01 Ru Pa Theik Di

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;? vSnf;ul;NrKdU
r[maZ,srif;ausmif;? y&d,wådpmoifwkduf
omoeygv"r®mp&d,? omoe"Z"r®mp&d,?
wdyd#uç 'DCbmPu?
edum,kaZÆmwu"r®w¬0dom&' 'DCbmPu?
omoe"Zod&Dy0&"r®mp&d,? 'DCedum,aum0d'?
0de,"&? y&d,wådomoe[dw 0de,"&?
'dGyd#u"& (yd#uwfESpfykHtm*krfaqmif)
r[m*E¦0gpuy@dwç t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw
t*¾r[my@dw
q&mawmf b'ÉÅaum0d'gbd0Ho
yd k Y c spOf ü a&;om;awmfrlt yf a om
vufa&G;pOf ½lyod'¨d
(yxrwJ)G
r[maZ,s pmpOf (10)
omoem aumZm c&pf

2559 1377 2015
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
vufa&G;pOf ½lyod'¨d yxrwJG
rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
1/ *E¦m& rÇ 1
1/ oE¨du@
2/ tEkoaE¨/ 2
3/ 1/ taw¬m tu©&onmawm/ 3
onm0d"me
4/ 2/ tu©&myg'a,m {upwåmvDoH/ 4
5/ 3/ waw¬m'EÅm o&mt|/ 9
6/ 4/ v[krwåm wa,m &óm/ 9
7/ 5/ tan 'DCm/ 11
8/ 6/ 'krSd *½k/ 12
9/ 7/ 'DaCm p/ 13
10/ 8/ aoom AsOÆem/ 13
11/ 9/ 0*¾g yOöyOöaom rEÅm/ 14
12/ 10/ tH£wd ed*¾[dwH 16
13/ 11/ y&ornm ya,ma*/ 17
o&oE¨d0d"me
14/ 12/ ykArÁ a"mXdwró&H oa&e 0da,mZa, 20
15/ 13/ o&m oa& avmyH/ 20
16/ 14/ ea, y&H ,kawå/ 22
17/ 15/ 0g ya&m to½lyg/ 25
18/ 16/ uGpmo0PÖH vkawå/ 29
19/ 17/ 'DCH/ 36
20/ 18/ ykaAÁm p/ 40
21/ 19/ ,ar'EÅóma'aom/ 42
22/ 20/ 0arm'k'EÅmeH/ 47
23/ 21/ £0aPÖm ,H e0g/ 50
24/ 22/ oaAÁm pH wd/ 53
-2-
25/ 23/ twdó pEÅó/ 54
26/ 24/ taAÇm tbd/ 57
27/ 25/ taZÑm t"d/ 58
28/ 26/ awe 0g £0aPÖ/ 59
29/ 27/ a'g "ó p/ 60
30/ 28/ {0g'dó &d ykaAÁm p &aóm/ 62
31/ 29/ £0PÖK0PÖm psvm/ 64
32/ 30/ psvme rd ,k0g oa& 0g/ 65
33/ 31/ Mo oa& p/ 67
34/ 32/ a*g oa& ykxóm*arm uGpd/ 68
35/ 33/ ygó paEÅm &aóm/ 69
36/ 34/ , 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm/ 74
yuwdoE¨d0d"me
37/ 35/ oa& uGpd/ 92
38/ 36/ o&m yuwd AsOÆae/ 105
AsOÆeoE¨d0d"me
39/ 37/ 'DCH/ 107
40/ 38/ &óH/ 112
41/ 39/ avmyOö wMwmuma&m/ 116
42/ 40/ y&a'Gbma0g Xmae/ 118
43/ 41/ ,0wH wve'um&meH AsOÆemed pvÚ Zum&wåH/ 143
44/ 42/ 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm/ 147
45 43/ uGpd y#d ywdó/ 168
46 44/ ykxók AsOaÆ e/ 169
47 45/ Mo t0ó/ 171
48 46/ wAÁyd &Dwyl ya' AsOaÆ e p/ 173
49 47/ uGpd Mo AsOÆae/ 174
50 48/ {awoarm avmay/ 175
-3-
ed*¾[DwoE¨d0d"me
51 49/ 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾/ 181
52 50/ {a[ ÚH/ 186
53 51/ o a, p/ 187
54/ 52/ r'g oa&/ 190
55/ 53/ uGpd avmyH/ 193
56/ 54/ AsOaÆ e p/ 195
57/ 55/ ya&m 0g oa&m/ 198
58/ 56/ AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g/ 201
59/ 57/ ed*[
¾ w D Oö/ 203
60/ 58/ tH AsOÆae ed*¾[DwH/ 205
61/ 59/ tEky'd|meH 0kwaå ,m*awm/ 207
2-emru@
ykvd’*F
62/ 60/ Zde0pe,kwHå [d/ 210
63/ 61/ vd*OF ö edypöaw/ 212
64/ 62/ wawm p 0dbwåda,m/ 213
65/ 63/ oda,mç tHa,mç em[dç oeHç o®m[dç oeHç o®ðok/ 214
66/ 64/ w'Ekya&ma"e/ 216
67/ 65/ vd*Faw¬ yXrm/ 216
68/ 66/ aom/ 217
69/ 67/ o&avmayg}rma'oyÜp, ö m'dro
dS &avmay wk yuwd 218
70/ 68/ o½lygearuaooGouð/ 220
71/ 69/ oAÁa,meDerm{/ 222
72/ 70/ tmvayae p/ 223
73/ 71/ tmvyae od *oanm/ 224
-4-
74/ 72/ tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm/ 224
75/ 73/ tmuma&m 0g/ 225
76/ 74/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ 225
77/ 75/ ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H/ 227
78/ 76/ ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m/ 227
79/ 77/ a,m ua&mwd o uwåm/ 228
80/ 78/ uwå&d p/ 229
81/ 79/ tawm aee/ 229
82/ 80/ ok[doGuma&m {/ 229
83/ 81/ o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrdS 0g/ 230
84/ 82/ a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&PH/ 230
85/ 83/ u&aP wwd,m/ 231
86/ 84/ ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw
"m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH/ 231
87/ 85/ orÜ'gae pwkw¬D/ 232
88/ 86/ om*arm ao/ 232
89/ 87/ okeH[dok p/ 233
90/ 88/ ,o®m 'aywd b,rm'awå 0g w'yg'geH/ 233
91/ 89/ tyg'gaeyOör/D 234
92/ 90/ o®mo®ðeH 0g/ 234
93/ 91/ ,ó 0g y&d*¾a[m wH omrd/ 235
94/ 92/ omrdo®ð q|D/ 236
95/ 93/ a,m"ma&m warmumoH/ 236
96/ 94/ Moumao owårD/ 237
97/ 95/ raem *Pm'dawm o®ðemerdtm/ 244
98/ 96/ o oa& 0g*arm/ 245
99/ 97/ oóapm/ 246
100/ 98/ tm odrSd/ 250
-5-
101/ 99/ EÅKó aEÅm/ 251
102/ 100/ EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p/ 251
103/ 101/ t0PÖm p a*/ 252
104/ 102/ awmwdwm oo®ðemok/ 254
105/ 103/ EÅó ao 0g/ 255
106/ 104/ eHrSd wH 0g/ 256
107/ 105/ odrSd 0g/ 261
108/ 106/ oAÁó 0g tHaook/ 264
109/ 107/ odrSd *pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH/ 267
110/ 108/ aoaook EÅK0/ 268
111/ 109/ Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó/ 270
112/ 110/ abma*wk/ 272
113/ 111/ b'EÅó b'ÉÅ baEÅ/ 276
114/ 112/ oEÅo'´ó aom ab aAm paEÅ/ 278
115/ 113/ osm p/ 279
116/ 114a,mermaem/ 280
117/ 115/ jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH/ 281
118/ 116/ emrSd &nm 0g/ 282
119/ 117/ &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p/ 282
120/ 118/ &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao/ 283
121/ 119/ &nH eHrSd 0g/ 284
122/ 120/ trSwrk ES KÅ &mZjA[®ocow¬Kyw d m'D[d o®m em0/ 285
123/ 121/ o®rð dS &an&mZde/d 287
124/ 122/ jA[®awm *ó p/ 289
125/ 123/ OwåH oem ok/ 290
126/ 124/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ 290
127/ 125/ jA[®awm wk o®ð ed/ 292
128/ 126/ twåaEÅm [dod®rewåH/ 295
-6-
129/ 127/ oó aem/ 296
130/ 128/ o®m em/ 296
131/ 129/ wawm o®ð ed/ 298
132/ 130/ ocawm pma,maem/ 299
133/ 131/ ocEÅód aememeHaook/ 299
134/ 132/ ocawm *aó 0g/ 300
135/ 133/ okerHok 0g/ 302
136/ 134/ tma&m [drSd 0g/ 303
137/ 135/ o®ad r/ 306
138/ 136/ ykrEÅóm odr/dS 310
139/ 137/ a,m oGmaem/ 310
140/ 138/ trmvyaeu0pae/ 310
141/ 139/ O emrSpd / 311
142/ 140/ [d0b d wård dS p/ 312
143/ 141/ psvawm p/ 314
144/ 142/ tmae o®ðrSd 0g/ 315
145/ 143/ oko®drm 0g/ 316
tmum&EÅyv k i’d f
146/ 144/ taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p/ 325
£um&EÅyvk i’d f
147/ 145/ t*¾ó d ed /d 329
148/ 146/ Cyawm p a,meH avmayg/ 329
149/ 147/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ 330
150/ 148/ a,moG uw&aóm apsm/ 331
151/ 149/ tH arm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ 332
þum&EÅyv k id’ f
152/ 150/ e od o®dreykHoumed/ 338
153/ 151/ a,meH aem/ 339
-7-
154/ 152/ psvyg &óH/ 340
155/ 153/ eH psawm uw&óm/ 342
156/ 154/ o®ð ed/ 344
Oum&EÅyv k i’d f
157/ 155/ vawm a0guma&m p/ 349
158/ 156/ a0a0gok avm p/ 350
159/ 157/ tuw&óm vawm ,Gvyeó a0a0g/ 351
160/ 158/ ow¬Kydwm'Derm odo®ð odavmayg p/ 358
161/ 159/ tanoGm&wå/H 358
162/ 160/ wawm a,mearm wk 359
163/ 161/ em tm/ 361
164/ 162/ O o®ð oavmayg p/ 362
165/ 163/ 0g eHrSd/ 362
166/ 164/ ow¬KewåO/ö 363
167/ 165/ wawmo®rd /d 365
168/ 166/ tma&m &órduma&/ 365
169/ 167/ ourE¨mwm'DeOö/ 368
170/ 168/ ydwm'Derodr/dS 369
Moum&EÅyv
k i’d f
171/ 169/ a,mok p/ 379
172/ 170/ t0HrdS p/ 379
173/ 171/ tm0ók 0g/ 380
174/ 172/ ok[demok p/ 382
175/ 173/ a*gP eHrSd 0g/ 383
176/ 174/ *g0 ao/ 386
177/ 175/ wawm erH ywdrSmvkawå p ormao/ 387
-8-
£w¬dvdif
tmum&EÅ£w¬v d id f
178/ 176/ £w¬d,rawm tmyÜpöa,m/ 392
179/ 177/ tm aCm/ 393
180/ 178/ Caw p/ 394
181/ 179/ Cawm em'DeH/ 395
182/ 180/ Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g/ 397
183/ 181/ e tr®m'dawm/ 402
£um&EÅ£w¬v d id f
184/ 182/ aw £w¬dcsm ayg/ 405
185/ 183/ yawm ,m/ 407
186/ 184/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ 408
187/ 185/ yonó p/ 409
188/ 186/ tm'dawm Mo p/ 410
þum&EÅ£w¬v d id f
189/ 187/ e'g'dawm 0g þ/ 414
190/ 188/ tH ,rDawm yonawm/ 416
191/ 189/ rmwkvm'Dermewåru D ma&/ 423
192/ 190/ P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d/ 426
193/ 191/ EÅKó wrDuma&/ 429
194/ 192/ b0awm abmawm/ 432
195/ 193/ ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD/ 4633
196/ 194/ ywdóed rD /dS 434
eykHvdif
tum&EÅeykv
H id f
197/ 195/ oð/ 451
198/ 196/ tawm edpöH/ 451
199/ 197/ tur®Eó
Å p/ 457
-9-
200/ 198/ tH eykHoau/ 461
£um&EÅeykv
H id f
201/ 199/ a,meH ed eykHoau[d/ 465
oAÁemrf
202/ 200/ oAÁemrum&aw yXarm/ 476
203/ 201/ wa,m ae0 p oAÁemar[d/ 478
204/ 202/ oAÁemrmeH eHrdS p/ 478
205/ 203/ oAÁawm eH oHomeH/ 479
206/ 204/ Cyawm o®ðomeH oHom/ 482
207/ 205/ aCm &óH/ 483
208/ 206/ oHomaoGu0paeok p/ 483
209/ 207/ aewm[d o®drm, ,m/ 485
210/ 208/ 'GE|´ m 0g/ 488
211/ 209/ emnH oAÁemrdu/H 494
212/ 210/ A[kA[ DÁ rd dS p/ 496
213/ 211/ {wawoH awm/ 501
214/ 212/ wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬/ 501
215/ 213/ oo®mo®ðoHomoGwåH/ 503
216/ 214/ e wdar[d uwmuma&[d/ 505
217/ 215/ wawm oó óm,/ 509
218/ 216/ wóm 0g/ 510
219/ 217/ {wdrmord/ 518
220/ 218/ te ykHouóm,H odrSd/ 523
221/ 219/ tedrd emrSd p/ 524
222 220/ oAÁórd aó 0g/ 525
223/ 221/ £ro'´ó p/ 526
224/ 222/ £ród'rH odok eyko H au/ 532
225/ 223/ trkó arm oH/ 534
226/ 224/ oAÁawm aum/ 534
-10-
227/ 225/ trkóm'H/k 542
228/ 226/ aoaook p/ 543
229/ 227/ Obm'dawm erdE/Hé 550
230/ 228/ a,mok 'dGEéH a'G p/ 552
231/ 229/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ 553
232/ 230/ wdpwkEéH wdaóm pwaóm wa,m
pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d/ 555
233/ 231/ £PÖrdPÖEéH wD[d ocsFm[d/ 556
wdvdif
234/ 232/ wGr[H odrSd p/ 561
235/ 233/ r,H a,mrSd yXar/ 563
236/ 234/ w0H rrOö e0g/ 564
237/ 235/ wH rrHr/dS 564
238/ 236/ wkrSó wk0H wGrHrSd/ 565
239/ 237/ 0g ,GyXÜ arm/ 565
240/ 238/ emrSd w,m r,m/ 566
241/ 239/ w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwåH 0g/ 566
242/ 240/ oóH/ 567
243/ 241/ w0 rr ao/ 568
244/ 242/ wk,SH r,SOö/ 568
245/ 243/ trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao/ 569
246/ 244/ wkraS rS[d ermuH/ 569
247/ 245/ wkrSrmuH w,d r,d/ 572
248/ 246/ y'awm 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0g aem/ 573
249/ 247/ awaru0paeok p/ 574
250/ 248/ e tHrSd/ 576
251/ 249/ 0g wwda, p/ 577
252/ 250/ A[k0paeok a0g aem/ 578
-11-
253/ 251/ yOöm'Deruma&m/ 580
254/ 252/ yOöm'Derwå/H 580
255/ 253/ a'Gu|mermuma&m 0g/ 582
256/ 254/ {um'dawm 'o & ocsFmae/ 584
257/ 255/ 0Dowd'aook Am 'dGó wk/ 585
258/ 256/ pwlyy'ó avmayg wkw&å y'g'd
pó pk apmyd e0g/ 587
259/ 257/ 'ao a,m edpöOö/ 590
260/ 258/ v '&meH/ 591
261/ 259/ t|m'dawm p/ 592
0dbwådyÜpö,0d"me
262/ 260/ uGpd awm yOörsaw¬/ 595
263/ 261/ wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m/ 595
264/ 262/ Mwawmaxok p/ 598
265/ 263/ oAÁaówómuma&m 0g/ 599
266/ 264/ { awmaxok p/ 599
267/ 265/ £ród xH'ged[awma"ok p/ 600
268/ 266/ Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d/ 602
269/ 267/ aMw edpöH/ 605
270/ 268/ oAÁawm "d/ 606
271/ 269/ udo®m a0g/ 606
272/ 270/ udó u a0 p/ 606
273/ 271/ [d H[H[dOöeH/ 607
274/ 272/ uk [d H[Hok p/ 607
275/ 273/ wrSm p/ 608
276/ 274/ £ro®m ["m p/ 608
277/ 275/ ,awm [d H/ 609
278/ 276/ uðoAÁanu,uk[d 'g 'gpeH/ 610
-12-
279/ 277/ oAÁó aom 'grSd 0g/ 610
280/ 278/ wrSm 'ged p/ 611
281/ 279/ £ro®m &[d "kem 'ged p/ 612
282/ 280/ {w &[dr/dS 612
283/ 281/ t "kemrdS p/ 613
Moyo*¾duy'
284/ 282/ oAÁmorm0kaomyo*¾eyd gwm'D[d p/ 624
------------------
um&uu@
yXrm0dbwswa¬ b'
285/ 283/ vd*aF w¬ yXrm/ 235
'kw, d m0dbwswa¬ b'
286/ 284/ ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m/ 640
287/ 285/ ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H/ 641
288/ 286/ *wd Ak'¨d bkZ yX [& u& o,m'DeH um&daw/ 646
289/ 287/ umv'¨gerpöEo Å aH ,ma*/ 649
290/ 288/ ur®y0Ü peD,,kawå/ 651
291/ 289/ uGpd 'kwd,m q|Deraw¬/ 654
wwd,m0dbwswa¬ b'
292/ 290/ wwd,mowåreD Oö/ 656
293/ 291/ u&aP wwd,m/ 658
294/ 292/ a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&PH/ 659
295/ 293/ uwå&d p/ 660
296/ 294/ a,m ua&mwd o uwåm/ 660
297/ 295/ a,m uma&wd o a[wk/ 662
298/ 296/ o[m'da,ma* p/ 669
299/ 297/ a[wGaw¬ p/ 670
300/ 298/ owårsaw¬ p/ 672
-13-
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
301/ 299/ a,e*F0ud ma&m/ 674

302/ 300/ 0daooae p/ 675
pwkw0D¬ b
d wswa¬ b'
303/ 301/ orÜ'gae pwkw/D¬ 678
304/ 302/ ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH/ 678
305/ 303/ odvmC [Ek Xm/y/ bd,sowårsaw¬ok p/ 681
306/ 304/ tm, pwkaw¬u0peó wk/ 693
307/ 305/ earma,m*g'DoyG d p/ 704
308/ 306/ bm00gpdrdS pwkw/D¬ 706
yOör0D b
d wswa¬ b'
309/ 307/ tyg'gae yOör/D 706
310/ 308/ ,o®m'aywd b,rm'awå 0g w'yg'geH/ 706
311/ 309/ "mwkemrmerkyo*¾a,m*g'doyG d p/ 712
312/ 310/ &u©Pw¬merdpw dä /H 721
313/ 311/ a,e 0g} 'óeH/ 723
314/ 312/ 'l&EÅd u'ümvedrm® ewGmavmy'doma,m*-
0dbwåm&yÜa,m* ok'y¨ aÜ rmpe a[wk 0d0w d yå rÜ mP
ykAÁa,m* AEë *kP0pe yO§ uxeaxmumuwåLok p/ 724
315/ 313/ 'DaCma&[d/ 741
316/ 314/ um&Paw¬ p/ 747
q|D0bd wswa¬ b'
317/ 315/ omrdo®d H q|D/ 748
318/ 316/ ,ó 0g y&d*¾a[m wH omrD/ 749
319/ 317/ q|D p/ 758
320/ 318/ 'kw,d myOöreD Oö/ 763
owår0D b
d wswa¬ b'
321/ 319/ Moumao owårD/ 769
-14-
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
322/ 320/ a,m"ma&m warmumoH/ 769

323/ 321/ omrdó&m"dywd'g,m'ou©yD wdbyl olwuko av[d p/ 776
324/ 322/ ed'g¨ &aP p/ 778
325/ 323/ tem'a& p/ 780
326/ 324/ ur®u&Pedrw d aå w¬ok owår/D 781
327/ 325/ orÜ'gae p/ 783
328/ 326/ yOörsaw¬ p/ 784
329/ 327/ umvbma0ok p/ 785
330/ 328/ Oyg"sm"duó d &0pae/ 788
331/ 329/ r@dwkókauúok wwd,m p/ 790
-------------------------------------------------------------
ed'gef;
y'½lyod'u d¨ sr;f ukd ykcYd sco hJ nfrmS (3)acgufajrmuf (4)acgufxw J iG &f cdS o
hJ nf?
okdYaomf pmvkdufwynfhrsm;ukd a&;om;apcJh&m0,f pmar;yJGqkdif&mukdom a&;om;
cJah yonf? trSerf mS ½kyw f u G Ef iS hf t"dygÜ ,fw¤Ydk if; okwf 0kwEdå iS hf O'g[½kPu f ydk g jrefrm
jyefqkda&;om;aponf? pmvkdufaomwynfhu ra&;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckykdYcspOf
a&;cJo h nfrmS oEËd iS hf emrf w0ufavmufrmS uk, d w f idk af &;om;cJNh y;D <uif;useaf om
pmrlrsm;ukd pmvku d af om t&Si0f ed ,mpm&tm; a&;om;apcJ&h onf? ½lyod'u d¨ sr;f ukd
ykdYcsaomq&mtpOftqufum; ½kyfwGuf½kd;r&Sday? q&mwkdYtvkdum; ]]uav;
ESuaf cs;pm;}}b0uyif o'´gBu;D ½kyrf sm;ukd wGucf ahJ omaMumifh wGurf ay;[efwo l nf?
]]þusr;f ukd jyKpak omt&Siu f m; q&mwk&Yd UJ uGuv f yf vpf[if;csuu f dk jznfph u G jf cif;yif
jzpfavonf? twwfEidk q f ;Hk BuK;d pm;í ½kyrf sm;ukw d uG x f m;onf? okaYd omf tenf;i,f
vkdtyfcsufum; &Sdaumif;&Sdayvdrfhrnf? jynfhpkHaomt&m[lí r&SdEkdifay? xkdrjynfh
pkHaom t&mESifh vkdtyfcsufukd pmcspmoifwkdYu uGufvyfav;ukd xyfrHjznfhpGuf
jcif;jzifh pdwaf umif; ESv;Hk aumif;xm;um a,medaom reodum&jzifh Munf½h aI vhvm
Muvdrrhf nf[k arQmv f ifyh gonf? csKiH MHk unfyh gvQif y'½lyod'u d¨ sr;f onf edum,fig;&yf
yd#uwfo;Hk ykH ygVdt|um #Dumrsm;rS jy,k*f O'g[½kPyf pHk w H u Ydk dk awmfawmfjynfph aHk tmif
xkwEf w I af &;om;xm;onfudk awGUayonf? okaYd omfvnf; tenf;i,fuse&f adS umif;
use&f adS yvdrrhf nf? o'´gBu;D usr;f vnf; O'g[½kPf ykpH w H u Ydk dk xkwEf idk o f rQ xkwEf w I f
xm;onf? xkx Yd uf y'½lyod'u d¨ sr;f u ykpd aHk tmifxw k x f m;ayonf? xkx Yd uf o'éw D d
paom usr;f rsm;vnf; &Sad yao;onf? avmurSm jynfph aHk omt&m0w¬K[í l r&Sad y?
tenf;i,fawmh [muGuf vpf[if;csuu f m; &Sad umif;&Sad yvdrrhf nf? ½lyod'¨dusrf;ü
1?o&ykdif;qkdif&mpD&ifaom o&oE¨d/ 2?Asnf;ykdif;qkdif&mpD&ifaomAsOÆeoE¨d/
3?ed*¾[dwfykdif;qkdif&m pD&ifaom ed*¾[dwoE¨d[k (3)rsKd;&Sdonf? emrfusrf;üvnf;
tum&EÅykdif;qkdif&m pD&ifaom tum&EÅykv’dif? £um&EÅykdif;qdkif&mpD&ifaom £
um&EÅykvd’if? þum&EÅykdif;qkdif&m pD&ifaom þum&EÅykvd’if? Oum&EÅykdif;qkdif&m
pD&ifaom Oum&EÅyv k i’d ?f ODum&EÅyidk ;f qkid &f mpD&ifaomokww f jYdk zifh wefqmqifaom
ODum&EÅyv k i’d ?f Moum&EÅyidk ;f qkid &f m pD&ifaomokwjf zifh wefqmqifaom Moum&EÅ
ykvd’if? £w¬ d v d i füvnf;/ tmum&EÅ £um&EÅykdif;qkdif&mokwfwkdYjzifh wefqm
qifaom £um&EÅ£w¬dvdif ponfwkdYjzifh tcsufusvSayonf? xkdYaMumifh
½kyw f uG wf jYdk zifh wefqmqifí þ½lyod'u d¨ sr;f ukd a&;om;tyfayownf;/
yxrwJG
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
*E¦m& rÇ
(u) 0do'k o
¨ '¨ro ® [ó'D"w d ?ð
okA'k o¨ arÁm"d,*k Eä&m'dw/H
wdA'k a¨ cawåu'd0gu&H Zde?H
o"r®oC H H od&om}bd0E´, d /
*gxmjrefrm txl;ojzifhpifMu,faom rdrdoabmukd aqmifaom taxmif

ruaom a&mifjcnf&Sdxaom csrf;ompGm Ekd;aptyfaom owå0gç
wifw h ,fpmG yGiahf ptyfaom yef;wku Yd dk aumif;pGm yGiahf p Ekd;apvQuf ,k*efxufokdY
wufNyD;xaom 0DxdokH;vDç &moDq,fhESpfç vSnfh&pf rvyfç &yfq,frsufESmç
,lZemwGufudef;ç ukd;odef;wkdYwkdifç wpfNyKdifeufcsif;ç xGef;vif; jcif;ukdjyKwwfaom
csD;rGrf;tyfaom *kPftaygif;&Sdaom qD;ESif; jrLwdrfç ol&defrD;ckd;ç npfrsKd;ig;tifç
atmifjrifaomaerif;ukd xkdaeonfom OD;ñGwf&m[k t,l&SdukefaomolwkdYonf
OD;acgif;jzifh &Scd ;dk ukeo
f uJo
h Ydk txl;ojzifph ifMu,faom? 0g-txl;xl;aomudavom
wkdYrS pifMu,faom? 0g-txl;xl;aomr*fwkdYjzifh pifMu,faom? 0g- qefYusifbuf
udavomwkdYrS pifMu,faom olawmfaumif;wkdY\w&m; y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif&Sm;
&Sdaomw&m; csD;rGrf;tyfaomw&m;wnf;[laom taxmifruaom a&mifjcnf
&Sad wmfrx l aom okcyÜ#yd 'gjzif&h tyfaom t& [wår*fÓPf xuf0ef;usio f jd rif
wwfaom oAÁñw k ÓPfwnf;[laom twå[w d y&[dw avmuD avmukw&å m
tusK;d tpku H adk qmifwwfaom ,k*E¨K&d af wmifxufoYdk wufNy;D xaom Zmwd tmPm
0do,m[laom ok;H yg;aomAk'a¨ cwfü NyKid zf ufrjyL wpfqal om aerif;jzpfawmfral om
a'0ykwå ponfrsm;jzifh rm&fig;tifudk atmifjrif awmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;uk¤d if;?
2 vufa&G;pOf ½lyod'd¨ (yxrwJ)G
xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;\ q,fyg;aomw&m; &Spfa,mufaomoHCmukd¤if;? wpf e nf ;

olawmfaumif;wkdY\w&m; y&rw¬ tm;jzifh xif&Sm;&Sdaomw&m; csD;rGrf;tyfaom
w&m; olawmfaumif;jzpfaom oHCm y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif&Sm;&SdaomoHCm
csD;rGrf;tyfaomoHCmukd¤if;? tuREkfyfonf OD;acgif;jzifh b, vmb ukv pm&m
rdpmä 'd|d rodarm[ uif;pifyvQuf avmu0Seaf csmuf *kPw f pfavQmufudk atmufarh
íom o'¨gjrwfE;dk &Scd ;dk yg\ &Scd ;dk Ny;D í/
(c) upöm,eOömp&d,H erdwmG ?

edóm, upöm,e0PÖem'ð/
AmvyÜaAm"w¬rZk H u&dó?H
AswHå oku@H y'½lyod'¨/ð
*gxmjrefrm om0uyg&rD pkpH uD s,0f ef; xGe;f yjcif;okYd cyif;xkwaf csmufa&mufNy;D

aom upönf;q&mukdvnf; &Sdckd;yg\? &Sdckd;NyD;í/ upönf;usrf;
xku
d pön;f usr;f \tzGijhf zpfaom Óofusr;f ponfudk rSí D o'´vu©Pmukd roduek f
ao;aomolwkdYtm; odapjcif;iSg avmut*¾yk*¾avm ponfjzifh okwft&mukd
rSwfjcif;ç avmu*¾yk*¾avmponfjzifh O'g[½kPf NyD;pD;jcif;aMumifh xif&Sm;aom
oEëd mrfponfwüYdk taygif;tpnf;\tjzpf aMumifh aumif;aomtykid ;f tjcm;&Sad om
okwftpOfukd pGefYí O'g[½kPf tpOftm;jzifh qkdjcif;aMumifh ajzmifhrwfaom
av;yg;aomyk'w f \Ydk 0dbwf tqk;H &Sad om½kyu
f dk Ny;D apwwfaomaMumifh y'½lyod'd¨
trnf&adS omusr;f ukd jyKaytH/h
-------------
1/ oE¨du@
tEkoaE¨ xk½d yl od'u
d¨ sr;f ü jrwfpmG bk&m;\omoemawmfudk od&jcif;\ tu©&mü
vdrm® aomol\ tjzpfwnf;[laom ÓPfvQif taMumif;&if;&So d nf
\ tjzpfaMumifh xkt d u©&aumov’ÓPfudk tpD;tyGm;ukd tvk&d adS omtrsK;d om;
onf (xnf)h Ny;D aptyf\? þteuft"dygÜ ,fudk jyjcif; iSg? jynfph aHk pOD;avmh þokaYd om
1/ oE¨du@ 3
wku
d wf eG ;f jcif;ukd jyjcif;iSg 0g- jyjcif; tusK;d &Sad om tu©&m[kqt
dk yfaomo'´gonf
a[mtyfaomteuf ygVdawmf\teufukd odjcif;tusKd;&Sdonfukd jywwfaom
0gusjzpfaom taw¬m tu©& onmawm[laom þpum;ukd jytyf\? þokwu f dk
jytyf\/
ygVd ww¬ Zdeomoem"d*ró tu©&aumov’rlvuwåm wH orÜma' wAÁEÅd
'aówkH tbda",syaÜ ,mZe0gusr'd rkpaö w/
---------------
okwf 1/ taw¬m tu©&onmawm/

okwjf refrm teufukd tu©&mwdkYjzifhom aumif;pGmodtyf rSwftyf\/
0kwjdå refrm trSwrf &Sad om avmuD avmukw&å mponftjym;&Sad om ygVdawmf\
teufonf &Sd\? xdkavmukwå&mponftjym;&Sdaom ygVdawmf\
teuf[o l rQudk tu©&mwkjYd zifo
h mvQif aumif;pGmodtyf\/
0kwydå gVd a,m aumpd avmud,avmukwå&m'daba'g 0peaw¬m? aom
oaAÁm tu©a&a[0 onm,aw/
t"dygÜ ,f odxdvonf "edwjzpfjcif;ç "edwonf odxdvjzpfjcif; ponfjzifh
tu©&m\ azmufjyefcRwf,Gif; ysufpD;jcif;onf &Sdaomf avmuD
avmukw&å mponf tjym;&Sad om ygVdawmf\ teuf\ qif;&J NiKjd iifyifyef;ojzifh
odtyfonf\tjzpfonf tMuifhaMumifh jzpf\? xkdYaMumifh tu©&aumov’
ÓPfonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmfwkdYü? 0g- wkdYtm;? rsm;aom aus;Zl;&Sd\/
ygVd odxdv"edwm'dtu©&0dywåd,H [d tw¬ó 'kEé,wm a[mwd? wo®m
tu©&aumov’H A[lyum&H Ak'0¨ paeok/
rSwcf suf þokwüf yk'w f \Ydk (y'geH) tu©&mwk\ Yd pka0;&moabm &So d nf\
tjzpfaMumifh yk'w f u
Ydk v
dk nf; tu©&mwküYd omvQif 0g-tu©&mwkjYd zifh
omvQif aygif;í ,ltyfukef\/
ygVd {w¬ y'gedyd tu©&oEéyd gw½lywåm tu©a&aoG0 o*F,ES /dÅ
xko
d t Ydk eufudk tu©&mwkjYd zifh odtyfonf\tjzpf tu©&aumov’ÓPf\
ygVdawmfwkdYtm; rsm;aomaus;Zl;&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh omoemawmfukd odjcif;
vu©Pm&Sdaom tusKd;pD;yGm;jzifh tvkd&SdaomtrsKd;om;onf x<uvkHYvtp&Sdukef

aom usifh0wfw&m;ig;yg;wkdYjzifh o'´gwwfq&mukd aumif;pGm? 0g-toift h m;jzif?h
0g- ½kad opGm qnf;uyfe;D yg; cpm;vkyaf uR;vQuf teufudk tu©&mwkjYd zifh aumif;pGm
odjcif;iSg (tu©&onmyew¬)H tu©& aumov’ÓPfudk jynfph aHk pOD;avmh? 0g- jynfph Hk
apbdvwfao;/
ygVd wo®m tu©&aumov’H? orÜma',s [dww¬daum/
Oy|[H *½kH or®m? O|mem'D[d yOö[d/
onm0d"me xkdusrf;ü tpjzpfaom oE¨dt&mü a&S;OD;pGm tu©&m&opaom

