1 ABOUT THE COMPANY

EnerjiSA was established as an auto producer company in 1996 Kocaeli, to meet the
electricity requirements of Sabancı companies and became one of the leading players of the
growing and developing electricity market of Turkey with its great portfolio targeting to
create value for all phases of the electricity chain; customer and market oriented business
models, electricity generation and distribution methods based on efficiency and technology
and with its competitive strategies.

As of April 2013, partnership process among EnerjiSA and E.ON, which is one of the
leading private electricity and natural gas companies of the world, was successfully
completed. In addition to four main business lines comprising of electricity generation,
distribution, trading and sales, also managed a growing portfolio in natural gas sector by
EnerjiSA. Tufanbeyli thermal power plant company has been actively 248 operated and 21
engineers.The company reaches 3,6 GW installed power thanks to 3 natural gas plants,
12 hydroelectrical plants, 3 wind plants and 1 brown coal plant. The products have been
producing in plants that is located in Çanakkale, Balıkesir, Kocaeli, Mersin, Adana,
Kahramanmaraş, Trabzon and Artvin.

Organizational structure in EnerjiSA is comprised of one executives team and one board
of directors who are taking the action accoring to executives team. Executives team
comprised of CEO, CFO, human resources department, the chairman of institutional talent,
the chairman of technology and customer solutions, the chairman of strategical and
optimizational department, the chairman of disturbution department, the chairman of
production department and the chairman of merchandising department.

Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant is in Tufanbeyli district in Adana. It is belong to

EnerjiSA electric company. It has 450 MW installed power and it is eighth biggest lignite
thermal company of Turkey. Tufanbeyli Thermal Plant is produced 3.375.000.000 kW/h
electric energy which 1.019.637 people need (home, industry, metro, tranportation, etc.). Only
houses’ electricity consumption is considered, it can be provided electricity to 1.071.249
household. Fernas company has undertaken the process of coal mining.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Information About EnerjiSA 16/07/2018

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2 INTRODUCTION
The internship is a professional experience where the theoretical training of the student is
practiced, and the student observes the business life. The student makes plans for the future
and recognizes the areas he/she needs to develop himself/herself, along with the internship.
Relationships with people in the internship provide a reference for the future.

I’ve done my internship in Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant of EnerjiSA Enerji

Üretim A.Ş. EnerjiSA is one of the biggest brands in the energy sector of the country, which
has 3,6 GW installed nationwide power, hydroelectric, wind and thermal power plants, and
continues its investments for the future. Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant is a lignite coal
thermal power plant which its construction was started by SK Group in 2004 and production
is started in 2015 is operated by partnership of EnerjiSA Enerji Üretim A.Ş. and E.ON.

The most important factor in choosing this place is that EnerjiSA has a significant
position throughout the country in the energy sector and a new and high-power system using
today’s technology in Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant. The opportunity to see and analyze
production steps from start to finish at the plant; the opportunity to study relays, motors,
generators, pumps, transformers and many other devices used in the system at workshops
were effective factors for me to choose here for my internship.

During internship, I joined different works in different departments. My main

department was Operation Management. Operation Management is department which is the
plant and departments are managed. I analyzed the process here. I learned the field and the
process in detail here, because this department controls every point of the plant’s field. I also
participated in the work of Electrical Maintenance departments. Here, I joined revision
workings, motor and other components’ maintenances.

This report is include introduction, about the company, practical training, conclusions
and references parts. In introduction part, why I chose this company and a brief description of
the report is written. In about the company part, information is given about company and
plant. In practical training part, what I learned and what I did from summer training is written.
In conclusion part, the internship is evaluated.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Introduction 16/07/2018

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3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
First day morning of my internship I joined orientation about EnerjiSA Enerji Üretim
A.Ş. and Occupational Health Safety. I received information while 4 hours from Oral
MEMILI who a specialist in occupational health and safety and also mining engineer. And we
had 2 exams about OHS. Then, I met with engineers and technicians who working in my
department.

