FIRE

ENGINEERING BBX 20904

SAFETY MANAGEMENT
AND Presenter by,

EXPLOSION Ahnaf
Norsyazwan
CONTROL Amirullah

GROUP 3
 Prepared By:
Group Member

MUHAMMAD NOOR AMIRULLAH BIN AHNAF FADHLUR RAHMAN BIN AWANG MOHAMAD NORSYAZWAN BIN
AZIZUDDIN (CB200191) HANIB (CB200143) SHARKAWI (CB200183)
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Learning What we'll discuss

Agenda
this afternoon
Physics and Chemistry of Fire

Fire Prevention and Protection

Industrial Fire Protection Systems

Building Fire Safety

Explosion Protecting Systems

 Physics and
Chemistry Fire
INTRODUCTION

Fire is a complicated chemical process, and

fire investigators must grasp the fundamental
chemistry and physics involved in order to
establish judgements based on scientific
principles rather than "old fire investigators'
tales."

The diffusion flame process (fire) consists of

three basic elements: fuel, oxygen, and heat.
These basic components have been
recognized in the science of fire protection for
over 100 years.
THE CYCLE OF FIRE

The six elements of the life cycle of fire are

described by Dawson Powell in The
Mechanics of Fire. These elements are input
heat, fuel, oxygen, proportioning & mixing,
and ignition continuity.

All of these elements are essential for both

the initiation and continuation of the
diffusion flame combustion process. The first
three elements--input heat, fuel, and oxygen
are represented by the fire triangle.
1. INPUT HEAT
Solid or liquid materials do not burn. For combustion to
take place, these materials must be heated sufficiently
to produce vapors. It is these vapors which actually
burn.

The temperature at which the vapors will ignite is the

ignition temperature, sometimes referred to as the
auto ignition temperature. If the source of the heat is
an open flame or spark, it is referred to as piloted
ignition.
2. FUEL
Initially the fuel may be in the form of a gas,
liquid, or solid at the ambient temperature. As
discussed previously, liquid and solid fuels must
be heated sufficiently to produce vapors. In
general terms, combustible means capable of
burning.

while flammable is defined as capable of burning

with a flame. This should not be confused with the
terms flammable and combustible liquids. 2
Flammable Liquids are those which have a
flashpoint below 100 o F (37.8 o C),
3. OXYGEN
The primary source of oxygen normally is the
atmosphere, which contains approximately
20.8 percent oxygen. A concentration of at
least 15 to 16 percent is needed for the
continuation of flaming combustion.

Pyrolysis is defined as the transformation of

a compound into one or more other
substances by heat alone.
 4. MIXING AND
PROPORTIONINNG
Mixing and proportioning are reactions that must be
continuous in order for fire to continue to propagate. The
fuel vapors and oxygen must be mixed in the correct
proportions. Such mixture of fuel vapors and oxygen is said
to be within the explosive limits or flammable limits.

A mixture which contains fuel vapors in an amount less than

necessary for ignition to occur is too lean, while a mixture
which has too high a concentration of fuel vapors is too rich.
The lowest concentration that will burn is known as the
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), while the highest level is known
as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL).

IGNITION CONTINUITY
Ignition continuity is the thermal feedback from the fire to the fuel.

Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, radiation, and direct

flame contact.
CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact through a
solid body. Wood is ordinarily a poor conductor of heat, but
metals are good conductors.

Since most ships are constructed of metal, heat transfer by

conduction is a potential hazard. Fire can move from one hold
to another, one deck to another, and one compartment to
another via heat conduction.
CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat caused by changes in
density of liquids and gases. It is the most common method
of heat transfer when liquids or gases are heated they
become less dense and will expand and rise.

Convection is the transfer of heat through the motion of

heated matter, through the motion of smoke, hot air,
heated gases produced by the fire, and flying embers.
RADIATION
Radiation is the transfer of heat by infrared radiation which generally
is not visible to the naked eye.

Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source across an

intervening space no material substance is involved. The heat travels
outward from the fire in the same manner as light.

When it contacts a body, it is absorbed, reflected or transmitted.

Absorbed heat increases the temperature of the absorbing body.
CLASSIFIED OF
FIRES
 Class A fires involve ordinary
combustible materials, such as Class C fires involve energized
wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and electrical equipment.
many plastics.