tpOfjzifh obm0ed½w
k o
då '´gukd rSwaf Mumif;jzpfaom upön;f usr;f ü
tu©&monmponfukd odapjcif;iSg onmtpDt&ifukd tm;xkwftyf\/
ygVd ww¬ m a'g wm0 o'´ v u© a P a0g[m&0d n myew¬ H onm0d " me
rm&bD,aw/
-------------
okwf 2/ tu©&myg'a,m {upwåmvDoH/

okwjf refrm av;q,fhwpfvkH; twkdif;t&Snf&Sdukefaom ttu©&mvQif tykdif;
tjcm;&Su d ek af om 0PÖwo Ydk nf tu©&m[laomtrnf&u dS ek of nf jzpfuek \f /
0kwjdå refrm av;q,fhwpfvkH; twkdif;t&Snf&Sdukefaom ttu©&mvQif tykdif;
tjcm;&Su d ek af om 0PÖwo Ydk nf tu©&m[laomtrnf&u dS ek o f nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd tu©&m tyd tm'a,m {upwåmvDoH/
av;q,fw h pfv;Hk ukeaf om ttu©&mvQif tykid ;f tjcm;&Su d ek af om
0PÖwo Ydk nf tu©&m[laomtrnf&u dS ek o
f nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmftm; avQmufywfukefaom ttu©&mvQif
tykdif;tjcm;&Sdukefaom ed*¾[dwfvQif tqkH;&Sdukefaom av;q,fhwpfvkH; twkdif;
t&Snf &Su d ek af om? av;q,fw h pfv;Hk omvQif jzpfuek af om 0PÖwo Ydk nf toDtoD;
wpfv;Hk pD tu©&mrnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd aw p acg Zde0pemEk½yl g t um&m'a,m ed*[ ¾ w D EÅm {upwåmvDo rwåm
0PÖm yapöuH tu©&m emr a[mEÅd/
1/ oE¨du@ 5
ar; xkdtu©&mwkdYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf;[lrlum;/
ajz t tm £ þ O OD { Mo? u c * C i? p q Z ps Ú? # X ! ¡ P? w
x ' " e? y z A b r? , & v 0 o [ V tH [lonfwkdYwnf;?
þ0PÖwo Ydk nf tu©&mrnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \
f /
Þ
ygVd wH ,xm t tm £ þ O OD { Mo? u c * C i? p q Z ps Ú? # X
! ¡ P? w x ' " e? y z A b r? , & v 0 o [ V tH-£wd tu©&m/
ar; tb,fah Mumifh tu©&mrnfygoenf;/
ajz rukerf ysuEf idk af omaMumifh 0PÖwo
Ydk nf tu©&mrnfygonf/
ygVd eu©&EÅwD d tu©&mm/
tMuif0PÖw\ Ydk tykid ;f tjcm;um; ttu©&mvQiw
f nf;? wenf;um; tMuif
0PÖwkdYtm; t-[kqkdtyfaom tykdif;tjcm;onf &Sd\? xkdYaMumifh (£wd wo®m)
xk0d PÖwo
Ydk nf tm'drnfuek \ f /
ygVd t tm'd a,oH aw tm'a,m tm'a,m/
ttu©&mponfw\ Ydk tpOfudk qk[ d eftxl;ukd igonf qkt d yf\/txl;um;

ttu©&mtp&Su d ek af om xk0d PÖw\ Ydk &Gwaf omtpOfonf Xmef ponfw\ Ydk tpOfudk
rS\
D ? xkpd um;onf rSe\ f xkaYd Mumifyh ifvQif Xmef u½kP d ;f y,wfwjYdkzifh tu©&mwkoYd nf
jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd tum&m'DerEkuúarm yaeo Xmem'duúroEédódawm? wxm [d
Xmeu&PyÜ,wae[d 0PÖm Zm,aEÅ/
Xmef(6)yg; xkpd um;&yfü Xmefponfww Ykd iG f Xmefwo Ydk nf vnfç tmç vQmç oGm;ç
EIwcf rf;ç ESmacgif;wk\ Yd tpGr;f tm;jzifh ajcmufyg;wkw Yd nf;/
ygVd ww¬ q Xmemed uP²wmvkr'k '¨ EÅMo|emodum0aoe/
uP²Ztu©&m xkXd mefajcmufyg;üjzpfaom av;q,fw h pfv;Hk aom tu©&m

wkdYwGif t0Pf ESpfvkH;? u0*f ig;vkH;? [tu©&mwkdYonf
vnfacsmif;t&yf[kqkdtyfaom uP²XmefüjzpfaomaMumifh uP²Ztu©&m
rnfuek \
f /
ygVd ww¬Þ t 0PÖ u 0*¾ [ um&m uP²Zmm/
wmvkZtu©&m £0Pf ESpfvkH;? p0*f ig;vkH;? ,tu©&mwkdYonf tmapmuf

t&yf[q k tdk yfaom wmvkZXmefü jzpfaomaMumifh wmvkZtu©&mrnfuek \ f /
ygVd £ 0PÖ p 0*¾ , um&m wmvkZmm/
rk'Z¨ tu©&m #0*f ig;vkH;? &tu©&m Vtu©&mwkdYonf vQmxdyft&yf[k
qktd yfaom rk'Z¨ XmefüjzpfaomaMumifh rk'Z¨ tu©&mrnfuek \ f /
ygVd #0*¾ & um& Vum&m rk'¨Zmm/
'EÅZtu©&m w0*f ig;vkH;? vtu©&m otu©&mwkdYonf oGm;t&yf[k qkdtyf
aom 'EÅZXmefüjzpfaomaMumifh 'EÅZtu©&mrnfuek \ f /
ygVd w 0*¾ v um& o um&m 'EÅZmm/
Mo|Ztu©&m O0Pf ESpv f ;Hk ? y0*f ig;vk;H wko
Yd nf EIwcf rf;t&yf[qk t
dk yfaom
Mo|ZXmefüjzpfaomaMumifh Mo|Ztu©&mrnfuek \ f /
ygVd O 0PÖ y0*¾g Mo|Zm Mo|Zm/
uP²wmvkZtu©&m {tu©&monf vnfacsmif; tmapmufü jzpf\/
ygVd { uma&m uP²wmvkaZm Zm/
uP²Mo|Ztu©&m Motu©&monf vnfacsmif; EIwcf rf;Xmefü jzpf\/
ygVd Mo
Mouma&m uaP²m|aZm |aZm/
'EÅMo|Ztu©&m 0tu©&monf oGm; EIwcf rf;Xmefü jzpf\/
ygVd 0uma&m 'aEÅm|aZm |aZm/
emodutu©&m ed*[ ¾ wd o
f nf ESmacgif;Xmefü jzpf\/
ygVd ed*[¾ wD H emodu|meZH/
i Ú P e r-wko Yd nf uP²paom rdrw

d \
Ydk Xmefüvnf; jzpfuek \
f /
ESmacgif;Xmefüvnf; jzpfuek \
f / þonfomvQif ou0g'tm;jzifh Xmefü jzpfaom
tu©&mtqk;H tjzwf tNy;D wnf;/
ygVd i Ú P e rm ou|meZmçemodu|meZm |meZmpmwd/
0&EÅ0d g& þav;q,fhwpfvkH;aomtu©&mwkdYwGif ig;vkH;ajrmufaom i Ú
P e r tu©&mwkdYESifhomvQif¤if;? 0*f\tqkH;ü wnfaom , &
v 0 tu©&mwkdYESifh¤if;? ,SOfaom [tu©&mukd &ifü jzpf\[lí o'´gusrf;
q&mwkdYonf (tu©&pdEÅum) qkdukef\/
1/ oE¨du@ 7
ygVd [ um&H yOöara[0? tEÅ|m[d p oH,kwH/

xkdyOör tEÅ|wkdYESifh r,SOfaom [tu©&mukd uP²Ztu©&m[lí
qkt
d yfuek \
f /
ygVd Mo&oEÅd 0'aEÅw¬? uP²ZH w'oH,kwH/
u&PH vQmv,ft&yfonf tmapmufüjzpfaom p q ps Úç £ þ ,

wkdY\ &GwfqkdaMumif;rnf\/ vQmzsm;\teD;t&yfonf vQmxdyfü
jzpfaom #0*f & V wk\ Yd &Gwq f adk Mumif;rnf\/ vQmzsm;t&yfonf oGm;üjzpfaom
w0*f v o wkdY\ &GwfqkdaMumif;rnf\/ wmvkZ rk'¨Z 'EÅZtu©&m ESpfq,fh
ESpv f ;Hk rS<uif;ukeaf om wpfq,fu h ;dk vk;H aom tu©&mwko Yd nf rdrwd XYdk mefvQif u½kP
d ;f
&Su
d ek \ f /
ygVd u&PH Zd0gS rZÑH wmvkZmeH? Zda0Smy*¾H rk'Z¨ meH? Zd0gS *¾H 'EÅZmeH aoom
ou|meu&Pm/
rSwcf suf {tu©&monf tmapmufü 0tu©&monf oGm;üjzpfaomfvnf;
'dZG jzpfí Zd0*S u ¾ ½kP d ;f ür0if ou|mefüom 0if\/
y,weH EIwfcrf;ukd ydwfjcif;tp&Sdaom &Gwfjcif;txl;onf y,wfrnf\/
EIwfcrf;ukd ydwfonf\tjzpfonf ttu©&m\y,wfrnf\/
EIwfcrf;ukdzGifhjcif;onf to&rS<uif;aom o&ckESpfvkH;wkdY\¤if;? otu©&m [
tu©&mwk\ Yd ¤if;? y,wfrnf\/ EIwcf rf;wk\ Yd xdjcif;onf ig;yg;ukeaf om 0*f tu©&m
wk\Yd y,wfrnf\/ EIwcf rf;wk\ Yd pOf;i,fxjd cif;onf , & v 0 wk\ Yd y,wfrnf\/
þonfvQif y,wftNy;D wnf;/
ygVd y,weH oH0kwm'du&P0daoaom/ oH0kwrå um&ó? 0d0#wåH
aooo&meH o um&[ [ um&meOö? zk|H 0*¾geH? þoHz|k H ,&v0geEÅ/d
edó,m þokYd uP²paomXmef Zd0mS rZÑpaomu½kP d ;f oH0#k paom y,wf
aCmopaomokwd {urw¬paom umvtm;jzifh jym;ukefaom
tu©&mwkw Yd iG f o&wko Yd nf rS&D mjzpfí edó,rnfuek \ f /
ygVd {0H Xmeu&PyÜ,weokwu d mvbdaEéok tu©a&ok o&m edó,m/
edów d m o&rS wpfyg;ukefaom Asnf;wkdYonf rSDwwfaomaMumifh edódw
rnfuek \ f /
ygVd £wa& edódwm/

edó, edódw tcJG xked ó d , edów d ESpyf g;wkw
Yd iG f rS&D mjzpfuek af om o&
wku Yd dk Asn;f \tpü qkt d yfuek \ f / xkad emifrS rSw
D wf
ukeaf om Asn;f wku Yd dk qkt
d yfuek \ f / xkad emifrS xk0d *f {uZwd\ Yk rsm;onf\ tjzpf
aMumifh 0*fwkdYukd¤if;? {uZwkdYukd¤if;? t0*f 'dGZ\tpü qkdtyfukef\/ xkdaemifrS
XmeftpOf v[ktpOfwu Ydk dk qkt
d yfuek \ f /
ygVd Þ
ww¬ edó,ma'g o&m 0kwåm? AsOÆem edódwm wawm/
0a*¾uZm A[kwåma'g? wawm Xmev[kuúrm/
Esmousr;f \tqkd rSe\
f ]]yOöEHé ye/y/ aworEkuaú rm}}[lí þpum;ukd Esmo
usr;f ü (Esmao) qkt d yf\/ ig;yg;ukeaf om Xmefw\ Ydk tpOf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh¤if;? edó,paom tjym;wkdYjzifh¤if;? xkdtu©&mwkdY\ tpOfukd 0g-
tpOfjzpfjcif;ukd Esmoq&monf qkt d yf\/
ygVd 0kwOå Þ ö ]]yOöEHé ye XmemeH? y#dyg#d0omyd p/
edó,m'dyaÜ ba'[d? 0kawåm aworEkuaú rm}}wd/
0d*[
¾ wpfv;Hk jzifh vGeu f ek af om av;q,fww Ydk nf;? wpfv;Hk jzifh vGeaf om
av;q,fwYdk ta&twGuu f ydk idk ;f jcm;aMumif;jzpfaom þ{upwåmvDoyH 'k jf zifh
ygVd {auem"dum pwåmvDoH {upwåmvDoH? {awe *Pey&dapäa'eÞ
av;q,fw
h pfv;Hk xufyv
dk eG af om tu©&mrsm; bk&m;pum;r[kwf q&mjrwf
jzpfawmf
rlaom r[mupön;f onf þqkt d yfNy;D aom av;q,fw h pfv;Hk xuf vGeaf om tu©&m
&Sdukefaom o'´gwkdYonf bk&m;ygVdawmfr[kwfukef? þokdY jy\/
ygVd t"duu©&0EÅmed? {uwmvDoawm £awm/
e Ak'0¨ pemeDw?d 'Daywmp&d,moabm/
tydo'´g tydo'´gonf atmufjzpfaom taw¬m tu©&onmawm [laom
okwüf qkt d yfuek af om tu©&mwku Yd dk iJjh cif;ukd jyKjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd tyd*[ ¾ PH a[|m 0kwmå eH tayu©mu&Pw¬/H
-------------
1/ oE¨du@ 9
okwf 3/ waw¬m'EÅm o&mt|

okwjf refrm xkad v;q,fw h pfv;Hk aom tu©&mwkw Yd iG f Motqk;H &Su d ek af om &Spv f ;Hk
ukefaom tu©&mwkdYonf o&rnfukef\/
0kwjdå refrm ttu©&mtp&Su d ek af om xkad v;q,fw h pfv;Hk aomtu©&mwkw Yd iG f
ttp&Su d ek af om (tm'a,m) Motqk;H &Su d ek af om &Spvf ;Hk ukeaf om
tu©&mwko Yd nf o&rnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd ww¬ awok tu©a&ok t um&m'Dok Mo Moum&EÅm t| tu©&m
o&m emr a[mEÅd/
ar; xkdo&wkdYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf;[lrlum;/
ajz t tm £ þ O OD { Mo þ&SpfvkH;aomtu©&mwkdYonf o&
rnfuek \ f /
ygVd wH ,xmÞ t tm £ þ O OD { Mo-£wd o&m/
Mo'EÅm xkt d u©&mwk\ Yd tqk;H onf Motu©&mwnf;/ xkaYd Mumifh xkt d u©&m
wkdYonf Mo'EÅrnfukef\/ 'tu©&monf oEd̈jzpf\/
ygVd Mo taEÅm a,oH aw Mo'EÅm? ''uma&m oE¨daZm/
o&m tMuiftu©&mwko Yd nf (a, tu©&m) olwpfyg;ukd rrSrD í

l jzpfwwf
ukef\? wenf;um; Mum;tyfonf\tjzpfokdY a&mufwwfukef\?
xkdYaMumifh xkdtu©&mwkdYonf o&rnfukef\/ tMuiftu©&mwkdYonf rdrdukd rSDukef
aom (twåedódaw) Asnf;wkdYukd jzpfapwwfukef\? Mum;tyfonf\ tjzpfokdY
a&mufapwwfukef\? xkdYaMumifhvnf; xkdtu©&mwkdYonf o& rnfukef\/
ygVd DÅ d o&m? AsOaÆ e oma&EÅw
o&EÅd *päEw D yd d o&m
o&m/
jrefrm ]]ww¬}}[laomyk'fonf a&SUokwfrS vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ww¬m}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------
okwf 4/ v[krwåm wa,m &óm/

okwjf refrm ayghaom vQifaomumv&Sdukefaom okH;vkH;ukefaom o&wkdYonf
&órnfuek \f /
0kwjdå refrm xkd&SpfvkH;aomo&wkdYwGif ayghaom vQifaomumv&Sdukefaom

ok;H vk;H ukeaf om o&wdo kY nf &ótrnf&u dS ek o f nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd ww¬ t|ok oa&ok v[krwåm wa,m o&m &óm emr a[mEÅ/d
ar; xk&d ówko Yd nf tb,fonfweYdk nf;[lru l m;/
ajz t £ O [lonfww Ydk nf;/ þok;H vk;H aom o&wko Yd nf &órnfuek \ f /
ygVd Þ
wH ,xm t £ O-£wd &óm/
v[krwå tMuifo&wkt Yd m; vsijf refaom twkid ;f t&Sno f nf &S\ d ? xkaYd Mumifh
xko d &wko Yd nf v[krwårnfuek \ f /
ygVd v[kum rwåm yrmPH a,oH aw v[krwåm/
rwåo'´g qufjyOD;tHh þokwüf rwåo'´gonf vufzspw f pfww G f rsupf d wpfrw dS f
[k qkdtyfaom umvukd a[m\/
ygVd rwåmoa'´g apw¬ tpä&moCFmwtu©ed rd v D eocFgwH umvH 0'wd/
&óm xkdvufzspfwpfwGuf rsufpdwpfrdSwf[kqkdtyfaom umvtwkdif;
t&Snjf zifh wpfrMwm&Su d ek af om o&wko Yd nf &órnfuek \ f /
ygVd wm, rw¬m, { urwåm &óm &óm/
'DCm ESprf Mwm&Su d ek af om o&wko Yd nf 'DCrnfuek \ f /
ygVd 'drG wåm 'DCmm/
AsOeÆ m rMwmcJ&G u dS ek af om tu©&mwko Yd nf Asn;f rnfuek \ f /
ygVd t¹krwåm AsOÆemm/
v[ko'´g,l&jcif;tusK;d qufíqkOd ;D tHh þokwüf v[ko'´gonf *gxm qef;
ppf&mü tcJEG iS w hf uG ESprf Mwm&Sad om Asn;f ESiw hf uG
jzpfaom o&ukv d nf; v[k,&l jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd v[k*[ ¾ PH apw¬ qEód 'd,¹krwåómyd *[Pw¬/H
&óm xkdaomumvESifh,SOfjcif;aMumifh &órnfukef\/ wenf;um;
wkdaomumv&Sdukefaom o&wkdYonf &órnfukef\/
ygVd &óumva,m*awm &óm? &óumv0aEÅm 0g &óm &óm/
jrefrm a&S;okwüf qkt d yfaom o& &ó o'´gwko Yd nfvnf; þokwo f Ydk vku
d uf ek \f /
ygVd o& &ó &ó*¾[Pmed p 0wåaEÅ/
--------------
1/ oE¨du@ 11
okwf 5/ tan 'DCm/

okwjf refrm &óo&ok;H vk;H wkrYd S wpfyg;ukeaf om ig;vk;H aomo&wko Yd nf 'DC
rnfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm xkd&SpfvkH;aomo&wkdYwGif &óo&okH;vkH;wkdYrS wpfyg;ukefaom
vufzspEf pS w f u G f rsupf Ed pS rf w
dS u f mv&Su d ek af om ig;vk;H ukeaf om o&
wko Yd nf 'DCrnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd ww¬ t|ok oa&ok &aó[d tan 'drG wåm yOö o&m 'DCm emr
a[mEÅ/d
ar; xkd'DCwkdYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf;[lrlum;/
ajz tm þ OD { Mo [lonfww Ydk nf;/ þig;vk;H aom o&wko Yd nf 'DC
rnfuek \ f /
ygVd wH ,xmÞ tm þ OD { Mo-£wd 'DCm/
tno'´g,l&jcif;tusK;d tno'´gonf ESprf MwmcJ&G u dS ek af om Asn;f ESihf wuG
aom o&wku Yd vdk nf; *½k,al pjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd tn
tn*¾[PH 'd,¹krwåu d merÜd o*F[Pw¬/H
'DCm tMuifo&wko Yd nf &Snaf omumvü ,SOu f ek \f ? xkaYd Mumifh xko d &
wko Yd nf 'DCrnfuek \ f / wenf;um; tMuifo&wko Yd nf xk&d n S af om
umv&Sdukef\? xkdYaMumifh xkdo&wkdYonf 'DCrnfukef\/
ygVd 'DCumav ed,kwåmç wAÁaEÅm 0g 'D C mm/
rSwcf suf tcsKUd aomjy,k*w f üYdk oH,w k t f u©&mrS a&S;üjzpfuek af om {tu©&m
Motu©&mwkdYukd &ówkdYuJhokdY &Gwftyfukef\/
ygVd uGpd oHa,m*ykAÁm {uma&mum&m &óm £0 0kpöaEÅ/
ykpH H ,xmÞ {w¬? aoa,sm? Moa|m? aomw¬d/
jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ þt&mü? jrwfonf? 0g-txl;ojzifh csD;rGrf;tyfonf
EIwcf rf;? 0g- ukvm;tkw/f csr;f omjcif; 0g- aumif;aom rde;f r? 0g-
wifw h ,faomrde;f r/
ar; uGp[ d al omyk'u f dk tb,fah Mumifh &SiAf 'k y¨ , d q&monf (tmp&da,e)
qkt d yfoenf;/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿/
12 vufa&G;pOf ½lyod'¨d (yxrwJG)
ajz rH ap wHG edcPH 0ae/ ykawåm wsm[H r[m&mZ þokdYpaom O'g[½kPf

wkdYü &ówkdYuJhokdY r&Gwfqkdtyfukef þteufukd jyjcif;tusKd;iSg uG p d
[laomyk'uf dk igAk'y¨ ,
d q&m rdet
Yf yf\/
ygVd rH ap wHG edcPH 0ae/ ykawåm wsm[H r[m&mZmwd tm'Dok O'g[&aPok
&óm £0 e 0kpöaEÅ £wd £ró tw¬ó Óyew¬H uG p Dwd y'H r,m 0kwåH/
jrefrm tcsif;&xm;xdef; (or®om&xd) oifonf ighukd awmü tu,fí
jrK§ yo
f wfthH þokjYd rK§ yof wfonf&adS omf ({0Howd) rw&m;aomtrIudk
(t"r®)H jyKonfrnf&m\ (u,d&m) jrwfaomrif;Bu;D tuREyfk o f nf oifrif;Bu;D \
om;awmfyifwnf;/
ygVd rH ap wHG edcPH 0ae/ ykawåm wsm[H r[m&mZ/
------------
okwf 6/ 'krSd *½k/

okwjf refrm ESpv f ;Hk aom tu©&mtaygif;aMumifh *½krnfonf jzpf\/
*½k ESpv f ;Hk aomtu©&mwk\ Yd taygif;aMumifh *½krnfonf jzpf\/
ESpvf ;Hk aomtu©&mwk\ Yd taygif;/
ygVd 'dGEéH orla[m ' k/
0kwjdå refrm xkEd pS v
f ;Hk aomtu©&mtaygif;aMumifh oH,*k jf zpfí
f jzpfaom aemuf
jzpfaom tu©&maMumifh a&SUjzpfaom tMuif&ó tu©&monf
&Sd\? xkd&ótu©&monf *½krnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®ð 'kr/dS oHa,m*blaw tu©a& ya& a,m ykaAÁm &óu©a&m?
aom *½koanm a[mwd/
ykpH u
H m; 'wGm? [dwGm? bkwGm [lonfwnf;/ ay;í pGefYí pm;í/
ygVd ,xmÞ 'wGm? [dwGm? bkwGm/
jrefrm ]]*½k}}[laomyk'o
f nf a&SUokwrf S vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]*½l}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
1/ oE¨du@ 13
okwf 7/ 'DaCm p/
okwjf refrm 'DCjzpfaom o&onfvnf; *½krnfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm 'DCjzpfaom o&onfvnf; *½krnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'DaCm p oa&m *½koanm a[mwd/
ykpH H ,xmÞ em0g? e'D? 0"l? a'G? wa,m?
jrefrm avS? jrpf? rdef;r acR;r 0g- r,m;? ESpfckwkdY okH;ckwkdY/
rSwcf suf *½ktu©&mrS wpfyg;aomtu©&mukd v[k[lí odyg/
ygVd *½kuawm tanm ]]v[kaum}}wd a0'dwaAÁm/
-------------
okwf 8/ aoom AsOÆem/

okwjf refrm o&&SpfvkH;rS<uif;aom okH;q,fhokH;vkHaomtu©&mwkdYonf Asnf;
rnfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm &Spv f ;Hk aomo&wku Yd dk xm;í 0g- xm;aomaMumif?h wenf;um; &Spv f ;Hk
aom o&wku Yd dk xm;onf&adS omf o&&Spv f ;Hk rS <uif;ukeaf om rMwmcJG
umv&Su d ek af om utu©&mtp&Su d ek af om ed*[
¾ w d f tqk;H &Su
d ek af om ok;H q,fo
h ;Hk vk;H
ukefaom tu©&mwkdYonf Asnf;rnfukefonf jzpfukef\/
0kwydå gVd XaywGm t| oa& aoom t¹krwåm tu©&m u um&m 'a,m
ed*¾[DwEÅm awwåðo AsOÆem emr a[mEÅd/
aoom qkt d yfNy;D aom ttp&So d nfwrYdk S wpfyg;ukeaf om utp&So d nfwYdk
onf aoornfukef\/
ygVd 0kawå[d tan aoom aoom/
AsOeÆ m xkod 0dnwåu d 0pDab'o'´\ taMumif;jzpfaom reom 00w¬mydw
o'´[kqkdtyfaom o'ýnwfwnf;[laom ]a*g} tp&Sdaom
tu©&mwkdYonf EGm;tp&Sdaomteufukd jytyf\/ xkdokdYjywwfaom owådaMumifh
xkdtu©&mwkdYonf Asnf;rnfukef\/ (0g) xkdo0dnwådu 0pDab'o'´g\ tusKd;
jzpfaom wwd,0Dx\ d tm½kjH zpfaom emrynwåd o'´gwnf;[laom ]a*g}paom
tu©&mwkdYjzifh EGm;paomteufukd jytyf\? xkdokdYjyaMumif;jzpfaomowådaMumifh
xktd u©&mwko Yd nf Asn;f rnfuek \ f /
ygVd AsO,DÆ wd {aw[d taw¬mwd AsOÆemm/

ar; xkdAsnf;wkdYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf;[lrlum;/
ajz u c * C i? p q Z ps n? # X ! ¡ P? w x ' " e? y z A b
r? , & v 0 o [ V tH [lonfwkdYwnf;? þokH;q,fh
ok;H vk;H aomtu©&mwko Yd nf Asn;f rnfuek \f /
ygVd Þ
wH ,xm u c * C i? p q Z ps n? # X ! ¡ P? w x ' "
e? y z A b r? , & v 0 o [ V tH-£wd AsOÆem/
ar; utu©&mponfwkdYü ttu©&monf tb,ftusKd;&Sdoenf;/
ajz utu©&mponfwkdYü ttu©&monf &Gwfqkd½kHrQ tusKd;&Sdygonf/
ygVd u um&m'Dou G ma&m Opöm&Paw¬m/
jrefrm ]]AsOeÆ m}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]AsOeÆ m}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 9/ 0*¾g yOöyOöaom rEÅm/

okwjf refrm rtqkH;&Sdukefaom ESpfq,fhig;vkH;aomAsnf;wkdYonf ig;vkH; ig;vkH;
tpktm;jzifh 0*frnfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm xkdokH;q,fhav;vkH;aomAsnf;wkdYwGif utu©&mtp&Sdukefaom
rtu©&mtqk;H &Su d ek af om ESpqf ,fih g;vk;H aomAsn;f wko
Yd nf ig;vk;H
ig;vk;H a0zefaomtm;jzifh 0*frnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd awoH acg AsOÆemeH u um&m'a,m r um&EÅm yOö0Dowd AsOÆem
yOöyOö0b d ma*e 0*¾g emr a[mEÅ/d
ar; xkd0*fwdkYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf; [lrlum;/

ajz u c * C i? p q Z ps n? # X ! ¡ P? w x ' " e? y z A b
r? [lonfww Ydk nf;? þESpq
f ,fih g;vk;H aom Asn;f wko
Yd nf 0*frnfuek \
f /
ygVd Þ
wH ,xm u c * C i? p q Z ps n? # X ! ¡ P? w x ' "
e? y z A b r-£wd 0*¾g/
1/ oE¨du@ 15
ar; xkEd pS q
f ,fih g;vk;H aom Asn;f wku Yd dk tb,f\tpGr;f jzifh 0*f[al om tac:okYd
a&mufMuygoenf;/ 0*¾o'´g\a[meufuv dk nf; a&;cJyh g/
ajz qufíqkOd ;D tHh xkid g;vk;H ig;vk;H aom Asn;f wko Yd nf a&S;OD;pGmaom tu©&m\
tpGr;f jzifh u0*f p0*fpaom ac:a0:jcif;okYd a&mufMuygonf/ 0*f[o l nf
um; taygif;wnf;/
ygVd aw ye yXru©&0aoe u 0*¾p 0*¾g'da0g[m&H *wm? 0a*¾gwd orla[m/
yOöyOöaomyk'\ f 0dN*Kd[f xkpd um;&yfü 0dN*K[ d 0f pew¬udk þokjYd yKtyf\/ ig;zkYd
ig;zkYd a0befaomtm;jzifh þokaYd om teufaMumifh
¤if; (£wd 0g)? xkAd sn;f wkt Yd m; ig;vk;H ig;vk;H aom tu©&m wko Yd nf &Sud ek \
f (tw¬)d
þokdYaomteufaMumifh¤if;? (£wd 0g) yOö yOöaom rnf\/
ygVd ww¬ yOöyOö0b d ma*emwd 0g yOö yOö {aworw¬w D d 0g yOöyOöaom/
rEÅmyk'\
f 0dN*Kd[f xkAd sn;f wk\ Yd tqk;H um; rtu©&mwnf;? xkaYd Mumifh xkAd sn;f
wko Yd nf rEÅmrnfuek \ f /
ygVd arm taEÅm a,oH aw rEÅ m/
----------------
okwf 10/ tH £wd ed*¾[DwH/

okwjf refrm tH[al omAdEK´ onf ed*[ ¾ w
d rf nf\/
ar; ed*¾[dwfrSnfhaom to& £o'´gwkdY\a[meufukd a&;cJhyg/
ajz ed*[
¾ wd rf n
S ahf om to& ttu©&monf &Gwqf jdk cif;teuf&ydS gonf/
£wdo'´gonfum; to&\tjcm;rJüh wnfaom AdEK´ om ed*[ ¾ w
d f
rnf\[k ñTejf yjcif; teuf&ydS gonf/
ygVd t uma&m Opöm&Paw¬m? £wdoa'´g yemeEÅ&0kweå 'd óeaw¬m/
AdEK´ ESihf ed*[

¾ w
d f ttu©&mrSaemufjzpfaom tMuifAEd K´ udk tH[í l qkt
d yf\/
xkdAdE´Konf ed*¾[dwfrnfonf jzpf\/ tMuif AdE´Kukd t £
O [laom &óo&ukd rSí D &Gwt f yf\? xkaYd Mumifh ed*[ ¾ w
d f rnf\/ wenf;um;
tMuifAEd K´ udk u½kP
d ;f ukd 0g- Xmefudk ESyd í
f &Gwt
f yf\? xkaYd Mumifh xkAd Ed K´ onf ed*[
¾ w
d f
rnf\/
ygVd tH£wd ,H tum&awm y&H 0kwHå AdEK´ ? wH ed*[ ¾ wD H emr a[mwd/ &óó&H
edóm, *,Swçd u&PH ed*a¾ [wGm *,Sww D d 0g ed*¾[DwH/
tMuifAEd K´ udk u½kP
d ;f ukd 0g- Xmefudk EdyS íf rzGiahf om 0g- pOf;i,fom
zGiahf om cHwiG ;f jzifh tMuifah Mumifh qkt d yf\? xkaYd Mumifh &ó o&okYd tpOfvu dk af om
xkdAdE´Kukd ed*¾[dwf[lí qkdtyf\/
ygVd u&PH ed*a¾ [wGme? rkacem0d0a#e ,H/
0kpaö w ed*[ ¾ wD EÅ?d 0kwHå AdEK´ o&mEk*/H
þupön;f usr;f ü rqkt d yfuek af om ooFu½ku
d u
f sr;f ü trnfwu
Ydk dk
vnf; 0g- Asmu½kPf;q&mwkdY\ trnfwkdYukdvnf; jy,k*fNyD;pD;pdrfhaomiSg ac:a0:
vG,fjcif;tusKd;onf &Sdaomf ,lpdrfhaomiSg y&dbmomukd rdefY\/
ygVd £" t0kwmå eH y&ornmerÜd ya,mZae owd *[Pw¬H y&dbmorm[/
----------
okwf 11/ y&ornm ya,ma*/

okwjf refrm ,SOo
f ifoh nf&adS omf wpfyg;aomtrnfonmwku Yd dk ,SOt f yfuek \f /
0kwjdå refrm upön;f usr;f rSwpfyg;aom ooFu½ku d u
f sr;f ü/ wenf;um; upön;f
q&mrSwpfyg;ukefaom Asmu½kPf;q&mwkdY\ aCmo taCmo
avmy o0PÖ oH,*k f vdit f p&Sud ek af om tMuiftrnfwo Ydk nf &Sud ek \f / xkt d rnf
wkdYukd ,SOfoifhonf &Sdaomf þupönf;usrf;üvnf; ,SOftyfukef\/
0kwydå gVd ,m p ye y&o®ð ouúw*aE¦ç ya&oH 0g a0,smu&PmeH ornm
aCmomaCmoavmyo0PÖoaH ,m*vd*gF 'dum? wm ya,ma* owd {w¬myd ,kZaÆ EÅ/
y&ornmyk'\ f 0dN*Kd[f upön;f usr;f rSwpfyg;aom ooFu½ku d u f sr;f ü trnf
wnf;/ wenf;um; upönf;usrf;rS wpfyg;aom
Asmu½kPf;q&mwkdY\ trnfwnf;/ upönf;q&mrSwpfyg;ukefaom Asmu½kPf;
q&mwkdY\trnf Asmu½kPf;usrf;ü Asmu½kPf;usrf;ukd &GwftH o&ZÑm,fwwf
ukefaom q&mwkdY\ trnfwnf;/ þum; teufwnf;/
ygVd y&o®çð ya&oH 0g ornm y&ornm a0,smu&aPç a0,sm u&Pr"DwmeH
0g ornmwsaw¬m/
1/ oE¨du@ 17
,SOjf cif; ,SOjf cif; tjr, J OS jf cif; þum; (£wd t,H) teufwnf; (taw¬m)/
ygVd y,kZeÆ H ya,ma*g? 0dead ,ma*g/
taCmotu©&m xku d pön;f usr;f rSwpfyg;aom ooFu½ku d u
f sr;f ü 0*fig;yg;
wk\ Yd 0g-wkw Yd iG f yXru©&mig;vk;H 'kw, d u©&m ig;vk;H wko Yd nf
¤if;? otu©&monf¤if;? taCmotu©&mrnfuek \ f /
ygVd ww¬ 0*¾geH yXr'kwd,mç o uma&m p taCmom taCmom/
aCmotu©&m ig;yg;aom 0*fw\ Ydk 0g-wkw
Yd iG f wwd,u©&mig;vk;H pwkwu ¬ &© m
ig;vk;H yOöru©&mig;vk;H wk¤Yd if;? , & v 0 [ V tu©&mwk¤Yd if;
þokdY ESpfq,fhwpfvkH;aomtu©&mwkdYonf aCmo tu©&mrnfukef\/
ygVd 0*¾geH wwd,pwkwy¬ Oörmç , & v 0 [ Vm pmwd {u0Dowd
aCmom emr/
"edwtu©&m qufíqkdOD;tHh 0g- omoea0g[m&ukd jyOD;tHh þaCmo
taCmotu©&mwkdYwGif 0*fig;yg;wkdY\ 0g- wkdYwGif 'kwd-
,u©&m ig;vk;H ? pwkwu ¬ &© m ig;vk;H wku Yd dk "edwwk[ Yd íl vnf; 0denf;"k&d yf *k K¾ v
d w
f o
Ydk nf
qkt
d yfuek \f /
ygVd {w¬ p 0*¾geH 'kw, d pwkw, ¬ "edwmmwdyd 0kpEö /dÅ
odxv
d tu©&m 0*¾'w
k ,
d pwkwr¬ S wpfyg;ukef 0*¾yXr wwd, yOörwkdYukd
odxdvwkdY[lí qkdtyfukef\/
ygVd £wa& odxdvmmwd/
ar; avmy o0PÖ o½ly oHa,m* vd*F y' wk\ Yd oabmoGm;ukd a&;yg/
ajz ausaysmufysupf ;D jcif;onf avmyrnf\/ &óo&wko Yd nf t £ O [laom
rdrd\ tm þ OD [laom 'DCwdkYESifh tcsif;csif; wlaomXmef u½kdPf;
&SdaomaMumifh o0PÖrnfukef\/ xkdo0PÖo&wkdYukd wlaomokwd&SdaomaMumifh
o½lywk[ Yd íl vnf; qkt d yfuek \
f / o&tjcm; r&Su
d ek af om ESpvf ;Hk ok;H vk;H aom Asn;f wkYd
onf oH,*k rf nf\/ "mwf ypön;f 0dbwfonf MuOftyfaom teuf&adS omo'´gonf
vdirf nf\/ 0dbwftqk;H &Sad omo'´gonf yk'rf nf\/ þokt Yd p&Sad om y&ornmukd
,SOo f ifoh nf&adS omf ,SOt
f yfuek \f /
ygVd 0demaom avmayg/ &óó&m ou'DaC[d tnrnH o0PÖ m emr?

