• CONCEPT OF CYCLONE
• cyclone
• Is a kind of hazard that forms in the northern
hemisphere due to a phenomenon characterized
by very low pressure. It is characterized by its
“eye” or the winds which flow counterclockwise
toward its center.
• Tropical cyclones produce moderate to heavy
rainfalls that can result to flashfloods, mudflows,
landslide, and storm surges in different areas
affected by its movement (drmm manual, deped,
p. 21, 2008)
• There are three (3) classifications of tropical
cyclone
• Tropical depression
• Tropical storm
• typhoon
• Tropical depression
• Is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized
by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level
atmosphereric circulation, strong winds, and a
spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that
produce heavy rain or squalls
• Tropical storm
• Moves from 64 kph to 118 kph
• A localized, very intense low-pressure wind
system forming over tropical oceans and with
winds of hurricane force.
• typhoon
• The winds above the ground circulate around
the center counterclockwise for a typhoon
occurring in the northern hemisphere and
clockwise for the northern hemisphere and
clockwise for the occurring in the southern
hemisphere.
• What are the difference between typhoon,
hurricane and cyclone?
• Things to do when there is a cyclone
• Tune-in to local news for government
announcements and warnings.
• Know when and where the cyclone is going to
hit
• Know the important emergency hotlines in your
community like the bdrrmc or pdrrmc
• Identify the credible people or other sources of
important information reading the typhoon.
Never believe in hearsay.
• Know the characteristics and how strong the
cyclone is.
• Keep an emergency kit/go bag that includes a
first-aid kit, food, water, clothing, a whistle, a
lighter, and a flashlight.
• Charge your phones and keep these loaded for
communication
• Familiarized yourself with the early warning
system and evacuation plan of your local
government in case of emergency
• Make a household evacuation plan and give
particular tasks to each member of the family.
The family members should be oriented.
• Check your surroundings if there are things to
be repaired.
• If there is a typhoon and if you are in a danger
zone like a riverbank or seashore, go to a safe
evacuation center to be safe from any storm
surges or river flows the cyclone will make.
• Follow the instructions given by the disaster risk
reduction committee personnel.
• during
• Stay tune-in to the radio or television for latest
news and updates.
• Stay alert and be prepared
• Stay inside the house
• Wear warm clothes
• Save your batteries so you can use it for
emergency situations
• If you are already in danger, call for rescue
• after
• Stay tune-in to the radio and tv for latest updates
• Check your family if they are okay
• Observe your surroundings if there are fallen
tress, wrecked cars on the road, fallen electric
posts, and live wires. Stay away from these.
• If there are damages in your households, do a
repair.
• If there is an injury, seek for medical health.

