TOUR 131

HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM FACILITIES AND DESIGN

MODULE 3
Semester 1, SY: 2020-2021
TOUR 131

IDr. Joel A. Gula

Instructor
 Table of contents

Course Information 2

Module 3 3

Overview 4

Diagnostic Test 6

Key Terms 7

Abstraction 8

Activity 1 9

Activity 2 14

Activity 3 18

Let’s Explore More (Reinforcement Activity) 25

Think Beyond (Metacognition Activity) 25

References 26

Answer Key 27

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 Course information

Course Code : TOUR 131

Course Title : Hospitality and Tourism

Facilities and Design
Course Credit : 3 Units

Pre-requisite : None

Year level : Third Year BSTM

Semester Offered : 1st Semester

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 Module 3

ESTABLISHING COMFORTABILITY

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 o v e rv i e w
This module aims to give information to students in the hospitality industry consists of a wide

category of fields within the service industry. For instance, hotels, resorts, restaurants, and

transportation, which all provide overlapping comfort, in order to meet the guests’

expectation. Progressively, the industry, such as hotels started to concentrate on offering

more facilities for their guests, so that the guests feel at home and enhance their

experience during their stays at the hotels. According to the Oxford Advanced Learners

Dictionary (2005), the facility is a piece of equipment, a building, service and so on that are

provided for a particular purpose. Facilities play important and varied roles in the hospitality

industry, especially in the delivery of services to a guest’s satisfaction. For example, the

hotels offer various of facilities, such as gym room, swimming pool, restaurants, spa and

many more. This is because these facilities will provide an appealing visual environment that

contributes to the entire experience, ambience, and comfort to the guests.

Learning Objectives:
After studying this section, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the overview on factors to consider in establishing comfortablty in a space.
2. Explain the key roles of heating and cooling source and equipments.

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 List of Activities, its time allotment to finish of each activity
and suggestion time deadline:

Learning Activity Suggested Time to Finish Suggested Time to Finish

1. Take Diagnostic Test 5 minutes

2. Familiarize Key Terms 15 minutes

3. Read Lesson 1 1 hour

4. Answer Activity 1 10 minutes

5. Read Lesson 2 1 hour

6. Answer Activity 2 15 minutes

7. Read Lesson 3 1 hour

8. Answer Activity 3 15 minutes

9. Answer Let’s Explore More 20 minutes

10. Accomplish Think Beyond 1hour

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 Diagnostic test
Choose the letter of the correct answer to the question below:
1. _________ is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
A. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
B. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Condenser)
C. HVAC (Healing, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
D. HVAC (Heating, Valentine, and Air Conditioning)
2. _________ is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied
space to improve the comfort of occupants.
A. AC (Air Conditioning)
B. AC (Air Cooling)
C. AC (Arts & Crafts)
D. AC (Alternative Current)
3. _________ This aircondition unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides
of the motor. One at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side.
A. Window type airconditioner
B. Central Air-Conditioning
C. Split type AC
D. ACU
4. _________ is a system in which air is cooled and distributed to and from rooms by one or more
fans and ductwork.
A. Central Air-Conditioning
B. Central type
C. ACU
D. Window type
5. _________ The height of the ceilings is also a key factor in determining the proper air
stratification, air ventilation and cool temperatures in the facility.
A. True
B. False
C. Maybe MODULE 3 6
D. Char char
 Key terms

HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. The technology of indoor and vehicular

environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.

ACU - Air Conditioning Unit. Is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually

enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with

cooler air.

Water Heating - is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above

its initial temperature.

Thermal comfort - is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal

environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation.

ASHRAE - The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers is

an American professional association seeking to advance heating, ventilation, air

conditioning and refrigeration systems design and construction.

ANSI - The American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization that

oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services,

processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.

