RHENA S.

GADOR

Unit 5 – Volumetric Analysis

This unit presents the general directions for volumetric works which
includes standard solution preparations, dilution of stock solution to a lower
concentration solution and titration analysis. Students are required to have
hands on performance activities and calculations of results generated to
develop their laboratory skills and mathematical competencies.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

● Develop laboratory skills in preparations of standard and stock solutions;

● Perform volumetric analysis

● Develop mathematical competency in calculating results

Pretest

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the molar mass of barium perchlorate, Ba(ClO 4)2?

a. 189.90 g/mol b. 336.20 g/mol c. 272.24 g/mol d. 304.24 g/mol

2. A sample of copper weighing 6.93 g contains how many moles of copper atoms?

a. 0.109 mol b. 0.0645 mol c. 0.917 mol d. 1.09 mol

3. What results would you expect from a litmus test of a solution of Ba(OH) 2?

a. red litmus paper will turn blue b. blue litmus paper will turn red c. there will be no
change with either red or blue litmus paper d. both red and blue litmus paper will change
color
 6. A sample of tungsten occupies a volume of 5.38 cm3 . What is the mass, in grams, of this
sample of tungsten? (for tungsten, density = 19.35 g/cm3 )

a. 104 g b. 0.278 g c. 3.60 g d. 19.4 g f. 28.9 g e. 5.38 g

7. A compound has a molecular formula of C12H24O6. What is this compound's empirical

formula?

a. CHO b. C6H12O3 c. C2H4O d. C12H24O6 e. C4H8O2 f. CH2O

8. A non-metallic element X forms a compound with potassium that has the formula K 2X. Which
one of the following elements could be X?

a. selenium b. antimony c. silicon d. neon

9. What is the mass, in grams, of potassium in 12.5 g of K 2Cr2O7 (molar mass = 294.40 g/mol)? a.
1.66 g b. 78.2 g c. 8.80 g d. 3.32 g

10. A solution is said to contain 28% phosphoric acid by mass. What does this mean?

a. 1 mL of this solution contains 28 g of phosphoric acid

b. 1 L of this solution has a mass of 28 g

c. 100 g of this solution contains 28 g of phosphoric acid

d. 1 L of this solution contains 28 mL of phosphoric acid

Learning Activities

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Calculate the number of grams of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO 4 • 5H2O, required to
prepare 100.0mL of a 0.150M copper (II) sulfate solution.

 Solution:

volume solution=100ml or 0.1L

 molar mass CuSO4*5H2O=249.68g/mol

1mole CuSO4*5H2O=1 mole CuSO4

Mass = (0.1L) (1L0.15 mole CuSO4 ) ( 1 mole CuSO41 mole CuSO4∗5H2O ) (1 mol 249.68 g )
=3.75gCuSO4∗5H2O

2. Calculate the number of milliliters of 0.150M copper (II) sulfate solution that must be diluted
to prepare 10.0mL of a 0.0750M copper (II) sulfate solution.

 Solution:
Given:
The initial concentration of copper (II) sulfate solution (M 1) is 0.15 M
The final concentration of copper (II) sulfate solution (M 2) is 0.075 M
The final volume of copper (II) sulfate solution (V 2) is 10.0 mL
Now, the dilution law is formulated as follows:
M1V1 = M2V2
Where,
M1 is the initial concentration of copper (II) sulfate solution
V1 is the initial volume of copper (II) sulfate solution
M2 is the final concentration of copper (II) sulfate solution
V2 is the final volume of copper (II) sulfate solution
Solving the above equation and gives:

3. Calculate the number of milliliters of 0.150M copper (II) sulfate solution that must be diluted
to prepare 10.0mL of a 0.0230M copper (II) sulfate solution.