a, o½l y ggwdyd 0kpöEÅd/ o&meEÅ&dwmed AsOÆemed oH a ,ma*g/ "mwkyÜpö,-
d rw¬0H vd*ø/ 0dbwsEHÅ y'H/ £ap0rm'd/
0dbwå0d ZÆw
onmtpDt&ifonf Ny;D Ny/D þqkt d yfNy;D onfum; trnfupdk &D ifjcif;wnf;/
£wd onm0d"meH/
-----------------------
o&oE¨0d "d me
jrefrm onmukd pD&ifNyD;onfhaemufrS onmtpDt&if\tjcm;rJhü o&
oE¨dukd qkdtyf\/
ygVd tx o&oE¨d 0kpöaw/
ykpH H avmu t*¾yk*¾avm/ yk'pf yf avmu*¾y*k a¾ vm/
jrefrm avmuü avmuxuf avmuwGif jrwfaomyk*¾Kdvf/
½ly avmu*¾ y k * ¾ a vm
vmum; avmu+t*¾yk*¾avm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf?
ykArÁ a"mXdw ró&H oa&e 0da,mZa, okwjf zifh to&rS uAsn;f
ukdcGif; u\tpdwf t-<uif;ap cGif;tyfNyD;aom o&uif;aom uAsnf;ukd a&SU[k
qkdtyfaom atmufü tpOfrysufxm;? (avmuf+t+t*¾yk*¾avm) o&m oa&
avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo& uftpdwf t-ukdacs?
(avmuf+t*¾y*k a¾ vm) ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zihf o&uif;aom ufAsn;f ukd aemuf
t-oku Yd yf? avmu*¾yk*¾avmvmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ynm £È´d,H/ yk'pf yf yndÈ,

d´ /H
jrefrm ynm[laom£aÈ/´
½ly yndÈ´d,Hum; ynm+£È,d´ [H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wDPd £rmed/ yk'pf yf wDPrd med/
jrefrm þw&m;wkdYonf okH;yg;wkdYwnf;/
½ly wDPdrmedum; wDP+d £rmed[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aem [d {wH/ yk'pf yf aema[wH/
jrefrm þpum;onf roifhonfomwnf;/
1/ oE¨du@ 19
½ly aema[wHum; aem[d+{wH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H bdu©KeD Mo0ga'g/ yk'pf yf bduK© aem0ga'g/
jrefrm &[ef;rde;f rukd qk;H rjcif;/
½ly bdu©Kaem0ga'g
aem0ga'gum; bduK© e+D Mo0ga'g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmwk Oy|meH/ yk'pf yf rmwky|meH/
jrefrm trduv dk yk af uR;jcif;/
½ly rmwky|meHum; rmwk+Oy|meH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oarwk tm,o®m/ yk'pf yf oarwm,o®m/
jrefrm t&Sio f nf t,lov D wlrQaomtjzpfoaYdk &mufapavmh/
½ly oarwm,o®mum; oarwk+tm,o®m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdbl tm,weH/ yk'pf yf tbdbm,weH/
jrefrm &Spfyg;aom tbdbm,we/
½ly tbdbm,weHum; tbdb+l tm,weH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "em ar tw¬d/ yk'pf yf "emrw¬/d
jrefrm ightm; OpömwkdYonf &Sdukef\/
½ly "emrw¬dum; "emar+tw¬[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oaAÁ {0/ yk'pf yf oaAÁ0/
jrefrm olcyford ;f wkyYd ifvQi/f
½ly oaAÁ0um; oaAÁ+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wa,m tók "r®m/ yk'pf yf w,ók"r®m/
jrefrm okH;yg;ukefaom w&m;wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
½ly w,ók"r®mum; wa,m+tó"r®m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H toaEÅm {w¬ e 'dóEÅd/ yk'pf yf toaEÅw/¬
jrefrm þavmuü rolawmfwo Ydk nf nOf0h ,fypfjim; jrm§ ;\toGif rxif
&Sm;uke/f
½ly toaEÅw¬um; toaEÅm+{w¬[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&Sad om jy,k*üf (ya,ma*) waw¬m 'EÅmpaomokww f jYdk zifh
o&paomtrnfudk rSnt hf yfNy;D onf&adS omf (uwm,H) cyford ;f aomoEü d dk jyKaom
t&mü Asn;f ukrd ,SOaf pjcif;iSg y&dbmomokwu f dk rde\
Yf /
ygVd £wD" o&m'donm,H oAÁoEü

d &P|mae AsOeÆ 0da,mZew¬H y&dbmorm[/
-------------
okwf 12/ ykArÁ a"mXdwró&H oa&e 0da,mZa,

okwjf refrm y&mo,jzpfaom a&SUAsn;f ukd a&SU[kqt dk yfaom atmufü tpOfrysuf
wnfxm;&efzY d k o&uif;atmifjyKí rdrrd &D S mo&rS (ESi)h f cGi;f &m\ cJaG &TU&m\/
oa&eyk'f oa&e[laomyk'o f nf tyg'gefteufü wwd,m0dbwfoufaom
f nf;/ (rSwfcsuf þtvkd oa&eukd rdrrd &DS m o&rS[k teuf
yk'w
ay;yg/) wenf;um; oa&e[laomþyk'fü u½kdPf;teufonf tyg'gefteufü
jzpf\ (ba0)/ wenf;um; o[a,m*teufü jzpf\ (ba0)/
(rSrSwcf suf þtvkd oa&e? rdrrd &DS mo&ESi[ hf k teufay;yg/)
ygVd oa&em
oa&emwd edóauú u&P0peHç o[a,ma* 0g/
jrefrm o&ESiwhf uGaom a&SUAsn;f ukd tpOfudk rvGeaf prlí atmufü wnf
onfukd¤if;? o&uif;onfukd¤if;? jyKí o&rS cGif;&m\/ þokdY
y&dbmomvmaomaMumifh o&rS Asnf;ukd cGif;tyf\/
ygVd oE¨wd aAÁ o&o[dwH ykAAÁ sOeÆ H tewdurú aEÅm ta"mXdwró&Oö
uwGm o&awm 0da,mZa,wd o&awm AsOÆeH 0da,maZwAÁH/
ar; þokwfonf tb,fhaMumifh AsOÆeH[lí &tyfygoenf;/
ajz qufíqkOd ;D tHh þokwüf to&o'´g\tpGr;f aMumifh AsOeÆ [ H í l
&tyfygonf/
ygVd {w¬ p tó&
tó&*¾[Pomrw¬ad ,e ]]AsOeÆ }}EÅd v'¨/H
----------------
okwf 13/ o&m oa& avmyH/

okwjf refrm aemufo&[laom edrdwfaMumifh a&SUo&[laom um&d,wkdY
onf ausjcif;[laom um&d,okdY a&mufukef\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh edrw d \
f tjzpfjzifh wnfaomaMumifh
0g- aomf tvk;H pkv
H nf;jzpfuek af om a&SUo&wko
Yd nfomvQif ausjcif;
okdY a&mufukef\/
1/ oE¨du@ 21
0kwydå gVd o&m acg oaAÁyd oa& ya& Xdaw avmyH yayÜgEÅd/
ar; þokwüf avmy\t"dygÜ ,fEiS hf tb,ftusK;d iSg yXrma,m0dbwfjzifh
(qkyd goenf;) okww f nf&ygoenf;/
ajz avmy[lonfum; rjrif&jcif; r&Gwq f &dk jcif;onf avmyrnfygonf/
ygVd avmayg
avmaygwd t'óeH tEkpmö &PH/
jrefrm þokwüf tusK;H 0ifaom (orbde0d ad |m) o&m[laomþo'´gonf
um&d,&Sdaom o&ukd ñTefjyaMumif;jzpfaom o'´gwnf;/ qufí
qkdOD;tHh þo&m [laomyk'fonf yXrm a,m0dbwfonf 0g- ukd? aESmif;aom
wpfv;Hk wpfv;Hk aom o&aMumifh rsm;pGmukeaf om a&S;o&wk\ Yd ausjcif;ukd odapjcif;
tusKd;&Sd\ (iSm) jyKtyfygonf (uwH)/
ygVd {w¬ o&m
o&mwd um&d,eD ad 'áom/ A[k0peH yaew¬ {auuo®ð oa&
ya& A[leH avmyÓyew¬/H
ar; (oa&yk'af emif) oa&[laomo'´gonf tb,fudk ñTejf yaom o'´g
ygenf;? ,if;üoufaom 0dbwfonf tb,fteufüjzpfygoenf;/
ajz oa&[laomo'´gonf taMumif;ukñ d eT jf yaMumif;jzpfaomo'´g
wnf;? o&yk'af emuf oufaom þowår0D b d wfonf edrw d t f eufü
oufaom owårD0dbwf jzpfygonf/
rSwcf suf oa&[laom edrw d uf dk ,ljcif; &Gwjf cif;\ tpGr;f aMumifh 0PÖjcm;&m
umvjcm;&mü yk'pf yfjcif;[laom tusK;d onf rjzpf/
ygVd oa&
oa&wd edrw d eå ad 'áom edrw d o å wårD pm,H? edrad wåmyg'geomrw¬d
,awm 0PÖumvAs0"mae oE¨dum&d,H e a[mwd/
jrefrm avmyH [ l a om þo'´ g onf ausjcif ; wnf ; [l a omtusKd ; uk d

jyaMumif; jzpfaom o'´gwnf;/
ygVd avmy
avmyEÅd um&d,eda'áom/
jrefrm txufü aemufo&\ausjcif;ukd pD&ifjcif;aMumifh þo&m oa&
avmyHow k uf dk a&S;o&\ausjcif;ukd pD&ifaomokw[ f í l rSwt f yf\/
þokwu f dk a&SUo&\ausjcif;ukpd &D ifaomokw[f íl rSwt f yfouJo
h Ydk xkt
Yd wl owårD
0dbwfjzifh jytyfaom cyfodrf;aomedrdwfü 0g- okwfü? 0g- cyfodrf;aom edrdwf
okwu f dk owår0D bd wfjzifh jytyfaomf a&S;um&d,u D dk omvQif pD&ifjcif;onf jzpf\/

aemufum&d,u D dk pD&ifjcif;onf rjzpf/ þokYd odtyf\/
ygVd £'H ye okwåH Oy&d y&avmy0d"meawm ykAÁavmy0d"meEÅd '|AÁH?
{0H oAÁw¬ owåreD ad 'áo ykAaÁ ó0 0d"çd e y&ó 0d"meEÅd a0'dwAÁ/H
jrefrm to&H[al omyk'o f nf¤if;? ta"m Xdw[ H al omyk'o
f nf¤if;? vku
d \
f /
tajytjypfqjdk cif;ü y&dbmomukd &Gwq f \ dk /
ygVd ]]tó&Hç ta"mXdw}}EÅd p 0wåaw? odv|d uxae y&dbmorm[/
-----------------
okwf 14/ ea, y&H ,kawå/

okwjf refrm aqmifuyf oE¨pd yfoifah omtaMumif;&Sv d wfaomf aemuftu©&m
okdY aqmifuyf&m\/
0kwjdå refrm o&uif;onfomvQifjzpfaom atmufüwnfaom a&SUAsnf;ukd
oifah om taMumif;onf 0g- t&monf &Sad omf aemuf tu©&mokYd
aqmifuyf&m\/ þy&dbmomaMumifh (£wd y&dbmoawm) aemuftu©&mokdY
aqmifuyfjcif;ukd jyKtyf\/
0kwydå gVd o&&[dwH acg AsOÆeH ta"mXdwH y&u©&H ea, ,kawå Xmaewd
y&e,eH umwAÁ/H
ar; þokwüf ,kwo å '´gukd qk&d jcif;tusK;d ukd a&;cJyh g/
ajz þokwüf ,kwo å '´gonf ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk aemuftu©&mokYd aqmifjcif;ukd
jrpfjcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ xkded*¾[Dwedao"etusKd;&Sdaom ,kwåo'´g
aMumifh taumpäd rH t0"d rH paomykpH w H üYdk aemuftu©&mokYd aqmifoif\ h [laom
awG;awm,krH mS ;jcif;onf rjzpfEidk /f
ygVd {w¬ ,k w å*¾[PH ed*¾[Dwedao"ew¬H? awe ]]tauúmpäd rH t0"d
r}}EÅtd m'Dok y&e,eoaEá[m e a[mwd/
ykpH H ,ó £'ged/ yk'pf yf ,ó'ged/

jrefrm ,cktcgü tMuifoGm;jcif;\ tcgukd (umvH) oifonf (wHG)
odavmh (rnod)/
1/ oE¨du@ 23
½ly ,ó'gedum; ,ó+£'ged[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ó-cGi;f t- <uif;?

0gya&m to½lyg okwjf zifh wlaomokw&d o dS nfr[kwaf om to&rS aemufjzpfaom
£o&ukad cs? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh ófAsn;f t- oku Yd yf? ,ó'gedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H onm £wd/ yk'pf yf onmwd/
jrefrm onm[lonfum;/
½ly onmwdum; onm+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qm,m £0/ yk'pf yf qm,m0/
jrefrm t&dyu f ohJ /Ydk
½ly qm,m0
qm,m0um; qm,m+£0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uxm {0 um/ yk'pf yf uxm+0um
jrefrm tb,frmS qkb d ,G &f m&St
d ehH nf;/
½ly uxm0um
uxm0umum; uxm+{0um[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £wd tyd/ yk'pf yf £wdy/d
jrefrm þokdYvnf;/
½ly £wdydum; £wd+tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tórPD tod/ yk'pf yf tórPDo/d
jrefrm &[ef;rr[kwo f nf jzpf\/
½ly tórPDodum; tórPD+tod[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pu©K £È´d,H/ yk'pf yf pu©KÈ, d´ /H
jrefrm pu©K[q k t dk yfaom £aÈ/´
½ly pu©KÈ´d,Hum; pu©K+£È, d´ [ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tuwñl tod/ yk'pf yf tuwñlod/
jrefrm olUaus;Zl;ukd odavhr&So d nf jzpf\/
½ly tuwñlodum; tuwñl+tod[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmumao £0/ yk'pf yf tmumao0/
jrefrm aumif;uifüuJhokdY oifhtm; (aw) jzpf\/
½ly tmumao0
tmumao0um; tmumao+£0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aw tod/ yk'pf yf awod/
jrefrm oifhtm; jzpf\/
½ly awodum; aw+ tod[k yk'fjzwf? enf;wlwGuf/

ykpH H 0aE´ t[H/ yk'pf yf 0aE´[/H
jrefrm igonf &Sdckd;\/
½ly 0aE´[Hum; 0aE´+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aom t[H/ yk'pf yf aom[H/
jrefrm xkdigonf/
½ly aom[Hum; aom+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwåma&m £ar/ yk'pf yf pwåma&mar/
jrefrm þw&m;wkdYonf av;yg;wkdYwnf;/
½ly pwåma&mar
a&marum; pwåma&m+£ar[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0oavm £wd/ yk'pf yf 0oavmwd/
jrefrm ol,kwf[lí/
½ly 0oavmwdum; 0oavm+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H arm*¾v’maem tmod ADZaum/
yk'pf yf arm*¾vm’ aemod ADZaum/
jrefrm xdtk cgADZurnfaomuReo f nf ,cktcg arm*¾vefonf jzpf\/
½ly arm*¾v’maemod ADZaum
aumum; arm*¾v’maem+tod ADZaum[k
yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygawm0/ yk'pf yf ygawm+{0/
jrefrm eHeuftcgüomvQi/f
½ly ygawm0
ygawm0um; ygawm+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokpYd aom (£wd tma'g) þjy,k*üf (£" ya,ma*) a&SUokwjf zifh
a&SUo&ausjcif;okYd a&mufvv k wfaomf a&SUokwüf ]]oa&}}[laom
þo'´gonf ({aom oa'´g) þokwfokdY vkduf\/ xkdokdYvkdufaomfvnf; 0g-
tb,fov Ydk u
dk o
f enf; þokwüf tyg'gefteuf\tpGr;f jzifh o®0ð b d wf\ tjzpfjzifh
azmufjyefjcif;ukd jyKtyf\ (umwaAÁm)/ þtaMumif;aMumifh (£rdem um&aPe)
]]oa&mç o&rSm[lí¤if;ç avmyH[í l ¤if;}} vku f nf &Sad omfÞ
d o
ygVd ykAÁavmay orÜawå ]]oa&}}wd t"duma&m? £" ye ]]tw¬0om
1/ oE¨du@ 25
0dbwåd0dy&dPmarm}}wd uwGm ]]oa&mç o&rSmç avmy}}EÅd p 0wårmaeÞ

-------------------
okwf 15/ 0g ya&m to½lyg/

okwjf refrm wlaomokw&d odS nfr[kwaf om a&SUo&[laom edrwd af Mumifh aemuf
jzpfaom o&wnf;[laomum&d,o D nf ausjcif;[laom um&d,okYd
tcsKUd ojzifh a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm wlaomokw&d odS nfr[kwaf om a&SUo&[laom edrwd af Mumifh aemuf
jzpfaom o&wnf;[laomum&d,o D nf ausjcif;[laom um&d,okYd
tcsKUd ojzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd torme½lyrSm o&rSm ya&m oa&m avmyH yayÜgwd 0g/
o½ly xkod &tm; (tó o&ó) wlaom okwo f nf &S\d xkaYd Mumifh xkd
o&onf (aom oa&m) o½lyrnf\/
ygVd ormeH ½lyH tómwd o½layg/
to½ly tMuifo&onf wlaomokw&d o dS nf r[kwf xkaYd Mumifh (£wdwo®m)

d &onf to½lyrnf\/ wpfenf;um;- tMuifo&onf wlaom
xko
okwd&Sdaom o&ESifh (o½layg o½laye) o&\tjzpfjzifh rwl xkdYaMumifh (£wd
wo®m) xkdo&onf to½lyrnf\/
ygVd e o½layg to½lygg/
to½lyt& wlaomokwdr&Sdaom o&ukd 00g- wlaom Xmefr&Sdaom o&ukd
&tyfygonf/
ygVd to0aPÖm/
tzkw Yd pfyg;um;- tMuifah Mumifh tm[laomOyom&onf ykid ;f jcm;jcif;

teufü¤if;? ESí
YH jzpfjcif;teufü¤if;? jzpfouJo h Ydk 0go'´gonf ESpyf g;tjym;tm;jzifh
jzpf\/ tcsKdUaomokwfü txl;MuHjcif; pD&ifjcif;teufü tcsKdUaomokwfü
tMuiftMuifyidk ;f jcm;tyfaom½kyu f dk odr;f qnf;jcif;teufü jzpf\/ þokwüf um;
aemufjzpfaom ,xm00w¬y&d*[ ¾ teufü jzpf\/
ygVd ,o®m ye r&d,m'g,Hç tbd0"d rd dS p 0wårmaem tm tmOyoa*¾g 0d,

0g oa'´g 'd"G m 0wåawç uw¬pd 0duayÜç uw¬pd ,xm00w¬w d ½ly y&d*a¾ [? £" ye
ypäad r/
jrefrm xk0d go'´g\ ,xm00w¬w d ½lyy&d*[ ¾ teufüjzk pfjcif;aMumifh jraJ om
tpDt&ifu¤dk if;? rjraJ om tpDt&ifu¤dk if;? edpmö edpö ESpyf g; xif&mS ;
r&Sdaom tpDt&ifukd¤if;? þokwfü 0go'´gonf jy\/
ygVd wawm edprö edprö oEÅOö 0d"ad rw¬ 0g 0goa'´g 'Daywd/
ar; þokwyf g 0go'´gujyaom 0d"o d ;Hk rsK;d o½kyuf dk ykpH EH iS w
hf uG wJjG yyg/
ajz 1/ pu©KaÈ[ ´ al om þO'g[½kPo f nf edp0ö "d rd nfygonf/
2/ tuwñlod/y/ ygawm {0 [laom þO'g[½kPfonf
tedp0ö "d rd nfygonf/
3/ yOödÈ´d,med/y/ wH ukaww¬ vAÇm þokdYtp&Sdaom O'g[½kPf
onf toHw0d"drnfygonf/
ygVd 1/ pu©KÈ´d, rdwd edpöH/
2/ tuwñlod tuwñl tod? tmumao0 tmumao £0?
awyd aw tyd? 0aE´[H 0aE´ t[H? aom[H aom t[H? pwåma&mar pwåma&m
£ar? 0oavmwd 0oavm £wd arm*¾vm’ aemod ADZaum arm*¾vm’ aem tmod
ADZaum? ygawm0 ygawm {0/
3/ £" e b0wdÞ yOö`d E, d´ med? o'¨`d E,d´ ?H owåKwaå rm? {ule 0Dowd?
,aóaw? ok*awm0ga'g? 'd|moa0g? 'da|maCm? pu©m,weH? wH ukaww¬
vAÇm £pöm'd/
edpö tedpö rjzpfaom ykpH rH sm;

ykpH H yOö`d E,
d´ med/ yk'jf zwf yOö+£È, d´ med/
jrefrm £aÈw ´ o
Ydk nf ig;yg;wkwYd nf;/
½ly yOödÈ´d,medum; yOö+£È, d´ med[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
Oö-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif; aomaMumifh
a&SUOötf pdwf t-ukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom OöAf sn;f ukd aemuf
£oku Yd yf? yOödÈ´d,medum; Ny;D \/
1/ oE¨du@ 27
ykpH H o'¨`d E,d´ /H yk'jf zwf o'¨g+£È, d´ /H

jrefrm o'äd È/´
½ly o'¨dÈ´d,Hum; o'¨g+£È, d´ [
H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H owåKwaå rm/ yk'jf zwf owåK+Owåarm/
jrefrm owå0gwkw Yd iG (f xuf-ü) jrwfaombk&m;/
½ly owåKwåarm rmum; owåK+Owåarm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {ule0Dowd/ yk'jf zwf {u+ODe0Dowd/
jrefrm wpfc, k w k f ESpq f ,faompdw/f
½ly {ule0Dowdum; {u+ODe0Dowd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,aóaw/ yk'jf zwf ,ó+{aw/
jrefrm tMuifyk*¾Kdvftm; xkdw&m;wkdYonf &Sdukef\/
½ly ,aóaw
,aóawum; ,ó+{aw[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*awm0ga'g/ yk'jf zwf ok*w+Mo0ga'g/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;\ tqk;H tr/
½ly ok*awm0ga'g
awm0ga'gum; ok*w+Mo0ga'g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'd|moa0g/ yk'jf zwf 'd|+d tmoa0g/
jrefrm 'd|mo0/
½ly 'd|moa0g
moa0gum; 'd|+d tmoa0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'da|maCm/ yk'jf zwf 'd|+d MoaCm/
jrefrm 'da|mC/
½ly 'da|maCm
|maCmum; 'd|+d MoaCm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pu©m,weH/ yk'jf zwf pu©K+tm,weH/

jrefrm pu©m,we/
½ly pu©m,weHum; pu©K+tm,weH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wH ukaww¬ vAÇm/ yk'jf zwf wH ukawm+{w¬ vAÇm/
jrefrm þtdrf&maxmifaom vl\abmifü? 0g- jzpfwwf ysufwwfaom
avmuü xku d o k v
dk af umif;rIjyKciG u
hf ?dk 0g- rysujf cif;paom oabmukd
twDrSm &acstHhenf;/ þokdYtp&Sdaom ykHpHonf toEÅ0d"drnf\/ (toEÅH)/
½ly wH ukaww¬um; wH ukawm+{w¬[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu

G /f
jrefrm 00w¬w
d 0dbmomt&mü o*F[*gxmonfomvQif jzpfonfomvQiw f nf;/
ygVd b0wd p 00w¬dw0dbmom,/
*gxmjrefrm 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&adS om 0go'´gaMumifh to½lyt0PfaemifrS
aESmif;aom £0Pf O0Pf paomo&onf £'ged £wd {0 ponfü
£o&ponfukd MuOfí raus/ to½ly £0Pf ponfwkdYaemifrS aemufjzpfaom
o&onf tmod {0 ponfukdMuOfí raus/
*gxmygVd t0PÖawm oa&m'geD-wDa00g'ð 0dem ya&m/
e vkyÜwnawm 'DaCm? tmao0g'd0d0ZÆdawm/
ykpH H AE¨Kó £0/ yk'pf yf AE¨Kaó0/
jrefrm taqGtrsK;d \ aygif;azmfjcif;uJo h /Ydk
½ly AE¨Kaó0
aó0um; AE¨Kó+£0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
ó-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SU óftpdwf t-ukdacs? (AE¨Kóf+£0) uGpmo0PÖH vkawå okwfjzifh a&SUto&
ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemuf£o&ukd {to0Pf jyK? (AE¨Kó+f {0) ea,y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ófAsn;f ukd aemuf{oku Yd yf? AE¨Kaó0
aó0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oy £u©wd/ yk'pf yf Oayu©w/d
jrefrm toifhtm;jzifh ½I\? uyfí ½I\? vspfvsL ½I\/
½ly Oayu©wdum; Oy+£u©w[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oy £awm/ yk'pf yf Oayawm/
jrefrm jynfph \
Hk /
½ly Oayawm
Oayawmum; Oy+£awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t0 £pö/ yk'pf yf ta0pö/
jrefrm ÓPfjzifh oufí/
½ly ta0pöum; t0+£pö[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Zde þ&dw/H yk'pf yf Zdae&dw/H
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mtyf\/
½ly Zdae&dwHum; Zde+þ&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 29
ykpH H e Oaywd/ yk'pf yf aemaywd/

jrefrm ra&muf/
½ly aemaywdum; e+Oaywd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh e-
cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufOo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU
eftpdwf t-ukdacs? (ef+Oaywd) uGpmo0PÖH vkawå okwfjzifh a&SUto&ausNyD;
onf&adS omf aemufOo&ukd Moto0PfjyK? (ef+Moaywd) ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
o&uif;aom efAsn;f ukd aemufMookuYd yf? aemaywdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pE´ O'a,m/ yk'pf yf paE´m'a,m/

jrefrm v\ wufjcif;/
½ly paE´m'a,m
'a,mum; pE´+O'a,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ,xm O'au yk'pf yf ,axm'au/
jrefrm a&üuJo h /Ydk
½ly ,axm'au
,axm'auum; ,xm+O'au[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad om þokwüf a&SUyk'üf t0Pfjzpfaomo&wk\ Yd o&m

oa&jzifh ausjcif;ukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf ]]oa&mç to½layg}}
[lívnf; vkduf\/ xkdrSwyg; ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}} [laomokwfrS £0PÖo'´g
onf¤if;? ]]0arm'k'EÅmeH}}okwrf S Oo'´gonf¤if;? oD[*wduenf;tm;jzifh þokwo f Ydk
vku
d af ptyf\/
ygVd £wD" ykAÁm0PÖó&meH avmay uaw ]]ya&mç to½lay}}wd p
0wåaw? wxm ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}wd £awm £0PÖ*[ ¾ POöç ]]0arm 'k'EÅme}}EÅd
£awm O *¾[POö oD[*wd,m £"mEk0awåwAÁH/
---------------
okwf 16/ uGpmo0PÖH vkawå/

okwjf refrm
a&S;ü o&ausjcif;[laom edrw
d af Mumifh tcsKaYd om jy,k*üf (uw¬pd
ya,ma*) £0Pf Otu©&m[laom um&d,w D o Ykd nf { Mo [laom
to0Pf tjyKwnf;[laomum&d,okdY a&mufukef\/
0kwjdå refrm£0Pfjzpfíjzpfaom aemufjzpfaom o&onf¤if;? Otu©&m jzpfí

jzpfaom o&onf¤if;? wlaomokwf&Sdonfr[kwfaom a&SUyk'fü
t0PÖo&ukd acstyfNyD;onf&Sdaomf tcsKdYaomjy,k*fü (uw¬pd ya,ma*) { Mo
[laom to0PftjyKwnf;[laom um&d,okdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd £0PÖbal wmç Oum&blawm p ya&m oa&m to½lay ykAo Á a&
vkawå uGpd to0PÖH yayÜgwd/
ar; to0PÖrnfjcif;taMumif;ESihf to0PÖt&wku Yd dk a&;cJyh g/
ajz wlaomokwrd &Sad omaMumifh xko
d &wko Yd nf to0PÖrnfygonf/
{tu©&m Motu©&mwkdYukd &tyfygukef\/
ygVd ew¬d o0PÖm {awoEÅd to0PÖm? {uma&mum&m/
t"dygÜ ,f xktd o0PftjzpfoYdk a&muf&mü Xmefcsi;f eD;onf\tpGr;f jzifh £0Pf
O0Pfw\ Ydk {tu©&m Motu©&m[laom to0Pf wko Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
ygVd ww¬ XmemoEé0aoe £0PÖKum&mearuma&mum&m a[mEÅd/
&Si;f vif;csuf uP²XmefESifh wmvkXmef eD;aomaMumifh wmvkZ £0Pfonf
uP²wmvkZ {to0PftjzpfokdY a&muf\/ Mo|Z Oonf
uaP²m|Z Moto0PftjzpfoYkd a&muf\/
ar; uGpd[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &Sod enf;¿/
ajz uGpDwd uð¿/
a&SUo&auswidk ;f aemuf£o& {o0Pf? Oo& Moo0Pf rjyKEkid af om½kyrf sm;
ykpH H wBwad r/ yk'jf zwf wMw+£ar/
jrefrm xkdygwdarmufü (wo®ð ygwdarmau©) þodu©myk'fwkdYonf ("r®m)/
½ly wBwd a rrum; wMw+£ar[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh
Mw-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUMwt f pdwf t-ukad cs? wBw+f £ar) uGpmo0PÖH vkawå okwjf zifh a&SUto&aus
NyD;onf&Sdaomf aemuf£o&ukd {to0PfjyKoifh jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (wBwf+£ar) ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom BwfAsnf;ukd
aemuf£oku Yd yf? wBwdarrum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,ódÈ, d´ med/ yk'jf zwf ,ó+£È, d´ med/
1/ oE¨du@ 31
jrefrm tMuif&[EÅm\ pu©Kpaom£aÈw ´ o Ydk nf/