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 ABSTRACTION

Relevance of Establishing Comforts in

Hospitality Design

Feelings of comfort can be affected by many things, including one’s physical

surroundings. It is assumed that hotel guests will be more comfortable in a space that

includes variations of design elements that are found to be preferred. Hotels are at once

public and private spaces, catering to the intimacies of home life such as sleeping and

eating. While this contradiction builds mystery and excitement, it also provides difficult

parameters for creating a comfortable space. The majority of available literature on

comfort and design deals with physical comfort and thermal comfort (“Americans Crave”,

2003). In fact, thermal comfort has been named the number one concern of travelers while

staying in hotels rooms (“Americans Crave”, 2003). While thermal comfort is an integral part

of any public space, it is not the focus of this study.

Designing with comfort in mind is important for people with fast-paced lifestyles,

hectic schedules, and anyone who desires to feel relaxed and comfortable. Learning how

to utilize the space, and how to make it even better, so that the space works best for

lifestyle needs. It’s about connecting the dots of how they like to live, and anticipating any

future needs.

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 LESSON 1
Factors in
Establishing
Comfort in the
Work Place Area

Every decision on designing and maintaining the facility are being made by the
building design team, building owners, facility management and facility managers. Their
decisions impact the occupants’ experience, so it is crucial to be conscientious about such
decisions and changes to designs. Here are several ways where you are not only improving
the occupants’ comfort but the peak efficiency of the facility as well.
1. Proper cooling system
Air-conditioning plays an important role in cooling the temperature in the facility. Without
the air-conditioning system, all electronic gadgets from telecommunication, printers to
computers may tend to overheat. The overheated equipment may increase the room
temperature in the buildings and make the occupants uncomfortable. The building
managers must be readily available in providing the cooling system in the building such as
the air conditioning, fans and portable air-to-air cooling systems.
2. Warm and cool air stratification
The height of the ceilings is also a key factor in determining the proper air stratification, air
ventilation and cool temperatures in the facility. With the correct ceiling heights, air
stratification or layering effect allows large air pockets with different temperatures to remain
intact whereby the top zones are the hottest areas whereas the bottom zones where the
occupants are located are the coolest. The way to controlling stratification is by dropping
the heated air from the upper levels and mix with cooler air at lower levels. Warm air rises
towards the ceiling whereas cold air remains on the floor, therefore, the cooling system
must be readily supplied. For warmer climates, the higher ceilings are suitable in the facility
which lower the room temperature and provide great air ventilation whereas, for cold
climates, the lower ceilings help to warm the area, instead

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3. Creating a productive and visual space

Occupants expect to feel comfortable as they arrive at the facility whether for shopping,
working or meeting others every day. Lighting creates an ambience that produces the right
amount of light that help to foster productivity and efficiency. Lighting should be properly
maintained and install every part of building cater to its specific function for people such as
at parking areas, meeting rooms, workplaces, lobbies, bathrooms, corridors, etc. Providing
natural lights can also light up the area and saves utility bills. For instance, the ordinary
cubicle office environment lacks appearance and productive ambience and the high
partitions block the sun’s rays from entering the workplaces which should enliven and
lighten them in the first place.

4. Noise reduction

Noise can create stress, distractions, reduce concentrations, lower performance,

unproductivity and interfere with communications. The building designs can minimize noise
vibrations such as walls that act as partitions between the rooms and minimising listening to
external noises. In designing a soundproof area especially for meeting rooms and for the
plumbing, electrical and mechanical system areas which promote more privacy and fewer
disturbance areas, installing special audible-resistant flooring and ceiling tiles with special
materials that could absorb noises more than normal tiles are required. Carpets, rugs and
rubber flooring can also reduce the noise within the spaces. Another way to reduce noise is
by providing triple-glazed windows on the buildings to reduce outside noise entering the
facility such as the irritating noises from bustling traffic and building constructions

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5. Software for facility maintenance

Traditionally, facility managers rely on memories, experience, searching on a pile of

blueprint papers and spreadsheets in a messy plan room to manage the facilities. Without
the facility’s management software and advanced technology, it creates chaos to
manage and this situation could, in turn, lead to costly repairs in the buildings. If facility
managers should leave the organization and replace with new inexperienced hires, there
would be a shortfall in the transfer of knowledge and information to the next person due to
unavailable data and undocumented records. Manual paperwork often duplicates data
information erroneously and adversely affect the routine maintenance schedule with the
wrongful appointment times which can incur the wrath of residents.