 Solution:
Initial Molarity (M1) = 0.150 M
 Initial Volume (V1) = ?
Final Molarity (M2) = 0.0230 M
Final Volume (V2) = 10.0 mL
No. of moles of solute before dilution = No. of moles of solute after dilution

M1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 Dilution Law

0.15 M x V1 = 0.0230 M x 10.0 mL

V1 = 0.0230 M x 10.0 mL
0.150 M
V1 = 1.50 mL

Materials

Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, Spatula

CuSO4 • 5H2O, 3g Test tube rack

Balance, centigram precision Test tubes, 5

Beral-type pipet Tissues of lens paper

Colorimeter or spectrophotometer Volumetric flask, 100-mL

Cuvets, 5 Wash bottle

Graduated cylinder, 10-mL Wax pencil or labeling tape

Weighing dish

Safety Precautions

Copper (II) sulfate is moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation and is a skin and respiratory
irritant. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical resistant
gloves, and a chemical- resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before
leaving the laboratory.
Procedure: Part A. Preparing the Stock Solution

1. Review the calculations from Pre-Lab Question #1 for the number of grams of copper (II)
sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4 • 5H2O, required to prepare 100.0 mL of a 0.150 M solution.
Check them with your instructor. Once your calculations have been approved, weigh out
the required amount of copper sulfate on a balance in a clean, dry weighing dish.

2. Transfer the solid to a 100-mL volumetric flask.

3. Use a wash bottle filled with distilled or deionized water to rinse any remaining solid from
the weighing dish into the flask.

4. Add more distilled or deionized water to the volumetric flask until the liquid level is almost
to the 100-mL mark. Fill to the mark with a pipet or wash bottle drop-by-drop so that no
water splashes up on the sides of the flask. Fill until the bottom of the meniscus is EXACTLY
at the 100.0-mL mark.

5. Carefully add a stir bar to the solution in the flask. Place the flask in the center of the
stirrer/hotplate to mix the solution.

6. Stir the solution to give a homogenous solution.

Part B. Preparing Diluted Solutions

7. Place five clean and dry test tubes in a test tube rack and label them #1-5. Label one pipet
“CuSO4” and use it to transfer the stock solution only.

8. Using a 10mL graduated cylinder, measure and pour 10mL of the 0.150M stock solution into
test tube #1. Record the necessary data for this solution in the data table.

9. Using a clean Beral-type pipet, fill the 10-mL graduated cylinder exactly to the 3.80-mL mark
with the stock solution. Try not to get any drops of solution on the sides of the cylinder.
Make sure that the bottom of the meniscus sits exactly at the 3.80-mL mark.

10. Carefully fill the graduated cylinder to the 10.0-mL mark with distilled or deionized water.
Do not overfill!

11. Mix the solution in the graduated cylinder by repeatedly filling and emptying the test tube
with the solution three times. The agitation caused by filling and emptying the test tube will
mix the solution.

12. Transfer the mixed solution to test tube #2 and record the necessary data for this solution in
the data table.
13. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water and dry it with a paper towel.

14. Repeat steps 9-11 using 2.40mL stock solution.

15. Transfer the mixed solution to test tube #3 and record the necessary data for this solution in
the data table.

16. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water and dry it with a paper towel.

17. Before proceeding, review your calculations for preparation of 10.0mL of a 0.075M and a
0.023M cupric sulfate solution (Pre-Lab Questions #2 and #3). Check with your instructor
before proceeding.

18. Using your calculations and the analytical technique described in steps 9-13, prepare 10.0mL
of a 0.075M cupric sulfate solution by diluting the stock solution. Transfer this solution to
test tube #4 and record the necessary data in the data table.

19. Using your calculations and the analytical technique described in steps 9-13, prepare 10.0mL
of a 0.023M cupric sulfate solution by diluting the stock solution. Transfer this solution to
test tube #5 and record the necessary data in the data table.

20. Compare the color of the stock solution and each of the dilutions in test tubes #1-5. Rank
them in terms of color from deepest blue to lightest blue. Record these observations in the
data table.

Data Table

Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5

Volume of Stock Solution (V1)

10.0mL 3.80 mL 2.40 mL 5.00 mL 1.53 mL

Concentration of Stock Solution

(M1)
0.150M 0.150M 0.150M 0.150M 0.150M

Final Volume of Diluted Solution

(V2)
10.0mL 10.0mL 10.0mL 10.0mL 10.0mL

Concentration of Diluted
 Solution (M2) 0.150M 0.057 M 0.036 M 0.075 M 0.2295 M

Color Comparison

(Rank Solutions from lightest 5 3 2 4 1

blue=1, deepest blue = 5)

Post-Lab Questions

1. Calculate the concentrations of the diluted solutions in test tubes #2 and 3 using Equation 2
from the Background section.