½ly ,ódÈ´d,medum; ,ó+£È, d´ med[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r[d'ad¨ um/ yk'jf zwf r[m+£'äd um/
jrefrm Bu;D aomwefc;dk &S\d /
½ly r[d'¨daum umum; r[m+£'äd um[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁDwda,m/ yk'jf zwf oAÁ+þwda,m/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomOy'á0gwko Yd nf/
½ly oAÁDwda,m ,mum; oAÁ+þwda,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awEkyouFr/d yk'jf zwf awe+OyouFr/d
jrefrm xkdt&yfokdY uyf\/
½ly awEkyouFrdum; awe+OyouFr[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H avmukwåa&m/ yk'jf zwf avmu+Owåa&m/
jrefrm avmuukd vGefaomw&m;/
½ly avmukwåa&m &mum; avmu+Owåa&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; vkawå[al omyk'o
f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd vkawåwd uð¿/
ajz q £ar paomykHpHwkdYü (q £arwsm'Dok) a&SUo&rSausaomaMumifh
to0PftjyKudk jrpfjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd tvkwwå må to0PÖead o'ew¬/H
ykpH H q £ar "r®m/ yk'pf yf q,dar "r®m/

jrefrm þw&m;wkdYonf ajcmufyg;wkdYwnf;/
½ly q,dar "r®mum; q+£ar "r®m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ,0r'ew&
vmpm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü ,ftu©&mvm? ea,y&H
,kawåowk jf zifh o&uif;aom ,fAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? q,dar "r®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm £'H/ yk'pf yf ,x,d'/H
jrefrm þo0dnmPutokbonf (o0dnmPumokbH) jzpfouJhokdY
(a[mwd)/
½ly ,x,d'Hum; ,xm+£'H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ,0r'ew& vmpm

*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü ,ftu©&mvm? (,xm+,f+
£'H) ea,y&H ,kawåow k jf zifh o&uif;aom ,fAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? (,xm+
,d')H &óH [laomokwjf zifh aemuf,Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUxtpdwf tmukd
t-&ójyK? (&óEÅd &ówå)H ,x,d'Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukovó OyorÜ'g/ yk'pf yf ukovókorÜyg/
jrefrm pmwkbrl uukov dk u
f dk jynfph aHk pjcif;/
½ly ukovókorÜ'ggum; ukovó+OyorÜ'g[k yk'fjzwfíwnf?
ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh ó-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs uyf? ukovókorÜ'ggum; Ny;D \/
ar; to½ly[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz pwåm&drmed rmwky|meH tp&SdaomykHpHwkdYü (rmwky|meHwsm'Dok)
okww d ol nf\tjzpfaMumifh (o0PÖwmå ) okwrd wlonf\tjzpfudk
wm; jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\
d (edao"ew¬)H /
ygVd to½layywd uð¿ pwåm&drmed? rmwky|meH (wsm'Do)k /
ykpH H pwåm&drmed/ yk'jf zwf pwåm&d+£rmed/
½ly pwåm&drmedum; pwåm&d+£rmed[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
&-cGi;f £-<uif;? acs uyf? pwåm&drmedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwky|meH/ yk'jf zwf rmwk+Oy|meH/
jrefrm trdtm; vkyaf uR;jcif;/
½ly rmwky|meHum; rmwk+Oy|meH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
w-cGi;f O-<uif;? acs uyf? rmwky|meHum; Ny;D \/
qufíqkOd ;D tHh atmufowk üf 0go'´gonf &Sad omfvnf; þokwüf

uGpdo'´gukdjyKjcif;aMumifh t0PfukdomvQif austyfonf&Sdaomf þokwfü
qkdtyfaom tpDt&ifonf jzpf\/ þokdY rSwftyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p owdyd a[|m 0g 0g*¾[aP uG p du&Pawm t0aPÖ {0
vkawå £" 0kwå0d"d a[mwDwd '|AÁH/
1/ oE¨du@ 33
xkud pG o d '´gaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef ('d|Kyg'geH) Oygvd (Oygvd) ig;yg;aom

t*FgwkdYESifh Ekaom£aÈ´ tMuifolonf ightm; tpkd;&\/ þykHpHü rjzpf/
ygVd wawm £" e b0wdÞ
ykpH H 'd|Kyg'geH/ yk'jf zwf 'd|+d Oyg'geH/
jrefrm 'd|Od yg'gef/
½ly 'd|Kyg'geHum; 'd|+d Oyg'geH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh |-
cGi;f £-<uif;? acs uyf? 'd|Kyg'geHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yOö[yk gvd/ yk'jf zwf yOö[+d Oygvd/
jrefrm ig;yg;aomt*FgwkEYd iS /hf
½ly yOö[kygvdum; yOö[+d Oygvd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh [-cGi;f
£-<uif;? acs uyf? yOö[kygvdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rk'`d E,
d´ /H yk'jf zwf rk'+k £È, d´ /H
jrefrm Ekaom£aÈ/´
½ly rk'dÈ´d,Hum; rk'+k £È, d´ [H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh '-
cGi;f O-<uif;? acs uyf? rk'dÈ´d,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,m rdóa&m/ yk'jf zwf a,m ar+£óa&m/
jrefrm tMuifolonf ightm; tpkd;&\/
½ly a,m rd ó a&m a&mum; a,m ar+£óa&m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf?
ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh r-cGi;f {-<uif;? acs uyf? a,m rdóa&m a&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Ak'¨ tEkówd/ yk'pf yf Ak'g¨ Ekówd/
jrefrm bk&m;ukd tzefwvJvaJ tmufarhjcif;/
½ly Ak'¨gEkówdum; Ak'+¨ tEkówd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o tw¬dum/ yk'pf yf omw¬dum/
jrefrm tusK;d &S\ d /
½ly omw¬dummum; o+tw¬u d m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
o-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUo& oftpdwf t-ukdacs? 'DCH [laomokwfjzifh a&SUto& ausNyD;onf&Sdaomf
aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom ofAsnf;ukd
aemuftmoku Yd yf? omw¬dummum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yn0g tó/ yk'pf yf yn0gó/

jrefrm ynm&So d nf jzpf\/
½ly yn0gó
yn0góum; yn0g+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
0-cGif; tm-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aom aMumifh
a&SUo& 0ftpdwf tm-ukad cs? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh a&SUtmo& ausNy;D onf&adS omf
aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom 0fAsnf;ukd
aemuftmoku Yd yf? yn0gó
yn0góum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w'g t[H/ yk'pf yf w'g[H/
jrefrm xkdtcgü igonf/
½ly w'g[Hum; w'g+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,med £" blwmed/ yk'pf yf ,meD"blwmed/
jrefrm þt&yfü tMuifewfwo Ydk nf/
½ly ,meD"blwmedum; ,med+£" blwmed[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *pämrd £wd/ yk'pf yf *pämrDw/d
jrefrm a&muf\[lí/
½ly *pämrDwdum; *pär+d £wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H twd £awm/ yk'pf yf twDawm/
jrefrm vGeí f jzpf\/
½ly twDawm wmum; twd+£awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uduD £0/ yk'pf yf udu0D /
jrefrm ,pfruJhokdY? 0g- wpfwD;wl;ruJhokdY/
½ly uduD0um; udu+D £0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H A[k Oyum&H/ yk'pf yf A[lygum&H/
jrefrm rsm;aom aus;Zl;&S\ d /
½ly A[lyum&Hum; A[k+Oyum&H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r"k O'uH/ yk'pf yf r"l'uH/
jrefrm ysm;&nfEiS ahf &maom a&/
½ly r"l'uHum; r"k+O'uH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok Oy"m&dw/H yk'pf yf oly"m&dwH/
1/ oE¨du@ 35
jrefrm aumif;pGmaqmiftyf\/
½ly oly"m&dwHum; ok+Oy"m&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,myd t,H/ yk'pf yf a,myg,H/
jrefrm tMuifoo l nfvnf;/
½ly a,myg,Hum; a,myd+t,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £'ged t[H/ yk'pf yf £'gem[H/
jrefrm ,cktcgü/
½ly £'gem[Hum; £'ged+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oap t,H/ yk'pf yf opm,H/
jrefrm tu,fí þolonf/
½ly opm,Hum; oap+t,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜókawm t,H/ yk'pf yf tyÜów k m,H/
jrefrm þa,mufsm;onf enf;aomtMum;tjrif&\ dS /
½ly tyÜókwm,Hum; tyÜóak wm+t,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w& £wa&e/ yk'pf yf £w&Dwa&e/
jrefrm qk;d aumif; ,kwjf rwf &wwfoa&TUjzif/h
½ly £w&Dwa&e a&eum; £w&+£wa&e[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o'¨g £" 0dwåH/ yk'pf yf o'D̈" 0dw/Hå
jrefrm þavmuü Opömum; o'¨gw&m;vQifwnf;/
½ly o'¨D" 0dwåHum; o'¨g+£" 0dw[ Hå k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur® Oyedóa,m/ yk'pf yf ur®Lyedóa,m/
jrefrm uHvQiftm;BuD;aom taMumif;&Sd\/
½ly ur®Lyedóa,m a,mum; ur®+Oyedóa,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wxm OyrH/ yk'pf yf wxlyrH/
jrefrm xkad wmtkyv f Qif Oyrm&S\
d /
½ly wxlyrHum; wxm+OyrH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåd Oy&awm/ yk'pf yf &wåLy&awm/
jrefrm nOfüh pm;jcif;rS MuOf\/
½ly &wåLy&awm
y&awmum; &wå+d Oy&awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0d Oyoarm/ yk'pf yf 0lyoarm/

jrefrm Nird ;f \/
½ly 0lyoarmoarmum; 0d+Oyoarm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
þjy,k*fwkdYü a&S;o&wkdY\ ausjcif;ukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf ]]uGpd}}
o'´gonf vkdufvm\? ]]oa&ç vkawå}}[laom yk'fonf vkdufvm\/
ygVd £pöMw ykAó Á &meH avmay uawÞ ]]uGp}D }wd t"duma&m? ]]ya&mç
vawå}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 17/ 'DCH/

okwjf refrm a&S;o&onf ausonf&Sdaomf (ykAÁoa& vkawå) aemufjzpfaom
o&onfyifvQif tcsKYd jy,k*üf 'DCtjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm a&S;o&onf ausonf&Sdaomf aemufjzpfaom o&onfyifvQif
tcsKUd jy,k*üf 'DCtjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd oa&m acg ya&m ykAÁóa& vkawå uGpd 'DCbm0H yayÜgwd/
XmefeD;onf\tpGrf;jzifh t £ O [laom &óo&wkdY\ okwd
wlaom 'DConf jzpf\/
ygVd XmemoEé0aoeç &óó&meH o0PÖ'aD Cm/
ar; uGpd[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz tpd&H 0w},H uma,m paomykpH w H üYdk (wsm'Do)k 'DCtjyKudk epfap
&jcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd uG p Dwd uð¿ tpd&H 0w},H uma,m (wsm'Dok)/
a&S;o&ausaomfvnf; aemufo&ukd 'DCrjyK&aom jy½kyrf sm;
ykpH H tpd&H 0w ,H uma,m/
yk'jf zwf tpd&H 0w+t,H uma,m/
jrefrm pifppf þcE¨muk, d o
f nf rMumjrifrh /D
½ly tpd&H 0w,H uma,m
uma,mum; tpd&H 0w+t,H uma,m[k yk'jf zwfí
wnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh w-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&
1/ oE¨du@ 37
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo& wftpdwf t-ukad cs? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh a&SUtmo&

ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom wfAsn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf?
tpd&H 0w,H uma,muma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udrrdÜ m,/ yk'jf zwf udr+dÜ £rm,/
jrefrm þoky, dÜ monf tb,f0w¬Kuv dk nf; rvSLbJ&t dS ehH nf; (e 'ó[d)/
½ly udrÜdrm,
m,um; udr+dÜ £rm,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wDPrd med/ yk'jf zwf wDP+d £rmed/
jrefrm þw&m;wkdYonf okH;yg;wkdYwnf;/
½ly wDPdrmedum; wDP+d £rmed[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOöoyk g'geu©aEö/k yk'jf zwf yOöok+Oyg'geu©aEök/
jrefrm ig;yg;ukeaf om Oyg'geu©Em¨ wküYd /
½ly yOöokyg'geu©aEökum; yOöo+k Oyg'geu©aEö[ k k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wóaw¬m/ yk'jf zwf wó+taw¬m/

jrefrm xkyd 'k \
f teufwnf;/
½ly wóaw¬mum; wó+taw¬m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOö*aØ um/ yk'jf zwf yO+t*Øaum/
jrefrm t*Fgig;yg;&S\ d /
½ly yOö*Øaum umum; yOö+t*Øaum[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rkead E´m/ yk'jf zwf rke+d £aE´m/
jrefrm &[ef;wku Yd dk tpk;d &\/
½ly rkedaE´mum; rke+d £aE´m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H owdÈ, d´ /H yk'jf zwf owd+£È, d´ /H
jrefrm owdaÈ/´
½ly owdÈ´d,Hum; owd+£È, d´ [
H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H v[k|meH/ yk'jf zwf v[k+O|meH/
jrefrm vsipf mG wjcif;/
½ly v[k|meHum; v[k+O|meH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *pämr[H/ yk'jf zwf *pämrd+t[H

jrefrm igonf oGm;\/
½ly *pämr[Hum; *pämrd+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wBw'd /H yk'jf zwf wMw+£'H/
jrefrm xkpd um;ü (0pae) þqkv d wåUH onfum;/
½ly wBwd'Hum; wMw+£'H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOö[yk gvd/ yk'jf zwf yOö[+d Oygvd/
jrefrm Oygvd ig;yg;wkEYd iS /hf
½ly yOö[kygvdum; yOö[+d Oygvd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ew¬n/H yk'jf zwf ew¬+d tnH/
jrefrm tjcm;wpfyg;onf r&S/d
½ly ew¬nHum; ew¬+d tnH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; vkawå[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz ,xm t,H paomykpH w H üYdk 'DCtjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd vk a wåwd uð¿ ,xm t,H (wsm'Dok tvkwåwåm'DCedao"ew¬H)/
o&rausí 'DCrjyK&aom ykpH rH sm;
ykpH H ,xm t,H/ yk'pf yf ,xm,H/
jrefrm þoluJhokdY/
½ly ,xm t,Hum; ,xm+t,H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
x-cGi;f tm-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aom aMumifh
a&SUo& xftpdwf tm-ukdacsoifhjim;aomfvnf; 'DCH [laomokwfü vkwåo'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh racs&? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom xfAsn;f ukd aemuf
tmokdYuyf? ,xm t,Hum; NyD;\/
rSwcf suf ,xm,Hum; ,xm+t,H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
x-cGi;f tm-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf to&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUo& xftpdwf tm-ukdacs? 'DCH [laomokwfü a&SUtmo&ausNyD;onf&Sdaomf
aemuftmo&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom xfAsnf;ukd
aemuftmokdYuyf? ,xm,Hum; Ny;D \/
1/ oE¨du@ 39
ykpH H edrd £0 &mZm/ yk'pf yf edr0d &mZm/
jrefrm aerdrif;uJo h /Ydk
½ly edrd £0 &mZm &mZmum; edr+d £0&mZm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uduD £0/ yk'pf yf udu0D /
jrefrm ,pfruJo h Ydk 0g-wpfw;D wl;ruJo
h /Ydk
½ly uduD £0 £0um; udu+D £0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok Oy"m&dw/H yk'pf yf oky"m&dw/H
jrefrm aumif;pGmaqmiftyf\/
½ly ok Oy"m&dwHum; ok+Oy"m&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H avmuó £wd/ yk'pf yf avmuómwd/
jrefrm avmu[lí atmufarhukefavmh/
½ly avmuó £wdum; avmuó+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a'0 £wd/ yk'pf yf a'0gwd/
jrefrm t&Sirf if;Bu;D aumif;NyD þokYd ({0H)/
½ly avmuó £wdum; avmuó+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0d twd ywEÅd/ yk'pf yf 0dwyd wEÅ/d
jrefrm wvJv T , JT yfuek \ f /
½ly 0d twd ywEÅdum; 0d+twd ywEÅ[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0d twd emarEÅd/ yk'pf yf 0dwed marEÅ/d
jrefrm vGeaf puke\ f /
½ly 0d twd emarEÅdum; 0d+twd emarEÅ[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oHCm#d tyd/ yk'pf yf oHCm#dy/d
jrefrm 'ku#k u f v dk nf;/
½ly oHCm#d tydum; oHCm#d+tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZD0w d a[wk tyd/ yk'pf yf ZD0w d a[wly/d
jrefrm touf[al omtaMumif;aMumifv h nf;/
½ly ZD0dwa[wk tydum; ZD0w d a[wk+tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dZKÆ £0/ yk'pf yf 0dZLÆ 0/
jrefrm vQyu f o hJ /Ydk
½ly 0dZÆK £0
£0um; 0dZKÆ +£0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uðok £" 0dwåH/ yk'pf yf uðol" 0dwåH/
jrefrm þavmuü a,mufsm;\ owå0g\ Opömum; tb,fenf;/
½ly uðok £" 0dwåHum; uðo+k £" 0dw[ Hå k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H om"k £wd/ yk'pf yf om"lwd/
jrefrm aumif;Ny[D í l /
½ly om"k £wdum; om"k+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þjy,k*w f üYdk aemufo&wk\ Yd ausjcif;ukd jyKtyfonf&adS omf ]]vkawåç
'DCH}}[laom yk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd £wD" y&ó&meH avmay uawÞ ]]vkawåç 'DC}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 18/ ykaAÁm p/

okwjf refrm a&SUo&onfvnf; tcsKdYaom jy,k*fwkdYü 'DCtjyKokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aemufo&ukad cstyfonf&adS omf a&SUjzpfaomo&onfvnf; tcsKUd
aom jy,k*fü 'DCtjyKokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ykaAÁm oa&m y&óa& vkawå uGpd 'DCH yayÜgwd/
ar; þokwyf g p o'´g\teufudk a&;cJyh g/
ajz þokwyf g po'´gonf vkwo å '´g 'DCo'´gukd iifjcif;teuf&ydS gonf/
po'´gonf iiftyfaom xkv d wk oå '´g 'DCo'´gonf aemufaemuf
okdY rvkduf? þokdY odapjcif; tusKd;&Sdygonf/
ygVd p *¾[PH vkw'å C D *¾[PmEku¹kew¬?H wH ]]pm pm
pmEku¹dw
k rkw&å Mw emEk
0wåaw}}wd Óyew¬/H
ar; uGpd[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;/
ajz ,ó'ged paomykpH w H üYdk jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ ,ó'ged (wsm'Dok 'DCedao"ew¬)H /
aemufo&ausaomfvnf; a&SUo& 'DCrjyKEkid af om jy,k*rf sm;

ykpH H ,ó'ged/ yk'jf zwf ,ó+£'ged/
1/ oE¨du@ 41
jrefrm ,cktcgü tMuifo\ l /

½ly ,ó'gedum; ,ó+£'ged[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
ó-cGif; t-<uif;? (,óf+t+£'ged) 0gya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd
&So d nf r[kwaf om to&rSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? (,óf+t+'ged) ykaAÁm
p okwjf zifh aemuf£o&ausNy;D onf&adS omf a&SU to&ukd tm'DCjyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom
ófAsn;f ukd aemuf toku Yd yf? ,ó'gedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £wdó/ yk'jf zwf £wd+tó/
jrefrm þokdY xkdol\/
½ly £wd óum; £wd+tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £'gedy/d yk'jf zwf £'ged+tyd/

jrefrm ,cktcgüvnf;/
½ly £'gedydum; £'ged+tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awoky/d yk'jf zwf awok+tyd/
jrefrm xko
d w l w Ydk iG v
f nf;/
½ly awokydum; awok+tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pu©KÈ, d´ /H yk'jf zwf pu©K+£È,d´ /H
jrefrm pu©KaÈ/´
½ly pu©KÈ´d,Hum; pu©K+£È, d´ [
ykpH H udEKé rm0/ yk'jf zwf udEKé +£rm0/
jrefrm þomuD0ifrif;o®;D wko Yd nfomvQif &[ef;rde;f rwkaYd vm/
½ly udEéKrm0
rm0um; udEKé +£rm0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t"d*awm acg ar t,H "ar®m/
yk'pf yf ar t,H-ukd rsm,H/
jrefrm igonf þw&m;ukd odtyf\/
½ly rsm,Hum; ar+t,H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh r-cGi;f
{-<uif;? (rf+{+t,H) ,ar 'EÅóma'aom a'aom okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SU rtpdwf {ukd ,fjyK? (rf+,f+t,H) 'DCH [laomokwfjzifh aemuf
,fAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUto&ukd tm'DCjyK? (rf+,f+tm,H) ea,y&H ,kawå

okwfjzifh o&uif;aom rfAsn;f ukd aemuf,o f uYdk yf rsAf sn;f ukd aemuf tmoku Yd yf?
rsm,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykawåm aw t[H/ yk'pf yf aw t[H-ukd wsm[H/
jrefrm igonf oifrif;Bu;D \om;wnf;/
½ly wsm[Hum; aw+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aw tó y[Dem/ yk'pf yf aw tó-ukd wsó/
jrefrm xkdudavomwkdYukd xkd&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonf y,ftyfukef\/
½ly wsó
wsóum; aw+tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yAÁaw t[H/ yk'pf yf aw t[H-ukd wsm[H/
jrefrm igonf aumif;uifü/
½ly wsm[Hum; aw+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a, tó/ yk'pf yf ,só/
jrefrm xkid rku
d t
f m; ('kar®"ó) tMuif'u k w
© oYdk nf ('kum© ) rESpv
f dk rom,m
jcif;aMumifh jzpfuek \f (0dy#Ü o
d m&Zm)/
½ly ,só
,sóum; a,+tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þjy,k*w f üYdk a&SUo&ausjcif;onf a&mufvv k wfaomf
ygVd £wD" ykAaÁ vmay orÜawåÞ
-------------
okwf 19/ ,ar'EÅóma'aom/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh aw ar\ tpdwf {\ ,jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh yk'\f tpdwjf zpfíjzpfaom {tu©&m
\ avQmufywfonf&adS omf tcsKaYd omjy,k*üf , tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd {um&ó y'EÅbw l ó Xmae oa& ya& uGpd , um&m a'aom
a[mwd/
ar; aemufo&aESmif;&mü yk'\
f tpdwjf zpfaom {o&ukd ,jyK&rnf[k
qkd&m tb,fo'´gwkdY\ tpdwf {ukd ,jyK&ygoenf;? ykHpHwpfckpD
xkwfí {'EÅ tma'owkdY\ t"dyÜg,fukdvnf; a&;cJhyg/
1/ oE¨du@ 43
ajz ttu©&maESmif;&mü aro'´g {wo'´g a,o'´g ponf\tpdwf

jzpfaom {tu©&mukod mvQif ,jyKEidk yf gonf/ þokwt
f pD&if jzpfEidk yf gonf/
ygVd t uma&arawa,o'´g'daó0g,H 0d"/d
,EÅd ,H[lonfum; ,tjyKwnf;[laom ½kyfwnf;/
ygVd , EÅd ,H ½lyH/
{'aEÅm {tu©&monfyifvQif yk'\ f tpdwwf nf;/

ygVd {0 taEÅm {'aEÅm/
tma'aom tMuif,tu©&mukd (a,m ,uma&m) ,tu©&mjyKjcif;&Sdaom
{tu©&m\t&mü ½Ityf\? xkaYd Mumifh (£wdwo®m) xk, d tu©&m
onf (aom ,uma&m) tma'ornfygonf/
ygVd tma'od|mae tm'dówDwd tma'aom tma'aom/
jrefrm o&m yuwd AsOÆae okwfrS AsOÆeo'´gukd vkdufapí 'DCH okwfjzifh
tm'DCukd jyKtyf\ (umwaAÁm)/
ygVd ]]AsOaÆ e}}wd t"dupd ö ]]'DC}}EÅd 'DaCm/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿/
ajz awem*wm paomykpH w H üYdk (awem*wmwsm'Do)k ,tjyKudk epfap
jcif; tusK;d &Syd gonf (,ma'o ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H awem*wm/ yk'jf zwf aw+tem*wm/

jrefrm xkdolwkdYonf rvmukef/
½ly awem*wm
awem*wmum; aw+tem*wm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? ykAÁra"m--
okwfjzifh w-cGif; {-<uif;? (wf+{+tem*wm) ,ar 'EÅóma'aom a'aom
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU wtpdwf {ukd ,fjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? 0g ya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd
&So d nfr[kwaf om {o&rSaemufjzpfaom to&ukd acs? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
o&uif;aom wfAsn;f ukd aemuf{oku Yd yf awem*wm
awem*wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykwåm rw¬d/ yk'jf zwf ykwmå +ar+tw¬d

jrefrm ightm; om;orD;wkdYonf &Sdukef\/
½ly ykwmå rw¬u d m; ykwmå +ar+tw¬[d k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
r-cGi;f {-<uif;? (ykwmå +rf+{+ew¬)d ,ar 'EÅóma'aom a'aom okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU rtpdwf {ukd ,fjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SUrftpdwf {ukdacs? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom rfAsnf;ukd
aemuftoku Yd yf ykwåm rw¬dum; Ny;D \/
ar; tEÅo'´gonf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd tEÅ*[ ¾ PH uð¿/
ajz "r®puúH y0awåaEÅm paomykHpHwkdYü ("r®puúH y0awåaEÅmwsm'Dok)
yk'f\tpdwfr[kwfonf\tjzpfaMumifh (tEÅmbm0g) ,tjyKukd
epfapjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/ (,sma'oed0wåew¬)H /
jrefrm "r®pBumF w&m;ukd a[mawmfr\ l /
ygVd "r®puúH y0awåaEÅm/
jrefrm pdwfukd qkH;r\/
ygVd 'araEÅm pdw/Hå
yk'\f tpdwrf [kwí f ,tjyKukd epfapaom ykpH rH sm;

ykpH H ,m0waum tó uma,m/
yk'pf yf ,m0wuGó uma,m/
jrefrm xkad ,mufsm;jrwf\ (r[myk&o d ó) uk,
d o
f nf tMuifrQavmuf &S\
d /
½ly ,m0wuGó uma,m uma,mum; ,m0waum+tó uma,m[k
yk'fjzwfíwnf? ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh u-cGif; Mo-<uif;? (,m0wuf+Mo+ tó
uma,m) 0arm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,m0wuyk'\ f
tpdwjf zpfaom Motu©&mukd 0fjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ufAsn;f ukd
aemuf 0fou Yd yf? ,m0wuGó uma,m
Ydk yf? uGAf sn;f aemuftoku uma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wm0waum tó Asmarm/
yk'pf yf wm0wuGó Asmarm/
1/ oE¨du@ 45
jrefrm xkad ,mufsm;jrwf\ (r[myk&o d ó) tvHawmfonf xku d ,

dk rf Qavmuf&\ dS /
½ly wm0wuGó Asmarm Asmarmum; wm0waum+tó Asmarm[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aum taw¬m/ yk'pf yf uGaw¬m/
jrefrm tb,ftusK;d &Std ehH nf;/
½ly uGaw¬mum; aum+taw¬m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tw¬ acg tó yk'pf yf tw¬có G /
jrefrm xkdtcgü xkdol\/
½ly tw¬cGóum; tw¬acg+tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t[H acg tZÆ/ yk'pf yf t[HcZG /Æ
jrefrm igonfvQif ,aeY/
½ly t[HcGZÆum; t[H+acg tZÆ[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,m t,H/ yk'pf yf ,Gm,H/

jrefrm tMuifoo l nf/
½ly ,Gm,Hum; a,m+t,H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh ,-
cGi;f Mo-<uif;? (,f+Mo+t,H) 0arm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh
,yk'\ f tpdwjf zpfaom Motu©&mukd 0fjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom
,fAsnf;ukd aemuf 0fokdYuyf? (,G+t,H) 'DCH okwfjzifh aemuf,Asnf;aESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SUto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea,y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ,GAf sn;f ukd
aemuf tmokdYuyf? ,G m ,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H aom tó/ yk'pf yf oGó/
jrefrm xkdoabmonf (obma0g) jzpf&m\/
½ly oG óum; aom+tó[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aom {0/ yk'pf yf aoG0/
jrefrm xkwd &m;onfomvQi/f
½ly aoG 0um; aom+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,awm t"du&PH/ yk'pf yf ,wGm"du&PH/
jrefrm tMuiftaMumif;aMumif/h
½ly ,wGm"du&PHum; ,awm+t"du&PH[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H tEk t'¨rmoH/ yk'pf yf tEG'r¨ moH/
jrefrm vcJwG idk ;f /
½ly tEG'¨rmoHum; tEk+t'¨rmoH[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEk {wd/ yk'pf yf taEGw/d
jrefrm tpOfvu dk \
f /
½ly taEGwdum; tEk+{wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok tm*wH/ yk'pf yf oGm*wH/
jrefrm aumif;aom vmjcif;/
½ly oGm*wHum; ok+tm*wH[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok tmuma&m/ yk'pf yf oGmuma&m/
jrefrm aumif;aom tjcif;t&m/
½ly oGmuma&m
uma&mum; ok+tmuma&m[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k tmuma&m/ yk'pf yf 'Gguma&m/
jrefrm raumif;aomtjcif;t&m/
½ly 'Gguma&m
uma&mum; 'k+tmuma&m[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pu©K tmygxH/ yk'pf yf pu©gygxH/
jrefrm tpOfvu dk \
f /
½ly pu©gygxHum; pu©K+tmygxH[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H A[k tmAma"m/ yk'pf yf A[GmAma"m/
½ly A[GmAma"m
Ama"mum; A[k+tmAma"m[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygwk tumod/ yk'pf yf ygwGmtumod/
½ly ygwGmtumodum; ygwk+tumod[k yk'jf zwf?'DCjyKyg enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e wk {0/ yk'pf yf eawG0/
jrefrm rjzpfonfomwnf;/
½ly eawG0um; e wk+{0[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
--------------
1/ oE¨du@ 47
okwf 20/ 0arm'k'EÅmeH/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh (oa&) tpdwf Mo OwkdY\ (MoO'EÅmeH)
tcsKjYd y,k*üf 0tjzpfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh tpdwjf zpfíjzpfuek af om Mo
tu©&m Otu©&mwkdY\ tcsKdUaomjy,k*fü 0jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Moum½kum&meH tEÅbw l meH oa& ya& uGpd 0um&ma'aom a[mwd/
ar; Mo OwkdYukd 0jyK&rnfqkd&m rnfonfho'´gwkdY\ tpdwf Mo OwkdYukd
0jyKEidk yf goenf;/
ajz u c , w ponf\ tpdwfjzpfaom Mo O tu©&mwkdYukd ,jyK
Ekid yf gonf/ þokwüf ,ljcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd uc,w wo'´g'd Mo
Moum&aó'H*[PH/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿/
ajz aum taw¬m paomykHpHwkdYü (aum taw¬mwsm'Dok) 0tjyKukd
epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d (0ga'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H aum tw¬m/
jrefrm tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;/
½ly aum taw¬mum; aum+taw¬m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0arm'k'EÅmeH
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh aumyk'\ f tpdwjf zpfaom Moukd 0fjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&/ aum taw¬mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tx acg tnw&m/
jrefrm xdt
k cgü rxif&mS ;aom/
½ly tx acg tnw&m tnw&mum; tx acg+tnw&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,m[H/ yk'jf zwf a,m+t[H/
jrefrm tMuifigonf/
½ly a,m t[Hum; a,m+t[H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0arm'k'EÅmeH
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a,myk'f\tpdwfjzpfaom Moukd 0fjyK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpod '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&/ ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh ,-cGi;f Mo-
<uif;? 0gya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom Moo&rS

aemufjzpfaom to&ukdacs? ea,y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom ,fAsnf;ukd
aemuf MookdYuyf? a,m[Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H aom[H/ yk'jf zwf aom+t[H/
jrefrm xkdigonf/
½ly aom t[Hum; aom+t[H[k yk'fjzwf? a,m t[HESifhenf;wl/
ykpH H pwåma&mar/ yk'jf zwf pwåma&m+£ar/
½ly pwåma&mar
a&marum; pwåa&m+£ar[k yk'jf zwf? a,m t[HEiS ehf nf;wl/
ykpH H om*wH/ yk'jf zwf ok+tm*wH/

jrefrm aumif;pGmvmjcif;/
½ly om*wHum; ok+tm*wH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0arm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh
aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh okyk'f\tpdwfjzpfaom Oukd 0fjyKoifhjim;aomf
vnf; uGpo
d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&/ ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh o-cGi;f O-<uif;? o&moa&
avmyH okwfjzifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwfOukdacs? ea,y&H
,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom ofAsnf;ukd aemuf tmokdYuyf? om*wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H om"m0kaom/ yk'jf zwf om"k

o +tm0kaom/
jrefrm igh&iS f aumif;\/
½ly om"m0kaom omum; om"k+tm0kaom[k yk'jf zwf? om*wHEiS hf enf;wl/
ar; tEÅo'´gonf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd tEÅ*[ ¾ PH uð¿/
ajz o0eD,H paom ykpH w H üYdk (o0eD,wsm'Do)k yk'\ f tpdwrf &Sad omaMumifh
(tEÅmbm0g) 0tjyKrS epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d (0ga'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H o0eD,/H jrefrm emaysmzf , G &f \
dS /
ykpH H 0d&0EÅ/d jrefrm jrnfwrf;uke\ f /
ykpH H y#doE¦m&0kwdå tó/ yk'pf yf y#doE¦m&0kwsó/
jrefrm aphpyfaomjzpfjcif;onf jzpf&m\/
1/ oE¨du@ 49
½ly y#doE¦m&0kwsó sóum; y#doE¦m&0kwåd+tó[k yk'fjzwfíwnf?

