthesis
11) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare ammonium sulphate (ammonium fertiliser)
12) Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the hardness of brass and copper.
10
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6) Based on collision theory, explain how temperature can increase the rate of reaction.
7) Based on collision theory, explain how catalyst can increase the rate of reaction.
8) Explain why hydrochloric acid of 2.0 mol dm-3 is reacted faster with zinc compare to
hydrochloric acid of 0.5 mol dm-3 .
C. Synthesis
9) Hypothesis: The smaller the size of solid reactant, the higher the rate of reaction.
Describe a laboratory experiment to confirm the hypothesis by using the reaction between
calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
10) Describe a laboratory experiment to show that the presence of catalyst will increase the
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
11) Describe a laboratory experiment to show that an increase in temperature will increase the
rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid.
11
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6) Explain why ethene gas can decolourises the acidified potassium mangante(II) solution
whereas ethane cannot decolourises acidified potassium mangante(II) solution.
7) Explain why both hexane and hexane having six carbon atoms per molecule but hexene
burns with a more sooty flame than hexane
8) Pentane and propane are members from the alkane family. Explain why the melting point
of pentane is higher than propane.
9) Propanol and propanoic acid are dissolved in water. It is found that propanol solution is a
neutral but propanoic acid is an acidic solution.
C. Synthesis
12) Describe a test to differential hexene and hexane.
15) Ethyl propanoate is a product from reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid.
(a) State two physical properties of ethyl propanoate.
(b) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare ethyl propanoate.
Your answer must include a diagram of the apparatus set-up and the chemical equation
involved.
5) What is oxidising agent and reducing agent? State an example of oxidising agent and
reducing agent.
7) Determine whether the reaction between lead(II) nitrate and copper(II) is a redox reaction.
Explain your answer based on changes in oxidation number.
8) The reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate solution is a redox reaction. Explain.
9) When bromine water is added to the potassium iodide solution, the solution changes colour
from colourless to brown. Explain the observation.
11) A mixture of copper(II) oxide and aluminium powder is heated strongly. The mixture burns
brightly. Explain this observation based on oxidation and reduction.
12) Chlorine water is added to potassium iodide solution in a test tube. 2 cm3 of 1,1,1-
trichloroethene is added to the test tube and the mixture is shaken thoroughly. The colour
of 1,1,1-trichloroethene changes from colourless to purple. Explain the observation.
C. Synthesis
13) Describe a laboratory experiment to change the oxidation number of iron from +2 to +3.
How would you confirm that iron(III) is formed?
14) Describe a laboratory experiment to change the oxidation number of iron from +3 to +2 by
using zinc.
16) You are given lead, zinc, copper and their oxides. Describe a laboratory experiment to
compare the reactivity of these metals toward oxygen. 13
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8) Explain why the heat of neutralisation between strong acids and strong alkalis is a
constant, that is -57kJmol-1
9) Explain why the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide is less
than -57kJmol-1
10) 50 cm3 of 2 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid. The temperature increases t oC.
a) If 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, predict the increase in temperature.
b) If 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, predict the increase in temperature.
c) If 50 cm3 of 4 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm3 of 4 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, predict the increase in temperature.
C. Synthesis
11) Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of displacement of copper by zinc.
12) Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation between strong
acids and strong alkalis.
14) “The higher the number of carbon atoms per molecule, the higher is the heat of
combustion”
Describe a laboratory experiment to prove that the above statement is true by using
methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol.
14
Page
3) What is detergent?
10) Explain why the cleansing action of a detergent is more effective than a soap in hard water.
C. Synthesis
11) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare soap from palm oil using the saponification
process.
12) Describe a laboratory experiment to investigate the cleansing action of a soap and a
detergent in hard water.
15
Page
2. WRITING EQUATIONS
2.6 OTHERS
By :
SM SAINS KUCHING
Page
Applicable in topics :
a. Acid & Bases b. Preparation of Salts c. Rate of reaction
Half equations
Half equations
Half equations
Half equations
Page
Applicable in topics:
a. Acid & Bases b. Preparation of salts c. Thermochemistry
Ionic equation
Page
Chemical reaction
Ionic equation
Page
2.6 Others
Half equations
21
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3. CALCULATIONS
3.6 THERMOCHEMISTRY
By :
22
JUNE LING S J
SMK ST JOSEPH, KUCHING
Page
3.1 Calculate Relative Molecular Mass(Mr) or Relative Formula Mass(Mr) from Relative Atomic Mass(Ar)
Example 1 : How may times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom?