Typhoon
What is a typhoon and how does it form?
What is the impact of a typhoon to a community?
What are the things to do to survive a typhoon?
ACTIVITY
“Tell Me What, Tell Me How”
OBJECTIVES
This activity aims to determine the
knowledge and understanding of the student on
typhoons.
Instructions
1. The class will be divided into four groups.
2. The objectives is to form a classroom plan
for when a typhoon occurs.
3. The first group will define typhoon and
explain how it is formed and its impact on
the lives and properties of people.
4. The second group will list all the survival
tips before a typhoon strikes.
5. The third group will list all the things that
can be done during a typhoon.
6. The fourth group will list all the things that
must be done after a typhoon.
7. Discuss your answers in front.
CONCEPT OF TYPHOON
Typhoon
It is a low pressure area or a tropical cyclone that is
large and violent. It rotates counter clockwise with
warm air raising above the warm air raising above
the warm water of the Western Pacific Ocean. On
the other side of the world, some call it hurricane or
wily – wily (Department of Education, 2008).
According to Landsea (n.d.), hurricane and
typhoon are terms also used for tropical cyclone.
Holland (1993) defined tropical cyclone as “the
typical term for nonfrontal synoptic scale low
pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters
with organized convections such as thunderstorms
and wind reaction.” In addition, Holland (1993)
indicates that tropical cyclones are defined in three
categories:
THE THREE CATEGORIES OF
TROPICAL CYCLONES
1. Tropical Depression
If the tropical cyclone has maximum sustained
winds of less than 17 m/s or 34 kt, 39 mph. Its
circulation is still scattered & less organized.
2. Tropical Storm
If the tropical cyclone has winds of at least 17 m/s
or 34 kt, 39 mph. Circulation becoming more
organized.
3. Typhoons or Hurricane
- If the tropical cyclone has winds that
move 33 m/s or 64 kt, 74 mph. Its
circulation is now purely organized
with an “eye” at the center
Super Typhoon
- a special type of tropical cyclone / typhoon with
maximum sustained winds of more than 240 kph.
Parts of Typhoon
1. OUTER (FEEDER) BANDS – is the outer spiral
bands of a typhoon w/c are scattered but moving
inward. It is characterized by occasional light to
moderate rainfall with light to moderate winds
blowing. Sunlight may still penetrate at these bands
(50% cloud cover).
2. INNER (RAIN) BANDS – defined as the inner or
main spiral bands of a typhoon w/c are now
organized & not scattered as it moves inward
towards the center. It is characterized by moderate
intermittent rains with increasing wind velocity. 90%
of the sky covered with high clouds.
Parts of Typhoon
3. EYE WALL (wall cloud) – an organized band of
clouds immediately surrounding the center or “eye”
of a typhoon. It is the area of most violent winds,
heaviest rainfall & greatest release of heat energy.
This “ring” of violent winds & torrential rains is
usually 8 to 40 km from the storm’s center or “eye.”
4. The “EYE” – it is here, where the lowest
pressure can be found. The relatively calm part of
the typhoon with sometimes light winds (of up to 20
kph) blowing. The sky may be just partly cloudy w/
intermittent burst of blue sky through the thin
clouds. Average “eye” diameter is about 30 km.
Typhoon’s Horizontal View
Size of a Typhoon
Vertical Extent: a typhoon’s vertical size can
reach a height of 40,000 to 50,000 feet above sea
level.
Horizontal Extent: a typhoon’s horizontal size can
reach a maximum of 1,500 km in diameter & a
minimum of 200 km. Avg size is about 600 km.
Revised Public Storm Warning System
When any Public Storm Signal Number is hoisted
or put in effect for the first time, the corresponding
meteorological conditions are not yet prevailing
over the locality. This is because the purpose of the
signal is to warn the impending occurrence of the
given meteorological conditions. It must be noted
also that the approximate lead time to expect the
range of the wind speeds given for each signal
number is valid only when the signal number is put
in effect for the first time.
Thus, the associated meteorological conditions are
still expected in at least 36 hours when PSWS #1 is
put in effect initially; in at least 24 hours with PSWS
#2; in at least 18 hours with PSWS #3, in at least
12 hours with PSWS #4; in at least 12 hours with
PSWS #5. The lead time shortens correspondingly
in the subsequent issues of the warning bulletin
when the signal number remains in effect as the
tropical cyclone comes closer.
It is also important to remember that tropical
cyclones are constantly in motion; generally
towards the Philippines when PAGASA is issuing
the warning. Therefore, the Public Storm Warning
Signal Number over a threatened/affected locality
may be sequentially upgraded or downgraded. This
means that PSWS #1 may be upgraded to PSWS
#2, the PSWS #3, PSWS #4 and to PSWS #5 as
necessary when a very intense typhoon is
approaching or downgraded when the typhoon is
moving away.
However, in case of rapid improvement of the
weather condition due to the considerable
weakening or acceleration of speed of movement of
the tropical cyclone moving away from the country,