£0aPÖm ,H e0g okwjf zifh wlaomokw&d o dS nfr[kwaf om £o&rS aemufjzpfaom
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåtpdwf £ukd ,fjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&
uif;aom wåfAsnf;ukd aemuf ,fokdYuyf? ,fAsnf;ukd aemuftokdYuyf? (y#doE¦m&+
0kwså ó) AsOaÆ em p 0doanma*g okwüf po'´gjzifh Asn;f ok;H vk;H wkw Yd iG f oabmwlaom
tm*EÅKuoH,w k tf p wAsn;f wpfv;Hk ukad cs? y#doE¦m&0kwsó sóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁm 0dwåd tEkbk,saw/ yk'fpyf oAÁm0dwsmEkbl,saw/
jrefrm tvk;H pkaH om pnf;pdrcf sr;f omukd tpOfcpH m;tyf\/
½ly oAÁm 0dwåd tEkbk,saw sawum; oAÁm 0dw+då tEkb, k saw[k yk'jf zwfí
wnf? £0aPÖm ,H e0g okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom £o&rS
aemufjzpfaom to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåtpdwf £ukd ,fjyK? 'DCH okwfjzifh
tukd tm'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom wåAf sn;f ukd aemuf ,foYdk
uyf? ,fAsn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf? (oAÁm 0dwså m+Ekb, l aw) AsOaÆ em p 0doanma*g
okwüf po'´gjzifh Asn;f ok;H vk;H wkw Yd iG f oabmwlaom tm*EÅKuoH,w k t
f p wAsn;f
wpfv;Hk ukad cs? oAÁm0dwsmEkbl,aw awum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d tOÆe/H yk'pf yf AsOeÆ /H
jrefrm txl;ojzifh xrif;0ifaMumif;jzpfaom ig;trJ? 0g- txl;ojzifh
teufukd xifapwwfaom Asnf;/
½ly AsOÆeu H m; 0d+tOÆe[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh 0-cGi;f £-
<uif;? £0aPÖm ,H e0g okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom £o&rS
aemufjzpfaom to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0ftpdwf £ukd ,fjyK? (0f+,+tOÆe)H
a'g "ó p okwfü aAm 0ó [laomokwå 0dbm*jzifh 0fukd AfjyK? ea,y&H--
okwjf zifh AfAsn;f ,fou Ydk yf? AsAf sn;f t-oku Yd yf? AsOÆeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d tm,awm/ yk'pf yf Asmuawm/
jrefrm txl;ojzifh Mum;tyf\/
½ly Asmuawm
Asmuawmum; 0d+tm,awm[k yk'jf zwf? AsOeÆ EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'D tmoaEém/ yk'pf yf e'smoaEém/
jrefrm jrpfEiS hf eD;\/
½ly e'smoaEémum; e'D+tmoaEém[k yk'jf zwf? AsOeÆ EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þjy,k*w
f üYdk zm;ckeef nf;jzifh 0gya&m to½lyg okwrf S ]]to½lay}}
[laomyk'fonf 0dbwfjyefí vkduf\/
ygVd £wD" r@Lu*wd,m ]]to½lay}}wd 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 21/ £0aPÖm ,H e0g/

okwjf refrm o&aMumifh (oa&) £0Pfonf tcsKdY ,tjzpfokdY a&muf\
(yayÜgwd)/
0kwjdå refrm wlaomokwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh
a&SUjzpfaom £0Pfonf ,tjzpfoYdk tcsKo
Yd jzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ykaAÁm £0aPÖm to½lay oa& ya& ,um&H yayÜgwd e0g/
£0aPÖm £onfomvQif teufukd jywwfonf/
ygVd £ {0 0aPÖm £0aPÖm/
e0go'´g e0g
e0go'´gonf uGpo d '´g\y&d,m,fwnf;/
ygVd uGpdo'ý&d,ma,m/
ar; e0g e0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz yOö[a*F[d paomykpH w H üYdk ,tjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd e0ge0gwd uð¿ yOö[a*F[d (wsm'Dok ,um&edao"ew¬)H /
ykpH H yOö[a*F[/d yk'jf zwf yOö[+d ta*F[/d
jrefrm ig;yg;ukeaf om t*FgwkEYd iS /hf
½ly yOö[a*F[u d m; yOö[+d ta*F[[ d k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
[-cGif; £-<uif;? £0aPÖm ,H e0g okwfjzifh wlaom okwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom
£o&rS aemufjzpfaom to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[tpdwf £ukd ,fjyKoifjh im;
aomfvnf; e0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (yOö[+f £+ta*F[)d o&m oa& avmyH
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif; aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf £ukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh o&uif;aom [fAsn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf? yOö[a*F[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wmed twåed/ yk'jf zwf wmed+twåe/d
jrefrm xkwd &m;wko
Yd nf rdrüd /
1/ oE¨du@ 51
½ly wmed twåedum; wmed+twåed[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? ykAÁra"m--

okwjf zifh e-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0aPÖm ,H e0g okwjf zifh wlaom okw&d o
dS nfr[kwaf om
£o&rS aemufjzpfaom to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUetpdwf £ukd ,fjyKoifjh im;
aomfvnf; e0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom
efAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? wmed twåedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *pämr[H/ yk'jf zwf *pämrd+t[H/
jrefrm igonf oGm;\/
½ly *pämr[Hum; *pämrd+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? yOö[a*F[Ed iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H rkwpå m*D tEk'a¨ wm/ yk'jf zwf rkwåpm*D+tEk'äwm/
jrefrm igonf oGm;\/
½ly rkwåpm*D tEk'äwm wmum; rkwpå m*D+tEk'a¨ wm[k yk'jf zwf?
wmed twåedESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ar; to½layy[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz £wd['d H paomykpH wH üYdk wlaomokw&d o dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh ,tjyKrS
epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd £wd[d'H (wsm'Dok o½lywåm ,ma'oed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H £wd['d /H yk'jf zwff £wd[+d £'H/
jrefrm þokdYomvQif (£wd {0) þokwfukd (okwåH) qkdtyf\ (0kwåH)/
½ly £wd[d'Hum; £wd[+d £'H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
[-cGif; £-<uif;? £0aPÖm ,H e0g okwfjzifh wlaom okwd&Sdonf r[kwfaom
£o&rS aemufjzpfaom to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[tpdwf £ukd ,fjyKoifjh im;
aomfvnf; wlaomokw&d adS omaMumifh rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf £ukdacs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh
o&uif;aom [fAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? £wd[d'Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾0D / yk'jf zwf t*¾+d £0/
jrefrm rD;uJoh /Ydk
½ly t*¾D0um; t*¾+d £0[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyK½o Hk mxl;\? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tw¬Dwd yk'jf zwf tw¬+d £wd
jrefrm &Sd\[lí/
½ly tw¬Dwdum; tw¬+d £wd[k yk'jf zwf? 'DCjyK½o
Hk mxl;\? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H twd tEÅH/ yk'pf yf tpöE/HÅ
jrefrm vGeaf omtqk;H /
½ly tpö E Å Hum; twd+tEÅH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? oaAÁm pH wd okwfjzifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wdo'´gukd pfjyK? (tpf+tEÅH) y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom pfudk o'doa'Gabmf pöjf yK? ea, y&H
,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom pöAf sn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf? tpöEÅHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twd Mo'gwm/ yk'pf yf tapöm'gwm/
jrefrm tvGejf zL\/
½ly tapöm'gwm'gwmum; twd+Mo'gwm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ywd ta,m/ yk'pf yf ypöa,m/
jrefrm pJíG jzpf\/
½ly ypöa,m ,mum; ywd+ta,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ywd tm[&wd/ yk'pf yf ypöm[&wd/
jrefrm wpfzefaqmif\/
½ly ypöm[&wdum; ywd+tm[&wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ywd {wd/ yk'pf yf yapöw/d
jrefrm wpfzefa&muf\/ 0g- ,kHMunf\/
½ly yapöwdum; ywd {wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £wd tó/ yk'pf yf £pöó/
jrefrm þokdY qkdtyfonf (0peD,H) jzpf&m\/
½ly £pöóum; £wd+tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £wd {wH/ yk'pf yf £apöw/H
jrefrm þt,lukd pGefYjcif;onf aumif;\ (ukovH)/
½ly £apöwHum; £wd+{wH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;? þjy,k*fwkdYü £0aPÖm ,H e0g [laom
okwfjzifh ,tjyKonf a&mufvkvwfaomf/
1/ oE¨du@ 53
ygVd £wd tm'd £wD" ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}wd , um&ma'ao orÜawåÞ

---------------
okwf 22/ oaAÁm pH wd/

okwjf refrm Asnf;jzpfaom tvkH;pkHaom wdo'´gonf ptu©&m[laom
tma'ookdY a&muf\ (yayÜgwd)/
ar; wdo'´gukd pçjyK&rnf[kqkd&m rnfonfho'´gwkdY\ tpdwf wdukd
pçjyK&oenf;/
ajz twd ywdOyom&yk'fESifh £wdedygwfwkdY\ tpdwf wdo'´gukdom
p-jyKEkdifygonf/ ykwdyk'ftpdwf wdo'´gukdvnf; pçjyKao;\[k
q&mawmfO;D Ak"f rde\
Yf /
jrefrm twd ywd £wdyk'fü wdo'´gukd þokwfü ,ljcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd twdywd£wDeH wdo'áó'H *[PH/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wd[al om þo'´gonf
tcsKUd ü p-tjyKoYdk a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd oaAÁm wd£apöaom oa'´g oa& ya& uGpd pum&H yayÜgwd/
ar; ,çrjyKaom wd? ,çjyKaom wd? ESpfrsKd;wkdYwGif þokwfyg ykHpHwpfck
axmufí tb,fwdukd p-jyKEkdifygonf/
ajz wd[í l ñTejf yjcif;aMumifh rjyKtyfaom ,tu©&m&Sad om wdo'´gukd
omvQif þokwjf zifh pD&ifjcif;onf jzpf\? rjyKtyfaom ,tu©&m
&Sdaom wdo'´grSwpfyg; jyKtyfaom ,tu©&m&Sdaom wdo'´gtm;jzifh teufukd
,ltyfaomf uGpdo'´g\¤if;? twdó pEÅó okwf\¤if;? tusKd;r&Sdonf\tjzpf
onf jzpf&m\/
ygVd wDwd eda'óawm tuw, ,um&aó0g,H 0d"?d £w&xm uGp*d [ ¾
Pó p ]]twdó pEÅóm}}wdokwåó p ed&w¬uwm od,m/
½kyf jrefrm ]]y&a'Gbma0g Xmae}}okwjf zifh (okawåe) a'Gabmf\tjzpfonf
('dGwåH) jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd ]]y&a'Gbma0g Xmae}}wd/

ajz £wdó paomykpH w H üYdk p-tjyKrS epfap&jcif; tusK;d &S\d /
ygVd uG p Dwd uð¿ £wdó (wsm'Dok pma'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H £wdó/ yk'jf zwf £wd+tó/
jrefrm þokdY jzpf&m\/
½ly £wd óum; £wd+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh
w-cGi;f £-<uif;? oaAÁm pH wd okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
wdo'´gukd p-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (£wf+£+tó)
0gya&m to½lyg okwjf zifh wlaom okw&d o dS nf r[kwaf om £o&rS aemufjzpfaom
to&ukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom wfAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf?
£wdóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £wd tmucFrmaee/ yk'fjzwf £wd+tmucFrmaee/
jrefrm þokYd tvk&d o dS jzif/h
½ly £wd tmucFrmaee maeeum; £wd+tmucFrmaee[k yk'jf zwfíwnf?
ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh w-cGif; £-<uif;? oaAÁm pH wd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wdo'´gukd p-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o& uif;aom wfAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? £wd
tmucFrmaeemaeeum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]awe 0g £0aPÖ}}okwfrS ]]e £0aPÖ}}[laoyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]awe 0g £0aPÖ}}wd £awm ]]e £0aPÖ}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 23/ twdó pEÅó/

okwjf refrm £0PfaMumifh (£0aPÖ) twdOyom&\vnf; tpdwfwd\
xkdoaAÁm pH wd okwfü qkdcJhNyD;aom p-jyK ½kyfonf (wH) rjzpf (e a[mwd)/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom £0PfaMumifh twd[lomOyom&yk'f\ tpdwfjzpfí
jzpfaom wdo'ǵ\ ]]oaAÁm pH wd}} okwüf qkt
d yfch J Ny;D aom p-jyK½yk o
f nf rjzpf (e a[mwd)/
0kwydå gVd twd£apöwó tEÅbw l ó wdo'´ó £0aPÖ ya& ]]oaAÁm pH
wD}}wd 0kwå½lyH e a[mwd/
1/ oE¨du@ 55
twdómwd twdó[laom þyk'o f nf ({wH y'H) tppfjzpfaom Oyom&\

twkjyKí &Gwq f jdk cif;wnf;/ xkod Ydk Oyom&tppf r[kw?f twkrQom
jzpfaomaMumifh þtwd[laomyk'fü o0dbwfausjcif;\ rjzpfjcif;onf jzpf\
(a[mwd)/
ygVd twdómmwd twdOyo*¾gEku&ParwH/ awaea0w¬ 0dbwåad vmyg
bma0g/
ar; twdó pEÅó paomokwüf tEÅt& wdEiS £ hf 0PfEpS cf &k &dS m tb,f
ukd ,l&ygrnfenf; taMumif;jyí ajzqkyd g/
ajz qufOD;tHh- þokwfü tEÅo'´gonf awe 0g £0aPÖ okwfjzifh
tbd t"do'´gwk\ Yd £0PfaESmif;&mü tAÇ tZÑ tjyKtpDt&ifudk
jrpfaomt&mü þokwfukd qkdaomaMumifh twdo'´g\ tpdwfjzpfíjzpfaom
wdo'´guko
d mvQif a[m\? wd\tpdwjf zpfaom £0Pfudk ra[m? þokYd rSwt f yf\/
twdo'´g\ wdo'´gukd a[monfrw S pfyg; £0Pfudk a[maom tjym;onf &Sad omf
þokwo f nfomvQif tusK;d r&So
d nf jzpf&m\/
ygVd {w¬ p tEÅoa'´g o'´0d"dedao"yÜu&Pawm twdo'ÉÅblwH
wdo'ár0 0'wdç e £0PÖEÅd '|AÁH £w&xm £'H okwåar0 ed&w¬uH od,m/
ar; ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}okwfukd vkdufvmaom tno'´gjzifh tb,f
teuf t"dyÜg,fukd odapygoenf;/
ajz ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}okwüf to½lyo&aESmif;&mü £0Pf\ ,tjyK
ukd pD&ifaomt&m jzpfaomaMumifh okwdwlaomo&aMumifh £
0Pf\ ,tjyKonfvnf; rjzpf[al omteuft"dygÜ ,fudk odapygonf/
ygVd ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}wD"? to½lyg"dum&awm/
£0PÖó o½lyo®ð? ,m ,ma'aom p e orÇa0/
ar; twdó pEÅó okwfü po'´g\ jzpfoifhaomtusKd;ukd a&;cJhyg/
ajz þokwfü- po'´gonf okwfü rqkdtyfaom £wd ywd o'´gwkdY\
tpdwfjzpfaom wdo'´gukd qnf;jcif;tusKd;&Sdygonf/ xkdtEkwå
orkpn
ö ;f teuf&adS om po'´gaMumifh £wd ywd o'´gwk\Yd tpdwjf zpfaom wdo'´g\
oaAÁm pH wd okwfü qkdNyD;aom½kyfonf p-jyK rjzpf[laom tusKd;&Sdygonf/
ygVd puma&m tEkwo ö aw¬m? awe £wdywDerEÅó p e a[mwd/

å rkp,
ykpH H twd £od*aPm/ yk'jf zwf twDo*d aPm/
jrefrm rsm;aom &aohwkdY\taygif;? rsm;aom &aohwkdY\taygif;/
½ly twDod*aPm aPmum; twd+£od*aPm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? oaAÁm
pH wd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wdo'´gukd p-jyKvkd
vwfaomf twdó pEÅó okwfjzifh £0PfaESmif;&müjzpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ykAÁ
ra"m--jzifh w-cGif;? £-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf £ukdacs? 'DCH okwfjzifh a&SU£o&ausNyD;aomf
aemuf£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom wfAsnf;ukd
aemufþoku Yd yf? twDod*aPm aPmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H twDawm/ yk'jf zwf twd+£awm/
jrefrm þtwl vGefNyD/
½ly twDawm wmum; twd+£awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H twD&w d /H yk'fjzwf twd+þ&dw/H
jrefrm tvGeq f tdk yf\/
½ly twD&dwHum; twd+þ&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £wDwd yk'jf zwf £wd+£wd/
jrefrm £wd[lonfum;/
½ly £wD w dum; £wd+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £wD'/H yk'jf zwf £wd+£'H/
jrefrm þoabmw&m;onf ("r®ZmwH) þrQomwnf; ({wåuH)/
½ly £wD'Hum; £wd+£'H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ywDawm/ yk'jf zwf ywd+£awm/
jrefrm xif&mS ;\/
½ly ywDawm wmum; ywd+£awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbd tu©meH/ yk'fjzwf tAÇum© eH/
jrefrm ESyd pf ufíqkjd cif;? 0g- pGypf jGJ cif;/
½ly tAÇ u © m eHum; tbd+tu©meH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? taAÇm tbd
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om tbdOyom&yk'u f dk tAÇjyK?
1/ oE¨du@ 57
(tAÇ+tu©meH) ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh AÇ-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU AÇt f pdwf tukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
o&uif;aom AÇAf sn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf? tAÇu©meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbd O*¾awåm/ yk'jf zwf tAÇK*a¾ wm/
jrefrm vTr;f rk;d ESyd pf uf ESUH íwuf\/
½ly tAÇK*¾awm wmum; tbd+O*¾awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbd Moumaom/ yk'jf zwf taAÇmumaom/
jrefrm vGiw f ;D acgif? 0g- wdvif;usnjf zpfaomt&yf/
½ly taAÇmumaom umaomum; tbd+Moumaom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þjy,k*w f üYdk ,tu©&monf a&mufvv k wfaomf a*goa& okwrf S
]]oa&}}[laom yk'o f nfvnf; 0dbwfjyefívku d \
f /
ygVd £wD" , uma& orÜawå ]]oa&}}wd 0wåaw/ Þ
--------------
okwf 24/ taAÇm tbd/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh tbdOyom&\ tAÇjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om tbd[al om Oy
om&yk'\ f tAÇjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tbd£apöwó oAÁó oa& ya& tAÇ ma'aom a[mwd/
ar; taAÇm tbd okwfü tbd[laom yXrEÅyk'fukd ,if;okwf 0kwådbJ
tAÇ£ d apöwó[k q|CH wpfy'k jfzifh zGiq h f &d k jcif;\taMumif;ukd a&;cJyh g/
ajz okwüf tbd[al om yXrEÅo'´gukd 0kwüdå tbd£apöwó[k q|D
0dbwfudk ,SOjf cif;ukd tma'oukd iJah omtm;jzif?h 0g- iJah omaMumifh
qktd yfygonf/ tb,fow k f 0kwudå o
hJ eYdk nf; [lru
l m; tHarm ed*[ ¾ w
D H paom okwf
0kwüdå uJo h w
Ydk nf;/
ygVd ]]tbD}}wd yXrEÅó? 0kw, då H q|da,mZeH/
tma'omayu©awm 0kwåH? ]]tHarm}}wdtm'dau 0d,/
½kyf jrefrm o&m oa& okwjf zifh a&SUo&ukd acsjcif;ukd jyKtyf\/ (umwaAÁm)/
ygVd ykAóÁ &avmayg/
ykpH H t"d tm*rm/ yk'jf zwf tZÑm*rm/

jrefrm tvGefvm\/
½ly tZÑm*rm
tZÑm*rmum; t"d+tm*rm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? taZÑm t"d okwjf zifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom t"dOyom&yk'fukd tZÑjyK? (tZÑ+
tm*rm) ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh ZÑ-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU ZÑt f pdwf tukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;
aom ZÑAf sn;f ukd aemuftmoku Yd yf? tZÑm*rm
tZÑm*rmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t"d Oy*awm/ yk'jf zwf tZÑKy*awm/
jrefrm uyf\/
½ly tZÑKy*awm
tZÑKy*awmum; t"d+Oy*awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t"d Mo*ga[wGm/ yk'jf zwf taZÑm*ga[wGm/
jrefrm uyf\/
½ly taZÑm*ga[wGmum; t"d+Mo*ga[wGm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
--------------
okwf 25/ taZÑm t"d/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh t"dOyom&\ tZÑjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom t"d[laom Oyom&
yk'\
f tZÑjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t"d£apöwó oAÁó oa& ya& tZÑm tZÑma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H tbd £pädwH/ yk'jf zwf tbdpw dä /H
jrefrm tvGet f vk&d t
dS yf\? 0g- tvGeEf pS o f uftyf\/
½ly tbdpädwu H m; tbd+£päw d [ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? taAÇm tbd okwjf zifh
aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom tbdOyom&yk'fukd tAÇjyK vkdvwf
aomf? awe 0g £0aPÖ okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;&mü tAÇ tjyKjzpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (tbd+£pädwH) ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh b-cGif; £-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH
okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU bftpdwf £ukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh o&uif;aom bfAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? tbdpädwHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t"d þ&dwH/ yk'jf zwf t"D&wd /H
1/ oE¨du@ 59
jrefrm tvGeaf [mtyf\/

½ly t"D&dwHum; t"d+þ&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm þjyk ,k*w
f üYdk ]]taAÇm tbdç taZÑm t"d}}okwo f nfvnf; vku
d \
f /
ygVd £wD" ]]taAÇm tbdç taZÑm t"D}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------------
okwf 26/ awe 0g £0aPÖ/

okwjf refrm £0PfaMumifh xktbd dtbd t"dy'k w f \ Ydk tAÇ tZÑ½yk w f oYdk nf
tcsKYd rjzpfuek /f
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom £0PfaMumifh tbd t"d[q k t
dk yfuek af om xkOd yom&
yk'w f o Ydk nf tAÇ tZÑtjyK½yk w f oYkd nf 0g- taAÇm tbd taZÑm t"d[k
qkt d yfNy;D aom½ky&f udS ek o f nf tcsKYd rjzpfuek /f
0kwydå gVd aw p acg tbd t "d£apöaw Oyo*¾g £0aPÖ ya& taAÇm
taZÑm£wd 0kwå½lyg e a[mEÅd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm o&moa& okwjf zifh a&SUo&ukd acsjcif;ç ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
uyfjcif;wku Yd dk jyKtyfuek \ f /
ygVd o&avmyy&e,emed/
ar; 0g
0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,fenf;/
ajz tAÇ&D w d H paomykpH w H üYdk tAÇ tZÑtjyKudk jrpfjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g
0gwd uð¿ tAÇD&dwH (wsm'Dok edao"ew¬H)/
ykpH H tAÇ&D w d /H yk'jf zwff tbd+þ&dw/H
jrefrm tvGeq f tdk yf\/
½ly tAÇD&dwHum; tbd+þ&dwH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? awe 0g £0aPÖ
okwjf zifh £0PfaESmif;&mü taAÇm tbd okw\ f tAÇtjyKudk jrpfoifjh im; aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjrpf&? (tAÇd+þ&dwH) taAÇm tbd okwfjzifh aemufþ
o&aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom tbdOyom&yk'fukd tAÇjyK? (tAÇ+þ&dwH)
ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh AÇ-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufþo&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU AÇt f pdwf tukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom
AÇAf sn;f ukd aemufþoku Yd yf? tAÇD&dwHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tZÑP d rkawåm/ yk'jf zwf t"d+£Prkawåm/

jrefrm tvGev f Qif NrrD v
S w
G \
f /
½ly tZÑdPrkawåmum; t"d+£Prkawåm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tZÑad |m/ yk'jf zwf t"d+£a|m/
jrefrm wku
d w
f eG ;f tyf\/
½ly tZÑda|m|mum; t"d+£a|m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm {urd" t[H [laom þyk'fü/
ygVd {urd" t[EÅ"D /
-------------
okwf 27/ a'g "ó p/

okwjf refrm o&aMumifv h nf; (oa& p) " -atmufNcKd u\ f vnf; tcsKUd
jy,k*üf ' -a'GjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh " -[laomtu©&m\ tcsKUd
jy,k*üf ' -jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd " £apöwó oa& ya& uGpd ' uma&m a[mwd/
ar; '-
'-atmufNcKd uu f dk '-a'G;jyK&rnf[&l mü awGUjrifu&m '-jyK&rnfvm;
taMumif;ESiw hf uG &Si;f jyyg/
ajz awGUjrifu&m '-rjyKEidk yf g- {uo'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom £"o'´g\
"-tu©&muko d mvQif (þokwt f pDt&ifjzpfygonf) '-jyKEidk yf gonf/
ygVd {u
{uo'áwm y&ó £" £"ó " um&aó0g,H/
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif;ç 'DCjyKjcif;wko Yd nf jzpfuek \f (a[mEÅ)d /
ygVd o&avmy'DCm/
ykpH H {urd'g[H/ yk'jf zwf {uH+£"+t[H/
jrefrm igonf wpfckaom tcgü/
½ly {urd'g[Hum; {uH+£"+t[H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? a'g "ó p
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh "-ukd '-jyK? ({uH+£'+t[H) ykArÁ a"m-
-okwjf zifh '-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SU 'ftpdwf tukad cs? ({uH+£'f+t[H) 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SUto&ausNy;D onf
1/ oE¨du@ 61
&Sad omf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 'fAsn;f ukd
aemuftmokdYuyf? ({uH+£'g[H) r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aMumifh a&SUu
txufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk rf-jyK? rfAsn;f £okuYd yf? {urd'g[Hum; Ny;D \/
ajz £a"0 [laomyk'üf '-tjyKudk epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ £a"0 (£wd ya' 'ga'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H £a"0/ yk'jf zwf £"+{0/
jrefrm þt&yfüomvQi/f
½ly £a"0
£a"0um; £"+{0[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? a'g "ó p okwfjzifh
aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh "-ukd '-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´g jrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh "-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU "ftpdwf tukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
o&uif;aom "fAsn;f ukd aemuf {oku Yd yf? £a"0
£a"0um; Ny;D \/
ar; a'g "ó p okwfü p o'´g\ tusKd;ukd a&;cJhyg/
ajz þokwfü- p o'´gjzifh tcsKdYaomjy,k*fü om"ko'´g\ "-atmuf
NcKd u\
f [-jyKEidk yf gonf/
ygVd p oa'é uGpd om"kó " ó [ uma&m/
,xmÞ ykHpHum;/
ykpH H om[k'óeH/ yk'jf zwf om"k+'óeH/
jrefrm zl;jrif&jcif;onf aumif;\/
½ly om[k ' óeHum; om"k+'óeH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? ykAÁra"m--
okwfjzifh "-cGif; O-<uif;? a'g "ó p okwfü po'´gjzifh om"ko'´g\ tpdwf "fukd
[f-jyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom [fAsnf;ukd aemufOokdYuyf?
om[k'óeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm {0/ yk'jf zwf ,x&d0/
jrefrm tMuiftjcif;jzif/h
½ly ,x&d 0um; ,xm+{0[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? {0g'dó&d ykaAÁm p
&aóm okwfjzifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom {0o'´g\tpdwf {ukd &djyK? a&SUxmü
tmukv d nf; t-&ójyK? ,x&d0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm {0/ yk'jf zwf wx&d0/

jrefrm xkt
d jcif;jzif/h
½ly wx&d0um; wxm+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þjy,k*w f üYdk ]]e0g}}[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? ]]o&rSm}}[laomyk'u
f ¤dk if;?
0dbwfjyefí vkduf\/
ygVd £wD" ]]e0g}}wd 0wåaw? ]]o&rSm}}wd p/
-------------
okwf 28/ {0g'dó &d ykaAÁm p &aóm/

okwjf refrm {0
{0o'´g\ tp{\ &djyKonf a&S;jzpfaom o&onf &ó &ójyKonf
vnf; jzpf\/
ar; {0
{0o'´g\ tp{{ ukd &djyK&rnf[l&mü awGYjrifu&m {0o'´g\tp
{ukd &djyK&rnfavm? owfrw S jf ycJyh g/
ajz {0
{0o'´g\ tp{{ ukd &djyK&m0,f awGjY rifu&m {0o'´g\tp{ukd &d
rjyKEidk yf g/ ,xm wxm o'´gESpcf t k aygif;rS aemufjzpfaom (o&uk)d
{0o'´g\tp {uko d m &djyKEidk yf gonf/ (þ,ljcif;onf jzpfEidk f ygonf)/
ygVd ,xmwxm
,xmwxm'G,y&aó'H/
0kwjdårefrm 'DCo&rSaemufjzpfaom {0 {0o'´g\tpjzpfjzpfaom { tu©&m\
&djyKonf jzpf\/ &dtjyK\a&S;üjzpfaom o&onfvnf; &ójyKonf
tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'DCo&rSm y&ó {0 {0o'´g'dbw l ó { um&ó &duma&m a[mwd?
ykaAÁm p oa&m &aóm a[mwd e0g/
ar; e0g[laomyk'o
e0g f nf tb,ftusK;d &Sod enf;¿/
ygVd e0g
e0gwd uð¿/
ykpH H ,ax0/ yk'jf zwf ,xm+{0/
jrefrm tMuiftjcif;jzif/h
½ly ,ax0
,ax0um; ,xm+{0[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? {0g'dó&d ykaAÁm p
&aóm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom {0o'´g\tpdwf {ukd &djyKí a&SU xmü
1/ oE¨du@ 63
tmukv d nf; t-&ójyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (,xm+{0)

ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh x-cGi;f tm-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf{o&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU xftpdwf tmukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom
xfAsnf;ukd aemuf {okdYuyf? ,ax0 ,ax0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wax0/ yk'jf zwf wxm+{0/
jrefrm xkt
d jcif;jzif/h
½ly wax0
wax0um; wxm+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wd tEÅH/ yk'jf zwf wd,EÅ/H
jrefrm ok;H yg;aomtqk;H /
½ly wd,EÅHum; wd+tEÅ[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh w-cGi;f
£-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh wdü £ukd pstrnfrn S ?hf psvmerd,0k g oa&
0g okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh pstrnf &Sdaom £0Pfukd £,fjyK?
(wf+£,f+tEÅH) ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom wfAsnf;ukd aemuf£
oku Yd yf? ,fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? wd,EÅHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wd t'¨H/ yk'pf yf wd,'´/H

jrefrm t"Geo Yf ;Hk yg;/
½ly wd,'´Hum; wd+t'¨[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾d tm*ga&/ yk'pf yf t*¾,d m*ga&/
jrefrm rD;tdrüf /
½ly t*¾d,m*ga& m*ga&um; t*¾+d tm*ga&[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H owårD taw¬/ yk'pf yf owår, D aw¬/
jrefrm owårt D eufü/
½ly owårD,aw¬um; owårD taw¬[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOörD tEÅ/H yk'pf yf yOör,D EÅ/H
jrefrm yOör0D b d wftqk;H &S\
d /
½ly yOörD,EÅHum; yOör+D tEÅ[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k t*ØuH/ yk'pf yf 'k0*Øu/H
jrefrm t*FgESpyf g;&S\ d /
½ly 'k0*ØuHum; 'k+t*Øu[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh '-cGi;f

O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh 'kü Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf psvmerd,0k g oa&
0g okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh vtrnf &Sdaom O0Pfukd O0fjyK?
('f+O0f+t*Øu)H ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 'fAsn;f ukd aemufOoku Yd yf?
0fAsn;f t-okuYd yf? 'k0*ØuHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©K tmoae/ yk'pf yf bduK© 0goae/
jrefrm &[ef;wk\ Yd ae&mü/
½ly bdu©K0goae
0goaeum; bduK© +tmoae[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykxk tmoae/ yk'pf yf ykx0k goae/
jrefrm Bu;D aomae&mü/
½ly ykxk0goae
goaeum; ykx+k tmoae[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o,rÇL tmoae/ yk'pf yf o,rÇL0goae/

jrefrm tvkv d jdk zpfaomae&mü/
½ly o,rÇL0goae0goaeum; o,rÇL+tmoae[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þkjy,k*w f üYdk ,0um&m p okwjf zifh ,ç 0 tjyKwo
Ydk nf a&mufuek f
vwfaomf tmvyae od *oanm okwrf S ]]onm}}[laom yk'o f nf
0dbwfjyefí vkduf\/
ygVd £wD" ,0g
,0ga'aook orÜawåokÞ ]]onm}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 29/ £0PÖK0PÖm psvm/

okwjf refrm £0Pf O0PfwkdYonf tpOftwkdif; ps v rnfukef\/
0kwjdårefrm £0Pf O0PfwkdYonf tpOftwkdif; ps v wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
0kwydå gVd £0PÖO0PÖ£apöaw ,xmuúrH psv psvonm a[mEÅ/d
ar; þokwyf g 0*f 0PÖo'´gjzifh odEidk af vmufaomt"dygÜ ,fuadk &;cJyh g/
ajz þokwfyg- 0PÖo'´gonf o0PÖjzpfaom wlaomokwd&Sdaom
£ þ wlaomokwd&Sdaom O OD-ukd ,lapjcif;tusKd;&Sdygonf/
ygVd 0PÖ*[
¾ PH o0PÖ*[ ¾ Pw¬/H
1/ oE¨du@ 65
ar; psonm yonmwk\ Yd xl;jcm;[efudk a&;í? þokwjf zifh pD&ifEidk af om

vdiuf dk a&;cJyh g/
ajz y-[laomtrnfonf &w¬d £w¬Dç a"Ek 0"l [laom £w¬dvdif\
tqk;H jzpfaom £0Pfç O0Pfuo dk mvQif rSo
D nf jzpfouJo h Ydk xktYd wl
ps-[laomtrnf v-[laomtrnfonf t*¾pd aomvdi\ f tqk;H ukod mvQif rSo D nf
rjzpfyg/ y-[laomtrnfonf £w¬v d id u
f odk mvQif rSoD nf jzpf ouJo h Ydk xkt Yd wl ps
v-[laomtrnfonf £w¬dvdifukdomvQif rSDonf rjzpfyg/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;
[lru l m; ukAEÁ -dÅ paom tmcsmwfü¤if;? ukAaÁ EÅm ykvad’ *Fg-paom vdi\ f tv,fü¤if;?
ESpyf g;aom ykvi’d f eykvi’d \ f tqk;H ü¤if;? ps v-onmvQif taMumif;&Sad om tma'o
ukd jrif&aomaMumifw h nf/
rSwcf suf ps v-onmum; tmcsmwf? vdif\tv,f vdifESpfckwkdY\ tqkH;ü
rnf&ygonf/ y-onmum; vdi\ f tqk;H üom rnf& ygonf/ aw
£w¬dcsmayg okwfukdaxmufí £0PÖK0PÖm psvm [laom okwfonf ykvd’if
eykvi’d uf dk pD&ifaom okwjf zpfygonf/
ygVd psvonm yonm0? e vd*FEÅH 0 edódwm/
tmcsmaw vd*rF aZÑp? 'dv G *d aF EÅ p 'óem/
----------------
okwf 30/ psvme rd ,k0g oa& 0g/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh ps-rnfaom £0Pf v-rnfaom O0PfwkdY\
£,jyK O0jyKwo Ydk nf tcsKYd jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh ps v wkdY\ ps-rnfaom £0Pfukd
£,jyK? v-rnfaom O0Pfudk O0jyKwo Ydk nf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd psv
psv£apöawoH £,O0 £,O0£apöaw tma'om a[mEÅd 0g oa& ya&/
½kyf jrefrm &\tpdwf o&ausjcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd o&avmayg/
ykpH H wd,EÅH ponfwnf;/
ar; 0g 0g[laomyk'of nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz t*sm*ga& paomykpH w H üYdk £, O0-tjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd 0gwd uð¿ t*sm*ga& (wsm'Dok £,k0edao"ew¬)H /