6. Safety considerations

The facility manager is also responsible to protect the confidential data of the company
and the security of people to prevent the company’s loss of assets and revenues. Therefore,
one of the ways is to step up security system such as to upgrade security in building with
balance number deployed professional security personnel and CCTV cameras available for
24 hours on 7 days in a weekly basis. Install or update firewalls and encryption software to
avoid unauthorized access of hackers and unintended people is also essentially crucial.

7. Proper office environment

The layout of the room is the key to enhance worker performance and comfort. The extra
space in a room allows people easily to make furniture arrangements and supply storage
for cleaning equipment. This also gives privacy to guest and employees in the office
environment. Comfortable couches, desks, chairs, natural lightings and internet
connections are to be well provided. Positioning the facility equipment also determines its
lifespan . Placing the equipment near to the heating sources or hot areas causes the
machine to overheat, therefore it is the best to place them at cold walls and appropriate
temperatures.
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RECOMENDATIONS
A. CREATE A HIGH QUALITY VISUAL ENVIRONMENT
(INCLUDING LIGHTING, DAYLIGHTING, AND VISUAL INTEREST)
 Provide as much natural daylight as possible for
occupants while avoiding excessive heat loss,
heat gain, and glare.
 Provide views and access to the outdoor
environment for all occupants.
 Provide connections to indoor and outdoor
nature where possible.
 Integrate natural and electric
lighting strategies, and provide controls that
optimize daylighting/electric lighting
interaction. Light vertical surfaces/walls to increase the perceived brightness of the
space.
 Balance the quantity and quality of light in all work areas and design for "uniformity with
flexibility." Consider individually controlled task lighting for each workstation that properly
illuminates the task.
 Assure a visually appealing environment through the appropriate and well-balanced use
of scale, colors, textures, patterns, artwork, and plants.

B. PROVIDE FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT THAT WILL ENHANCE WORKER COMFORT AND
PERFORMANCE
 Adapt furnishings to the work to be done, not the other way around.
 Specify furnishings that support good posture, body mechanics, and work techniques for
the tasks to be accomplished (e.g. ergonomically designed chairs and keyboards).
 Provide workstations that allow users to adjust seating, computer equipment placement,
light levels, work surface heights, workspace layout, and ventilation.
 Install glass panels in workstation walls to provide access to daylight and views.
 Design furniture configurations that allow workers variable views for visual relief.

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 Activity 1

Answer the following items:

1. Define comfort in your own perspective with regards to facilities and design?

2. Explain FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION by Louis Sullivan

10 points per item, your answer will be assessed using the following criteria:

Content - 50%

Relevance - 50%

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 LESSON 02
Heating Source & Equipment
Hotels are most commonly found as stand-alone buildings, but they may also be located in
a multi-use complex that includes offices, stores, and other facilities.

Emergency generators are usually provided for power outage protection. Utilities are often
asked to provide dual feeders and automatic transfer switches to protect against power
outages. Small UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) systems may be required for billing and
check-in computers and facility control systems (EMS, fire alarms, etc.).

A. HVAC
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system serving the guest rooms
should be quiet, individually controlled, draft-free, and provide adequate fresh air. Designs
that require minimal room space are also important. Full service hotel owners are generally
more interested in guest comfort than operating cost. However, owning and operating cost
and reliability are usually more important than first cost.

A.1. Typical System

Guest room systems for these facilities range from individual room units (water-loop heat
pump units) to central chilled and hot water plants serving individual room fan-coil units.
Units can be located in the outer wall, over the bathroom or vestibule, or vertically in the
wall between the bath and bedroom. Each bathroom must also be supplied with outdoor
air. In some climates, baths also have supplementary heat. Systems must be low-
maintenance and readily repairable, since shut-down results in loss of revenue.

Non-guest room spaces, particularly ballrooms, can be served by individual systems or from
the central plant. Thermal storage should be considered, because of the no-load to high-
load characteristics.

With the substantial public areas requiring cooling during the heating season and with large
heat sources required in kitchens and laundries, water-loop heat pumps with plenty of
storage should be considered.