3.1. What Is Occupational Health and Safety?

Occupational health and safety are defined as the analysis of health problems and
occupational problems that may be encountered by workers due to reasons such as the physical
environment conditions at work, the working environment, and analysis and studies to
minimize or eliminate occupational problems.
Especially in our area there should be taken precautions before maintenance in
transformer substations. These are very important for life and property security. Not obeying
the rules could cause huge accidents.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Occupational Healty And 16/07/2018

Safety Management

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4 PRACTICAL TRAINING
In the second day I visited the main control room of power plant. At there, general
process is told on T3000 program. I learned general process, main system and subsystem.
There are flow diagram of plant on figure 2 and 3. And I gave the information about general
process. There was one photo from main control center room on figure 1.

Figure 1: General View Of Main Control Center Room

4.1. Systems in Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant

a. Main Systems
i. Circulation Fluidized-Bed Boiler
ii. Steam Turbine Generator (STG)
b. Subsystems
i. Coal System
ii. Limestone System
iii. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
iv. CID Fan
v. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
vi. Cooling Tower
vii. Ash System
viii. Switchyard

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Systems Power Plant 17/07/2018

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 Figure 2: General View Of Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant

Figure 3: Flow Diagram Of Plant

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Flow Diagram Of Plant 17/07/2018

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5 GENERAL PROCESS OF PLANT
Today, information about general structure of plant was taken from flow diagram. I got
information about fluidized-bed boilers, cyclones and CID fan in detail. Then I examined
them on the plant site. And I learned how to generator steam from coal. I added graphic from
boiler on figure 4.

Figure 4: Parts Of Fluidized-Bed Boiler

5.1. Circulation Fluidized-Bed Boiler

Actually, this is my first topic. We started to examine boiler. This boiler system consists
of many parts. I showed on figure 3. And I took note about circulation Fluidized-Bed boiler. I
took a lot of photo from T3000 program on figure 5. And I learned why they choose
circulation fluidized-bed boiler.

• Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant has 3 fluidized-bed boilers (3 x 150MW).

• Every boiler has a pass 1 part and a pass 2 part. Burning occurs in pass 1 part and
there is one superheater. In pass 2; there are 2 superheaters, 2 reheaters. And there is
one economizer. Pass 2 is used for heat to steam which is used at the STG.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

General Process of Plant 18/07/2018

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• I saw a lot of nozul in fluidized-bed boiler bottom. It has 1200 nozul, and the primer
air comes from nozul. and that air provided fluid.
• Boiler must be ≈ 850℃, so it warmed until ≈ 850℃.
• First of all, start-up burners are used for ignite the boiler. It is working with air, steam
and fuel (LFO, HFO).
• After start-up burners; limestone, inert materials, coal and air are given to boiler for
warm.
• Every boiler has 4 cyclones. In this cyclones there is a vortex effect. This effect
supplies the ash to boiler again, which is not burnt.
• Fly ash which is unburnt fly to up, and arrives to cyclones. After that, fly ash
exposures vortex effect, and it is given to boiler again and again until being burnt.
• There are 4 bed ash coolers under the boiler. These are keep ash which is burnt. Ash
cooler cools to this ash. Then, it transmits ash to bed ash crusher (x2), and bed ash
silo.

Figure 5: Air And Flıue Gas System On T3000

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Circulation Fluidized-Bed 18/07/2018

Boiler

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5.2. Steam Turbine Generator (STG)

Today, I examined Steam Turbine Generator (STG), Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP).

Then, we analyzed steam’s mechanical effects to turbines for electric production and
generator’s working principle in this plant system. After that, we informed about issues of this
systems at their control rooms. I took photo LP/IP and HP turbine on figure 6 and 7.
• Saturated steam which is coming from drum passes through superheaters (1, 2, 3).
After superheaters, it enters to HP (High Pressure) turbine as superheated steam
(538℃, 160 bar).
• Rotating HP turbines supply a mechanical energy to generator. Generator converts this
mechanical energy to electrical energy. Production of electric begins here (150MW for
each unit).
• Pressure and temperature of superheated steam is decrease in a time. When it falls
below a certain level, steam goes out from HP turbines, and goes to reheaters (1, 2).
When temperature and pressure of steam is increased, superheated steam enters to
IP/LP turbines.
• With rotation of IP/LP turbines, mechanical energy continuous to be supplied to
generator.
• Cold steam comes from IP/LP turbines, then arrives to condenser.

Figure 6: LP Turbine Figure 7: HP Turbine

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Steam Turbine Generator 19/07/2018

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5.3. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

• Every unit has an ESP system in this plant. It makes filtration.

