Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement of Students

AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HGH

SCHOOL
Implementing Unit

The Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement

of Students in Distance Learning

A Research Paper in Senior High Department

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements
in Practical Research II

Niel David Gascon

Hanna Jane J. Caballes
Vannessca Ken L. Adlaon
Researchers

Joji D. Daguio
.Research Adviser

December, 2020

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 Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement of Students
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………………. i

Abstract ………………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgments (optional) ..………………………………………. iii
Dedication (optional) ………………………………………………… iv
Table of Contents …………………………………………………….. v
List of Tables …………………………………………………………. vi
List of Figures ………………………………………………………… vii
List of Appendices ……………………………………………………. viii

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND …………….. 2

1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………… 3
1.2 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework ……………………. 4
1.3 Statement of the Problem (and hypotheses if applicable) .. 5
1.4 Significance of the Study ………………………………… 6
1.5 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………. 7
1.6 Definition of Terms ………………………………………. 8

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………… 9

Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Research Design ………………………………………….. 10
3.2 Participants of the Study ………………………………… 11
3.3 Setting of the Study ……………………………………… 12
3.4 Research Instrument …………………………………….. 13
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………. 14
3.6 Data Analysis ……………………………………………… 15

Chapter 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS &

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ………………………… 15

Chapter 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS &

RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………… 16

References ……………………………………………………………… 17
Appendix ………………………………………………………………. 18
Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………… 19

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 Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement of Students
AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HGH
SCHOOL
Implementing Unit

GENERAL PHYSICAL FORMAT

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CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

In the advanced world, time is viewed as an inconclusively distinct and usable product. It helps

the idea of time through the organization. Human resources and its functions controlled by

associations can be improved over the span of time or be changed with the passage of time;

however, the main resource that cannot be changed, controlled, obtained or put away is time

itself. The key to making progress in life is efficiently dealing with this asset that everybody has

equally and paying adequate accentuation to planning by properly time management. Despite the

fact that successful and proficient utilization of time shifts concerning the assignments played

out, the further addition in the knowledge, information and skills anticipated from present day

representatives has additionally expanded the need of time design. The way to achievement in

public activity goes through powerful and productive working which is just conceivable by

managing time appropriately. The modest era energizes individuals from as right on time as their

basic education to plan and oversee time successfully. To achieve the set goals and perform

better, time management and its utilization according to needs is required (Alay & Kocak, 2003;

Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, & Phillips, 2000).

Under developing nations where learners face many academic and administrative problems

during scholarly struggle have dramatic stories for the analyst to uncover significantly more

intriguing outcomes. Different researchers conducted studies in which they sought out effect of

time management on academic achievements of students. In universities either related to regular

or distance learning programs, properly schedule should be appropriately arranged, executed and

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controlled for better outcomes. Focusing time also facilitates to maintain financially efficient
Implementing Unit
instructive arrangements and policies. Considering this reality, specific accentuation has been

paid in the competitive academic world to time tackling problems by assessing learners’

mentalities and practices identified with time and its administration (Sevari & Kandy, 2011).

Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic performance and

achievements. Each and every student should have time management ability which

includes setting goals & priorities, using time management mechanism and being

organized in using time. Here time management is only possible through self-

motivation; performance, ability and motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte,

2005). These are the few activities performed by today’s university students, which act as

a barrier between them and their academic performance. Due to miss management of

time they gap behind. This study will help to analyze the positive or negative impact of

time management on academic performance of students. It will also help to make

some decision about changes we would like to make to use our time more effectively

(Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is no one right way to manage our time;

however; it is important to get to know our self, so we can make good decisions about

how to use our time. Likewise, in the process of providing educational services this issue

has been a subject of interest discussed and emphasized in several platforms and an

attempt has been initiated to assess and analyze time and the time management attitudes

and behaviors of students in educational institutes (Denlinger, 2009).

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In developing countries where students have a lot of issues during academic journey

have a new story for the researcher to dig out much more interesting results. Time

management practices have an impact on the results of students as empirical studies done

by past researchers. In spite of knowing about the impact of time on academic

achievement, this relationship is not given importance by the students (Sevari &

Kandy, 2011). At higher education level the study schedule must properly planned,

implemented and controlled for better results. Emphasizing time also helps to develop

cost effective educational policies by the authorities especially at higher education level

(Kaushar, 2013). Ongoing problem of scarcity of knowledge in connection with

time management and academic outputs is due to lack of easiness and of costly ways of

collecting data. Driven by this fact, particular emphasis has been paid in the modern

education system to time management issues by evaluating students’ attitudes and

behaviors related to time and its management (Karim, Sevari, Mitra & Kandy, 2015).