[RAM O,16; Ca,40]
Solution:
Mass of one Ca atom
Mass of one O atom
= 40
16
= 2.5
The mass of one Ca atom is 2.5 times heavier than one oxygen atom.
Example 2 : How may calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine?
[RAM Br, 80]
Solution:
Mass of two atoms of bromine = 2 x 80 = 160
Relative Molecular Mass of a molecule, Mr, = Average mass of one molecule ______
1/12 x mass of one atom of carbon-12
• For ionic compounds, the term Relative Formula Mass, is used in place of relative molecular
mass.
• Calculate Mr by adding up all the Ar of all the atoms present in the covalent molecule or one
formula unit of the ionic compound.
Example 1
How many zinc atoms are there in 0.5 moles of zinc powder?
Solution:
The number of zinc atoms in 0.5 moles of zinc powder = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023
= 3.01x 1023
Example 2
(a) How many water molecules are there in a glass containing 3.5 moles of water?
(b) How many hydrogen atoms are there in the glass?
Solution:
(a) The number of water molecules in 3.5 moles of water = 3.5 x 6.02 x 1023
= 2.17 x 1024
Example 3
(a) Find the number of moles of oxygen gas, O2, containing 3.01x 1023 molecules of oxygen gas.
= 3.01x 1023
6.02 x 1023
= 0.5
Example 4
A beaker contains 0.2 moles of MgCl2. Find the total number of ions in the beaker.
Solution:
1 mole of MgCl2 gives 1mole of Mg2+ and 2 moles of Cl- ions i.e. 3 moles of ions in total.
Number of moles of ions in 0.2 moles of MgCl2 = 0.2 x 3 = 0.6
Number of ions = 0.6 X NA = 0.6 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.61 x 1023
a) Substances
24
c) Gases
Note:
Review Question 1: Calculating number of moles, mass in substances. Use equations in (a) above
1. Zinc, Zn Ar = 65 Calculate
a) Mass of 1 mole b) Mass of 2 moles c) Mass of ½ moles d) Mass of 3.01 x 1023 Zn
atoms
[Ar: Zn, 65; Na, 23; Cu, 64; O, 16; H, 1; C, 12; Cl, 35.5; N, 14]
Example 2: Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained when 14 g of potassium hydroxide is
completely dissolved in distilled water to make up 500cm3 of solution. [Ar: K,39 H,1; O,16]
Solution: Use equation in (b) above.
Molarity of KOH, M = n x 1000
Number of moles of KOH, n = 14 v
[39+16+1]
= 0.25 x 1000
= 0.25 500
= 0.5 mol dm-3
= 0.5 x 22.4
= 11.4 dm3
3.5 Using Empirical Formula to find Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula is the simplest whole number ratio of number of atoms of each element in the
compound.
Molecular Formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the
compound.
% composition by mass of an element in a compound = Total mass of the element in the compound
Mr of the compound
Example 1: When 100grams of a hydrocarbon gas is analysed, it is found to contain 85.72% carbon
and 14.28% hydrogen.
Element C H
Percentage 85.72 14.28 Question gives % by mass
composition by instead of the mass of each
mass/% elements in the compound.
Per 100 g 85.72 14.28 Per 100 g
Number of moles of 85.72 = 7.14 14.28 = 14.28 Divide the mass of each element
atoms 12 1 by its molar mass
Mole ratios 7.14 = 1 14.28 = 2 Divide each number by the
7.14 7.14 smallest number
26
Example 2: 2.58g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 86. [Ar: H,1; C,12 ] Find the empirical formula and determine the molecular formula of
the hydrocarbon.