Class D fires involve

Class B fires involve combustible metals, such as
flammable/ combustible magnesium, titanium,
liquids, greases, and gases. zirconium, sodium, and
potassium
 4 Categories Combustion
More Common Products
than You Think Heat : Defined as a form of energy characterized by
vibration of molecules and capable of initiating and
supporting chemical changes 6 and changes of
state.

Gases : Substances that have no shape or volume

of their own and will expand to take the shape and
volume of the space they occupy.

Flame : Luminous portion of burning gases or

vapors.

Smoke : The airborne particulate products of

incomplete combustion, suspended in gases,
vapors, or solid or liquid aerosols.
 EFFECTS OF
VARIOUS FIRE
GASES
 WHAT ARE THE
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS
FIRE GASES ??
Fire Protection And
Prevention
 Fire Prevention And
Protection
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) requires employers to implement fire
protection and prevention programs in the workplace.

The regulations that apply to fire protection and

prevention can be found mainly in Subpart F of the
construction standards.

 Don’t play
with fire !

The key to preventing fires is to

keep heat and ignition sources
away from materials, equipment
and structures that could act as
fuel to complete the fire triangle.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER

There are different types of fire

extinguishers designed to put out the
different classes of fire.

Selecting the appropriate fire

extinguisher is an important
consideration for a roofing contractor.

The wrong extinguisher actually may

make a fire emergency worse.
 Types Of Fire
Extinguishers

A, B, C A D, B, C B, C K
Dry Chemical (Metal X) (Carbon Dioxide) (Potassium Acetate)
(Water)
(multipurpose) Expensive Used in confined Expensive
Good only for
Generally good Must be kept areas Wet chemical
Class A fires Typically not needed
for use in roofing Not effective in windy extinguisher for

in roofing industry conditions commercial cooking
industry

using oils and fats

 Employees should employ the “PASS”

system of early-stage firefighting.
P - Pull the pin on the extinguisher
A - Aim at the base of the fire
S - Squeeze the handle
S - Sweep at the fire, moving from
side to side

Employees should be instructed that if a fire

cannot be extinguished using one full
extinguisher, they should evacuate the site
and let the fire department handle the
situation.
6 Workplace Fire
Prevention Tips
Incidents of fire in the workplace can be
devastating. Protect your organization
from the threat of a workplace fire by
learning life-saving fire prevention tips.

6 Workplace Fire
Prevention Tips
Organizations are vulnerable to a
number of threats, both to their
people and to their ability to
maintain business continuity.

From violent weather and natural

Assign Fire Safety Educate
disasters to power outages and acts Roles Employees On
of violence. Fire Safety
Identify Risks in The Guidelines
Workplace

Pay Attention to Fire Use a Fire Safety

Prone Areas Checklist

Understand Industry
Needs
INDUSTRIAL
FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems

A properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained fire alarm

system can reduce the losses associated with an unwanted fire in any
building. These losses include property and, more importantly, human
life.

The primary motivation for fire alarm system requirements in

building and fire codes is to provide early notification to building
occupants so they can exit the building, and to notify the fire service so
it can respond to the fire.
 Alarm Initiating Device Circuits
These are the circuits which connect initiating devices such as
smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual pull stations, and
water flow alarms. Additionally, many system monitor devices
important to the overall fire safety of the building also tie in to
initiating circuits.
BASIC
COMPONENTS
OF A FIRE Alarm Indicating Appliance Circuits
ALARM SYSTEM Audible and visible alarm indicating appliances tie in to these
circuits to provide warning to the building occupants. Devices
which send a signal off premises also can be connected to these
circuits.
 Fire Alarm Control Panel
The fire alarm control panel contains the electronics that supervise
and monitor the fire alarm system. The initiating and indicating
circuits are connected directly into this panel.

BASIC Primary Power Supply

COMPONENTS The primary electrical supply powers the entire fire alarm system.
Primary power for fire alarm systems typically is provided by
OF A FIRE connecting into the local commercial power service.
ALARM SYSTEM

Secondary Power Supply

A separate power supply that will operate automatically when the
primary power fails and is capable of operating the entire system is
considered a secondary power supply.
 Fire detection can occur by using any device that responds to
Initiating conditions caused by fire. The most common byproducts of fire are
heat, smoke, flames, and fire gases.