• ESP is making a filtration with electrostatic force. It separates ash from flue gas.
• ESP has metal plates. This metal plates are loaded with high voltage, and they are
charged with positive ion. Ash is loaded with negative ion.
• Plates are loaded positive, and ash is loaded negative. So, when ash pass from ESP’s
plates, it is held by plates.
• ESP has got hammers on top. They hit to plates, and ashes fall to down (to hoopers).
• Ash is transmitted to silos by hooper and vessel.
• Thus, gas is filtered from ash. Then, gas is transmitted to absorber.
There are some photo from ESP on figure 9 and 10. And I added diagram of ESP on
figure 8. We can see a lot of transformer in diagram.

Figure 8: Diagram of ESP Figure 9: Hooper’s View Figure 10: Vessel’s View

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Electrostatic Precipitator 19/07/2018

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5.4. CID Fan

At the last day of first week, we went to electrostatic precipitator, CID Fan and
absorber. Also yesterday we went to ESP. And I learned how it works ESP. Today, I learned
CID fan and Absorber. I gave information about CID Fan. This is the huge system in
company. There was a lot of noise when I was walking around CID fan. There is no backup of
it. I learned that these checks have been completed, to avoid any malfunction while the unit is
running, I gave information about CID fan. I add a photo on figure 11. ESP is on the left side.
In the middle there is a CID Fan. Absorber on the right side in figure 11.

• In this plant, every unit has a CID fan.

• The most powerful fan of the system. It has 6.5 MW installed power.
• There is no backup of it. Because it is very expansive fan.
• Transports flue gas to absorber from ESP while about 300 meters. It has powerful
vacuum.

Figure 11: General View of CID Fan

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

CID Fan 20/07/2018

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5.5. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

At the first and second day of my second week, I learned about flue gas
desulfurization (FGD) system, condenser and cooling tower, and their working principles in
detail. And then, we analyze them at site. After that, I researched limestone in this system
why it is necessary. Then, I got information on limestone system. I saw its structure on flow
diagram. Then, we went to limestone system. I gave brief information about this system. I
added general view of absorber on figure 12.

• As a result of coal burning, SO2 gas occur. This system aims to keep this gas, and it
prevents to atmospheric release of SO2.
• If SO2 is not held, acid rains can be occur.
• Lime milk is sprayed from pipes of FGD (in absorber). A chemical reaction occurs.
• With this reaction, gypsum occurs. SO2 is trapped in gypsum.
• Gypsum is moved to coal site.
• Filtered flue gas is transferred to cooling tower.

Figure 12: Absorber’s Generall View Figure 13: Pipes İn Absorber

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Flue Gas Desulfurization 23/07/2018

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5.6. Condenser and Cooling Tower

• Dead steam which is coming from IP/LP turbines comes to condenser.

• Dead steam is converted to water and steam by condenser, these are transmitted to
cooling tower by pumps. Water is cooled at tower; thus its quality is increased.
• After cooling tower, water is sent to LP and HP heaters. Then, it joins to system.
We can see cooling tower photo on figure 14 and 15.

Figure 14: Cooling Tower’s View Figure 15: Cooling Tower’s View
From Outside from Inside

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Condenser and Cooling 24/07/2018

Tower

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5.7. Ash System (Silos)

Today we went to ash silos on their working area. Everywhere is ash. I got information
about ash system. And I learned what is the working principles of ash silos and ash cooler.

• In this thermal power plant, there are 4 ash silos. 1 bed ash silo and 3 fly ash silos on
figure 16.
• Silos are used just for storage. Ash is transported from silos to disposal area by belt
conveyors.
• Bed ash silo takes ash which is burnt. It takes them from bed ash cooler.
• Fly ash silo takes ash which is coming from ESP unit.