the downgrading of signal may jump one signal
level.
For example, PSWS #3 may be downgraded to
PSWS #1 or all signals from PSWS #2 may be
lowered.
The delineation of areas for a given signal number
is based on the intensity, size of circulation and the
forecast direction and speed of movement of the
tropical storm or typhoon at the time of the warning
bulletin.
Public Storm Warning Signal #1
Winds: 30-60 kph may be expected in at least 36 hr
Sea Conditions (Open Sea)
Wave Height: 1.25 – 4.0 meters
Damage to Structure:
 Very light or no damage to high –
risk structures
 Light to medium damage to low –
risk structures
 Slight damage to some houses of
very light materials of makeshift
structures I exposed communities.
Damage to Vegetation:
 Some banana plants are tilted, a few
downed and leaves are generally
damaged
 Twigs of small trees may be broken
 Rice crops in flowering stage may
suffer significant damage
Public Storm Warning Signal #2
Winds: 61-120 kph may be expected in at least 24
hr
Sea conditions (Open Sea)
Wave height: 4.1 – 14.0 meters
Damage to Structure:
 Light to moderate damage to high –
risk structures
 Very light to light damage to medium
– risk structures
 No damage to very light damage to
low – risk structures
 Unshielded, old dilapidated
schoolhouses, makeshift shanties,
and other structures of light
materials are partially damaged or
unroofed
 Some old galvanized iron (G.I.) roofs
may be peeled or blown off
 Some wooded, old electric posts are
tilted or downed
 Some damage to poorly constructed
signs/billboard
Damage to Vegetation:
 Most banana plants, a few mango
trees, ipil-ipil and similar trees are
downed or broken
 Some coconut trees may be tilted
with few others broken
 Rice and corn may be adversely
affected
 Considerable damage to shrubbery
and trees with some heavy-foliaged
trees blown down
Public Storm Warning Signal #3
Winds: 121-170 kph may be expected in at least 18
hrs
Sea conditions (Open Sea)
Wave height: 14.0 meters
Storm surge possible at coastal areas
Damage to Structure:
 Heavy damage to high-risk
structures
 Moderate damage to medium-risk
structures
 Light damage to low-risk structures
 Increasing damage to old,
dilapidated residential structures and
houses of light materials (up to 50%
in a community)
 Houses of medium-strength
materials (old timber or mixed
timber-CHB structures, usually with
G.I. roofings), some warehouses or
bodega-type structures are
unroofed.
Damage to Vegetation:
 Almost all banana plants are
downed, some big trees (Acacia,
mango, etc.) are broken or uprooted
 Dwarf-type or hybrid coconut trees
are tilted or downed
 Considerable damage to shrubbery
and trees with heavy foliage blown
off, some large trees blown down.
Public Storm Warning Signal #4
Winds: 171-220 kph may be expected in at least 12
hrs
Sea conditions (Open Sea)
Wave height: 14.0 meters
Storm surge 2-3 meters possible at coastal areas
Damage to Structure:
 Very heavy damage to high-risk
structures
 Heavy damage to medium-risk
structures
 Moderate damage to low-risk
structures
 Considerable damage to structures
of light materials (up to 75% are
totally and partially destroyed);
complete roof structure failures
 Many houses of medium-built
materials are unroofed, some with
collapsed walls; extensive damage
to doors and windows
 A few houses of first-class materials
are partially damaged
 All signs/billboards are blown down
Damage to Vegetation:
 There is almost total damage to
banana plantation
 Most mango trees, ipil-ipil, and
similar types of large trees are
downed or broken
 Coconut plantation may suffer
extensive damage
 Rice and corn plantation may suffer
severe lossess
Public Storm Warning Signal #5
Winds: 220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hrs
A super typhoon may affect the locality
Sea conditions (Open Sea)
Wave height: more than 14.0 meters
Storm surge more than 3 meters possible at coastal
areas
Damage to Structure:
 Widespread damage to high-risk
structures
 Very heavy damage to medium-risk
structures
 Heavy damage to low-risk structures
 Almost total damage to light
structures in highly exposed coastal
areas
 Complete roof failure on many
residences and industrial buildings
of mixed construction may be
severely damaged
 Electrical power distribution and
communication services severely
disrupted
 All signs/billboards blown
Damage to Vegetation:
 Total damage to banana plantation
 Most tall trees are broken, uprooted,
or defoliated
 Coconut trees are stooped, broken,
or uprooted
 Few plants and trees survived
Formation of Typhoon
According to DepEd (2008) typhoons are formed
through the following stages.
1. Typhoon starts to develop over warm water
and in humid air between 10 and 20
degrees latitude north in the Pacific Ocean
2. A low pressure area develops as warm air
rises from the surface of the water and less
air is left.
3. The low pressure area pulls in the air
around it.
4. It warms up and begins to rise as the air
comes in.
5. As the air cools because of its elevation and
as the system begins to rotate, the clouds
begin to form.
6. As the temperature of the water arises, the
system grows and an eye will be formed.
A typhoon begins to fade as soon as its source of
warm moist air starts to recede (Arulsamy and