Devices

HEAT DETECTORS

Heat detectors commonly are used to detect fires. They are not as
prone to false alarms and are less expensive than smoke detectors.
Heat detectors are slower to respond to fires than are smoke
detectors because heat detectors cannot respond to smoke.
Initiating SMOKE DETECTORS

Devices One cannot overemphasize the benefits of smoke detectors. However,

smoke detectors are not usable in all environments and their
effectiveness varies depending on the fire scenario and occupant
capability.

Ionization smoke detectors have a small amount of a radioactive

material located within the detector that "ionizes" the air entering the
detection chamber.

Photoelectric smoke detectors that operate on the "light

obscuration" principle work as follows. A light source is directed at a
receiver which is accustomed to receiving a certain intensity of light.
 FLAME DETECTORS

Another method of fire detection is

detectors that are sensitive to the
light waves emitted by fires. These
typically operate by detecting
ultraviolet (UV) or
Initiating infrared (IR) energy. Infrared Flame Detector

Devices These detectors are extremely quick

to operate and typically are used only
in high hazard areas such as
industrial process facilities, fuel-
loading areas, and areas where
explosions may occur. Explosion
suppression systems protect them.

Ultraviolet Flame Detector

BUILDING FIRE
SAFETY
OVERVIEW OF BUILDING FIRE SAFETY
Building fire safety comprises of a ‘package’ which incorporates construction methods, mechanical and electrical devices,
management practice and organised human response tailored to reduce the impact of fire upon the occupants, the building, its
contents, the attending firefighters and any neighbouring property.

Building fire safety cannot be defined as a single system, it relies upon a group of sub systems to form a complete package. For
simplicity, the package can be broken down into nine principle sub systems, comprising:
occupant training and education
means of escape from the building
ignition potential
fire load
compartmentation and structural fire resistance
fire fighting systems
fire detection, alarm and communication systems
smoke management systems
fire service response.
9 principle Sub Systems
Occupant training and education
An essential part of any building fire safety
system is training and education of the
occupants in matters of fire safety.
Fire load
Fire load is a term used to describe how much
combustible material is contained in a
building and usually applies to the building
contents.
Means of escape from the Building
A safe, illuminated, well identified way out of
the building is required in order that the
building occupants can escape a fire (or other)
emergency.
Ignition potential
Ignition potential describes the likelihood of a
fire starting. There is no ignition potential in a
bare room with no building services or people
in it.
 Compartmentation and structural fire resistance
If the fire is contained within a room or space
(known as a compartment) by the nature of its
construction, its impact on other parts of the
building will be minimised.
Fire Detection Alarm and Evacuation Warning
Systems
The simplest fire detection and alarm system is
the residential smoke alarm. The smoke alarm
alerts the building occupants that a fire has
been detected.

Fire Service response

The sub system taken for granted and often overlooked is the fire service response (notification, dispatch
and travel time to the fire scene).

Fire fighting systems

Smoke Management Systems
Fire fighting systems are those which intervene
The installation of a smoke management
in the fire growth process. Such systems can be
system will slow down the rate of smoke
used by trained occupants or attending
spread.
firefighters and include a fire extinguisher, fire
hose reel, or fire hydrant.
 EXPLOSION
PROTECTING
SYSTEMS.
EXPLOSION
Explosions are suddenly, with huge speed, occurring oxide
reactions which generate a temperature and pressure
increasement. Most well-known are reactions of flammable
gases, vapours or dusts together with oxygen out of the air.

Basis for an explosion

As a rule, for explosions to happen in atmospheric air, three
factors have to be present at the same time:
flammable material
oxygen (air)
source of ignition
PREVENTION OF EXPLOSIONS
Explosion proof equipment is able to exclude
one of the preconditions for an explosion,the
ignition source and is in that way an important
contribution to explosion protection.

The effect of an explosion in enclosed spaces and

under non-atmospheric conditions.

To attain effective explosion protection against

non-controlled, unintended explosions linked to
disastrous consequences.
 For all types of protection, where parts are in unhindered contact
with the explosive atmosphere.