Figure 16: A Bed Ash Silo And Fly Ash Silos

5.8. Coal System

Today, we examined limestone system and coal stockyard which operated by Fernas
İnşaat A.Ş. At the coal site, I saw crushers and their working principle. Cooling tower and
compressors are investigated. I took photo about transmission system and stockyard on figure
17 and 18.
• Coal which is received from coal stockyard is transmitted to crusher buildings.
• Crusher building crushes coal for coal’s burning in the system easily.
• There are 2 primary crusher buildings. Coal’s dimension is minimized to 50 mm.
• There are 4 secondary crusher buildings. Coal’s dimension is minimized to 11 mm.
• Coal passes from transfer towers (TT to TT7), and arrives to bunkers.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Ash and Coal System 25/07/2018

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 Figure 17 : Coal Transmission System Figure 18: Coal Stockyard

5.9. Limestone System

• This system’s aim is inhibit sulfur gas which is released to atmosphere after coal
burning.
• Limestone goes to sieve with trucks. Sieves’ dimension is 60 mm, limestone is passed
from here.
• Limestone goes to crusher with band system. Crusher downscales of it to 7 mm. After
here, it goes to second crusher.
• Second crusher downscales of it to 1 mm. Limestone which is bigger than 1 mm is
goes to FGD system. After second crusher, limestone goes to boiler.

Figure 19: Limestone Mill

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Limestone System 25/07/2018

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5.10. Switchyard

Today, we went to switchyard. We need to be most careful in this system. Because,

switchyard is a linkage between plant and interconnected network. High voltage units are
here. There are a lot of part about electricity. Before I came here I do not know anything
about transformers, disconnector, circuit breakers. But I learned all of them in 3 days. I gave
information what did I learn about transformations, disconnectors, circuit breakers, bars. I
took a photo of general view of switchyard on figure 20.
• Switchyard is a linkage between plant and interconnected network. High voltage units
are here.
• Voltage of electricity generated in generator is increased by power transformer, then it
is connected to transmission system with switchyard. A connection goes to aux.
transformer for feeding internal system.
• Also there are step-up transformers at switchyard for energy from outside. Because,
energy which is coming from outside can be necessary when start-up.
• Electricity’s access to switchyard and out from switchyard are supplied by feeders.

Figure 20: General View Of Switchyard

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Switchyard 26/07/2018

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 • In Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant, there are 2 main line feeders (Elbistan –
Yeşilhisar).
• There are 2 main bars and there is a transfer bar.
• Switchyard’s type is over ground switchyard in this plant.
• Components of switchyard: breaker, disconnector, bar, current transformer, voltage
transformer, surge arrestor, power transformer and protection relay.

5.10.1. Current Transformer

I collected information about current transformer. And I add a photo of current

transformer from switchyard on Figure 21. It does not allow the passage of a current above a
certain level. Its main assignment is protection and current measurement of this system. When
excessive current come to primary side, current transformer sends info to relays, so breaker
and disconnectors which are on the fault line are opened. Phase difference between primer
current and seconder current is about 0 degree. Also, a current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from high voltage circuits.

Figure 21: Current Transformer

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Current Transformer 26/07/2018

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5.10.2. Voltage Transformer

Its use logic is control the voltage. Voltage transformer sends information when the
voltage exceeds a certain value. Phase difference between primer voltage and secondary
voltage is 0 degree.

5.10.3. Surge Arrestor

Sometimes overvoltage occurs in energy transmission lines. When stroke of lightning,

surge arrestor grounds. Thus, it protects the system from external factors. Surge arrestor
inhibits reaching of voltage to high values. I add a photo of voltage transformer and surge
arrestor on figure 22 and 23.

Figure 22: Voltage Transformer Figure 23: Surge Arrestor

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Voltage Transformer 27/07/2018

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5.10.4. Power Transformer
Electrical energy which is produced at the system must be move with transmission
line. Before transmission, step-up of voltage value is necessary. It is required for productivity
and easy transmission. Tufanbeyli Thermal Power Plant has 4 power transformers. I add a
photo of step up and aux transformer from unit 1 on figure 24.

UNIT-1 Step-Up transformer 15,75 kV/ 380 kV YNd1 152/190 MVA

UNIT-2 Step-Up transformer 15,75 kV/ 380 kV YNd1 152/190 MVA
UNIT-3 Step-Up transformer 15,75 kV/ 380 kV YNd1 152/190 MVA
TR-4 380 kV / 34.5 kV YNd11 330 /50 MVA (Feeds the coal site)

Figure 24: 15,75 Kv/380 Kv Step-Up And 15,75 Kv/ 6,3 Kv Aux. Transformers’ View

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Power Transformer 27/07/2018

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5.10.5. Bars

Bar is a conductor that provide connections between equipment and materials used in
the control and control of electrical energy. In this plant, double bar and a transfer bar are
used. I added a photo on figure 25. There is a transfer breaker between main bars and transfer
bar. Transfer breaker provides uninterrupted and protected flow in energy when there are
problems with breaker from bar system or system failure with bar disconnector or if there is
maintenance work in system.