Ballrooms are typically show-pieces and used for multiple types of functions; they should be
served by their own entire system, but, at the very least, by their own air distribution, with
ample provision for outdoor air, because of the high generation of smoke and odors.
Multiple zones should also be established, since most ballrooms can be partitioned into
smaller rooms.

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 Heating Source & Equipment

A.2. Energy Saving Recommendations

Operating cost savings are possible by exhausting air from the dining and other such
facilities to the kitchens, laundry, storage rooms, and workshops. Heat recovery (desiccant,
heat pipes) from exhaust air should be considered. Large buildings should have good
instrumentation for all major energy systems in order to ensure economical operation.

Individual guest room energy management may be economical, so that units in

unoccupied rooms can be shut off, have the temperature reset, or all functions controlled
from the front desk with guest override. Care must, however, be taken to provide ample
dehumidification in order to prevent mildew and to meet all owner requirements. Power
Line Carriers may be a cheap and effective way of handling this.

B. WATER HEATING

Domestic hot water applications are for guest room baths (tubs and showers, bathrooms),
and general cleaning purposes. Hot water consumption varies widely depending on the
location of the full service hotel. Peak demand, usually from shower use, may last one or
two hours and then drop off sharply. Food service, laundry, and swimming pool
requirements are additive.

B.1. Typical System

Service water heating is done separately from building space heating. Many hotels and
motels heat water with conventional gas water heaters or electric resistance water heaters;
and, in some cases, point-of-use heaters. Steam converters are used in many cases to
supply individual water needs. Hot water is typically stored in one or more insulated tanks
until used. In some cases, larger tanks are used with the electric heaters programmed for off
-peak operation. Most quality hostelries use central distribution systems with storage and
constant recirculation, because it is desirable to have hot water available continuously at
all fixtures.

B.2. Energy Saving Recommendations

If existing water heating systems are inefficient or inadequate, they should be promptly
replaced with efficient, modern equipment. You may also wish to add timer controls and/or
better insulation on storage tanks.

If a source of waste heat (i.e. tower water) is available for most of the year, consider a
water-to-water heat pump heater, or a water-to-air heat pump water heater in order to
economically produce hot water, while still providing inexpensive cooling to the kitchen/
corridors/etc.. Heat pump water heaters may also be applicable in the pool area in order
to supply humidity and temperature control to the indoor pool and workout area, and to
heat the spa water for the pool, hot tub and/or shower.
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 Heating Source & Equipment

C. COOKING

C.1 Typical System

Almost all hotel facilities contain restaurants or fast food operations. Their cooking needs
should be handled accordingly.

D. LIGHTING

Lighting serves as a marketing tool in many hotels and restaurants. The lighting should
create an attractive, comfortable, and inviting atmosphere, while also, of course, helping
workers do their jobs.

Design of the lighting system should be integrated with the architectural design of the
building. It should also take advantage of daylight wherever possible. Lighting may even be
an element of the interior design.

The owner will have very specific lighting requirements in most cases. The electrical and
maintenance operating cost of the lighting is usually insignificant when the aesthetics
desired by the owner are taken into consideration. However, aesthetics and energy
conservation can be compatible and an acceptable compromise should be sought with
the owner.

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 Activity 2
FACT or BLUFF
Direction: Write FACT if the statement is true and BLUFF if it’s false.

______1. Lighting serves as a marketing tool in many hotels and restaurants.

______2. Steam converters are used in many cases to supply individual water needs. Hot
water is typically stored in one or more insulated tanks until used.
______3. HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Condenser.
______4. Non-guest room spaces, particularly ballrooms, can be served by individual
systems or from the central plant.
______5. Emergency generators are usually provided for power outage protection.
______6. Service water heating is done separately from building space heating.
______7. Lighting changes the mood and atmosphere of a space.
______8. Hot water is typically stored in one or more insulated tanks until used. In some
cases, larger tanks are used with the electric heaters programmed for off-peak
operation.
______9. Domestic hot water applications are for guest room baths (tubs and showers,
bathrooms), and general cleaning purposes.
______10. Natural lighting is one of the least to consider in a hospitality design.