Jeyadevi, 2011, p.29)
Things to do When There is a Typhoon
BEFORE
1. Tune-in to local news for government
announcements and warnings.
2. Know when and where the typhoon is going
to hit.
3. Know the important emergency hotlines in
your community like the BDRRMC or
PDRRMC.
4. Know the credible people and the other
sources of information you can trust for
important news regarding the typhoon.
Never believe in hearsays.
5. Know the characteristics of the typhoon or
how strong it is.
6. Keep an emergency kit/go bag that includes
a first-aid kit, food, water, clothing, a whistle,
a lighter, and a flashlight.
7. Charge your phones and keep these loaded
for communication.
8. Know the Early Warning System and
Evacuation Plan of your local government in
case of emergency.
9. Make a household evacuation plan and give
particular tasks to each member of the
family (who will ensure the transportation,
who will carry the baby, who will carry the
first aid kit, etc.). The family members
should be oriented.
10. Check your surroundings if there are things
needed to be repaired.
11. If there is a typhoon and if you are in a
danger zone like a riverbank or seashore,
go to a safe evacuation center to be safe
from any storm surges or river flows the
typhoon will make. Pre-emptive evacuation
is a must.
12. Follow the instructions given by the disaster
risk reduction committee personnel.
DURING
1. Stay tuned-in to the radio or television for
latest news and updates.
2. Stay alert and prepared.
3. Stay inside the house.
4. Wear warm clothes.
5. Save your batteries so you can use it for
emergency situations.
6. If you are already in danger, call for help.
AFTER
1. Stay tuned-in to the radio and TV for latest
updates.
2. Check your family if they are okay.
3. Observe your surroundings if there are
fallen trees, wrecked cars on the road, fallen
electric posts, and live wires. Stay away
from these.
4. If there are damages in your household, do
a repair.
5. If there is an injury, seek for medical help.
THUNDERSTORM
WHAT IS THUNDERSTORM?
Thunderstorm is a weather condition
generally characterized by heavy rain, thunder,
lightning, and possibly a tornado. A typical
thunderstorm occurs when the sun heats a
large body of moist air near the ground. This
atmospheric condition can kill it strikes any
living thing. It can also cause damage to
properties when large objects like trees are
blown off the ground.
Thunderstorm, a violent, short-
live weather disturbance that is almost always
associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds,
heavy rain or hail, and strong, gusty winds.
WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE IS
THUNDERSTORM?
BEFORE
1. Create a preparedness plan. Lean about your
area’s thunderstorm risk and how to be warned of
an approaching thunderstorm.
2. Trim and remove dead and rotting trees and
other objects that could fall and may cause injury.
3. Close the windows and doors to prevent objects
from being blown inside the premises.
4. stay inside the house or classroom.
5. Remember to ensure a proper drainage for the
rainwater before the thunderstorm.
DURING
1. Stay calm. Wear warm clothes. 2. stay away
from trees, towers, fences, electric and telephone
lines if you are in an open areas.
3. watch out for falling objects and power lines from
posts for electricity and telephone lines.
4. Postpone all outdoor activities.
AFTER
1. If the weather condition allows, go outside
to check for any damages to your property.
2. still practice the safety measures and
continue listening to the news for updates
and instructions.
THANK YOU!!!!
Let’s review some concepts
LESSON 4:
FLOOD
What is flood?
- A flood is generally referred to as the
running and overlaying of water on land that
is not ordinarily covered by it.
- A natural incident in which a dry area or a
dry piece of land suddenly gets submerged
A under water
- According to Haddow, Bullock and Coppola,
2011, flood is also defined as superfluous
water that swamps land and property that
are ordinarily dry.
CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. HEAVY RAIN
- Whenever it rains heavily and there
is less drainage, flooding occurs.
2. . RIVER OVERFLOW
When there is more water up streamed than
usual and flows down stream to the low
lying areas, the excess water flows in to the
land causing flooding
3. BREAKING OF DAMS
- When there is too much water
behind the dams, the force of water
breaks it causing overflowing of
water which results in flooding.
4. ICE MELTS
- When the temperature rises, ice
melts, resulting in immense
movement of water into dry places.
The Concept of VULNERABILITY They are the community members whose
and capacities start from their own ability to acquire
CAPACITY material resources; skills and trainings; and position
in society.
Ms. Blessie Fernandez
Their capacities are higher than those in the
Vulnerability vulnerable sector overcome the adverse effects of
disasters.
“a set of prevailing or consequential
conditions, which adversely affect the community’s They are composed of professionals, small
ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond entrepreneurs, and other similar to those who
to hazardous events.” belong to the higher levels of society.