Figure 25: Bar-1 And Bar-2

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Bars 30/07/2018

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5.10.6. Breaker
Breaker can switch on and off in every situation. When electrical circuits are cut off at
high voltage levels, arc occurs. Arc must be extinguished in a very short time, and circuit
must be de-energized. Breaker is used to provide this. Breakers has arc extinguishing feature
and they can move very fast. In this plant, bipolar spring with motor, and SF6 gas breakers are
used in switchyard.

SF6 Gas Breakers

SF6 gas is insulated 3 times more than air by the dielectric strength of 89kV / cm
under 1 bar pressure. SF6 gas has better thermal conductivity and is a non-flammable gas.
The working principle of the cutter is based on the principle of blowing SF6 gas at constant
pressure through the moving contact piston and blowing it back to the arc. The cutting
medium is SF6 gas at a pressure of 1.5-6 bar. Due to the insulating property of SF6 gas, the
distance between contacts is very small. There are too much breakers and I took a photo on
figure 26.

Figure 26: Sf6 Breakers View

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Breakers 30/07/2018

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 I. Advantages:
• Opening at rated current is about 10,000.
• The risk of an accident is low.
• SF6 gas does not burn and not poisonous.
II. Disavtages:
• There is a chance of a gas leak.
• It is dangerous for ozone layer and using of it limited by Kyoto Protocol.
• SF6 gas is liquefied at low pressure and temperature levels.

5.10.7. Disconnector

Component that is used to open and close at loadless circuits under voltage. There are
5 type of them: line, bar, transfer, ground and pantograph.

Figure 27: Disconnector’s View

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Disconnector 30/07/2018

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6 PROTECTION RELAYS
Today we went to protection relay control unit in switchyard. we saw the electric
panels. Our engineers and technicians told us every day that they would tell us one of the
members in the panel. And I learned information of relay. The its working principle and
types of relay. I added a photo from relay and bars unit control room of switchyard on figure
28.

Figure 28: Relay and Bars Control Unit

There can be some faults in substation and energy transmission lines (short circuit,
unwanted high voltage, high current). High tension and medium tension terminals have to be
protected from damages that happens after system failure. Protection relay detects fault that is
occur at transmission line and substation. Then, it cuts energy of defective region (only
defective region). Thus, it prohibits big losses. The fault area is determined by the PL
(Protection Line) relays with impedance.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Protection Relay 31/07/2018

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6.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RELAY

Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When relay is energized a

magnetic field is generated at the coil ends and it gains magnet feature. It pulls the palette in
word thanks to magnetization. The movable contacts on the pallet move to bring the circuit to
the closed position and transmission is possible. When energy is cut off, magnetic field is
removed so bow retracts the pallet to bring the contacts back to their original position. Relay
acts as a switch with opening and closing of the contacts. Relays are mainly made for two
basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other is high voltage. For low voltage
applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of the whole circuit. For high
voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a phenomenon called arcing. Relay
works mechanically, so they often break down. As the contacts constantly sticks to each
other, the contacts are oxidized over time, so it is not work. It is not repaired and replaced
with a new one.

Figure 29: Relay

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Working Principle Of Relay 01/07/2018

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7 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Today we went to mcc of transformer with two engineers. We took the note about oil
level on transformer. And there was some problem on third unit. We did not take note for oil
level. After we went to third unit step up and aux transformer. We took the note for oil level
with hydran applications from hydran m2. And I learned the buchholz relay. Because
buchholz relay is the most important protection relay for transformer. I learned and explore
from internet.
7.1 What Is A Buchholz Relay?

Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay universally used on all
oil immersed transformers having rating more than 500 kVA. Buchholz relay is not provided
in relays having rating below 500 kVA from the point of view of economic considerations.