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 Lesson 03
Cooling Source & Equipment
Some innovations stand as symbols of modernity and economic transformation, from
the shipping container and the internal combustion engine, to the computer and the
barcode. Cooling technologies – specifically, air conditioning (AC) and refrigeration – surely
stand among them. Our ability to manipulate temperature has changed nearly every
aspect of our lives, from how we transport food and medicines to our ability to create and
maint1.
What is cooling and who uses it?
Refrigeration and AC are the primary forms of cooling in use today. Refrigeration describes
systems that remove heat and keep physical goods (including liquids) at fixed temperatures
in confined facilities.
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING
Refrigeration is removals of heat. Used for food service at homes, hotels, restaurants, health
care facilities, air-conditioning, industrial works etc. cooling is
done by removing heat from any objects.
Before dealing with refrigeration process some related
scientific terms are being discussed below.
Heat and temperature:
It is necessary to distinguish between the above
terms. Heat is a form energy while temperature is a measure
of intensity of heat. Quantity of heat is measured in heat units
like British thermal units (BTU) and also centesimal heat units
(CHU). Temperatures measured as degree centigrade,
Fahrenheit etc.
Sensible heat and latent heat:
When a substance does not change its physical state but there is change in its
temperature due addition or removal of heat, in that case the heat absorbed or rejected is
called ‘sensible heat’.
Latent heat is the heat that is absorbed or given off a substance while changing its
physical state with no change in its temperature.
So, sensible heat is the heat that affects the temperature of a substance and
latent heat the physical state but not temperature.

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 Cooling Source & Equipment

Boiling point of liquid:

It is the temperature of a liquid at which the liquid starts vaporizing at certain
pressure. At higher and higher pressure the boiling point of the liquid will be higher and
higher.

Refrigeration system:
Mainly two systems. Vapor absorbing and
vapor compression. The later type more efficient
with lower operating cost. This type is mostly used
nowadays. But then maintenance cost rather on
higher side. Normal interior temperature inside
refrigerator about 40of while that of freezer
compartment is kept at about 0of, components
of compression type consists of vapor
compressor, condenser, expansion valve,
evaporator, different compartments, shelves,
crisper at bottom, freezer at top etc.

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 Cooling Source & Equipment

Various compartments and shelves

accommodate different food materials. Crisper is
used for vegetables and fruits etc. Freezer for making
ice, ice-cream and also for keeping fish, meat etc in
condition for considerable time.
In refrigerators different refrigerants like
ammonia, carbon-di-oxide, Freon gas etc. utilized.
Most commonly Freon gas used in vapor compression
refrigerators.
Regarding vapor absorption cycle the
insulated box inside of the refrigerators is more or less
the same for storage of food materials. It differs in the
matter of refrigeration process. The main parts are- “generator” where dissolved ammonia
solution is heated, “condenser” where ammonia gas get condensed giving out heat,
“evaporator” where liquid ammonia boiled producing cooling effect in refrigerator, the
gaseous ammonia then flows down to the “absorber” where water absorbs the gaseous
ammonia and then drains to the “generator” and the cycle repeats.
Care and maintenance of refrigerators:
In refrigeration cycle the refrigerant undergo number of changes in its state to
produce refrigerating effect. Such changes constitute the refrigeration process. For carrying
out the process the system is provided with components and control devices for efficiency
of the machine. These controls and components are to be checked and repaired as and
when necessary. Similarly any leek in the system to be taken note and rectified accordingly.
There are safety devices like high and low pressure cut outs, motor overload switch,
relief valve, oil safety switch etc. which are also to be taken care of. The valves and safety
devices constitute the controls.
Refrigerants:
The refrigerants are actually the heat-carrying
medium. Refrigerants absorb heat from place at
low temperature level and reject it at place having
higher temperature. Such heat rejection is
managed at the expense of heat energy.
Desirable properties of refrigerants are- non-
explosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive,
odorless, non-injuring to human being, food, fabrics
etc. Must posses suitable boiling point and high
latent heat.
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 Cooling Source & Equipment

Air-Conditioning:
Whether summer or winter, the following factors
matter so far as physical human comfort is concerned-
 Temperature,
 Heat production in human beings,
 Heat and moisture losses from human body,
 Air humidity (relative humidity).