0g
ykpH H t*sm*ga&/ yk'jf zwf t*¾+d tm*ga&/
jrefrm rD;tdrüf /
½ly t*sm*ga&
t*sm*ga&um; t*¾d+tm*ga&[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? psvmerd,k0g
oa& 0g okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh £0Pfudk £,jyKoifh jim;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
,H e0g okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU *ft ¾ pdwf £ukd ,fjyK? (t*¾+f
,f+tm*ga&) ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom *¾Af sn;f ukd aemuf,o f u
Ydk yf?
*¾sAsnf; tm-okdYuyf? (t*¾sm*ga&) AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g okwfü po'´gjzifh
Asn;f ok;H vkw
H w
Ydk iG f okww d l Asn;f ESpv
f ;Hk wk\
Yd tm*EÅKuoH,*k f tp *Asn;f wpfv;Hk ukad cs?
t*sm*ga&
t*sm*ga&um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H owårD taw¬/ yk'jf zwf owårsaw¬/
jrefrm owår0D b d wf\teufü/
½ly owårsaw¬um; owårD+taw¬[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? psvmerd,k0g
oa& 0g okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh £0Pfudk £,jyKoifh jim;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (owårD+taw¬) ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh r-cGif;
þ-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf
þukdacs? (owårf+taw¬) , 0 r ' e w & vmpm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü ,ftu©&mvm? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom
rfAsn;f aemuf,o f u
Ydk yf rsAf sn;f ukd aemuft-oku Yd yf? owårsaw¬um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©K tmoae edoD'wd/ yk'jf zwf bduK© 0goae/
jrefrm &[ef;wk\ Yd ae&mü ae\/
½ly bdu©K0goae
0goaeum; bduK© +tmoae[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? psvmerd,0k g
oa& 0g okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh O0Pfudk O0jyKoifh jim;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? , 0 r '
e w & vmpm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü 0ftu©&mvm?
ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 0fAsn;f ukd aemuftm-oku Yd yf? bdu©K0goae
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H a*g tZdeH/ yk'jf zwf *0gZde/H
1/ oE¨du@ 67
jrefrm EGm;ç qdwf/

½ly *0gZdeHum; a*g+tZdeH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? Mo oa& p okwfjzifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a*go'´g\tpdwfMoukd t0jyK? (*f+t0+ tZdeH)
*f-Asn;f t-oku
Yd yf? (*0+tZde)H 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0ftpdwf t-ukad cs? 'DCH okwjf zifh
a&SUto&ausNyD;aomf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh
o&uif;aom 0fAsn;f ukd aemuftm-oku Yd yf? *0gZdeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*g {VuH/ yk'jf zwf *a0VuH/
jrefrm EGm;ç okd;/
½ly *a0VuHum; a*g+{VuH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? Mo oa& p okwfjzifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a*go'´g\tpdwfMoukd t0jyK? (*f+t0+ {VuH)
*f-Asnf; t-okdYuyf? (*0+{VuH) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? 0ftpdwf t-ukdacs? ea, y&H
,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 0fAsn;f ukd aemuf{-oku Yd yf? *a0VuHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þjy,k*w f üYdk a*g ta0g ormao [laom0dbwfw\Ydk yk'o

f nfvnf;
vkduf\/
ygVd £wD" ]]a*gç ta0gç ormao}}wd p 0wåaw/
rSwcf suf *g0ao okwfrS ]]a*g}}? t0rSd p okwfrS ]]ta0g}}? wawm e rH
okwfrS ]]ormao}} [laomyk'fonf 0dbwfjyefí vkduf\/
----------------
okwf 31/ Mo oa& p/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifhvnf; okwåormofü (ormao) a*go'´g\
tpdwfMo\ t0jyKonf (a*g t0) jzpf\/
0kwjdårefrm vkwoå rmofü aemufjzpfaom o&aMumifh a*go'´g\ tpdwMf o\
t0jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a*g
a*g£apöwó Mo Moum&ó oa& ya& t0g t0ga'aom a[mwd
ormao/
po'´g p o'´g O0Pf\ O0 t0jyKwoYdk nf jzpfuek \
f /
ygVd p o'´*[¾ aPe O0PÖó O0t0g
O0t0ga'om/
H m;- ,xmÞ
ykpH u
ykpH H bk0/d jrefrm ajrü/
½ly bk 0 dum; blvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumoteufü owårD
{u0kpf o®ð0dbwfouf? (bl+o®ð) b-cGif;? Mo oa& p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemuf
o®ð0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh blo'´g\tpdwf ODukd O0jyK? (bf+O0+o®ð) bfAsnf;
Ooku Yd yf? (bk0+o®)ð wawm o®rd d okwüf wawmo'´gjzifh o®0ð b d wfudk £jyK? (bk0+£)
0-cGi;f acs uyf? bk0dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yoa0g/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYonf EGm;wkdYukd/
½ly yoa0g
yoa0gum; yokvid w f nf? wkoYd nf[í l --aMumifh vdit
f eufü yXrm
A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (yok+a,m) o-cGi;f O-<uif;? Mo oa& p okwüf po'´gjzifh
aemuf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh yoko'´g\tpdwf Oukd O0jyK? (yof+O0+a,m)
ofAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (yok0+ a,m) wawm a,mearm wk okwüf wko'´gjzifh a,m
0dbwfudk MojyK? 0-cGi;f acs uyf? yoka0g 0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykx {0/ yk'jf zwf ykxa*0/
jrefrm todonfomvQif/
½ly ykxa*0a*0um; ykx+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? a*g oa& ykxóm *arm
uGpd okwjf zifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh ykx[laom edygwf\ tqk;H ü *ftu©&m
vm? (ykx+*f+{0) ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom *fAsnf;ukd aemuf{-
oku Yd yf? ykxa*0a*0um; Ny;D \/
þjy,k*w f üYdk / £wD"/
--------------
okwf 32/ a*g oa& ykxóm*arm uGpd/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh yk xedygwf\ tqk;H ü tcsKaYd omjy,k*üf
* vmonf jzpf\/
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh yk x[laomedygwf\ tqk;H ü
tcsKjYd y,k*üf * vmonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ykx£apöwó edygwó taEÅ uGpd * um&m*arm a[mwd oa&
ya&/
1/ oE¨du@ 69
tm*arm tMuiftu©&monf vmwwf\? xkaYd Mumifh xkt d u©&monf tm*r

rnf\/ t&um;- tu©&mukd &ygonf/
ygVd tm*päww D d tm*arm/
tm*arm a&S;ü xif&mS ;r&Sad omtu©&m\ xifpmG jzpfvmjcif;onf tm*rrnf\/
ygVd toEÅKyw Ü då tm*arm/
ar; *vm&rnfXh meukd taMumif;jyí ajzqkyd g/
ajz þokwüf ]]oa&}}[laomedrw d ef ;D onf\ tpGr;f aMumifh ykxo'´g\
tqk;H ü þoko Yd td yfaomteufudk (£wd*rsrmeaw¬m) þokYd jyKtyf
ygaom teufukd &tyfygonf/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]oa&}}wd edrdwåmoEé0aoe ykxó taEÅ vAÇwd/
ykpH H ykxa*0/ ykx {0/ jrefrm toD;onfomvQi/f
ykpH H yg {0/ yk'jf zwf yg+{0/
jrefrm xkod \
l jzpfjcif;um; a&S;OD;pGmuvQi/f
½ly yg {0
{0um; yg+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ygó paEÅm &aóm okwjf zifh
aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh ygedygwf\tqk;H ü *ftu©&mvmí ygedygwf\ tpdwf
tmukv d nf; t&ójyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´g jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK& rvm&?
yg {0 {0um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm yg {0 [laomþyk'üf ]]oa&ç a*gç tm*armç uGp}d } yk'o f nfvnf;
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oa&ç a*gç tm*armç uGpD}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 33/ ygó paEÅm &aóm/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh (oa&) ygygedygwf\tqk;H ü tcsKUd jy,k*üf *vmonf
jzpf\? yg
ygedygwf\tpdwf tmonfvnf; &ó jyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh ygyg[laomedygwf\ tqk;H ü tcsKUd aom
jy,k*üf *vmonf jzpf\? ygygedygwf\tqk;H tm jzpfaom o&onf
&ójyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd yg£apöwó taEÅ p oa& ya& uGpd * um&m*arm a[mwd?

yg
yg
ygó taEÅm p oa&m &aóm a[mwd/
ykpH H ya*0/ yk'jf zwf yg+{0/
jrefrm xko d \ l jzpfjcif;um; a&S;OD;pGmuvQi/f
½ly ya*0
ya*0um; yg+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ygó paEÅm &aóm okwjf zifh
aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh ygedygwf\tqk;H ü *ftu©&mvm? ygedygwf\ tpdwf
tmukv d nf; t&ójyK? (y+*f+{0) ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom *fAsn;f ukd
aemuf{-oku Yd yf? ya*0
ya*0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0kwsó yk'jf zwf 0kw+då tó/
jrefrm xko d \ l jzpfjcif;um;/
½ly 0k w sósóum; 0kwåd+tó[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? wå-cGif; £-<uif;?
£0aPÖm ,H e0g okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåftpdwf £ukd
,fjyK? (0kw+få ,+tó) wåAf sn;f ,fou Ydk yf? ,sAf sn;f t-okuYd yf? (0kwså ó) AsOaÆ em
p 0doanma*g okwfüpo'´gjzifh Asnf;okH;vkH;wkdYwGif okwdwl Asnf;ESpfvkH;wkdY\
tm*EÅKuoH,w k f tp w-Asn;f wpfv;Hk ukad cs? 0kwsó sóum; Ny;D \/
0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwrf S ]]0g}}? r'g oa& okwrf S ]]oa&}}yk'o f nfvnf;
0dbwfjyefívku d \ f /
ygVd ]]0gç oa&}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 34/ , 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh , 0 r ' e w & v tu©&mwkdYonfvnf;
vmukefonf tcsKdU jzpfukef\/
0kwjdårefrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh ,tu©&mtp&Su d ek af om &Spv
f ;Hk aom
tu©&mwkdYonf vmukefonf tcsKdUojzifh jzpfukef\/
0kwydå gVd oa& ya& , um&m'a,m t| tm*rm a[mEÅd 0g/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh * vmonfvnf; jzpf\/ þokwüf 0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬w d
0dbmomteuf&\ dS /
ygVd p oa'é * um&m*arm p? 00w¬w d 0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g/
1/ oE¨du@ 71
xkd&SpfvkH;aom tu©&mwkdYwGif/ ww¬/

ar; ,vm&rnfqo dk nf tb,fo'´gaemif tb,faMumifh ,vmEkid yf goenf;/
ajz ,xm-paomo'´gaemifrS £tu©&m {tu©&m ponfwkdYaMumifh ,-
vmEkid yf gonf/
ygVd ,um&m*arm ,xm ,xm'dawm £uma&um&m'Do/k
ykpH H ,xm £'H/ yk'pf yf ,x,d'/H
jrefrm þpdwo f nf jzpfouJoh /Ydk
½ly ,x,d ' Hum; ,xm+£'H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,xmo'´gaemif ,ftu©&m
vm? (,xm+,f+£'H) ,fAsn;f aemuf£oku Yd yf? (,xm+,d')H &óH [laomokwjf zifh
aemuf,Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU xmtpdwf tmukd t&ójyK? ,x,d'Hum;
Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm o&m yuwd AsOÆae-okwfü AsOÆaeyk'fukd apí ]]&óH}}[laom
&ótjzpfudk jyKtyf\ (uwåA)HÁ /
ygVd AsOaÆ ewd t"dupd ö ]]&ó}}EÅd &ówå/H
ykpH H ,xm £'H 0g/
jrefrm ,xm £'H [lívnf; &Sd\/
½ly ,xm £'Hum; ,xm+£'H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vmoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? ,xm £'Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm {0/ yk'pf yf ,xma,0/
jrefrm tMuiftjcif;t&mjzifo h mvQi/f
½ly ,xma,0
,xma,0um; ,xm+{0[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm? (,xm+,f+{0) ,fAsn;f aemuf{oku Yd yf? ,xma,0
,xma,0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,ax0/ yk'jf zwf ,xm {0/
jrefrm tMuiftjcif;t&mjzifo h mvQi/f
½ly ,ax0
,ax0um; ,xm+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,xmo'´gaemif ,ftu©&mvm
oifhjim; aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? (,xm+ {0) x-cGif; tm-

<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf{o& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUxftpdwf
tmukad cs? (,xf+{0) ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom xfAsn;f ukd aemuf
{oku Yd yf? ,ax0
,ax0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H rm,d'/H yk'jf zwf rm+£'H/
jrefrm þtwl þtrIukd rjyKvifh (ua&mwd)/
½ly rm,d ' Hum; rm+£'H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh rmo'´gaemif ,ftu©&mvm? (rm+
,f+£'H) ,fAsn;f aemuf£oku Yd yf? rm,d'Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rma,0H/ yk'jf zwf rm+{0H/
jrefrm þokdY rjyKvifh (ua&mwd)/
½ly rma,0Hum; rm+{0H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H w,d'/H yk'jf zwf w+£'H/
jrefrm xko
d moemawmfonf (jA[®p&d,)H /
½ly w,d'Hum; w+£'H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wHa,0/ yk'jf zwf wH+{0/
jrefrm xkdolukdomvQif/
½ly wHa,0,0um; wH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e,d'/H yk'jf zwf e+£'H/
jrefrm þtrIonf rtyf (uyÜwd)/
½ly e,d'Hum; e+£'H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e,dró/ yk'jf zwf e+£ró/
jrefrm þoltm; twwfonf (0dZÆm) r&Sd/
½ly e,dró óum; e+£ró[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e,drmed/ yk'jf zwf e+£rmed/
jrefrm þtrIwu Ydk dk rjyKtyfuek f (umwAÁmed)/
½ly e,drmedum; e+£rmed[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e0,dar "r®m/ yk'jf zwf e+£ar "r®m/
jrefrm ukd;yg;ukefaom þw&m;wkdYonf/
1/ oE¨du@ 73
½ly e0,dar "r®mum; e+£ar "r®m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H Ak'g¨ eH a,0/ yk'jf zwf Ak'g¨ eH+{0/
jrefrm bk&m;&Siw f \
Ydk omvQi/f
½ly Ak'¨geHa,0 ,0um; Ak'g¨ eH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H oEÅad ,0/ yk'jf zwf oEÅ+d {0/
jrefrm &Su
d ek o f nfomvQi/f
½ly oEÅda,0 ,0um; oEÅ+d {0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aAm"d,ma,0/ yk'jf zwf aAm"d,m+{0/
jrefrm oAÁñw k ÓPf\omvQi/f
½ly aAm"d,ma,0 ma,0um; aAm"d,m+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H owda,0/ yk'jf zwf owd+{0/
jrefrm owd&adS omfomvQi/f
½ly owda,0 ,0um; owd+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yx0Da,0/ yk'jf zwf yx0D+{0/

jrefrm ajronfyifvQi/f
½ly yx0Da,0,0um; yx0D+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "mwka,0/ yk'jf zwf "mwk+{0/
jrefrm "mwfonfyifvQi/f
½ly "mwka,0,0um; "mwk+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awoka,0/ yk'jf zwf awok+{0/
jrefrm xkod w
l üYdk yifvQi/f
½ly awoka,0 ,0um; awok+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aoma,0/ yk'jf zwf aom+{0/
½ly aoma,0
aoma,0um; aom+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yg#da,uú/H yk'jf zwf yg#d+{uú/H
jrefrm toD;/
½ly yg#da,uúHum; yg#d+{uú[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ar; tb,fo'´gaemif ,-vmEkid yf gao;oenf;/

ajz ,xm-paom o'´grSwpfyg;? aemufo&aESmif;aomaMumifh 0dç y&d
paom o'´gaemifrv S nf; ,-vmEkid yf gao;onf/
ygVd wxm oa& 0dy&d,m'dawm p/
ykpH H 0d tOÆem/ yk'pf yf 0d,OÆem/
jrefrm txl;ojzifh jywwfonf/
½ly 0d,OÆemmum; 0d+tOÆem[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh 0dOyom&aemif ,ftu©&m
vm? (0d+,f+tOÆem) ,fAsn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? 0d,OÆemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H AsOeÆ m 0g/ yk'jf zwf 0d+tOÆem/
jrefrm wenf;um; jywwfonf/
½ly AsOÆ e mmum; 0d+tOÆem[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh 0dOyom&aemif ,ftu©&mvm?
(0d+,f+tOÆem) a'g "ó p okwüf aAm 0ó [laom okw0å b d m*jzifh 0d-ESpv f ;Hk ukd
AÁf-ESpfvkH;jyK? (AÁf+,f+tOÆem) AÁf-Asnf;ukd ,f-okdYuyf? AÁsf-Asnf;ukd aemuft-okdYuyf?
(AÁsOeÆ m) AsOaÆ em p 0doanma*g okwüf po'´gjzifh Asn;f ok;H vk;H wkw Yd iG f okww
d l Asn;f
ESpv f ;Hk rS tm*EÅKu oH,w k f A-Asn;f wpfv;kH ukad cs? AsOÆemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H 0d,mumod/ yk'jf zwf 0d+tumod/
jrefrm þtwl Mum;\/
½ly 0d,mumodum; 0d+tumod[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm ok w f j zif h aemuf t o&aES m if ; aomaMumif h 0d O yom&aemif
,ftu©&mvm? (0d+,f+tumod) 'DCH okwjf zifh aemufuAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ,f-Asn;f tmoku Yd yf? 0d,mumodum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Asmumod/ yk'jf zwf 0d+tumod/
jrefrm Mum;\/
½ly Asmumodum; 0d+tumod[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh 0dOyom&aemif ,ftu©&m
vm? (0d+,f+tumod) 'DCH okwjf zifh aemufuAsn;f aESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUto&ukd
tm'DCjyK? (0d+,f+tmumod) a'g "ó p okwüf aAm 0ó [laom 'd"G mu&P
1/ oE¨du@ 75
a,m*0dbm*jzifh 0d-ESpv f ;Hk ukd AÁ-f ESpv

f ;Hk jyK? (AÁ+f ,f+tmumod) AÁ-f Asn;f ukd ,f-oku Yd yf?
AÁs-f Asn;f ukd aemuftm-oku Yd yf? (AÁsmumod) AsOaÆ em p 0doanma*g okwüf po'´gjzifh
Asn;f ok;H vk;H wkw
Yd iG f okww d l Asn;f ESpv f ;Hk rS tm*EÅKu oH,w k f A-Asn;f wpfv;kH ukad cs?
Asmumodum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y&dtEÅH yk'pf yf y&d,EÅ/H
jrefrm tqkH;/
½ly y&d , EÅ Hum; y&d+tEÅH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh y&dOyom&aemif ,ftu©&mvm?
,f-Asn;f toku Yd yf? y&d,EÅHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H y&d,m'geH/ yk'jf zwf y&d+tm'geH/
jrefrm þtwl tqkH;/
½ly y&d,m'geHum; y&d+tm'geH[k yk'jf zwf y&d,EÅEH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&d,|k meH/ yk'jf zwf y&d+O|meH/
jrefrm xk;d usijhf cif;/
½ly y&d,k|meHum; y&d+O|meH[k yk'jf zwf y&d,EÅEH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&da,owd/ yk'jf zwf y&d+{owd/
jrefrm &SmrS;D \/
½ly y&da,owdum; y&d+{owd[k yk'jf zwf y&d,EÅEH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&da,momerdwd edp/Hö yk'jf zwf y&d+MoomeH+£wd/

jrefrm tqk;H þy&d,EÅH paomjy,k*o f nf edp0ö "d w
d nf;/
½ly y&da,momerdwdum; y&d+MoomeH+£wd[yk 'k jf zwfíwnf? , 0
r ' e w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufMoo&aESmif;aomaMumifh y&dOyom&aemif
,ftu©&mvm? ,f-Asn;f Mooku Yd yf? r'g oa& [laom okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUetxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u
f dk y0*¾EÅ rf-jyK? rfAsn;f aemuf£oku
Yd yf?
y&da,momerdwu d m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ed,ma,ma*g/ yk'jf zwf ed+tma,ma*g/
jrefrm tjrv J Qif tvGe, f OS jf cif;/
½ly ed,ma,ma*g
ma,ma*gum; ed+tma,ma*g[k yk'jf zwf y&d,EÅEH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þqkv d wåUH aom jy,k*üf edpmö edp0ö "d d rjzpf/

ygVd £" e b0wd/
jrefrm xuf0ef;usif ½Iaomoltm; pl;prf;qifjcif\/
ygVd y&dua© wm? Oyy&duw © /d
ar; , 0 r ' e okwfü 0tu©&m tb,fo'´gaemif vmygoenf;/
ajz 0-tu©&monf wd-tp&Sdaomo'´gaemifrS t0Pfç O-tu©&mwkdY
aMumifh vmygonf/
ygVd 0uma&m wdo'´g'dawm t0PÖKuma&ok/
ykpH H wd t*FkvH/ yk'pf yf wd0*Fv
k /H
jrefrm vufo;Hk opf/
½ly wd0*FkvHum; wd+t*Fv k [H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh wdo'´gaemif 0ftu©&mvm? 0f-
Yd yf? wd0*FkvHum; Ny;D \/
Asn;f toku
ykpH H {0H wd0*Øu/H yk'jf zwf wd+t*Øu/H

jrefrm þtwl t*FgokH;yg;&Sd\/
½ly wd0*ØuHum; wd+t*Øu[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bl0g'a,m yk'jf zwf bl+tm'a,m/
jrefrm blo'´gtydik ;f tjcm;&Sad om o'´gwko Yd nf/
½ly bl0g'a,m
g'a,mum; bl+tm'a,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rd*D bEÅm 0k'du©wd/ yk'jf zwf O+'duw© /d
jrefrm orifronf wkefvIyfvQuf Munfh\/
½ly 0k'du©wdum; O+'duw © [ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y0kpwö /d yk'jf zwf y+Opöw/d
jrefrm qktd yf\/
½ly y0kpöwdum; y+Opöw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yg*kn0kZw k m/ yk'jf zwf yg*kn+OZkwm/
jrefrm um,yg*knwm apwoduf? um,kZkuwm apwoduf/
½ly yg*kn0kZkwmmum; yg*kn+OZkwm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 77
ar; tb,fah Mumifh tb,fo'´gaemif rtu©&mvmEkid yf goenf;/

ajz r tu©&monf v[ko'´gtp&Sad om o'´gaemifrS aemufo&aESmif;
aomaMumifh qef;*kdPf;ukd apmifhjcif;tp&SdaomtaMumif;aMumifh
tmygonf/ (tm*arm)/
ygVd ruma&m v[kyb Ü wk ad wm oa& qE´mEk&u©Pm'dr/dS
ykpH H v[k {ówd/ yk'pf yf v[karówd/
jrefrm vsifpGm a&mufvwåHU/
½ly v[karówdum; v[k+{ówd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e
w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh v[ko'´gaemif rftu©&m
vm? rf-Asn;f aemuf{okuYd yf? v[karówdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H *½karówd/ yk'jf zwf *½k+{ówd/
jrefrm þtwl aES;jznf;pGm a&mufvwåHU/
½ly *½karówdum; *½k+{ówd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £"rm[k/ yk'jf zwf £"+tm[k/
jrefrm þt&mü qkdukef\/
½ly £"rm[kum; £"+tm[k-[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aue aw £" rdZÑwd/ yk'jf zwf £"+£ZÑw/d
jrefrm tb,faMumifh oifhtm; þt&mü jynfhpkHoenf;/
½ly £" rdZÑwdum; £"+£ZÑw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H baj'm uomrd0/ yk'jf zwf uom+£0/
jrefrm aumif;aomjrif;onf Burd v
f ;Hk rS MuOfouJo h Ydk (0aZÆw)d /
½ly uomrd0um; uom+£0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmumao rbdylZ,d/ yk'jf zwf tmumao+tbdylZ,d/
jrefrm aumif;uifü ylaZmf\/
½ly tmumao rbdylZ,dum; tmumao+tbdyZl ,d[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H {uaruó/ yk'jf zwf {u+{uó/
jrefrm wpfa,mufwpfa,mufaomoltm;/
½ly {uaruó
{uaruóum; {u+{uó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,e rda"uapö/ yk'jf zwf a,e+£"+{uapö/
jrefrm tMuifaMumifh þavmuü tcsKdUaomolwkdYonf/
½ly a,e rda"uapöum; a,e+£"+{uapö[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H bm,wdar0/ yk'jf zwf bm,wd+{0/
jrefrm aeonfomwnf;/
½ly bm,wdar0r0um; bm,wd+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ar; ' tu©&monf tb,fo'´gwkdYaemif vmygoenf;/
ajz ' tu©&monf O [laom Oyom&yk'çf uðoyk 'k çf auepdy'k çf udOydö 'k çf
udo®dOödyk'fç aumpdyk'fç or®myk'fç ,m0yk'fç wm0yk'fç ykeyk'fç ,yk'fç
wyk'çf {uyk'çf twåy'k çf o-tp&Sad omyk'w f aYdk emifrS vmygonf (a[mwd)/
ygVd 'uma&m O Oyo*¾ oud auepd udOöd udo®dOöd aumpd or®m ,m0
wm0 yke , aw}wwåom'D[d/
O -[laom Oyom&yk'af emifrS edp0ö "d o d nf jzpf\/
ygVd O Oyo*¾awm edp/Hö
ykpH H O ta*¾g/ yk'pf yf O'a*¾g/
jrefrm txuftxufjzpfonf? 0g- wuf<uonf/
½ly O'a*¾ gum; O+ta*¾g[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh O-Oyom&aemif 'ftu©&mvm?
'f-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? O'a*¾gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H O'a,m/ yk'jf zwf O+ta,m/
jrefrm þtwl wufonf/
½ly O'a,m
O'a,mum; O+ta,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'yg'd/ yk'jf zwf O+tyg'd
jrefrm xif&mS ;jzpf\/
½ly O'yg'dum; O+tyg'd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'g[#H/ yk'jf zwf O+tm[#H/
jrefrm xkwaf qmiftyf\/
1/ oE¨du@ 79
½ly O'g[#Hum; O+tm[#H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H O'dawm/ yk'jf zwf O+£awm/
jrefrm qktd yf\/
½ly O'dawmwmum; O+£awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'D&wd /H yk'jf zwf O+þ&dw/H
jrefrm qkt
d yf\/
½ly O'D&dwHum; O+þ&dw[
ykpH H Oa'wd yk'jf zwf O+{wd/
jrefrm wuf\/
½ly Oa'wdum; O+{wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
edygwfy'k af emifru S m;/ edygawm p/

ykpH H oud {0/ yk'pf yf ouda'0/
jrefrm wpfBurd o f mvQi/f
½ly ouda'0 '0um; oud+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh oudeyd gwfy'k af emif 'ftu©&mvm?
'f-Asn;f aemuf{oku Yd yf? ouda'0 '0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H ou'g*grd/ yk'jf zwf ou+tm*grd/
jrefrm þtwl ou'g*grfy*k K¾ v d /f
½ly ou'g*grdum; ou+tm*grd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm us,af om jzpf&m&Sad om okwBf u;D jzifh ud-ü £-tu©&m\ t-tjyK
onf jzpf\/ xkdrSwpfyg;/
ygVd r[m0kwådoawåe £ £um&ó t uma&m/ wxm/
jrefrm þtwl ou'g*grfy*k K¾ v d /f
ykpH H auepda'0/ yk'jf zwf auepd+{0/
jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfck jyKz,G jf zifo
h mvQi/f
½ly auepda'0 '0um; auepd+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh auepdeyd gwfy'k af emif 'ftu©&m
vm? 'f-Asn;f aemuf{oku Yd yf? auepda'0 '0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udOadö '0/ yk'jf zwf udO+dö {0/

jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfcu k o
dk mvQi/f
½ly udOöda'0 '0um; udO+dö {0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H udoOd® adö '0/ yk'jf zwf udoOd® +dö {0/
jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfcük omvQi/f
½ly udo®dOöda'0 '0um; udoOd® +dö {0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aumpda'0/ yk'jf zwf aumpd+{0/
jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfa,mufaomolonfomvQi/f
½ly aumpda'0 '0um; aumpd+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H or®m taw¬m/ yk'pf yf or®'aw¬m/
jrefrm oifwh ifah omtaMumif;jzifh jyKtyfaom tusK;d pD;yGm;/
½ly or®'aw¬mum; or®m+taw¬m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w
& vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh or®medygwfy'k af emif 'ftu©
&mvm? 'f-Asnf; aemuftokdYuyf? (or®m+'aw¬m) &óH [laomokwfjzifh aemuf
'Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh or®mü tmukd t-&ó jyK? or®'aw¬mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm &óH[laomokwfjzifh or®mü tm\ &ótjzpfonf jzpf\/
ygVd &ówå/H
ykpH H {0H or®'u©mawm/ yk'jf zwf or®m+tu©mawm/
jrefrm þtwl aumif;pGma[mtyf\/
½ly or®'u©mawm awmum; or®m+tu©mawm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r
' e w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh or®medygwfy'k af emif
'ftu©&mvm? 'f-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? (or®m+'aw¬m) &óH [laomokwjf zifh aemuf
'Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh or®mü tmukd t-&ó jyK? or®'u©mawm awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H or®'nm 0drw k må eH/ yk'jf zwf or®m+tnm 0drkwåmeH/
jrefrm toifhtm;jzifh odí udavomrS vGwfukefaomolwkdYtm;/
½ly or®'nm 0drkwåmeHum; or®m+tnm 0drw k må eH[k yk'jf zwf enf;wl/
ykpH H or®a'0/ yk'jf zwf or®m+{0/
jrefrm aumif;pGmomvQi/f
1/ oE¨du@ 81
½ly or®a'0 '0um; or®m+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H ,m0'w¬/H yk'jf zwf ,m0+tw¬H/
jrefrm tvd&k wdS idk ;f /
½ly ,m0'w¬Hum; ,m0+tw¬H[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,m0edygwfy'k af emif 'ftu©&m
vm? 'f-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? ,m0'w¬Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m0a'0/ yk'jf zwf ,m0+{0/
jrefrm xkrd Qavmuf/
½ly ,m0a'0
,m0a'0um; ,m0+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wm0a'0/ yk'jf zwf wm0+{0/
jrefrm xkrd Qavmuf/
½ly wm0a'0
wm0a'0um; wm0+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykea'0/ yk'jf zwf yke+{0/
jrefrm wpfzefvQi/f
½ly ykea'0
a'0um; yke+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
emrfy'k af emifr/S emrawm/
ykpH H ,'w¬/H yk'jf zwf ,H+tw¬H/
jrefrm tMuiftusK;d iSg/
½ly ,'w¬ Hum; ,H+tw¬H[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,H-[laomorÜ'gefy'k af emif 'ftu©
&mvm? 'f-Asnf; aemuftokdYuyf? (,H+'w¬H) AsOÆae okwfjzifh aemuf'Asnf;aESmif;
aomaMumifh ,txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd uf adk cs? ,'w¬Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w'w¬/H yk'jf zwf wH+tw¬H/
jrefrm xkt d usK;d iSg/
½ly w'w¬Hum; wH+tw¬[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ,'EÅ&m/ yk'jf zwf ,H+tEÅ&m/
jrefrm tMuiftMum;ü/
½ly ,'EÅ&mmum; ,H+tEÅ&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H w'EÅ&m/ yk'jf zwf wH+tEÅ&m/
jrefrm xktd Mum;ü/
½ly w'EÅ&mmum; wH+tEÅ&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H w'*F0rd w k /då yk'jf zwf wH+t*F0rd wk /då
jrefrm xkdxkdokdYaom ukokdvft*Fgjzifh/
½ly w'*F0drkwådum; wH+t*F0rd w k [ då k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {w'w¬/H yk'jf zwf {wH+tw¬/H
jrefrm xktd usK;d iSg/
½ly {w'w¬Hum; {wH+tw¬[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H twå'w¬/H yk'jf zwff twå+tw¬/H
jrefrm rdrtd usK;d iSg/
½ly twå'w¬Hum; twå+tw¬[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o'w¬yokawm od,m
yk'jf zwf o+tw¬yokawm/
jrefrm rdrt d usK;d ü avhusuof nf jzpf\/
½ly o'w¬yokawm wmum; o+tw¬yokawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
,ç wç {wç twåç o yk'fwkdYaemifrS ormofüomvQif jzpf\/
ygVd ,awwwåao[d ormaoa,0/
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzifh tn-paomyk'af emifrS 'fvmEkid yf gonf/

ygVd tm'doa'é tn'w¬/H
ykpH H tn'w¬/H yk'jf zwf tnH+tw¬H/
jrefrm wpfyg;aomtusK;d iSg/
½ly ,'w¬ Hum; tnH+tw¬H[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwüf tm'do'´gjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh tnH-yk'af emif 'ftu©
&mvm? 'f-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? (tnH+'w¬)H AsOaÆ e okwjf zifh aemuf'Asn;f aESmif;
aomaMumifh ,txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w f adk cs? tn 'w¬Hum; Ny;D \/
d u
ykpH H reom'nm 0drw k må eH/ yk'jf zwf reom+tnm/
jrefrm pdwfjzifh odí vTwfukefaomolwkdYtm;/
1/ oE¨du@ 83
½ly reom'nmum; reom+tnm[k yk'jf zwfí