Based on the necessity of effective time management required from students

during their academic and professional life, field research has been conducted in the

present paper towards the aim of designating their position with respect to effective time

management and determining the effect of their time management skills on their

academic achievements.

The primary achievement of distance and regular students is managing time effectively.

Mismanagement disturbs the academic achievements of learners. Therefore, the findings

of this study may help

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out to manage time properly for the better achievements in academics of distance and

web-based learning. A time executive is significant and it might really influence person’s

academic and domestic performance and accomplishments. Though, these are connected

by how students deal with or manage their time to suit their daily life or to make it stream

consistently with their schedules. Effective time administration is essential for students to gain

high scores. Therefore, majority of students do not have good command on time management.

They have insufficient time management skills and this thing has adversely influence their social

and academic life. The use of time by students in advanced education organizations is identified

with their everyday schedules and exercises. Time management does not influence only students’

performance or their achievements, it also really affects their mental capabilities and create

possibilities to increase stress level among them. They have to manage it for their healthy life and

complete assignments and their own accomplishments. In web-based learning environment,

students need to be more efficient in time management skills because there is no formal structure

and atmosphere for their guidance.

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1.2 Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

This study based on existentialism philosophy. This philosophy is learner centered which gives

direction to students regarding their study. Learners are self-responsible of their academics

because they just seek guidance from teachers but take decisions and manage all activates

themselves. This study depends upon pickle jar theory which is the most relevant and modern

theory of time management educated in administration course. Wright (2002) gave the idea of jar

theory that focuses on time management (Olubor & Osunde, 2007). This theory expresses that

human beings need to be create balance among things and activities while adopting time

management techniques effectively. Time is around distributed for different activities and tasks

fit well where they are relied upon to fit. People have numerous needs in lives, for example,

academics, work burden, and family obligations. The important thing is that how a person

manages all responsibilities and tackle problems on time. It is most vital for students to manage

time and do all tasks related to studies. Effective utilization of time determines the success of

students at each level not just in regular system as well as distance learning institutions. In

distance education, students manage all things timely. The following is the figure of conceptual

framework of the study.

Distance
Learners

Time Academic
Management Achievement

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study aims to evaluate the connection of time management and academic

achievement of students in distance learning of Agusan del Sur Senior High School.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions.

1. Does having a proper time management influences students’ academic

achievement?

2. What is the analysis of data if having proper time management influenced

students’ academic achievement?

3. Is there a significant relationship between time management and academic

achievements?

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1.4 Significance of the Study

Students. This study will give awareness to the students who has been experiencing poor

time management during the new normal. In addition, they can be enlightened and may

know some coping strategies to have a better time management skill to avoid cramming.

Teachers. They will be able to evaluate their students that are affected of this problem

and help those students in need.

Parents. This study will help the parents to have awareness for their kid’s time

management skill. They will be able to evaluate their kids struggling to complete their

task on time.

Co-researchers. This study can be beneficial to the researchers for they will be able to

use this study as a future reference or guide for their research.

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1.5 Scope and Delimitation

This study will be carried out during the academic year 2020-2021 and will

primarily recognize and determine if time management affects students’ academic

achievement.

This study depends to the answers given by the participants. The study delimited

to Grade 11 Senior High School Students. Also, other factors that are not mentioned and

stated in this section are not involved in the scope of the study.

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1.6 Definition of Terms

This section will provide the definition of the terms mostly mentioned and how it

is being used throughout the study. Here are the following:

Time Management. The ability to use one's time effectively or productively,

especially at work.

Academic Achievement. Academic achievement represents performance

outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals in

school.

Distance Learning. A method of studying in which lectures are broadcast or

classes are conducted by correspondence or over the internet, without the student's

needing to attend a school or college.

Schedule. A plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giving lists of intended

events and times.