Solution:
Element C H
Mass of element/g 2.16 0.42 Write down the mass of the elements as
given by the question
Number of moles of 2.16 = 0.18 0.42 = 0.42 Divide the mass of each element by its
atoms 12 1 molar mass
Mole ratios 0.18 = 1 0.42 = 2.33 = 7 Divide each number by the smallest
0.18 0.18 3 number
86 = [ 3(12) + 7(1)] x n
n = 86 = 2
43
M n =
V
iii)Conversion between Molarity (mol dm-3) and concentration in (g dm-3):
x Molar Mass
Molarity Concentration
-3
(mol dm ) (g dm-3)
÷ Molar Mass
27
Page
Example 1: Calculate:-
a)the molarity of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 0.5 mole of hydrogen chloride, HCl, in
distilled water to make up to 250 cm3 solution. [Ar: H,1; Cl,35.5 ]
Solution:
a)From n = MV
1000
M = n x 1000
V
= 0.5 x 1000
250
= 2 mol dm-3
Example 2: Find the mass of sodium hydroxide that should be dissolved in water to produce 500cm3
of 0.5 moldm3 sodium hydroxide solution? [Ar:H,1; Na,23; O,16]
Solution:
Number of moles of NaOH, n = MV
1000
= 0.5 x 500
1000
= 0.25
Neutralisation
Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water only.
Note: Make sure that VA and VB are in the same units; both in cm3 or both in dm3
Example 1: 27.50cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 H2SO4 completely neutralizes 25.0 cm3 of NaOH. Calculate the molarity
of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the chemical equation for neutralization:
Step 2: List down the values given by the question for each letter in the formula:
28
MBVB b
a =1
b 2
REVISION MODULE FOR THE MASTERY OF THE BASICS IN SPM CHEMISTRY
SPM CHEMISTRY
Step 3: Rearrange the formula above. Substitute the values into the formula to calculate the required
molarity.
Review Question 1: Repeat the above reaction by using 0.15 moldm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl. Find the volume
of the acid required to completely neutralize 25.0cm3 of 0.33 mol dm3 of NaOH solution. (Ans: 55.00cm3; note
that HCl is a monoprotic acid whereas H2SO4 is a diprotic acid )
Example 1: Calculate the volume of 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, needed to prepare 2.5 dm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 of the same acid solution.
M1 = 2.0 mol dm-3 V1 = ?
M1V1 = M2V2 M2 = 0.5 mol dm-3 V2 = 2.5 dm3
Review questions:
1. Find the volume of 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, needed to prepare 100 cm3 0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric
acid. (Ans: 25cm3)
2. 200 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is poured into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Distilled water is
then added to make 250 cm3 of solution. What is the molarity of the diluted acid solution?
(Ans: 0.8 mol dm-3)
Step 3 : Calculate number of moles, n, of the products formed in displacement, precipitation neutralization
reactions and the number of moles of the reactant burnt in combustion.
Example 1: When 100cm3 of 2.0mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
potassium sulphate solution, the temperature of the mixture increases by 9 0C. What is the heat of
precipitation?
Step 3 : Calculate number of moles, n, which is the same for both reacting solutions:
Step 4 : ∆H = ___H___
n x 1000
= 7560___
0.2 x 1000
= 37.8 kJ mol-1
Example 2: When 30 g of butane C4H10 is completely burnt in air, the heat energy released increases the
temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 70 0C. Find the heat of combustion of butane.
Step 3 : ∆H = ___H___
n x 1000
= ?______
_?_ x 1000
= ___________kJ mol-1 (Remember to add the negative sign for exothermic reaction)
Review Question: 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 nitric acid is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide. The
temperature of the mixture increases by 6.5 0C. Calculate the heat of neutralization of the solution.
( Ans: - 54.6 kJ mol-1 )
30
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By :
31
(i) Explain how this ionic compound is formed. (i) Explain how this ionic compound is formed.
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the (ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the
compound formed. compound formed.
Answer: Answer:
[B → ]
(ii)
32
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(i) Explain how this covalent compound is formed. (i) Explain how this covalent compound is formed.
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the (ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the
compound formed. compound formed.
Answer: Answer:
33
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Answer: Answer:
Substances:
……………………………………solution,
……………………………………solution,
……………………. water
Apparatus:
…………………. cylinder, beaker, filter funnel,
filter ……………
Procedure:
1. ……… 50 cm3 of ……. mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate
solution into a beaker.
2. Add ……… cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium
chloride solution.
3. ………… the mixture with a glass rod.
4. …………. the mixture.
5. …………. the salt / precipitate with distilled
water.
6. ………. the salt by pressing between pieces of
filter paper.