reom'nm f wnf? , 0 r ' e w
& vm pm*rm okwüf tm'do'´gjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh reom-yk'af emif
'ftu©&mvm? 'f-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? reom'nm
reom'nmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H A[ka'0 &wå/ð yk'jf zwf A[k+{0/
jrefrm rsm;pGmaom nOfyh wfv;Hk /
½ly A[ka'0 '0um; A[k+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H t[ka'0 b,H/ yk'jf zwf t[k+{0/
jrefrm aMumufjcif;onf jzpfovQiw f nf;/
½ly t[ka'0 '0um; t[k+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ar; 0g
0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz auepd tw¬umare paom ykpH w H üYdk 'fvmjcif;rS epfap&jcif; tusK;d
&Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g
0gwd uð¿ auepd tw¬umare (wsm'Dok 'g*r ed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H auepd tw¬umare/ yk'jf zwf auepd+tw¬umare/
jrefrm wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd tvkd&Sdaomolonf/
½ly auepd tw¬umaremareum; auepd+tw¬umare[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf?
, 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm okwüf tm'do'´gjzifh aemufto&aESmif; aomaMumifh
auepd-yk'af emif 'ftu©&mvmoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpf aomaMumifh rvm&?
auepd tw¬umaremareum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H or®m tnm,/ yk'jf zwf or®m+tnm,/
jrefrm aumif;pGm odí/
½ly or®m tnm,
tnm,um; or®m+tnm,[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m0g[H/ yk'jf zwf ,m0g+t[H/
jrefrm tMuifrQavmuf igonf/
½ly ,m0g[Hum; ,m0g+t[H[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwüf tm'do'´gjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ,m0-yk'af emif
'ftu©&mvmoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? 0-cGi;f tm-<uif;?
o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif; aomaMumifh a&SU0ftpdwf tmukad cs?
'DCH okwfjzifh a&SUtmo&ausNyD;onf &Sdaomf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea,

y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 0fAsn;f ukd aemuftmoku Yd yf? ,m0g[Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wm0g[H/ yk'jf zwf wm0g+t[H/
jrefrm xkdrQavmuf igonf/
½ly wm0g[Hum; wm0g+t[H[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykemy&H/ yk'jf zwf yke+ty&H/
jrefrm xpfzef wpfyg;wk/H
½ly ykemy&Hum; yke+ty&H[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H twåw¬H/ yk'jf zwf twå+tw¬H/
jrefrm rdrdtusKd;ukd 0g- iSg/
½ly twåw¬Hum; twåtw¬[ H k yk'jf zwf?f 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
ar; e tu©&monf tb,fo'´gwkdYaemif vmygoenf;/

ajz etu©&monf tm,wd-paomo'´g\tpü (aMumif)h vmygonf/
ygVd euma&m tm tm,wm'dr/dS
ykpH H £awm tm,wd/ yk'jf zwf £awm+em,wd/
jrefrm þt&yfrS vm\/
½ly £awm em,wdum; £awm+tm,wd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r
' e w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh tm,wdo'´g\
tpü eftu©&mvm? efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? £awm em,wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pd&H em,wd/ yk'pf yf pd&H+tm,wd/
jrefrm MumjrifhrS vm\/
½ly pd&H em,wdum; pd&+H tm,wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ar; w tu©&monf tb,fo'´gponfwkdYaemif vmygoenf;/
ajz wtu©&monf ,o®m wo®m tZÆ paomo'´grS £[o'´g t*¾o'´g
ponf(ü)aMumifh vmygonf/ (tm*arm a[mwd)/
ygVd wuma&m ,o®m wo®m tZÆm'dawm £[*¾g'drSd/
ykpH H ,o®mwd[/ yk'jf zwf ,o®m+£[/
jrefrm tMuifah Mumifh þt&mü/
1/ oE¨du@ 85
½ly ,o®mwd[um; ,o®m+£[[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e w &

vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh £[o'´g\tpü
wftu©&mvm? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? ,o®mwd[um; NyD;\/
ykpH H wo®mwd[/ yk'jf zwf wo®m+£[/
jrefrm xkdYaMumifh þt&mü/
½ly wo®mwd[um; wo®m+£[[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tZÆwa*¾/ yk'jf zwf tZÆ+ta*¾/
jrefrm ,aeYudk tpjyKí/
½ly tZÆwa*¾um; tZÆ+ta*¾[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu
G /f
ar; & tu©&monf tb,fy'k w f aYdk emif vmygoenf;/

ajz & tu©&monf ed-yk'f 'k-yk'f ygwk-yk'f yke-yk'f "d-yk'f ygw-yk'f pwk
paomyk'af emifrS vmygonf/
ygVd &uma&m ed 'k ygwk yke "D ygw pwk&m'dawm/
ykpH H ed tEÅ&/H yk'pf yf ed&EÅ&/H
jrefrm rjywf/
½ly ed & EÅ & Hum; ed+tEÅ&H[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ed-yk'af emif &ftu©&mvm? &fAsn;f
toku Yd yf? ed&EÅ&Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H ed&mva,m/ yk'jf zwf ed+tmva,m/
jrefrm þtwl wyfjcif;uif;\/
½ly ed&mva,m
mva,mum; ed+tmva,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed&Ed a¨ em/ yk'jf zwf ed+£Eäem/
jrefrm avmifpmr&Sad om rD;/
½ly ed&dEäem emum; ed+£Eäem[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed&[ D uH/ yk'jf zwf ed+þ[uH/
jrefrm tm;xkwjf cif;r&S/d
½ly ed&D[uHum; ed+þ[uH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed½w k aå &m/ yk'jf zwf ed+Owåa&m/
jrefrm pum;qk&d mr&S/d

½ly ed½kwåa&m &mum; ed+Owåa&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eda&mZH/ yk'jf zwf ed+MoZH/
jrefrm MoZmr&S/d
½ly eda&mZHum; ed+MoZH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k twduúarm/ yk'pf yf 'k&wduaú rm/
jrefrm vGeEf idk cf \
J /
½ly 'k&wduúarm rmum; 'k+twduaú rm[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e w
& vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh 'k-yk'af emif &ftu©&mvm?
Yd yf? 'k&wduúarm
&fAsn;f toku rmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'k&m*wH/ yk'jf zwf 'k+tm*wH/
jrefrm raumif;aom vmjcif;/
½ly 'k&m*wHum; 'k+tm*wH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k½w k /Hå yk'jf zwf 'k+Owå/H
jrefrm raumif;ojzifh qkt d yf\/
½ly 'k½kwåHum; 'k+Owå[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygwk&a[mod/ yk'pf yf ygwk+ta[mod/
½ly ygwk&a[modum; ygwk+ta[mod[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e
w & vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh ygwk-edygwfyk'faemif
&ftu©&mvm? &fAsn;f toku Yd yf? ygwk&a[modum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ygwk&a[ok/H yk'jf zwf ygwk+ta[ok/H
jrefrm xif&mS ;jzpfuek \ f /
½ly ygwk&a[okHum; ygwk+ta[ok[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yke&m*apä,s/ yk'jf zwf yke+tm*apä,s/
jrefrm wpfzefvm\/
½ly yke&m*apä,sum; yke+tm*apä,s[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e
w & vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh yke-edygwfyk'faemif
&ftu©&mvm? &fAsn;f toku Yd yf? yke&m*apä,sum; Ny;D \/
1/ oE¨du@ 87
ykpH H yke½kw/Hå yk'jf zwf yke+Owå/H
jrefrm xyfíqkjd cif;/
½ly yke½kwåHum; yke+Owå[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ykea&0/ yk'jf zwf yke+{0/
jrefrm wpfzefvQi/f
½ly ykea&0
a&0um; yke+{0[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykea&wd/ yk'jf zwf yke+{wd/
jrefrm wpfzefa&muf\/
½ly ykea&wdum; yke+{wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "d&w¬K/ yk'jf zwf "d+tw¬K/
jrefrm pufqkyfzG,fom jzpf\/ 0g- xDGzG,fom jzpf\/
½ly "d & w¬ Kum; "d+tw¬K[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh "d-edygwfy'k af emif &ftu©&mvm?
Yd yf? "d&w¬Kum; Ny;D \/
&fAsn;f toku
ykpH H ygw&maom/ yk'jf zwf ygw+tmaom/

jrefrm eHeufüpm;jcif;/
½ly ygw&maom
ygw&maomum; ygw+tmaom[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e
w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh ygw-edygwfy'k af emif
&ftu©&mvm? &fAsn;f toku Yd yf? ygw&maom
ygw&maomum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm pwko'´g ponfrS aemufü &fvmaom O'g[½kPu f dk þokYd rSwtf yf\/
ygVd pwko'´g'dawm/ (&m*arm'g[&PH {0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H pwk&*Øu/H yk'jf zwf pwk+t*Øu/H
jrefrm t*Fgav;yg;&S\ d /
½ly pwk&*ØuHum; pwk+t*ØuH[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh pwko'´gaemif &ftu©&mvm?
&fAsn;f toku Yd yf? pwk&*ØuHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwk&m&u©m/ yk'jf zwf pwk+tm&u©m/
jrefrm Ak'g¨ Ekówd arwåm tokb r&Pówd[al om av;yg;aom tapmift h a&Smuf/
½ly pwk&m&u©mum; pwk+tm&u©[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H pwk&'d yd¨ g'y#dvmabm/ yk'jf zwf pwk+£'ÿg'y#dvmabm/
jrefrm av;yg;ao £'ÿd g'fu&dk jcif;/
½ly pwk&d'¨dyg'y#dvmabm mabmum; pwk+£'ÿd g'y#dvmabm[k yk'jf zwf?f
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwka&mCedw&¬ Pw¬/H yk'jf zwf pwk+MoCedw&¬ Pw¬/H
jrefrm MoCav;yg;rS xGuaf jrmufjcif;iSg/
½ly pwka&mCedw¬&Pw¬Hum; pwk+MoCedw&¬ Pw¬[ H k yk'jf zwf?f
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bwåK&aw¬/ yk'jf zwf bwåK+taw¬/
jrefrm t&Sirf if;\tusK;d ü/
½ly bwåK&aw¬um; bwåK+taw¬[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0kwadå &om/ yk'jf zwf 0kw+då {om/
jrefrm *gxmjzifo h í D &tyfaomabmZOfurdk pm; w&m;ojzifh &SmrS;D jcif;onf
bk&m;wk\ Yd toufarG;jcif;wnf;/
½ly 0kwåa&om&omum; 0kw+då {om[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yx0D"mwka&a0om/ yk'jf zwf yx0D"mwk+{0+{om/
jrefrm þtZÑwå A[d'-¨ üjzpfaom yx0Donf yx0D"mwfrQomwnf;/
½ly yx0D"mwka&a0om &a0omum; yx0D"mwk+{0+{om[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf?
, 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh
yx0Do'´gaemif &ftu©&mvm? &fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? (yx0D"mwk+a&0+{om) 0f-cGi;f
t-<uif;? acs? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? yx0D"mwka&a0om
&a0omum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm xkdrSwyg; o&aemifrS £0 {0-o'´gwkdYaMumifh qef;*kdPf; apmifh
oifah omt&mü &-vmEkid yf gonf/
ygVd wxm o&awm £a0a0ok qE´mEk&u©aP/
ykpH H eu©w&å mZm&d0 wm&umeH/
yk'jf zwf eu©w&å mZm+£0/
jrefrm aerif;onf Mu,fwkdYxuf jrwf\ (aoa|m) þokdY (£wd) qkdukef
ouJo h Ydk (0'EÅ&d 0d )/
1/ oE¨du@ 89
½ly eu©wå&mZm&d0um; eu©w&å mZm+£0[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r '

e w & vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh £0o'´gaemif &ftu©
&mvm? &fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? eu©wå&mZm&d0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dZKÆ &0d AÇual #/ yk'jf zwf 0dZKÆ +£00AÇual #/
jrefrm wdrx f w G üf vQyuf ohJ /Ydk
½ly 0dZÆK&d0A¦ula##um; 0dZKÆ +£00AÇual #[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tm&a*¾&0d omoayg/ yk'jf zwf tm&a*¾+£0 omoayg/
jrefrm rken f if;aphonf yGwaf qmufzsm;üuJo h /Ydk
½ly tm&a*¾&d0 omoayg omoaygum; tm&a*¾+£0 omoayg[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H omoayg&d0 tm&a*¾/ yk'jf zwf omoayg+£0 tm&a*¾/
jrefrm yGwaf qmufzsm;ü rken f if;aphuo
hJ /Ydk
½ly omoayg&d0 tm&a*¾um; omoayg+£0 tm&a*¾[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Ooabm&d0/ yk'jf zwf Ooabm+£0/
jrefrm EGm;vm;OobuJo h /Ydk
½ly Ooabm&d0um; Ooabm+£0 tm&a*¾[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÇad &0 ormaox/ yk'jf zwf oAÇ+d {0 ormaox/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;wkEYd iS o hf mvQif aygif;azmfuek &f m\/
½ly oAÇda&0 ormaox ormaoxum; oAÇ+d {0 ormaox tm&a*¾[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ar; 0g[laomyk'o
0g f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;/
ajz 'Gg"d|w d H paomykpH w H üYdk &-vmjcif;rS epfapjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g0gwd uð¿ 'Gg"d|w d (H wsm'Dok &m*red0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H 'Gg"d|w
d /H yk'jf zwf 'k+t"d|w
d /H
jrefrm raumif;aom t"d|mefwifjcif;wnf;/
½ly 'Gg"d|dwHum; 'k+t"d|w d [H k yk'jf zwfíf wnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm
pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh 'k-Oyom&yk'af emif &ftu©&mvm
oifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? '-cGif; O-<uif;? 0arm'k'EÅmeH

okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU 'f tpdwf O-ukd 0f-jyK? 'fAsnf; 0f-
oku Yd yf? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh aemuf "Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU'ft G pdwf t-ukd
tm'DCjyK? 'GAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? 'Gg'd|dwHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ygwGmumod/ yk'jf zwf ygwk+tumod/
½ly ygwGmumodum; ygwk+tumod[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykeyd/ yk'jf zwf yke+tyd/
jrefrm wpfzefvnf;/
½ly ykeydum; yke+tyd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh yke-edygwfy'k af emif &ftu©&mvmoifjh im;
aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? uyf? ykeydum; Ny;D \/
ar; v tu©&monf tb,faemif vmEkid yf goenf;/
ajz v tu©&monf q-ocsFmwkdYaemif vmEkdifygonf? v-i,f V-BuD;
wk\Yd rxl;jcm;jcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd vuma&m qocsmF [d/ vVmer0daoaom/
ykpH H q tbdnm/ yk'pf yf qVbdnm/
jrefrm ajcmufyg;aom tbdnmOf/
½ly qVbdnmmum; q+tbdnm[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh q-ocsFmo'´gaemif vf
tu©&mvm? (vVmeH 0daoaom okwfjzifh vf-ukd Vf-jyK) VfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf?
q Vbdnmmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H qV*ø/ yk'jf zwf q+t*ø/
jrefrm uyÜ Asmu½kP;f paom ajcmufyg;aom aA'iftpdw/f
½ly qV*øum; q+t*ø[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qVmoDwd/ yk'jf zwf q+toDw/d
jrefrm &Spaf omif;ajcmufaxmifaomrif;wk/Yd
½ly qVmoDwdum; q+toDwd[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w &
vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh q-ocsmF o'´gaemif vftu©&m
1/ oE¨du@ 91
vm? (vVmeH 0daoaom okwfjzifh vf-ukd Vf-jyK) VfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf?

(qV+toDw)d V-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SUto&ausNy;D aomf aemuf
to&ukd tm'DCjyK? VfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? qVmoDwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H qVHom/ yk'jf zwf q+tHom/
jrefrm ajcmufyg;aom tzkdYtpk/
½ly qVHommum; q+tHom[k yk'jf zwf?f 'DCrjyK& enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oVm,weH/ yk'jf zwf q+tm,weH/
jrefrm ajcmufyg;aom tm,we/
½ly oVm,weHum; q+tm,weH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w
& vm pm*rm okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh q-ocsmF o'´gaemif
vftu©&mvm? (vVmeH 0daoaom okwjf zifh vf-ukd Vf-jyK) VfAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf?
(oV+tm,weH) VfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oVm,weH) o qó 0g okwjf zifh ocsmF ykd
teufü q-ukd o-jyK? oVm,weHum; Ny;D \/
ar; 0g
0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd 0g
0gwd uð¿/
ykpH H q tbdnm/ yk'jf zwf q+tbdnm/
jrefrm ajcmufyg;aom tbdnmOf/
½ly q tbdnmmum; q+tbdnm[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? , 0 r ' e w
& vm pm*rm okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh q-ocsmF o'´gaemif vftu©
&mvmoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? q tbdnmmum; Ny;D \/
þtpOfjzifh (£wd £rdem tEkuaú re) o&oE¨t d pDt&ifonf Ny;D \/
£wd o&oE¨0d "d meH ed|w d /H
------------------------------
yuwdoE¨d0d"me
jrefrm xkad emifrS o&wk\
Yd omvQif yk'pf yfjcif; tpDt&ifujdkyKjcif;onf a&muf
vwfaomf yuwdtjzpfukd qkdtyf\/
ygVd tx o&mear0 oE¨dum&da, orÜawå yuwdbma0g 0kpöaw/
jrefrm ]]o&mç yuwd}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/

ygVd ]]o&mç yuwD}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 35/ oa& uGpd/

okwjf refrm o&aMumifh o&wko Yd nf tcsKjYd y,k*üf yuwdjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
rSwcf suf aemufuo&aESmif;onft h wGuf a&SUo&wku Yd dk tcsKUd jy,k*f yuwd
jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh tvk;H pkv H nf;jzpfuek af om a&SUo&wkYd
onfomvQif tcsKUd aom*gxmü qef;ysuaf umif;aom t&mç okwüf
&Gwv f ,G af paomt&mü¤if;? yk'pf yfvjdk cif;uif;aom t&mü¤if;? yuwd½yk w f oYdk nf
jzpfuek \ f / acsjcif; jyKjcif;[laom azmufjyefjcif;okYd ra&mufuek f þum; teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd o&m acg oa& ya& uG p d qE´ a b'gok c k p ö m &P|maeç
oE¨pd mä &[dw|mae p yuwd½yl ged a[mEÅ?d e avmyga'o0dum&rmyZÆaEÅwd taw¬m/
jrefrm yuwd½yk jf zpf&mü yuwdXme mernfonfum;- £wd-o'´gESirhf ,SOaf om
tmvkyfyk'f\tqkH;ü¤if;? qef;*kdPf;rapmifhoifhaom t&mü¤if;?
ormofy'k rf S wpfyg;aom yk'\ f tqk;H üwnfaom 'DC-o&ü¤if;? emrfy'k \ f tqk;H
jzpfaom £-tu©&m O-tu©&m Bu, d myk'\f tpü¤if;? yuwd½yk o f nf jzpf\? þokYd
tp&So d nfwnf;/
ygVd ww¬ yuwd|meH emr tmvyeEÅm tedwdo®ð tpäE´mEk&u©aP
tormao y'EÅ'C D m p £ um½kum&m p emry'EÅmwDwBu, d m'drw DS d {0rm'd/
jrefrm tmvkyf\tqkH;ü a&S;OD;pGm þokYd odtyf\/
ygVd tmvyeaEÅok wm0Þ/
£wdo'´gr,SOaf om tmvkyyf 'k t
f qk;H jy,k*rf sm;
ykpH H uwrm pmeE´ tedpöonm/
yk'jf zwf uwrmp+tmeE´? tedpoö nm/
jrefrm tmeE´m tedpöonmonf tb,fenf;/
½ly uwrm pmeEúm; uwrmp+tmeE´[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? ykArÁ a"m --okwjf zifh
1/ oE¨du@ 93
p-cGi;f t-<uif;? o& avmayg--acs? ea, y&H--uyf? uwrm pmeEúm; Ny;D \/

½ly tedpöonm nmum; tedp+ö onm[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? oa& uGpd okwjf zifh
aemufo\rSD&m to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUpö-\rSD&m t-ukd t-[k yuwdjyK?
tedpöonm nmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwrm pmeE´ tm'De0onm/
yk'jf zwf uwrmp+tmeE´? tm'De0onm/
jrefrm tmeE´m tm'De0onmonf tb,fenf;/
½ly uwrm pmeEúm; uwrmp+tmeE´[k yk'jf zwf?f
a&SUuwrm pmeE´½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly tm'De0onm0onmum; tm'De0+onm[k yk'jf zwf?f
tedpo ö nm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H om&dyw k å £a"uapöm/ yk'jf zwf om&dywk +å £a"uapöm/
jrefrm om&dykwå&m þavmuü tcsKdYaomolonf/
½ly om&dykwå £a"uapömum; om&dyw k +å £a"uapöm[k yk'jf zwf?f
tm'De0onm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {[d od0du Oa|[d/ yk'jf zwf O+a|[d/
jrefrm od0du vmvSnfh xavmh/
½ly Oa|[dum; Oa|[d[k yk'jf zwf?f
ykpH H Oygoum £a"uapöm/ yk'jf zwf £a"+uapöm/

jrefrm OygoumwkdY þavmuü tcsKdUaomolonf/
½ly £a"uapömum; £a"+uapöm[k yk'jf zwf?f
tm'De0onm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H abmwd ta,s/ yk'jf zwf abmwd+ta,s/
jrefrm tkt
d &Sirf /
½ly abmwdta,sum; abmwd+ta,s[k yk'jf zwf?f
tm'De0onm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H bdu©K ta&m*H w0 oDvH/ yk'jf zwf ta&m+*H/
jrefrm &[ef; oif\ oDvonf tjypfr&Sd/

½ly ta&m*Hum; ta&m+*H[k yk'jf zwf?
ykpH H odOö bdu©K £rH em0H/ yk'jf zwf £rH+em0H/
jrefrm &[ef; þtwåabmwnf;[laom avSukd oGef;avmh/
½ly £r
£rHHem0Hum; £rH+em0H[k yk'jf zwf?f
ykpH H bdua© 0 {0H 0'grd/ yk'jf zwf {0H+0'grd/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY þokdY qkd\/
½ly {0H0'grdum; {0H+0'grd[k yk'jf zwf?f
ykpH H yOödar *[ywa,m tmedoHom/
yk'jf zwf tmed+oHom/
jrefrm ol<u,fwkdY tusKd;wkdYonf þig;yg;wkdYwnf;/
½ly tmedoHommum; tmed+oHom[k yk'jf zwf?f
jrefrm þokdYtp&Sdaom yuwdtjzpfonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
jrefrm a&S;o&ausjcif; ,-jyKjcif; ponfwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
ygVd £apö0rm'Dok yuwdbma0g? ykAÁó&avmy,0g ,0g
,0ga'om'a,m e
a[mEÅ/d
uGpo d '´g uGpdo'´gjzifh £wdo'´gaMumif¤h if;? qef;*kP
d ;f apmifo
h ifah om t&mü
¤if;? oEd̈onf jzpf\/
ygVd uG p d*[
¾ aPe £wdoð® qE´mEk&u©aP oE¨d a[mwd/
Þ
ykpH u
H m; tb,fenf; ,xmÞ
ykpH H ouúm a'0Dwd/ yk'jf zwff a'0D+£wd/
jrefrm rdzk&m; wwfaumif;\ þokdY qkd\/
½ly a'0Dwdum; a'0D+£wd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? ykArÁ a"m --okwjf zifh 0-
cGif; þ-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0ftpdwf
1/ oE¨du@ 95
þ-ukd þ-[k yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? o&m

oa& avmyH okwfjzifh a&SU0ftpdwf þ-ukdacs? 'DCH okwfjzifh a&SUþo&ausNyD;
onf&adS omf aemuf£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? 0fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? a'0Dwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H earm aw Ak'¨ 0D&w¬K/ yk'jf zwf 0D&+tw¬K/
jrefrm BuD;aomvkHYv&Sdaom t&Sifbk&m; t&Sifbk&m;tm; &Sdckd;jcif;onf
jzpfapownf;/
½ly 0D&w¬Kum; 0D&+tw¬K[k yk'jf zwfí
f wnf? ykArÁ a"m --okwjf zifh &-cGi;f
t-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU&ftpdwf t-ukd
t-[k yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? o&m oa&
avmyH okwfjzifh a&SU&ftpdwf t-ukdacs? ea, y&H--okwfjzifh &f-Asnf; aemuft-
oku Yd yf? 0D&w¬Kum; Ny;D \/
ar; oa&
oa&[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz om"k r[m&mZm tp&Sad omykpH w H üYdk yuwdtjzpfudk epfapjcif; tusK;d
&Syd gonf/
ygVd oa&
oa&wd uð¿ om"k r[m&mZmwd (tm'Dok yuwdbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H om"k r[m&mZmwd/ yk'jf zwf r[m&mZm+£wd/
jrefrm rif;BuD; aumif;\ þokdY qkd\/
½ly r[m&mZmwdum; r[m&mZm+£wd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? Z-cGi;f tm-
<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUZftpdwf tm-ukd
tm-[k yuwdjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; yuwdbm0jzpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (r[m&mZf+
tm+£wd) 0g ya&m to½lyg okwjf zifh wlaom okw&d o dS nfr[kwaf om tmo&rS
aemufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? ZfAsn;f tmokuYd yf? r[m&mZmwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H ud& bdu©Lwd/ yk'jf zwf bdu©L+£wd/

jrefrm &[ef; þokMYd um;wkid ;f rSeo
f avm/
½ly bdu©Lwdum; bduL© +£wd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? u©-cGi;f OD-<uif;? oa&
uGpd okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUu©t f pdwf OD-ukd OD-[k yuwdjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; yuwdbm0jzpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (bdu+f© OD+£wd) 0g ya&m to½lyg
okwfjzifh wlaom okwd&Sdonfr[kwfaom ODo&rSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukdacs?

Ydk yf? bdu©Lwdum; Ny;D \/
u©Af sn;f ODou
jrefrm ormofrjzpf&mü yk'\ f tqk;H jzpfaom 'DCwküYd þokYd odtyf\/
ygVd tormao y'EÅ'aD Cok/
ykpH H tm,o®m tmeaE´m *gxm tZÑbmod/
yk'jf zwf tm,o®m+tmeaE´m? *gxm+tZÑbmod/
jrefrm t&SiftmeE´monf *gxmwkdYukd þokdY&Gwf\/
½ly tm,o®m tmeaE´mum; tm,o®m+tmeaE´m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf?
o®-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo®f
tpdwf tm-ukd tm-[k yuwdjyK? o®Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? tm,o®m tmeaE´mum; Ny;D \/
½ly *gxm tZÑbmodum; *gxm+tZÑbmod[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a'0g tmbó&m ,xm/ yk'jf zwf a'0g+tmbó&m/
jrefrm tmbó&mjA[®mwkdYuJhokdY/
½ly a'0g tmbó&m
tmbó&mum; a'0g+tmbó&m[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aw0dZÆm £'¨dyÜwåm p/ yk'jf zwf aw0dZÆm+£'¨dyÜwåm/

jrefrm 0dZmÆ ok;H yg;ç £'d̈yg'foaYdk &mufaom &[EÅmwk/Yd
½ly aw0dZÆm £'¨dyÜwåmum; aw0dZmÆ +£'ÿd w Ü må [k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H b*0g O|m,moem/ yk'jf zwf b*0g+O|m,moem/
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ae&mrS xawmfrlí/
½ly b*0g O|m,moem O|m,moemum; b*0g+O|m,moem[k yk'jf zwf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H b*0g {w'a0gp/ yk'jf zwf b*0g+{w'a0g/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf þpum;ukd rdeaYf wmfr\ l /
½ly b*0g {w'a0g {w'a0gum; b*0g+{w'a0g[k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbd0ga'wGm {urEÅH t|mod/
yk'jf zwf tbd0ga'wGm+{urEÅ/H
jrefrm &Scd ;dk Ny;D í oifwh ifah omt&yfü &yfwnfí/
½ly tbd0ga'wGm {urEÅHum; tbd0ga'wGm+{urEÅ[ H k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 97
ykpH H *EÉm MoavmauaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf *EÉm+MoavmauaEÅm/

jrefrm oGm;í Munfhaomf/
½ly *EÉm MoavmauaEÅmum; *EÉm+MoavmauaEÅm[k yk'jf zwff
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H blw0g'D tw¬0g'D/ yk'jf zwf blw0g'D+tw¬0g'D/
jrefrm [kwo f nfuq dk adk vh&\
dS ? tusK;d pD;yGm;ukqd adk vh&\
dS /
½ly blw0g'D tw¬0g'Dum; blw0g'D+tw¬0g'D[k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,H £w¬D t&[m tó/ yk'jf zwf ,H £w¬D t&[m+tó/
jrefrm tMuifah Mumifh (,o®m) rde;f ronf ylaZmftxl;ukd cHxu dk af om bk&m;
onf jzpf&m\/
½ly ,H £w¬D t&[m tó tóum; ,H £w¬D t&[m+tó[k yk'jf zwff
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H omrm0wD tm[/ yk'jf zwf omrm0wD+tm[/
jrefrm omrm0wDonf qkd\/
½ly omrm0wD tm[ tm[um; omrm0wD+tm[[k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygyum&D Ob,w¬ wyÜwd/ yk'jf zwf ygyum&D+Ob,w¬/

jrefrm raumif;rIujdk yKavh&adS omolonf ypöKyeÜ f oHo&m ESpyf g;ü ylyef\/
½ly ygyum&D Ob,w¬um; ygyum&D+Ob,w¬[k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'D Mow¬&wd/ yk'jf zwf e'D+Mow¬&wd/
jrefrm jrpfonf vTr;f \/
½ly e'D Mow¬&wdum; e'D+Mow¬&wd[k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a, aw bdu©L tyÜdpäm/ yk'jf zwf a, aw bdu©L+tyÜdpäm/
jrefrm tMuif&[ef;wko Yd nf rdpmä npfusK raumif;rIudk jyKusijhfcif;ü uif;aom
tvk&d u
dS ek \
f /
½ly a, aw bdu©L tyÜdpämum; a, aw bduL© +tyÜpd mä [k yk'jf zwff
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©L tmraEÅod/ yk'jf zwf bdu©L+tmraEÅod/
jrefrm &[ef;wku Yd dk rdeaYf wmfr\
l /
½ly bdu©L tmraEÅodum; bduL© +tmraEÅo[ k k yk'jf zwff enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H bdu©L OZÑm,ðok/ yk'jf zwf bduL© +OZÑm,ðo/k
jrefrm &[ef;wko Yd nf uJ&h UJ uke\
f /
½ly bdu©L OZÑm,ðokum; bduL© +OZÑm,ðo[ k k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©L {0rm[Hok/ yk'jf zwf bduL© +{0rm[Ho/k
jrefrm &[ef;wkdYonf þokdY qkdukef\/
½ly bdu©L {0rm[Hokum; bduL© + {0rm[Ho[ k k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £ro®ð *gar tm&u©um/ yk'jf zwf £ro®ð *gar+tm&u©um/
jrefrm þ&Gmü apmifah &Smufuek af omolwo Ydk nf/
½ly £ro®ð *gar tm&u©ummum; £ro®ð *gar+tm&u©um[k yk'jf zwff
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oaAÁ £ar/ yk'jf zwf oaAÁ+£ar/
jrefrm tvkH;pkHukefaom þolwkdYonf/
½ly oaAÁ £ar
£arum; oaAÁ+£ar[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uwar {um'o/ yk'jf zwf uwar+{um'o/

jrefrm tb,fwpfq,fw h pfyg;wkeYd nf;/
½ly uwar {um'o {um'oum; uwar+{um'o[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *rÇaD & Mo'uEÅad u/ yk'jf zwf *rÇaD &+Mo'uEÅad u/
jrefrm eufaoma&\ tqk;H ü/
½ly *rÇaD & Mo'uEÅad u uum; *rÇaD &+Mo'uEÅad u[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜrma'g trwy'H/ yk'jf zwf tyÜrma'g+trwy'H/
jrefrm ukov dk af umif;rIü rarhravsmjh cif;onf edAmÁ ef\taMumif;wnf;/
½ly tyÜrma'g trwy'Hum; tyÜrma'g+trwy'H[k yk'jf zwf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oHaCm tm*päwk/ yk'jf zwf oHaCm+tm*päwk/
jrefrm oHCmonf vmapownf;/
½ly oHaCm tm*päwkum; oHaCm+tm*päw[ k k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H aum £rH yx0ð 0dapöówd/
1/ oE¨du@ 99
yk'jf zwf aum+£rH yx0ð 0dapöówd/

jrefrm tb,foo l nf twåabmwnf;[laom ajrBu;D ukd a&G;cs,v
f wåeYH nf;/
½ly aum £rH yx0ð 0dapöówdum; aum+£rH yx0ð 0dapöówd[k
yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H tmavmaum O'yg'd/ yk'jf zwf tmavmaum+O'yg'd/
jrefrm ta&miftvif;onf xif&mS ;jzpf\/
½ly tmavmaum O'yg'dum; tmavmaum+O'yg'd[k yk'jf zwf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {aum {um,/ yk'jf zwf {aum+{um,/
jrefrm wpfa,mufcsi;f csi;f /
½ly {aum {um, {um,um; {aum+{um,[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwåma&m MoCm/ yk'jf zwf pwåma&m+MoCm/
jrefrm MoCav;yg;wk/Yd
½ly pwåma&m MoCm MoCmum; pwåma&m+MoCm[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm edygwfy'k wf üYdk vnf; yuwdtjzpfudk odtyf\/

ygVd edygawokyÞ d
ykpH H ta& t[rÜd/ yk'jf zwf ta&+t[rÜ/d
jrefrm tcsi;f wkYd igonfvnf;/
½ly ta& t[rÜdum; ta&+t[rÜ[ d k yk'jf zwfíwnf? &-cGi;f {-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU&ftpdwf {-ukd {-[k yuwd
Yd yf? ta& t[rÜdum; Ny;D \/
jyK? &fAsn;f {oku
ykpH H oap £ró um,ó/ yk'jf zwf oap+£ró/
jrefrm tu,fí þcE¨mukd,f\/
½ly oap £ró £róum; oap+£ró[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aem tbduúarm/ yk'jf zwf aem+tbduaú rm/
jrefrm a&SUokrYd wuf/
½ly aem tbduúarm rmum; aem+tbduaú rm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ta[m tpä&da,m/ yk'jf zwf ta[m+tpä&da,m/
jrefrm aMomf...tHzh , G &f pdS /G