 As per the data table,

concentration of stock solution(C1) = 0.150 M (will be same in both cases)
we will use this formula,    C1V1=C2V2
For testube number 2- 
V1 (i.e., total volume of stock solution added) is 3.80mL
V2 (i.e., total volume of diluted solution made) is 10mL
C2 (i.e., concentration of diluted solution in testtube 2 ) we have to calculate
Put values in the the formula mentioned above, C1V1=C2V2
                                         O.150 X 3.80= C2 X 10
                                          C2= 0.057M
For testube number 3- 
V1 (i.e., total volume of stock solution added) is 2.40mL
V2 (i.e., total volume of diluted solution made) is 10mL
C2 (i.e., concentration of diluted solution in testtube 2 ) we have to calculate
Put values in the the formula mentioned above, C1V1=C2V2
                                         O.150 X 2.40= C2 X 10
                                         C2= 0.036M

2. Complete the data table for test tubes #1, 4, and 5. Note: See the Pre-Lab Questions for the
calculated values for solutions #4 and 5.

 Solution #1
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 0.150 M
V1 = 10 mL
V2 = 10 mL
 M2=2M1V1⇒10mL0.150M×10mL=0.150M
Concentration of diluted solution #1(M2) = 0.150 M
 
Solution #4
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 0.150 M
V1 = 5 mL
V2 = 10 mL
M2=2M1V1⇒10mL0.150M×5mL=0.075M
Concentration of diluted solution #4(M2) = 0.0750 M
 
 
Solution #5
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 0.150 M
V1 = 1.53 mL
V2 = 10 mL
M2=2M1V1⇒10mL0.150M×1.53mL=0.02295M
Concentration of diluted solution #1(M2) = 0.0230 M

3. Compare the concentration of each solution to the color ranking. What is the relationship
between the concentration of a solution and its color intensity?

 If the concentration of solution is increased, then there are more molecules for the
light to hit when it passes through. As the concentration increases, there are more
molecules in the solution, and more light is blocked. This causes the solution to get
darker because less light can get through and hence intensity of the solution get
increases.
Absorbance is defined as  A = εCl . where A is the absorbance , ε is the molar
absorptivity and l is the path length. So we have seen that Absorbance (A) is directly
proportional to concentration. 
So the conclusion is
Absorbance is ∝ Concentration ∝ color intensity
Now The given absorbance ranking is 
Test tube 1> Test tube 4> Test tube 2 > Test tube 3> Test tube 5
So the color ranking is 
Test tube 1> Test tube 4> Test tube 2 > Test tube 3> Test tube 5
So the concentration ranking is 
Test tube 1> Test tube 4> Test tube 2 > Test tube 3> Test tube 5

Assessment:
Problems adapted from the following links:

- https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/540/HW%20-
%20Concentrations%20of%20solutions%20Answers.pdf

- http://www.cabrillo.edu/~aromero/CHEM_30A/30A_Practice_Problems/Practice
%20Problems%20(Chapter%208)%20Solutions%20-%20KEY.pdf)

Complete the following problems on a separate sheet of paper. Use significant figures. Note:
The density of water is 1 g/mL.

1. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 10.0 grams of Silver Nitrate that has
been dissolved in 750 mL of water?

2. You want to create a 0.25 M Potassium Chloride solution. You mass 5.00 grams of
Potassium Chloride. How much water is needed?

3. What is the molality of a solution that contains 48 grams of sodium chloride and 250 mL
of water?
4. How many mL of hydrogen peroxide are needed to make a 8.5% solution by volume of
hydrogen peroxide if you want to make 450 mL of solution?

5. What is the mole fraction of the solute in the solution from problem 1?

6. What is the molality of a solution that contains 13.4 grams of calcium chloride dissolved
in 655 mL of water?
7. How many grams of NaNO3 are required to make 500.0 mL of a 3.50 M solution of
NaNO3?

8. If 68.75 mL of 12.00 M HCl solution is diluted to 1000.0 mL, then what is the new
concentration (in molarity)?
9. In order to make 250.0 mL of 1.25 M NaF solution, what volume of an 8.00 M NaF stock
solution should be diluted to 250.0 mL?

10. 25.00 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in enough water to make 250.0 mL of a
solution with a density of 1.14 g/mL. What is the concentration of the solution in %
(m/m), % (m/V), and molarity?