Equation:
Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl → +
34
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Answer:
Substances:
……………… acid, copper(II) ……………… //
copper(II) …………….. // copper(II) …………….
powder, …………….. water
Apparatus:
……………… cylinder, beaker, spatula, ………..
rod, ….……………….. dish, ………….. burner,
tripod stand, wire gauze, filter …………., filter
paper
Procedure:
1. ……… 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
into a beaker. ………… the sulphuric acid.
2. Use a spatula to add ………………… powder
a little at a time into the acid. ……….. the
mixture with a glass rod.
3. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of
it no longer …………….
4. …………. the solution into an evaporating dish
to remove the unreacted copper(II) oxide.
5. ………… the solution until the final volume is
1/3 the initial volume // to produce a saturated
solution.
6. ……….. the saturated solution until crystals
are formed.
7. ………….. the solution to obtain the copper(II)
sulphate crystals.
8. …………… the crystals with a little …………
distilled water.
9. ………….. the crystals by pressing between 2
pieces of …………… paper.
Equation:
CuO + H2SO4 → +
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Answer: Answer:
(i) Rate of reaction in Experiment ……. is higher (i) Rate of reaction in Experiment …….is higher
than Experiment ………… than Experiment ………...
(ii) The concentration of acid / …………. ions in (ii) In Experiment II, zinc powder has a …………
in Experiment II is ……….. than Experiment I. total surface area exposed to ………………..
than granulated zinc in Experiment I.
The number of H+ ions per unit ……….. in
Experiment II is ………….. than Experiment I. Frequency of collision between ………… ions
and …………….. atoms in Experiment II is
Frequency of collision between ………… ions …………… than in Experiment I.
and………………..in Experiment II is ………...
than in Experiment I. Frequency of……………….. collision in
Experiment II is higher than in Experiment I.
Frequency of……………….. collision in
Experiment II is higher than in Experiment I.
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Answer: Answer:
(i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is ……………
(i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is ………… than Experiment I.
than Experiment I.
(ii) Copper(II) sulphate solution in Experiment II
(ii) ……………… of reaction in Experiment II is acts as a …………….. whereas no catalyst is
higher than Experiment I used in Experiment I
…………. energy of H+ ions and S2O32- ions In Experiment II, the presence of catalyst
in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. enables the reaction to take place through an
…………… path which requires a ………….
The H+ ions move ………. and ………. more activation energy.
often with S2O32- ions in Experiment II is
than in Experiment I. In Experiment II, more …………….. ions
and ................ atoms are able to achieve
Frequency of …………….. between ………. the ……………… activation energy than
ions and ………………. ions in Experiment II Experiment I.
is higher than Experiment I.
Frequency of ………………….. collision in
Frequency of …………………. collision in Experiment II is ………….than in Experiment I.
Experiment II is ……….. than in Experiment I.
.
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Heat of combustion is the heat change when one mole of alcohol is completely
burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
thermometer
Wind
shield Copper can
water
Tripod
stand
ethanol
Spirit p
Wooden block
Procedure:
1. Measure 100 cm3 of ………… and pour into a ………….. can. The copper can is placed
on a tripod stand.
2. Record the ………….. temperature of the water.
3. Weigh a spirit lamp with …………… and record its ……….
4. Place the spirit lamp under the ……….. can and …….… the wick of the lamp immediately.
5. …………… the water in the can continuously throughout the experiment
6. Put out the flame when the temperature of the water …………… by about 30 0C
7. Record the …………… temperature reached by the water.
8. Weigh the spirit lamp and its content ………………… and record the mass.
Tabulation of Data:
Calculation steps:
m
Number of mole of C2H5OH = 46 = n
The heat energy given out during combustion by ethanol = the heat energy absorbed by water
= mcθ
= …………….. = x J
= ………….. J mol-1
1. Make sure the flame touches the ………….. of the copper can // Place the spirit lamp very
close or just beneath the ………….. of the copper can.
2. Stir the water in the copper can ………………. throughout the experiment.
3. ………… the spirit lamp and its content …………………. when the flame has been put out.
4. Use a wind ………… during experiment.
[Any two]
39
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By :
40
FELIX NGUI
SMK TABUAN JAYA , KUCHING
Page
Cu T
Copper(II) sulphate
solution
DIAGRAM 1.1
The voltmeter readings for each pair of metals are shown in Diagram 1.2
DIAGRAM 1.2
(a) Based on Diagram 1.2, record the voltmeter readings for each pair of metals in Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1
Page
[3 marks]
(b) Based on the voltmeter readings, arrange the metals Cu, P, Q, R, S and T in descending
order of electropositivity.