The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (2006,
p.10)
Vulnerability is present in the
community or society even before a disaster
happens. It precedes disaster, contributes to its
severity, impedes disaster response and may
continue to exist long after a disaster has struck.
Their role in disaster management activities is to
extend assistance and support to vulnerable
sectors.
NOT vulnerable sectors:
They are sectors in society having high position in
the community.

MOST vulnerable sectors:: Most of the time, they are the targets of the
vulnerable and less vulnerable sectors in advocacy
Community members work relating disaster issue to the structure and
policies implemented by the government that are
-whose capacities are low and not the root causes of the vulnerability of the
sufficient to withstand and overcome the damaging community.
and advising effects of disasters.
Categories of Vulnerabilities
They are compose of:
A. Physical or material vulnerability
a. Farmers
3. Infractructure and services: roads, health
b. The urban poor facilities, schools, electricity, communications,
transport, housing, etc
c. Laborers
4. Human capital: population, morality, disease,
d. Indigenous people
nutritional status, literacy, numeracy, poverty levels
e. Persons with disabilities (PWDs)
5. Environmental factors: forestation, soil quality,
f. Women and erosion

g. Children B. Social Organizational Vulnerability

MOST vulnerable sectors:: 1. Family structure (weak/ strong)

They are the so-called abused sector and all the 2. Leadership qualities and structure
lowest level of society.
3. Legislation
LESS Vulnerable Sector:
4. Administrative structure and institutional United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
arrangements Reduction or UNISDR (2009)

5. Decision- making structures (who is left out, who These qualities give space to citizens and
is in, effectiveness) communities to cope with, overcome the adverse
effects of, and reduce the risks of disasters through
6. Participation levels preparation, mitigation and recovery.