7.2 Why Buchholz Relay Is Used In Transformers?

Buchholz relay is used for the protection of transformers from the faults occurring
inside the transformer. Short circuit faults such as inter turn faults, incipient winding faults,
and core faults may occur due to the impulse breakdown of the insulating oil or simply the
transformer oil. Buchholz relay will sense such faults and closes the alarm circuit.

7.3 Working Principle

Buchholz relay relies on the fact that an electrical fault inside the transformer tank is
accompanied by the generation of gas and if the fault is high enough it will be accompanied
by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator

Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, the oil in the transformer tank gets
overheated and gases are generated. The generation of the gases depends mainly on the
intensity of fault produced. The heat generated during the fault will be high enough to
decompose the transformer oil and the gases produced can be used to detect the winding
faults. This is the basic principle behind the working of the Buchholz relay.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Buchholz Relay 02/07/2018

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7.4 When Does a Buchholz Relay Operate?

Buchholz relay operates during three conditions:

1. Whenever gas bubbles are formed inside the transformer due to severe fault.

2. Whenever the level of transformer oil falls.

3. Whenever transformer oil flows rapidly from the conservation tank to the main or from the
main tank to the conservation tank.

7.5 Advantages of Buchholz Relay

• Buchholz relay indicates inter turn faults and faults due to heating of core and helps in the
avoidance of severe faults.

• Nature and severity of fault can be determined without dismantling the transformer by testing the
air samples.

Figure 30: General View of Buchholz Relay

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Buchholz Relay 02/07/2018

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8 INTERNAL SYSTEM PROTECTION
Today, I am informed about protection of internal system by technicians. After, I
attended to maintenance of mcc. I added a photo about mcc room and mcc drawer on figure
31 and 32. And we use SOMOVE applications when we solve problem.

• In the mechanism of the system, there are some protection components for motor and
other parts. It is aimed to minimize the effects of temperature and high current to
internal system. This system prevents leakage or short circuit between phase and
ground.
• System has motor protection relay (thermal relay), power switch, mcc and bar breaker.
• Thermal relay is adjusted according to the current consumed by the motor. Here,
motor’s power is important for 3 phase system.

P = U x I x 1,73 x cos φ
• Motor’s current is found from this formula in 3-phase system.
• Result of this is multiplicate with 1,2 and relay’s range is determined.
• Arc or a fault can be occurred in thermal relays. So, power switch is used in this point.
• Power switch cuts feeding of motor.
• If it is failing, mcc steps in. Also, mcc can be fail. Thus, bar breakers are opened.

Figure 31: Drawer View of MCC Panels Figure 32: Mcc Motors’ Room

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Internal System Protection 03/08/2017

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9 SYNCHRONISATION OF POWER PLANT’S UNIT
• Generators are connected parallel for satisfy to increased load requirement in network
with uninterruptedly and efficiently.
• When malfunction or maintenance times for any of these generators, production of
electric continues without any interrupt.
• As the amount of load increases, need of electric can be satisfied. When consumption
is low generators can be deactivated. So, this power plants are usually connected
parallel also.
• There are 3 conditions for a system that is connected parallel to be synchronous;
1. Voltage of generators should be same

E1 = E2 = E3
• Equalization of voltages are provided by excitation current.
• If voltages is not same (smaller) it cannot give current to system. On the
contrary it draws electric.
2. Frequency of generators should be same

Equalization of frequency is provided with this formula. Because of pole number

cannot be changed, rotational speed is changed, and equalization is provided. Winding
number is set with sources’ amount of fuel which turn generators. Our system has 2
poles and provides electric from synchronous generators with working range that 3000
rotates, 50 Hz frequency.
3. Angles of phase should be same
Synchronous time is determined, and all values are overlaid with each other thus
system is synchronized.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

Synchronisation Of Power 06/08/2018

Plant’s Unit

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10 ELECTRIC MOTOR
I joined different works in different departments. My main department was Operation
Management. I also participated in the work of Electrical Maintenance. Here, I joined revision
workings, motor and other components’ maintenances.
Today we went to HP heater 5. Because there was some problem in the valve engine.
We disassembled the motor. And we came maintenance workshop with the motor. Motor had
some problem in the coil. We made again coil. We repaired motor at electrical maintenance
workshop. They were working on electric motors here. The technician gave us information
about the motor while they were working on it. I took a photo when I repaired motor on figure
33 and 34.