........................................................... .................................................................
........................................................... ................................................................
…………………………….............. .................................................................
…………………………….............. .................................................................
.......................................................... .................................................................
…………………………………...... .................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[3 marks ]
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(e) State three observations and corresponding inferences that can be obtained from the cell
in Diagram 1.1(Cu and metal T).
Observation Inference
1 …………………………………….. 1 ……………………………………..
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
2 ……………………………….……. 2 ……………………………………..
………………………………….…… ……………………………………….
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
3 …………………………………….. 3 ……………………………………..
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
………………………………………. ……………………………………….
[6 marks]
(f) Predict the voltage of the cells which contain the following pair of metals..
[3 marks]
(g) Classify metals P, Q, R, S and T into more electropositive than copper and less
electropositive than copper. Write your answers in the table provided. 43
[3 marks]
Page
(h) Explain why the voltage of cell of copper and metal S is larger than the cell of copper and
metal P.
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
[3 marks]
(i) Another example of a chemical cell is Daniell Cell. Draw the apparatus set-up of the
Daniell Cell of copper and metal T.
[3 marks]
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2. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of
reaction. He poured 50cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution into a 250 cm3 conical
flask. The conical flask was then placed on a mark “X” on a piece of white paper.
10.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and
shaken. At the same time, the stopwatch was started. The stopwatch was stopped as soon as
the mark “X” on the piece of white paper was no longer visible.
The student repeated the experiment using sodium thiosulphate solution with the concentration
of 1.0 mol dm-3, 1.5 mol dm-3, 2.0 mol dm-3 and 2.5 mol dm-3 .
Diagram 2 shows the readings of the stopwatch for each of the reactions at different
concentrations.
Diagram 2
45
(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Diagram 2.
Page
[3 marks]
(b) 1
Construct a table and record the concentration, time and of this experiment.
time
[3 marks]
(c) State the operational definition for rate of reaction for this experiment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
1
(d) (i) Draw a graph of concentration against time on a graph paper.
[3 marks]
(ii) Using the graph drawn in (b)(i), state the relationship between concentration and the
rate of reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
(e) Predict the time taken for the mark “X” to be no longer visible if the experiment is
repeated using 3.0 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
(f) State one observation for the experiment. Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
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[3 marks]
Page
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
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……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
........................................................... ......................................................................
........................................................... .......................................................................
……………………………............... .......................................................................
……………………………............... …...................................................................
……………………………………. …………………………………………….
…………………………………….. ……………………………………………..
[6 marks]
(i) The relationship between concentration and rate of reaction can be applied in our daily
life. Using your knowledge of chemistry, explain why fanning glowing charcoal will
cause the charcoal to ignite.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 marks]
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3.
“If iron is exposed to oxygen and water, rusting will occur but if iron is in contact
with a more electropositive metal, rusting is inhibited. “
Plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of other metals on the rusting of iron.
Your planning should include the following aspects:
Plan a laboratory experiment to compare the elasticity of vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised
rubber. Your planning should include the following aspects:
5.
“Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents but their effectiveness
in hard water is different.”
6. SUGGESTED ANSWERS
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Page
(i) Explain how this ionic compound is formed. (i) Explain how this ionic compound is formed.
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the (ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the
compound formed. compound formed.
Answer: Answer:
(i) Atom A has electron arrangement of 2.1. (i) Atom C has electron arrangement of 2.8.2
To achieve the stable electron arrangement // To achieve the stable electron arrangement //
duplet arrangement, atom A donates one octet arrangement, atom C donates two valence
valence electron and a positive ion, A+ is formed. electrons and a positive ion, C2+ is formed.
[ A → A+ + e ] [ C → C2+ + 2e ]
Atom B has electron arrangement of 2.7. Atom D has electron arrangement of 2.6.
To achieve the stable electron arrangement // To achieve the stable electron arrangement //
octet arrangement, atom B receives one octet arrangement, atom C receives two
electron and a negative ion, B- is formed. electrons and a negative ion, D2- is formed.
[ B + e → B- ] [ D + 2e → D2- ]
A+ and B- ions are attracted to each other by C2+ and D2- ions are attracted to each other by
electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound
AB. CD.