7. Divisions and conflicts: ethnic, class, caste, Capacity Development

religion, ideology, political groups, language
groups, and strucures for mediating conflicts
8. Degree of justice , equality, access to political
process
9. Community organizations: formal, informal,
traditional, governmental progressive
10. Relationship to government, administrative
structures
“the process through which the
individuals, organizations, and societies obtan,
strengthen, and maintain the capabilities to set
and avhieve their own development objectives
over time.”
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP,
2009)
Coping Capacity

11. Isolation or connectedness “the ability of people, organizations, and

systems using available skills and resources, to
C. Attitudinal or motivational vulnerability face and manage adverse conditions,
emergencies or disasters.”
1. Attitude toward change
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
2. Sense of ability to affect their world,
Reduction (UNISDR, 2009)
environment, get things done
Some examples of capacity:
3. Initiative
a. Ownership of land and safe location and
4. Faith, determination, fighting spirit
construction of home
5. Religious beliefs, ideology
b. Adequate income
6. Fatalism, hopelessness, despondency,
c. Savings
discouragement
d. Adequate food sources
7. Dependent/ independent (self- reliant)
e. Local knowledge
8. Consciousness, awareness
f. Family and community support in times of
9. Cohesiveness, unity, solidarity, cooperation
crises
10. Orientation toward past, present, future
g. Responsive and local government
CAPACITY
h. Enabling legislation
“all the strengths, attributes, and resources
i. Strong community organizations
available within a community, organization, or
society that can be used to achieve an agreed Capacity Assessment
goal.”
 “people identify resources they rely on
in times of crisis to reduce the damaging
effects of hazards and to secure the
sustainability of their livelihood.”
(Oyetunmbi, n.d., p.1)
Capacity Assessment aims to:
1. Understand people’s previous experiences
with hazards that enabled them to develop
coping strategies, and
2. Look into available resources (material,
organizational and attitudinal) that the
community uses to prepare for and to
mitigate the negative effects of a disaster.
(Oyetunmbi, n.d., p.4)
Capacity
and
Vulnerability Analysis
(CVA) matrix
Useful guide to gather information on both
resources and vulnerabilities of the people.
Identifies vulnerabilities as “long-term factors that
affect a community’s ability to respond to events or
make it susceptible to disasters” and views
“people’s vulnerabilities and capacities in three
broad, interrelated areas: physical/material, social/
organizational, and motivational/ attitudinal.”
(Canon, et al., n.d., p.7)
Physical/Material Vulnerability and Capacity
This refers to the most visible area
of vulnerability. It includes land, climate,
environment, health, skills and labor, infrastructure,
housing, finance and technologies. Poor people
suffer from crisis more often than people who are
richer because they have little or no savings, few
income or production options and limited resources.
They are more vulnerable and revover more slowly.
To understand physical/material vulnerabilites, one
has to ask what made the people affected by
disaster physically vulnerable: was it their economic
activities, geographic location or poverty/ lack of
resources?
Social/ Organizational Vulnerability And Capacity
How society is organized, its internal
conflicts and how it manages them are just as
important as the physical/material dimension of
vulnerability, but less visible and less well
understood. This aspect includes formal political
structures and the informal systems through which
people get things done. Poor societies that are well
organized and cohesive can withstand or recover
from disasters better than those where there is litle
of no organization and communities are divided. To
explore this aspect, one has to ask what the social
structure was before the disaster and how well it
served the people when disaster struck; one can
also ask what impact disasters have on social
organization.
Motivational/Organizational Vulnerability
And Capacity
This area includes how people in society
view themselves and their ability to affect their
environment. Groups that share strong ideologies
or belief systems or have experience of cooperating
successfully, may be better able to help each other
at times of disaster than groups without such
shared beliefs or who feel fatalistic or dependent.
Crises can stimulate communities to make
extraordinary efforts. Questions to be asked here
include what people’s beliefs and motivations are
and how disasters affect them (Canon, et al., n.d.,
p.7).
Summary
Community members and groups
have different vulnerabilities and capacities. These
are determined by age, gender, class, social class,
ethnicity, language, religion, and physical location.
Identifying first hand the vulnerability
and capacity of a community/nation helps reduce
the risks of disasters. Hence, every individual is
entitled to be wary of any prevailing disaster (Mrs.
Riego, 2019).