Taking into account both the maximum ambient temperature

and the heating effect (so-called Delta T).
TYPES OF
Principle All generally applicable requirements for the operating
PROTECTION equipment are summarized in the following standards:
- EN IEC 60079-0 for electrical equipment
- EN ISO 80079-36 for non-electrical equipment

The ignition protection standards complement these

requirements.
 Primary explosion protection aims at either substituting or reducing the
quantity of the flammable substances or the atmospheric oxygen to a level
where there is no danger of an explosive mixture forming.

Increased air supply air flushing through ventilation can be achieved by

structural measures;
for example the open layout of filling stations where the potentially
explosive atmosphere is very small.
Primary
Replacing the atmospheric oxygen is not an option for areas where people
work. For this reason the measures available for such locations are limited to:
explosion avoidance or restriction of flammable substances which are capable of
forming an explosive atmosphere
avoidance or restriction of release of the flammable substances and
protection therefore formation of explosive mixtures, both inside and around
fittings/valves,
for example by:
limiting their concentration
using enclosures filled with an inert substanc
natural or artificial ventilation
concentration monitoring by means of aIntroduction
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give an alarm and/or switch off the system
 The ignition of this hazardous, potentially explosive
atmosphere must be effectively prevented.

Effective sources of ignition on equipment and installations

can.
Secondary The explosion characteristics help the owner/ managing
operator to specify the risk in the area precisely and help the
explosion operating equipment manufacturer to select a suitable
solution for the operating equipment and finally they help the
installation engineer to select and assign the suitable Ex
protection Equipment.

The procedures for applying secondary explosion protection

measures will be described in greater detail in the following
chapter

Introduction to Biology 2020

 The purpose of these is to limit the impact of an explosion and/or
to reduce it to an occupational health and environmental safe
level. The most common measures to limit the hazardous effects
of explosion are as follows:
Explosion-resistant design: containers, apparatus, pipelines
are built to be pressure shock resistant in order to withstand
Tertiary an explosion inside.

Explosion relief: bursting discs or explosion flaps are

explosion deployed which open in a safe direction if an explosion occurs
and make sure that the plant is not subjected to strain over
protection and above its explosion resistance.

Explosion suppression and preventing propagation of the

explosion: Explosion suppression systems prevent
attainment of the maximum explosion pressure by rapidly
injecting extinguishing agents into containers and plant.
 In order to allow a combination of measures for explosion
protection, which is optimized with respect to the chemical-
physical properties of the flammable gases, vapours or dusts, to be
made, and therefore a standardization of the types of protection to
be possible for the manufacturer.

Before flammable substances can react with the atmospheric

oxygen in an explosion, energy must be provided.

EXPLOSION Heated surface increases the energy content of the explosive

mixture in contact with it. If the surface temperature is
sufficiently high, this increased energy content can lead to the
PARAMETERS explosive reaction.
 EQUIPMENT CATEGORY 1
VERY HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION
AND THUS A VERY HIGH DEGREE OF
SAFETY
Protection Principles
EQUIPMENT CATEGORY 2
PROTECTION PRINCIPLES ARE HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND
DEFINED TO PREVENT EQUIPMENT THEREFORE A HIGH DEGREE OF SAFETY
AND COMPONENTS BECOMING EQUIPMENT CATEGORY 3
IGNITION SOURCES. NORMAL LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND

THEREFORE A CONVENTIONAL DEGREE
THE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES CAN BE OF SAFETY
APPLIED TO ELECTRICAL AND NON-
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND FOR EQUIPMENT LEVEL OF PROTECTION A
GASES AND DUSTS. VERY HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION
AND THUS A VERY HIGH DEGREE OF
THE PRINCIPLES ALLOW FOR A SAFETY
DESIGN IN VARIOUS SAFETY
CATEGORIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH EQUIPMENT LEVEL OF PROTECTION B
THE DIRECTIVE 2014/34/EU OR THE HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND
EQUIPMENT PROTECTION LEVEL THEREFORE A HIGH DEGREE OF SAFETY
(EPL) ACCORDING TO EN- IEC 60079-0
SERIES: EQUIPMENT LEVEL OF PROTECTION C
NORMAL LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND
THEREFORE A CONVENTIONAL DEGREE
OF SAFETY