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1.7 Review of Related Literature

Time Management

There is a titanic difference between secondary and higher education when it comes

to managing time and academic responsibilities. In secondary education, there was the

kind of learning that includes an explanation of everything. On the other hand, when

students enter university, they find out that what they learn is a lecture, that only includes

superficial information and the rest is their job to know about and explore further

(Britton & Tesser, 2001). Time management is a skill that every student should not

only know, but also apply. A lot of university students complain about running out of

time when asked to do a certain task, they get frustrated because they are not able to

make it before the deadline. Time management is extremely important, especially when it

comes to university students because it will boost their grades and enhance their

productivity (Laurie & Hellsten, 2002). However, most of the time students face

problems like task aversion and uncertainty, so they start to procrastinate because they

lack organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to organize duties

according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up procrastinating. As

we can see, time management is quite essential to any university student, and it is

one of the keys to higher academic achievements (Kelly, 2004). In the relevant

literature there are great number of academic studies focusing on the relation between

time management and academic achievements. The related literature showed that the time

management attitude and skill levels of university students and the effects of these skills

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on their academic achievement. The research revealed that a majority student possesses

moderate level time management skills and only a significantly small portion has high

level time management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik & Bektaş, 2006). The literature revealed

that the students’ time management skills affect their academic achievement at a

significant level and the skills are one of the predictors of academic performance. The

relevant literature suggested that students should start to acquire time management

senses on their own in their primary school years by reading materials on the issue or via

the framework of psychological counseling and guidance studies applied in schools and

adopt effective time management attitudes and techniques to determine how and where

they spend their time (Lisa & Robert, 2008). The various group of students who exploited

time-saving proficiencies notably had rich academic achievement. They accomplished

those students who do not use time saving techniques in their educational

surrounding having significantly lower academic as compared to results students who

employ time- management tactics have considerably higher achievement (Mercanlioglu,

2010). To calculate the cumulative time spent working during a week, these objects were

also added. Time management practices have been proven to be some of the top

indicators toward achieving a high level of academic success and performance. They

not only influences on the achievement but using time management techniques also serve

only one reason meaning that there are multipurpose fulfilled by time management

(Fazal, 2012). Taking part in proceedings and being engaged in other outside class

activities, not inevitably a job, but being energetic in institution also has a strong

correlation to reaching high academic achievements. Various studies showed that time

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management practices serve for many purposes not only for challenging performance of

the students. Time management practices show the way not only to a high level of

academic performance, but to good physical condition and lower levels of stress. The

foremost purpose of the present study was educational competency, using time managing

techniques, test pressure, and test proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla & Mohammad,

2014). Academic competence scores were established to some extent improved in

the current sample indicating that students found course material/content encouraging and

enjoying their classes.

Dimensions of Time Management

The effectual utilizing of time and managing time requires procedures and good

quality planning behaviors. One can make use of time effectively and competently by

keeping time logs, setting immediate and long- standing goals, prioritizing

responsibilities, constructing to-do lists and arrangement, and organize one’s workspace,

as studies of earlier period and plentiful how-to books proposed (Sabelis, 2001).

Time saving techniques and behaviors can be categorized into numerous groups and

be liable to contribute to a number of fundamental qualities in general. There are three

surfaces of time management behaviors: short-range planning, long- range planning and

time attitudes (Laurie & Hellsten, 2002). Short-range planning is the capability to set

out and systematize responsibilities in the short period of time. Long-range planning

competence is to handle everyday jobs over a longer time perspective by keeping

follow of significant dates and setting objectives by putting adjournment (Alay &

Koçak, 2003).

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A. Long Range Planning

Long-range planning means to have long-range objectives and having disciplined

routines. Various researchers named it as having perception of a preference for

organization and it is comparable to long range planning. To acquire a summary on the

everyday jobs that necessitate to be executed, time limits and priorities which

increases the perception of having control over time so, in the long run, planning enables

one to deal with all activities (Kelly, 2004). It directs to have less perception of control

over time because it may be tackling to be familiar with how much effort requires to

be completed within hours, days or weeks; it may even be the immediately

measurable effect of planning. This gives the impression to indicate that time

management practices accomplish to have an influence on educational achievement, but

that’s not all they affect (Brigitte et al., 2005). It was also found that the students had

advanced overall academic achievements who accounted using goal-oriented time

management practices.

B. Short Range Planning

Short-range planning was defined as time management activities surrounded by

daily or weekly time structure and cover the activities such as setting objectives at the

commencement of the day, planning and prioritizing daily behaviors and creation work

contents (Yilmaz et al., 2006). Numerous studies invented that short-range planning

behavior, forecasting of time in the short run, surrounded by the time enclose of a

week or less, established a constructive relationship to grade point average. Short

range planning in interface with accomplishment determined was optimistically

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associated to dealing performance as well (Noftle et al., 2007). Likewise, most of the

studies that control for the student time do so by determining total time committed to the

course, a variable normally found to be unimportant. Academic achievement means the

educational objective that is accomplished by a student, teacher or institution realize

over a definite short period (Lisa & Robert, 2008). In a different research finding it has

been demonstrated that there exists a positive significant relation between students’

grade point averages and the time attitudes and the short-range planning.