Relative Humidity:
It is defined as the ratio of actual weight of water
vapor in a given volume of air, to the weight of water vapor
contained in the same volume of air if the air is saturated
with the water vapor at the same temperature.

Humidification and de-humidification:

Humidification of air means introduction of moisture into it. The reverse is what is
called de- Humidification.

Dew point Control:

In practice dew point temperature taken as the temperature at which the
condensation of water vapor will begin when the moist air under consideration is cooled at
constant pressure. So controlling of temperature (dew point) of the air vapor mixture shall
determine the change of state of air vapor.
Air conditioning systems are employed to tackle with above factors to bring about
desired comfort conditions.

Unit of air conditioning is “Tons”.

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 Cooling Source & Equipment

Window type air conditioner:

Window or room air conditioners are designed to air condition separate rooms of a house or
a building.

Advantages:
 Separate temperature control exists for each room unit.
 Ducts are not required,
 Simple installation,
 No plumbing necessary.

Disadvantages:
 Window space needed,
 Fixed air quantity,
 Wall appearance effected.

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 Cooling Source & Equipment

Central Air-Conditioning:
The equipment for such air-conditioning are
centrally located in a suitable place of the building.
The units are combinations for both cooling and
heating with desired objective of making comfort
conditions.
These have following advantages:
 Comfort condition for whole building from a
central unit.
 Very efficient and less noise, being located at
suitable distance from living area.
 Automatic central control.
 Easy maintenance as cooling and heating
equipments in one place.
 Better air distribution.

For summer, air pass through filter,

refrigeration cooling coils, and then dehumidified
and blown through ducts to different rooms.
Temperature and humidity of air kept at certain
level for human comforts. For winter after filter air
pass through hot furnace then Humidifier or
dehumidifier as necessary and then through ducts
to rooms.

Disadvantage mainly in higher cost for equipments

and installation.

Preventive Maintenance:

This is important for any type of air-

conditioning units. Points to be noted for such
maintenance are as below;

1. Annual cleaning,
2. Filter and condenser coil cleaning, periodically.
Also changed when necessary.
3. Fan motor lubrication by say SAE-20 oil at
bearings in the beginning of each operating
season.
4. Manufacturer’s service instruction to be followed
properly. MODULE 3 23
 Activity 3

A. Differentiate the ff. (30pts)

 Split Type AC,

 Window-type AC &

 Central Air-Conditioning

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 Let’s expLore more!
( R E I N F O R C E M E N T A C T I VI T Y )

This activity will serve as an additional tool for evaluation of how you learn in the discusion
lesson.
Task: Visit the link below and write what you’ve learned after watching the video.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScVBPAitibQ&t=319s

Below is the scoring rubric to be utilized in giving points to your reaction paper:

Organization of thoughts 10 points

Content 10 points

Relevance of information supplied 10 points

Total 30 points

Think beyond!
( R E I N F O R C E M E N T A C T I VI T Y )
Task: Draft/sketch a bedroom floor plan. Where do you think is the best orientation of the
bed, side table and a closet in a 5cm x 5cm/25sqm area.
Considerations:
Requirements:
 Take a picture of your draft layout and DM your output through messenger.
 Write a brief design rationale of your layout.

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 Suggested readings

1. The Facility Management Handbook Third Edition by David G. Cotts , Kathy O. Roper,
Richard P. Payant

references

 Ways to Improve Occupants’ Comfort in Facility https://atalian.ph/2019/05/10/10-best-

ways-to-improve-occupants-comfort-in-facility/

 Whoe Building Design Guide https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/

provide-comfortable-environments

 Hospitality Management Study Resources https://

hospitalitystudy.wordpress.com/2013/08/21/refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-
introductionrefrigeration-removals-heat-food-service-homes-hotels-restaurants-health-
care-facilities-airconditioning-industrial-works-cooling-removing-heat-objects-d/

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