(ii) _ (ii) 2+ 2-
+
_
XX XX XX
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
XX XX XX
A+ B- C2+- D2--
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(i) Explain how this covalent compound is formed (i) Explain how this covalent compound is formed
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the (ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the
compound formed. compound formed.
Answer: Answer:
A nitrogen atom has electron arrangement of 2.5 A carbon atom has electron arrangement of 2.4 //
// A nitrogen atom has five valence electrons. A carbon atom has four valence electrons.
A nitrogen atom needs three more electrons to A carbon atom needs four more electrons to
achieve the stable electron arrangement // octet achieve the stable electron arrangement // octet
arrangement. arrangement.
A hydrogen atom has electron arrangement of 1 A chlorine atom has electron arrangement of
// A hydrogen atom has one valence electron. 2.8.7 // A chlorine atom has seven valence
Each hydrogen atom needs one more electron to electrons.
achieve the stable electron arrangement // octet Each chlorine atom needs one more electron to
arrangement. achieve the stable electron arrangement // octet
arrangement.
Each of the three hydrogen atoms contributes
one electron and one nitrogen atom contributes Each of the four chlorine atoms contributes one
three electrons for sharing to form a covalent electron and one carbon atom contributes four
compound, NH3 electrons for sharing to form a covalent
compound, CCl4
XX
XX
H XX
X
XX
XX XX Cl XX
X X
X X
H X
NN X
H XX XX XX
XX XX XX
X X X
XX XX X X XX
X XX
XX Cl X X C X X Cl X X
X X X
XX XX XX
XX XX XX
X
XX XX
X X Cl X X
X
XX
XX
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Answer: Answer:
Substances: Substances:
Lead(II) nitrate solution, sodium chloride solution, Calcium nitrate solution, sodium sulphate solution,
distilled water distilled water
Apparatus: Apparatus:
Measuring cylinder, beaker, filter funnel, filter Measuring cylinder, beaker, filter funnel, filter
paper paper
Procedure: Procedure:
1. Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate 1. Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 calcium nitrate
solution into a beaker. solution into a beaker.
2. Add 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride 2. Add 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate
solution. solution.
3. Stir the mixture with a glass rod. 3. Stir the mixture with a glass rod.
4. Filter the mixture. 4. Filter the mixture.
5. Rinse / wash the salt / precipitate with distilled 5. Rinse / wash the salt / precipitate with distilled
water. water.
6. Dry the salt by pressing between 2 pieces of 6. Dry the salt by pressing between 2 pieces of
filter paper. filter paper.
Equation: Equation:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl → PbCl2 + 2NaNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2NaNO3
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Answer: Answer:
Substances: Substances:
Sulphuric acid, copper(II) oxide // copper(II) Nitric acid, zinc // zinc oxide // zinc carbonate //
carbonate // copper(II) hydroxide powder, zinc hydroxide powder, distilled water
distilled water
Apparatus: Apparatus:
Measuring cylinder, beaker, spatula, glass rod, Measuring cylinder, beaker, spatula, glass rod,
evaporating dish, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, evaporating dish, Bunsen burner, tripod stand,
wire gauze, filter funnel, filter paper wire gauze, filter funnel, filter paper
Procedure: Procedure:
1. Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid 1. Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
into a beaker. Warm the sulphuric acid. into a beaker. Warm the nitric acid.
2. Use a spatula to add copper(II) oxide powder 2. Use a spatula to add zinc oxide powder
a little at a time into the acid. Stir the mixture a little at a time into the acid. Stir the mixture
with a glass rod. with a glass rod.
3. Continue adding copper(II) oxide until some of 3. Continue adding zinc oxide until some of
it no longer dissolves. it no longer dissolves.
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to 4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to
remove the unreacted copper(II) oxide. remove the unreacted zinc oxide.
5. Heat the solution until the final volume is 1/3 5. Heat the solution until the final volume is 1/3
the initial volume // to produce a saturated the initial volume // to produce a saturated
solution. solution.
6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are 6. Cool the saturated solution until crystals are
formed. formed.
7. Filter the solution to obtain the copper(II) 7. Filter the solution to obtain the zinc nitrate
sulphate crystals. crystals.
8. Rinse the crystals with a little cold distilled 8. Rinse the crystals with a little cold distilled
water. water.