C. Time Attitude

Time management demands a key shift in emphasis: concentrate on results, not on

being busy. There are a lot of cases with people who waste their lives in discolored

doings and attain very small since they are placing their labors into the incorrect

responsibilities or weakening to focus their activity successfully, established that two

time management workings directly affect the collective academic achievements

(Mercanlioglu, 2010). The perception of how their time requires to be used up or

planning including utilizing short and long period goals and time attitudes or students

accomplished that both planning and encouraging time attitudes initiated that they had

much more time to finish their everyday jobs because they experiences more in control of

how their time was exhausted therefore knowing when they had to state no to activities

(Kaushar, 2013). The literature revealed that time management practices that

connected to the individual's awareness and attitudes about time management and is

comparable the perception of having control over time. Therefore, time attitudes

comprise the perception that the individual is in control of time the perception that the

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person is efficiently managing his time and the perception that the individual is making

constructive utilization of time (Karim et al., 2015).

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODS

This part of the paper comprises of the research design, participants of the study,

research locale of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and data

analysis of the study entitled “The Relationship of Time Management and Academic

Achievement of Students in Distance Learning”.

2.1 Research Design

This study will follow a quantitative research using the descriptive-correlation method.

Quantitative research is an approach for testing objective theories by examining the

relationship among variables (Creswell, 2017). The descriptive research design

involved recording, analyzing, and interpreting the data gathered through a set of

questionnaires. Furthermore, to determine how the variables relate to each other, a

correlation design was used. In addition, using this research design, the study aimed to

determine if time management has a significant relationship to the students’ academic

achievement.

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2.2 Participants/Subject of the Study

The participants of the study will be the Grade 11 STEM students of Agusan del

Sur National High School. The students of the said school are experiencing distance

learning that’s why the researchers chose them to be the participants. Participants were

chosen through the use of simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is the

basic sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study

from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and

each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

2.3 Setting of the Study

The researchers will take place in Agusan del Sur National High School at

Baranggay 5, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur. Specifically, the Grade 11 STEM students.

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2.4 Research Instrument

To gather the data, the researchers will construct a checklist-survey questionnaire.

Survey questionnaires will be utilizing by the researchers as the data gathering

instrument. The survey instrument of this study will be divided into two major parts.

The first part of the questionnaire is the background of the respondents on having

proper time management and academic achievement. Second part, about the connection

of time management and academic achievement. The survey instrument for this study

will be distributed to the identified respondents. The response of the respondents is

confidentiality. The questionnaire was made and designed by the researchers for this

study that based on the parameters and objectives of the study. The instrument will be

checked by a research validator to insure its validity and reliability.

2.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will follow a series of step in gathering the data. The researchers

will ask for permit and to be validated the instrument by the experts. Researchers will

hand a letter of consent to get the respondents approval to answer the questionnaires.

After having the consent of the respondent, the questionnaire will be given. Lastly, the

collected data will be recorded by the researchers.

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2.6 Data Analysis

Descriptive and inferential statistical tools will be utilized. The following statistical

designs will be used to treat the data: For research question 1, will be evaluated using the

t-test in order to find out if there is a significant difference between the means of the two

groups, the group of who answered yes and the group who answered no. For research

questions 2, descriptive statistics will be used specifically mean score since the

respondents' average rate was obtained from the responses and questionnaires. Moreover,

descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set. It

helps describe and understand the features of a specific data.

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The Relationship of Time Management and Academic Achievement

of Students in Distance Learning

Name (optional):

Part I. Yes or No

I have a to-do list to follow every day. ⃝ yes ⃝ no

I have household responsibilities. ⃝ yes ⃝ no

Household responsibilities doesn’t affect my studies. ⃝ yes ⃝ no

I managed to pass my requirements/tasks on time. ⃝ yes ⃝ no

I’m an honor student during distance learning. ⃝ yes ⃝ no

Agree Disagree

Having a to-do list helps me to manage my time properly

Having household responsibilities hinder my studies

Managing my time helps to submit my school works on time

Time managing made me become an honor student

Time management is a good practice for students to attain

academic achievements

Part II. Disagree, and Agree

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