10.1. Motors with Malfunctions and Their Maintenances

Motors start turning and spend their magnetic field that is created by itself. But coils’
heat increases, after that they burn because of motors cannot spend all magnetic field (130℃,
f type motors).

10.2. Detection of Malfunction

Type of motor with malfunction: HP 5 asynchronous motor 18,5 kW, 3000 rpm
• Current of windings are calculated by multimeter.
• Insulation measurements of phase-phase and phase-ground are calculated by
insulation device.
• 500V are checked by time 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds.
Ø Every motors’ insulation measurement is calculated according to their own
operating voltage.
Ø If there is no problem at windings, bearing control is controlled. Then tests are
started again. If there is a normal value at current measurement, then coils are
damaged. Coils’ winding is done again.

Performed Work Date Institution’s Authorized Person

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10.3. Motor’s Maintenance and Winding

• Insulation bands are used to polyester press channels.

• Coil measurements are took coils’ winding are done at machine, of coil winding.
• Width of channel is determined according to pole numbers.

Figure 33: Stator of Motor Figure 34: Repaired Motor at Electrical

Maintenance Workshop

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10.4. Informatıon About Electric Motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine that transforms electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator
having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an
inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor
magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or DC or AC electrical windings.
There are two kinds of electric motors: AC motor and DC motor. There are parts of the motor
and the two most important parts are the rotor and the stators.

10.5. Rotor
The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric
motor, electric generator, or alternator. Rotor rotation is dependent on the interaction between
the magnetic fields that generate a torque around the windings and the rotor. Asynchronous
motors, generators and synchronous have an electromagnetic system consisting of a stator and
rotor. There are two designs for the rotor in an induction motor: squirrel cage and wound. In
generators and alternators, the rotor designs are salient pole or cylindrical. We can see
asynchronous rotor and motor on figure 35 and 36.

Figure 35: Asynchronous Rotor’s View Figure 36: Motor’s View

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10.6. Stator
The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system, found in electric generators, electric
motors, sirens, or biological rotors. The main use of a stator is to keep the field aligned. The
stator is one of the two main parts of the motor. The stator of devices may be either a
permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which
energizes it is known as the field coil or field winding.

Figure 37: Stator’s View

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10.7 Types Of Motor
Today, I did research about AC Motor and DC Motor which are used at the system.
We investigated the operation logic of motors in this system.
10.7.1. AC Motor
AC motors turn alternating current electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electrical
energy received by the stator windings with the rotation movement of the rotor is turned into
mechanical energy. Alternating current motors are also split up two: Asynchronous motor and
Synchronous motor. Asynchronous types have become a standard device. Synchronous types
are used in places where great power is required. While synchronous motors can operate at
the same frequency as the current supplied to the stator, asynchronous motors do not operate
at the same frequency as the current supplied to them because they operate with induction
current. This company use only asynchronous motors, because maintenance of asynchronous
motors is easier than maintenance of synchronous motors. I added a photo of asynchronous
motor and motors label on figure 38 and 39.
10.7.2. DC Motor

The DC motor is designed to operate with direct current electricity. DC motor

movements are smooth, precise and powerful. The speeds can easily be changed; but they
produce sparks as they work. The DC motor have two types that constant magnetically and
electromagnetic according to the structure of the stator. There is no structural difference
between the electromagnetic and the stationary magnet except for the stator.

Figure 38: AC Motors Label Figure 39: AC Motor

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11 CONCLUSIONS
This internship provided me an opportunity to learn the differences between business
life and theoretical training and to learn how to use theoretical training in an application.
Thus, I improve my technical abilities. Thanks to this internship I have learned the
manufacturing process of thermal power plant, and motor, generator, transformer, relay that
used in internal structure. Additionally, I have started to make a remark and give an opinion
about other power plants. I have improved teamwork skills due to working with engineers in
fieldworks and evaluation meetings. Doing internship in a power plant that a member of a
respected international company is an important experience for my future. To sum up, this
internship have brought me many experiences and knowledges.

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12 REFERENCES

1. https://www.enerjisa.com.tr

2. EnerjiSA flow diagrams

3. EnerjiSA archive

4. https://hbogm.meb.gov.tr/MTAO/1EnerjiUretimiIletimiVeDagitimi/unite4.pdf

5. http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/?page=moduller

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