9. Dry the crystals by pressing between 2 pieces 9. Dry the crystals by pressing between 2 pieces
of filter paper. of filter paper.
Equation: Equation:
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O ZnO + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
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Answer: Answer:
(i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher (i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher
than Experiment I. than Experiment I.
(ii) The concentration of acid / hydrogen ions in (ii) In Experiment II, zinc powder has a larger
in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. total surface area exposed to collision than
granulated zinc in Experiment I.
The number of H+ ions per unit volume in
Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. Frequency of collision between H+ ions and
zinc atoms in Experiment II is higher than in
Frequency of collision between H+ ions and Experiment I.
CaCO3 in Experiment II is higher than in
Experiment I. Frequency of effective collision in
Experiment II is higher than in Experiment I.
Frequency of effective collision in
Experiment II is higher than in Experiment I.
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Answer: Answer:
(i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher (i) Rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher
than Experiment I. than Experiment I.
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Heat of combustion is the heat change when one mole of alcohol is completely
burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
Thermometer
Wind shield
Copper can
water
Procedure:
1. Measure 100 cm3 of water and pour into a copper can. The copper can is placed on a
tripod stand.
2. Record the initial temperature of the water.
3. Weigh a spirit lamp with ethanol and record its mass.
4. Place the spirit lamp under the copper can and light the wick of the lamp immediately.
5. Stir the water in the can continuously throughout the experiment.
6. Put out the flame when the temperature of the water increases by about 30 0C.
7. Record the highest temperature reached by the water.
8. Weigh the spirit lamp and its content immediately and record the mass.
Tabulation of Data:
m
Number of mole of C2H5OH = 46 = n
The heat energy given out during combustion by ethanol = the heat energy absorbed by water
= mcθ
= mc(T2-T1) = x J
= - x J mol-1
n
1. Make sure the flame touches the base of the copper can // Place the spirit lamp very close
or just beneath the base of the copper can.
2. Stir the water in the copper can continuously throughout the experiment.
3. Weigh the spirit lamp and its content immediately when the flame has been put out.
4. Use a wind shield during experiment.
[Any two]
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Cu and P 1.5
3
Cu and Q 1.7
Cu and R 0.5
Cu and S 2.3
Cu and T 1.2
Controlled variable:
Electrolyte / copper(II) sulphate Use the same electrolyte /
solution // concentration and concentration of electrolyte /
volume of electrolyte // CuSO4 //
1 (d)
[Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and the
responding variable and the direction correctly]
Suggested answer: 3
The further apart / the distance of the pair of metals in the electrochemical
58
3
Copper Metal T
Copper(II) T nitrate
sulphate solution
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solution
Page
Salt bridge
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
60
1
0 / s-1
Page
time
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
REVISION MODULE FOR THE MASTERY OF THE BASICS IN SPM CHEMISTRY
SPM CHEMISTRY
[Able to state three variables and the way to control them correctly]
(h)
Suggested answer:
Manipulated variable: Repeat the experiment using
sodium thiosulphate solution with
Concentration of sodium -3
thiosulphate solution concentrations of 1.0 mol dm ,
1.5 mol dm-3, 2.0 mol dm-3 and
2.5 mol dm-3 .
Responding variable:
Time taken for the mark Time taken for the mark “X” to be
no longer visible
“X” to be no longer visible // 6
Rate of reaction
Controlled variable:
Temperature of sodium Solutions of same temperature are
thiosulphate solution // size of used // use conical flasks of same
conical flask // concentration and size // use the same concentration
volume of hydrochloric acid used and volume of hydrochloric acid //
// total volume of reacting keep the total volume of reacting
mixture mixture the same.
Reject : Use of “Quantity” or
“amount of “ hydrochloric acid /
reacting mixture.
(e) Procedure :
1. Clean / Rub three iron nails with sandpaper.
2. Two iron nails are coiled / wound separately with magnesium ribbon
and copper foil.
3. The three nails are each put / dip / immersed into labelled test tubes
A, B and C containing hot jelly solution with potassium 3
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution separately .
4. The test tubes are put on a test tube rack under room condition for a
few days.
5. The test tubes are observed and the results are recorded.
Beaker Observation
X
Y
3
or
Cleansing agent Observation
Soap solution
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Detergent solution
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