½ly ta[m tpä&ad ,m ,mum; ta[m+tpä&ad ,m[ky'k jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H taxm taEÅm p/ yk'jf zwf taxm+taEÅm/
jrefrm xkdNrKdU ,kwfvnf;,kwfrm\/
½ly taxm taEÅmum; taxm+taEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tx acg tm,o®m/ yk'jf zwf tx acg+tm,o®m/
jrefrm xkt d cgü t&Sio f nf/
½ly tx acg tm,o®mum; tx acg+tm,o®m[k yk'jfzwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H taxm Mo|0pdwåum/ yk'jf zwf taxm+Mo|0pdwåum/
jrefrm xkNd rKUd Oa|[dpw d å Oa|[dpwd [
å k jrnfwwfaomiSuw f /Ydk
½ly taxm Mo|0pdwåummum; taxm+Mo|0pdwu å m[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wawm t,rEÅ,D ow¬m/
yk'jf zwf wawm+tmrEÅ,D ow¬m/
jrefrm xkad emifrS jrwfpmG bk&m;onf odapawmfr\ l /
½ly wawm tmrEÅ,D ow¬mum; wawm+tmrEÅ,D ow¬m[k yk'jf zwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
uGpo d '´g uG p do'´gjzifh ttu©&m £wd £0 {0 {w¬ paom o'´gaESmif;&m

wkdYü NyD;jcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/ ykHpHum; tb,fenf; tm*w¬w¬ponfwnf;/
ygVd ¾ aPe t um& £wDa0a0w¬m'Dok oEÿd /d ,xmÞ
uG p d*[
ykpH H tm*ww¬/ yk'jf zwf tm*w+tw¬/
jrefrm vmukeo f nf jzpfuek o f enf;/
½ly tm*ww¬um; tm*w+tw¬[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? w-cGi;f t-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf t-ukd t-[k
yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumihf rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH
okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwf tpdwf t-ukad cs ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh wfAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? tm*ww¬um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm*wrSm/ yk'jf zwf tm*wm+trSm/
1/ oE¨du@ 101
jrefrm vmukeof nf jzpfuek \f /

½ly tm*wrSmum; tm*wm+trSm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uwrmók pwåma&m/ yk'jf zwf uwrm+tók/
jrefrm av;yg;wkdYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf;/
½ly uwrmókum; uwrm+tók[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r-cGi;f tm-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf tm-ukd tm-[k
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU rftpdwf tmukdacs? 'DCH [laom
okwjf zifh a&SUtmo&ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh rfAsn;f aemuf tmoku Yd yf? uwrmókum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tyÜókwm,H yk&daom/ yk'jf zwf tyÜókawm+t,H/

jrefrm þa,mufsm;onf enf;aomtMum;tjrif&\ dS /
½ly tyÜókwm,Hum; tyÜóak wm+t,H[k yk'jf zwf?
uwrmók½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H £w¬Dwd/ yk'jf zwf £w¬+D £wd/
jrefrm rde;f r[lí/
½ly £w¬Dwdum; £w¬+D £wd[k yk'jf zwf? uwrmók½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H pr&D0/ yk'jf zwf pr&D+£0/

jrefrm pmr&Drnfaom om;uJhokdY/
½ly pr&D0um; pr&D+£0[k yk'jf zwf? uwrmók½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H oaAÁ0/ yk'jf zwf oaAÁ+{0/
jrefrm olcyford ;f wko
Yd nfomvQi/f
½ly oaAÁ0um; oaAÁ+{0[k yk'jf zwf? tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H aoG0/ yk'jf zwf aom+{0/
jrefrm xkdolonfomvQif/
½ly aoG 0um; aom+{0[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? o-cGif; Mo-<uif;? oa&
uGpd okwjf zifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Mo-ukd Mo-[k yuwdjyK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumihf rjyK&? 0arm 'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemuf
{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Moukd 0fjyK? ofAsn;f 0fouYdk yf? oGAf sn;f {oku
Yd yf?
aoG0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {ao0 ea,m/ yk'jf zwf {aom+{0/
jrefrm þenf;vQif enf;&S\ d /
½ly {ao0
{ao0um; {aom+{0[k yk'jf zwf? tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
wenf;- {ao0
{ao0um; {aom+£0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f Mo-
<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Mo-ukd
Mo-[k yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumihf rjyK&? o&m oa&
avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Moukad cs? uGpmo0PÖH
vkawå okwjf zifh a&SUMoo&ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemuf£o&ukd {to0PfjyK? ea,
y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom ofAsnf;ukd aemuf{okdYuyf? {ao0 {ao0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y&doak '¨wm¬ ,o®aEÅm
yk'jf zwf y&do'k g¨ +{w¬+tm,o®aEÅm/
jrefrm t&Siw f o Ydk nf þtmywfü pifMu,fuek \ f /
½ly y&doka'¨w¬m,o®aEÅmum; y&do'k g¨ +{w¬+tm,o®aEÅm[k yk'jf zwf
íwnf? '¨-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aom aMumifh
a&SU'¨tf pdwf tm-ukd tm-[k yuwdjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumihf
rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU'¨ftpdwf
tmukdacs? '¨fAsnf; {okdYuyf? (y&doka'¨w¬+tm,o®aEÅm) w¬-cGif; t-<uif; acs w¬f
tmoku Yd yf? y&d oka'¨w¬m,o®aEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aew¬/ yk'jf zwf e+{w¬/
jrefrm þt&yfü r&S/d
½ly aew¬um; e+{w¬[k yk'jf zwf? tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wH ukaww¬ vAÇm/ yk'jf zwf wH ukawm+{w¬/
jrefrm þvlaY bmifü xku d o
k v
dk jf yKciG u
hf dk twDrmS &tHeh nf;/
½ly wH ukaww¬um; wH ukawm+{w¬[k yk'jf zwf?
tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 103
ykpH H oapo jAm[®P yk'jf zwf oap+{o/
jrefrm ykPÖm; þolonf tu,fí/
½ly oapo
oapoum; oap+{o[k yk'jf zwf? tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wxlyrH/ yk'jf zwf wxm+OyrH/
jrefrm xkad wmtkyvf Qif Oyrm&S\
d /
½ly wxl y rHum; wxm+OyrH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? x-cGif; tm-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwjf zifh aemufOo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUxftpdwf tm-ukd tm-[k
okwjf zifh aemufOo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUxftpdwf tmukad cs? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh
a&SUtmo&ausNyD;onf&Sdaomf aemuf Oo&ukd OD'DC jyK? xfAsnf; ODokdYuyf?
wxlyrHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm[/ yk'jf zwf ,xm+tm[/
jrefrm tb,fokdYa[moenf;/
½ly ,xm[,xm[um; ,xm+tm[[k yk'jf zwf? tm*ww¬½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ar; tormao[laomyk'o
tormao f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz Zd0gS ,weH paomykpH wH üYdk yuwdtjzpfrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd tormao
tormaowd uð¿ Zd0gS ,weH (wsm'Dok yuwdbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H Zd0gS ,weH/ yk'jf zwf Zd0gS +tm,weH/
jrefrm Zd0gS ,we/
½ly Zd0Sg,weHum; Zd0gS +tm,weH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0S-cGi;f tm-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0St f pdwf tm-ukd tm-[k
yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; ormofrjzpfaomaMumihf rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH
okwjf zifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0St f pdwf tmukad cs? ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 0SAf sn;f ukd aemuftmoku Yd yf? Zd0Sg,weHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t0daZÆmaCm/ yk'jf zwf t0dZmÆ +MoaCm/
jrefrm t0daZÆmC/
½ly t0daZÆmaCmaCmum; t0dZmÆ +MoaCm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬`d E,
d´ /H yk'jf zwf £w¬+d £È,d´ /H
jrefrm £w¬ad È/´

½ly £w¬dÈ´d,Hum; £w¬+d £È, d´ [H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdbm,weH/ yk'jf zwf tbdbm+tm,weH/
jrefrm tbdbm,we/
½ly tbdbm,weHum; tbdbm+tm,weH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H b,wky|meH/ yk'jf zwf b,wk+Oy|meH/
jrefrm ab;tm;jzifh xifjcif;/
½ly b,wky|meHum; b,wk+Oy|meH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; tpäE´mEk&u©aP P[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz o'¨"D paomykpH w H üYdk yuwdtjzpfrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &dyS gonf/
ygVd tpäE´mEk&u©aP Pwd uð¿ o'¨"D (wsm'Dok yuwdbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H o'D̈" 0dwåH yk&doó ao|H/ yk'jf zwf o'¨g+£"/
jrefrm þavmuü a,mufsm;\ jrwfaomOpömum; o'¨gw&m;wnf;/
½ly o'¨D"um; o'¨g+£"[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? '¨-cGi;f tm-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwjf zifh
aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU'¨t f pdwf tm-ukd tm-[k yuwdjyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; qef;*kPd ;f rapmifah omaMumihf rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf£o&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU'f̈tpdwf tmukad cs? 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SUtmo&ausNy;D onf
&Sad omf aemuf£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 'Äsn;f ukd
aemufþoku Yd yf? o'¨D"um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,m rdóa&m/ yk'jf zwf a,mar+£óa&m/
jrefrm tMuifaum&Asrif;onf ig0d"&k tm; tpk;d &\/
½ly a,m rdóa&m a&mum; a,mar+£óa&m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r-cGi;f {-<uif;?
oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf {-ukd {-[k
yuwdjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; qef;*kP d ;f rapmifah om aMumihf rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH
okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf {ukdacs? ea, y&H ,kawå
okwjf zifh o&uif;aom rfAsn;f ukd aemuf£oku Yd yf? a,m rdóa&m a&mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm emrf\tqkH;jzpfaom £tu©&m Otu©&mwkdYü þokdYodtyf\/

ygVd emry'EÅ£um½kuma&okÞ
1/ oE¨du@ 105
ykpH H *gxm[d tZÑbmod/ yk'jf zwf *gxm[d+tZÑbmod/

jrefrm *gxmwkdYjzifh &Gwfqkd\/
½ly *gxm[d tZÑbmodum; *gxm[d+tZÑbmod[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? [-cGi;f
£-<uif;? oa& uGpd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf £-
ukd £-[k yuwdjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom [fAsn;f ukd aemuf£
oku Yd yf? *gxm[d tZÑbmodum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykyæged tm[&ðok/ yk'jf zwf ykyæged+tm[&ðok/
jrefrm yef;wku Yd dk aqmifuek \
f /
½ly ykyæged tm[&ðokum; ykygæ ed+tm[&ðo[ k k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ow¬K t'god/ yk'jf zwf ow¬K+t'god/
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; vSL\/
½ly ow¬K t'godum; ow¬K+t'god[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ajz reomumod paomykpH w H üYdk yuwdtjzpfrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd uGpDw¿d reomumod (pöm'Dok yuwdtmed00wåew¬)H /
ykpH H reomumod/ yk'jf zwf reod+tumod/
jrefrm ESv;Hk oGi;f \/
½ly reomumodum; reod+tumod[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f £-<uif;? oa&
uGpd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf £-ukd £-[k
yuwdjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? o&m oa& avmyH
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf £ukdacs? 'DCH okwfjzifh
a&SU£o&ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
o&uif;aom ofAsn;f ukd aemuftmoku Yd yf? reomumodum; Ny;D \/
--------------
okwf 36/ o&m yuwd AsOÆae/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko
Yd nf yuwdjyKwoYdk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko
Yd nf yuwd½yk w f oYdk nf
jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd o&m acg AsOÆae ya& yuwd½lyg a[mEÅDwd/

jrefrm rsm;aomtm;jzifh 'DC &ó avmywkjYdzifh azmufjyefjcif;\ r&Sjd cif;onf
jzpf\? ykHpHum; tb,fenf;? tpöa,m tp&Sdonfwnf;/
ygVd a,bk a ,se 'D C &óavmay[d 0d u m&mbma0g/ ,xm-
tpöa,m/ (wsm'd)/
ykpH H tpöa,m/ yk'jf zwf tpö+a,m/
jrefrm tjypf/
½ly tpöa,m ,mum; tpö+a,m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? pö-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m yuwd
AsOaÆ e okwjf zifh aemuf,Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU pft ö pdwf t-ukd t-[k yuwdjyK?
ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom pöAf sn;f ukd aemuftoku Yd yf? tpöa,m
,mum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ypöa,m/ yk'jf zwf ypö+a,m/
jrefrm ypön;f /
½ly ypöa,m ,mum; ypö+a,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bm,wd 0g/ yk'jf zwf bm+,wd 0g/
jrefrm ajymqkdrlvnf; ajymqkdtHh/
½ly bm,wd 0g 0gum; bm+,wd 0g[k yk'fjzwf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ua&mwd 0g/ yk'jf zwf u+a&mwd 0g/
jrefrm jyKvyk rf v l nf; jyKvyk t
f /hH
½ly ua&mwd 0g 0gum; u+a&mwd 0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a0'emu©aE¨m/ yk'jf zwf a0'em+u©aE¨m/
jrefrm a0'emu©Em¨ /
½ly a0'emu©aE¨mum; a0'em+u©aE¨m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bm*s0g/ yk'jf zwf bm+*s0g/
jrefrm bke;f &S\
d /
½ly bm*s0g
bm*s0gum; bm+*s0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H baj'm uomrd0/ yk'jf zwf b+aj'm uomrd0/
jrefrm tajy;aumif;aomjrif;onf Burd v f ;Hk rS zJMuOf\/ (0aZÆw)d
½ly baj'm uomrd0um; b+aj'm uomrd0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 107
ykpH H 'D,wd/ yk'jf zwf 'D,wd/

jrefrm ay;tyf\/
½ly 'D,wdum; 'D+,wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wkPSDblawm/ yk'jf zwf wkP+DS blawm/
jrefrm qdwq f w
d jf zpf\/
½ly wkPSDblawm wmum; wkP+DS blawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aom "r®H a'aowd/ yk'jf zwf aom+"r®/H
jrefrm xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;onf (b*0g) w&m;awmfukd a[m\/
½ly aom "r®Hum; aom+"r®[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þpum;tpOfjzifh o&yuwdoEö d nf Ny;D \/
£wd yuwdoE¨0d "d meH ed|w d /H
----------------------------
AsOÆeoE¨d0d"me
jrefrm xkad emifrS AsOeÆ oEü
d dk qkt
d yf\/
ygVd tx AsOeÆ oE¨d 0kpaö w/
jrefrm ]]AsOÆae}}[laomþo'´gonf ({aom oa'´g) vkduf\/
]]o&mç uGpd}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]AsOÆae}wd t"duma&m? ]]o&mç uGpD}}wd p 0wåaw/
okwf 37/ 'DCH/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko
Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf 'DCtjzpfoYdk
a&mufuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko Yd nf tcsKjYd y,k*üf
'DCtjzpfokdY a&mufukef\/ þum; teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd o&m acg AsOÆae ya& uGpd 'DCH yayÜgEÅDwd/
ar; ÿþokwjf zifh 'DCjyK&m Xmersm;ukd a&;cJyh g/
ajz okwu f &dk w
G vf ,G af paomXme? *gxmü qef;*kP d ;f apmifjh cif;tusK;d &Sad om
t&mXmwküYd 'DCjyKonfjzpf\/
ygVd okwo å ck pk mö &PqE´mEk&u©P|maeok 'DaCm/

ykpH H wsó y[Dem/ yk'jf zwf aw+tó/
jrefrm xkdudavomwkdYukd xkdyk*¾Kdvfonf y,ftyfukefonf jzpfukef\/
½ly wsó wsóum; aw+tó[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? w-cGif; {-<uif;? ,ar
'EÅóma'aom okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf {ukd ,fjyK?
,fAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? wsó
wsóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wsmó y[Dem/ yk'jf zwf aw+tó/
jrefrm xkdudavomwkdYukd xkdyk*¾Kdvfonf y,ftyfukefonf jzpfukef\/
½ly wsó wsóum; aw+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? w-cGi;f {-<uif;? ,ar 'EÅóm
a'aom okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf {ukd ,fjyK? ,fAsn;f
aemuft-okdYuyf? (ws+ó) ws-cGif; t-<uif;? 'DCH [laomokwfjzifh aemufó
Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwstpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? wsAf sn;f aemuftmoku
Yd yf?
wsmó
wsmóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oGó/ yk'jf zwf aom+tó/
jrefrm xkdoabmonf jzpf\/
½ly oG óum; aom+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? 0rm'k'EÅmeH
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Moukd 0fjyK? ofAsnf;
aemuf0fokdYuyf? oGfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf? oG óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oGmó/ yk'jf zwf aom+tó/
jrefrm xkdoabmonf jzpf\/
½ly oGmó óum; aom+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? 0rm'k'EÅmeH
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Moukd 0fjyK? ofAsnf;
aemuf0fokdYuyf? oGfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf? (oG+ó) oG-cGif; t-<uif;? 'DCH
[laomokwjf zifh aemufóAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoGtpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
oGfAsnf; aemuftmokdYuyf? oG m ó óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H r"k0 rnwd Amavm/ yk'pf yf r"k 0g rnwd Amavm/
jrefrm olrkdufonf raumif;rIukd ysm;uJhokdY atmufarh\/
½ly r"k 0g rnwd Amavm Amavmum; r"k0+rnwd Amavm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0-cGi;f
t-<uif;? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh aemufrAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0ftpdwf t-
1/ oE¨du@ 109
ukd tm'DCjyK? 0fAsn;f aemuftmoku Yd yf? r"k 0g rnwd Amavm

Amavmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm {0H *gar rkeDpa&/ yk'jf zwf rke+d pa&/
jrefrm xkrd wS yg; yef;&ufpm;ok;H ysm;ydwek ;f twl &[ef;onf &Gmü MuOf&m\/
½ly rk e D p a& a&um; rked+pa&[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? e-cGif; £-<uif;? 'DCH [laom
okwfjzifh aemufpAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf £-ukd þ'DCjyK? efAsnf;
aemufþoku Yd yf? rkeDpa&a&um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H cEÅD y&rH wayg wdwdu©m/ yk'jf zwf cEÅ+d y&rH/
jrefrm wdwdu©m[kqkdtyfaom oD;cHjcif;onf jrwfaom tusifhwnf;/
½ly cEÅD y&rHum; cEÅ+d y&rH[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e ruFl b0dómrd/ yk'jf zwf e ruFk+b0dómrd/
jrefrm &Suo f nf ESv;Hk romonf rjzpft/hH
½ly e rulF b0dómrdum; e ruF+k b0dómrd[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oGmu©mawm/ yk'jf zwf ok+tu©mawm/
jrefrm aumif;pGma[mtyf\/
½ly oGmu©mawm awmum; ok+tu©mawm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? o-cGif; O-<uif;?
0rm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Oukd 0fjyK? ofAsn;f
aemuf0fokdYuyf? oGfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf? (oG+u©mawm) oG-cGif; t-<uif;? 'DCH
[laomokwjf zifh aemufuA© sn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoGt f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
oGAf sn;f aemuftmoku Yd yf? oGmu©mawm
awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,Gm[H/ yk'jf zwf a,m+t[H/
jrefrm tMuifigonf/
½ly ,G m [Hum; a,m+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? oGmu©mawm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H umrawm Zm,wD aomaum/ yk'jf zwf Zm,wd+aomaum/
jrefrm umraMumifh pk;d &drjf cif;onf jzpf\/
½ly Zm,wD aomaum aomaumum; Zm,wd+aomaum[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H umrawm Zm,wD b,H/ yk'jf zwf Zm,wd+b,H/
jrefrm umraMumifh ab;onf jzpf\/
½ly Zm,wD b,Hum; Zm,wd+b,H[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H oauúm OZl p ok[kZl p/ yk'jf zwf OZk+p ok[kZk+p/
jrefrm y#dywfukd jznfhpGrf;Ekdifonf¤if;? ukd,f EIwf aumufuspfjcif;ukd y,fojzifh
ajzmifrh wfonf¤if;? pdwaf umufuspjf cif;ukd y,fojzifh tvGeaf jzmifrh wfonf¤if;/
½ly OZl p ok[kZl ppum; OZk+p ok[Zk +k p[k yk'jf zwf? (a&SUZ-cGi;f aemufZ-cGi;f )
rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tElyCmawm/ yk'jf zwf (tEk) te+OyCmawm/
jrefrm uk, d jf zifrh ñSi;f qJjcif;/
½ly tElyCmawm Cmawmum; (tEk) te+OyCmawm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? e-cGi;f t-
<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufOo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU eftpdwf
t-ukd acs? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh a&SUto&ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemufOo&ukOd 'D C D jyK?
efAsn;f aemufOo D u Ydk yf? tElyCmawm
Cmawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'l&u©/H yk'jf zwf 'k+&u©/H
jrefrm apmifah &SmufEidk cf \ J /
½ly 'l&u©Hum; 'k+&u©[ H k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'l&rH/ yk'jf zwf 'k+&rH/
jrefrm qk;H rEkid cf \ J /
½ly 'l&rHum; 'k+&rH[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ol&u©/H yk'jf zwf ok+&u©/H
jrefrm apmifah &Smufv, G \f /
½ly ol&u©Hum; ok+&u©[ H k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'l[&wm/ yk'jf zwf 'k+[&wm/
jrefrm aqmifEidk cf o J nf\tjzpf/
½ly 'l[&wm &wmum; 'k+[&wm[k yk'jf zwf? rkepD a&½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f

ajz wsZÆ paomykpH w
H rYdk S 'DCtjyKudk epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uG p Dwd uð¿ wsZÆ (wsm'Dok 'DCedao"ew¬)H /
ykpH H wsZ/Æ yk'jf zwf aw+tZÆ/
1/ oE¨du@ 111
jrefrm oifonf ,aeY/

½ly wsZÆum; aw+tZÆ[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? w-cGi;f {-<uif;? 'DCH [laomokwjf zifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf {-ukd 'DCjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf;
uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ,ar'EÅóma'aom okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf {-ukd ,f-jyK? wfAsnf; ,f-okdYuyf wsfAsnf; aemuf t-
oku Yd yf? wsZÆum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oGó/ yk'jf zwf aom+tó/
jrefrm xkdoabmonf jzpf&m\/
½ly oGóum; aom+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? 'DCH [laom
okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Mo-ukd 'DCjyKoifhjim;
aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? 0arm 'k'EÅmeH okwfjzifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf Mo-ukd 0f-jyK? of Asnf; 0f-okdYuyf oGfAsnf; aemuf
t-oku Yd yf? oG óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ywdv, d sw/d yk'jf zwf ywdv+d ,sw/d
jrefrm wGe\ Yf /
½ly ywdvd,swdum; ywdvd+,swd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? v-cGif; £-<uif;? 'DCH
[laomokwfjzifh aemuf,saESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUvftpdwf £-ukd 'DCjyKoifhjim;
aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? vfAsn;f aemuf £-oku Yd yf? ywdvd,swd
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,d|H 0g [kwH 0g avmau/
jrefrm avmuü ,ZfBu;D ylaZmfjcif;onf¤if;? ,Zfi,fyal Zmfjcif;onf¤if;/
ykpH H ,'d 0g om0au/
jrefrm wynfjh zpfavoavm/
ykpH H yk*¾vm "r®'om aw/
jrefrm opömav;yg;w&m;ukd jrifuek o f avm? xkyd *k K¾ v
d w
f o
Ydk nf/
ykpH H abm0g'D emr aom a[mwd/
jrefrm xkyd ak PÖ;rrS jzpfaomolonf abmabm[kqadk vh&adS omolrnfonf jzpf\/
ykpH H ,xmbm0D *kaPe aom/
jrefrm xkdolonf *kPfaMumifh ,xmbm0Drnf\/
jrefrm þjy,k*üf a&S;'DCo H w

k üf qkt
d yfNy;D aom AsOaÆ eç o&mç uGpo
d '´g onfyifvQif
vkdufonf&Sdaomf/
ygVd £wD"Þ ykAo Á að® ,0g"duma&Þ
--------------
okwf 38/ &óH/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf &ótjzpfoYdk
a&mufuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf
&ótjzpfokdY a&mufukef\/ þum; teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd o&m acg AsOÆae ya& uGpd &óH yayÜgEÅDwd/
ar; ÿþ&óHow k üf &ójyK&mXmewku Yd dk a&;cJyh g/
ajz qef;*kP d ;f aMumif¤h if;? tm*kaH Mumif¤h if;? oH,*k af Mumif¤h if; &ótjzpfonf
jzpf\/
ygVd qE´mEk&u©aPç tm*arç oHa,ma* p &ówåH/
qE´mEk&u©aP wm0? qef;*kdPf;apmifh&mü a&S;OD;pGm/
ykpH H ,d|H0 [kwH0 avmau/
yk'jf zwf ,d|0H g+[kw0H g+avmau/
½ly ,d|H0 [kwH0 avmau avmauum; ,d|0H g+[kw0H g+avmau[k yk'jf zwfíwnf?
0-ESpfvkH;ukdcGif; tm-ESpfvkH;<uif;? (,d|H0f+tm+[kwH 0f+tm+avmau) &óH
[laomokwjf zifh aemuf[-Asn;f v-Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU 0f-ESpv f ;Hk tpdwf
tmukd t-&ójyK? (,d|0H +f t+ [kw0H +f t+avmau) ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh
0fAsn;f ESpv
f ;Hk ukd aemuf tm-toD;oD;oku Yd yf? ,d|H0 [kwH0 avmau
avmauum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,'d0 om0au/ yk'jf zwf ,'d0g+om0au/
½ly ,'d0 om0au om0auum; ,'d0g+om0au[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yk*¾v "r®'om aw/ yk'jf zwf yk*v
¾ m+"r®'om aw/
½ly yk*¾v "r®'om aw awum; yk*v¾ m+"r®'om aw[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abm0g'd emr aom a[mwd/
1/ oE¨du@ 113
yk'jf zwf abm0g'D+emr aom a[mwd/

½ly abm0g'd emr aom aomum; abm0g'D+emr aom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ,xm bm0d *kaPe aom/
yk'jf zwf ,xm bm0D+*kaPe aom/
½ly ,xm bm0d *kaPe aom aomum; ,xm bm0D+*kaPe aom[k yk'fjzwf?
enf;wlwu G /f
tm*ar? tm*kHrfvm&mü/
ykpH H ,x,d'/H yk'jf zwf ,xm+£'H/
jrefrm þpdwfonf jzpfouJhokdY/ (£'H pdwåH a[mwd,xm)/
½ly ,x,d'Hum; ,xm+£'H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? , 0 r ' e w & vm pm*rm
okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü ,ftu©&m vm? (,xm+,f+£'H)
x-cGif; tm-<uif;? &óH [laomokwfjzifh aemuf,f-Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU
xf-tpdwf tmukd t-&ójyK? (,xf+t+,f+£'H) ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh
xfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? ,f Asnf; £okdYuyf? ,x,d'Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H or®'u©mawm/ yk'jf zwf or®m+tu©mawm/
jrefrm aumif;pGma[mtyf\/
½ly or®'u©mawm awmum; or®m+tu©mawm[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
oHa,ma*? oH,*k af ESmif;&mü/

ykpH H y&uúarm/ yk'jf zwf y&m+uarm/
jrefrm tqifq h ift
h m;xkwjf cif;/
½ly y&uúarm rmum; y&m+uarm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? &-cGif; tm-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwfjzifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'do a'Gabmf uú-jyK?
(y&f+tm+uúarm) &óH [laomokwfjzifh aemufuú-Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU
&f-tpdwf tmukd t-&ójyK? (y&f+t+uúarm) ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh &fAsnf;
t-oku Yd yf? y&du©arm
rmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tóma'g/ yk'jf zwf tm+oma'g/
jrefrm om,mjcif;/
½ly tóma'gtóma'gum; tm+oma'g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H wPSu©a,m/ yk'jf zwf wPSm+ca,m/

jrefrm þtwl wPSm\ ukefjcif;/
½ly wPSu©a,m ,mum; wPSm+ca,m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? PS-cGif; tm-<uif;?
0a*¾ aCmomaCmoeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh tmo&rS aemufjzpfaom
taCmotu©&mjzpfaom c-ukd to'doa'Gabmf u©jyK? (wPS+f t+u©a,m) <uif;
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H psmeó vmbdrSd/ yk'jf zwf vmbD+trS/d
jrefrm psmefudk &jcif;&So
d nf jzpf\/
½ly vmbdrSdum; vmbD+trSd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? b-cGif; þ-<uif;? 0g ya&m
to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonf r[kwfaom þo&rS aemufjzpfaom
to&ukad cs? (vmbf+þ+rS)d &óH [laomokwjf zifh aemufr-Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SU bf-tpdwf þukd £-&ójyK? (vmbf+£+rd)S ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh bfAsn;f
£-oku Yd yf? vmbdrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0odr/dS yk'jf zwf 0oD+trS/d
jrefrm avhvmonf jzpf\/
½ly 0oddrSdum; 0oD+trS[ d k yk'jf zwf? vmbdr½dS yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xkv’pöa,m/ yk'jf zwf xl+vpöa,m/
jrefrm Bu;D aomtjypf/
½ly xkv’pöa,m ,mum; xl+vpöa,m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? x-cGif; OD-<uif;? &óH
[laomokwjf zifh aemufv-Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU xf-tpdwf ODudk O-&ójyK?
(xf+O+vpöa,m) y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom v-ukd o'do
a'Gabmf v’-jyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh xfAsn;f O-oku Yd yf? xkv’pöa,m
,mum; Ny;D \/
ajz rm,d'H paomykpH w H üYdk &ótjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ rm,d'(H wsm'Dok &óed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H rm,d'/H yk'jf zwf rm+£'H/
jrefrm þtrIukd rjyKvifh/ (£'H ur®H rmua&m[d)/
½ly rm,d ' Hum; rm+£'H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? r-cGif; tm-<uif;? &óH [laom
okwjf zifh aemufüAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU rf-tpdwf tmukd &ójyKoifjh im;
1/ oE¨du@ 115
aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (rf+tm+£'H) , 0 r ' e w & vm

pm*rm okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü ,ftu©&m vm? ea, y&H
,kawå okwfjzifh rfAsnf; tm-okdYuyf? ,fAsnf; £okdYuyf? rm,d'Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H reom 'nm 0drkwåmeH/ yk'jf zwf reom+tnm 0drkwåmeH/
jrefrm pdwfjzifh odí udavomrS vGwfukefaom olwkdYtm;/
½ly reom 'nm 'nmum; reom+tnm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,xmuúrH/ yk'jf zwf ,xm+urH/
jrefrm tpOftwkid ;f /
½ly ,xmuúrHum; ,xm+urH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? x-cGif; tm-<uif;? &óH
[laomokwfjzifh aemufüAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU xf-tpdwf tmukd
&ójyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwfjzifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'do a'Gabmf uújyK? xf tmokdYuyf?
,xmuúrHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmcsmwduH/ yk'jf zwf tm+csmwdu/H
jrefrm tmcsmwfy'k /f
½ly tmcsmwduHum; tm+csmwduH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? &óH [laomokwfjzifh
aemufüAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU o&tmukd &ójyKoifhjim;aomfvnf;
uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? tmcsmwduHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'D,sw/d yk'jf zwf 'D+,sw/d
jrefrm ay;tyf\/
½ly 'D , swdum; 'D+,swd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? '-cGif;? þ-<uif;? &óH [laom
okwjf zifh aemufüAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo&þukd &ójyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
uGpo d '´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? 'fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? 'D,wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ol,swd/ yk'jf zwf ol+,swd/
jrefrm Mum;tyf\/
½ly 'D,swdum; 'D+,sw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {aom acg AsEÅð um[dwd/ yk'pf yf {o acg
jrefrm þolonfvQif ysujf cif;ukd jyKvwåUH /
½ly {o acg acgum; {aom+acg[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? o-cGi;f ? Mo-<uif;? avmyOö
wMwm uma&m okwjf zifh aemufcAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU oftpdwf Mo-ukad cs

xkdaus&mü (xkdokdYausNyD;onf&Sdaomf) ttu©&mvm? ofAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf?
{o acgacgum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aom *päH e ed0wåwd/ yk'pf yf o *päH/
jrefrm oGm;aom (*päaEÅm) xkdolonf repf/
½ly o *päHum; aom+*pä[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þjy,k*üf xko d &mç AsOaÆ e o'´gonfyifvQif vku d o
f nf&adS omf/
Þ
ygVd £pöMw wo®að ,0g"duma& Þ
--------------
okwf 39/ avmyOö wMwmuma&m/

okwjf refrm Asn;f aMumifv
h nf; (AsOaÆ e p) a&SUo&wko Yd nf ausjcif;okYd
a&mufukef\? xkdaus&mü ttu©&mvmonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&wko Yd nf tcsKjYd y,k*üf ausjcif;
okdY a&mufukef\? xkdo&ausaomt&mü ttu©&m vmonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd o&m acg AsOÆae ya& uGpd avmyH yayÜgEÅd? wMw vkawå Xmae
t um&m*arm/
ar; ÿaemufAsn;f aMumifh a&SUo&ukad cs&m0,f trSwrf &Sd awGUjrifu&m
o'´g\ tpdwfo&ukd acsygoavm¿/
ajz trSwrf &Sad omo'´g\ tpdwo f &ukd racs&yg? {wo'´gç wo'´g\ tpdwf
Motu©&m(\)uko d mvQif (acs&ygonf) þausjcif;onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd {ww {wwo'áEÅmum&aó0g,H avmayg/
ar; ÿuG uGpd[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;/
ajz {aom "ar®m paomykpH w H üYdk acsjcif;rS epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd uG p Dwd uð¿ {aom "ar®m (wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H {aom "ar®m/ yk'jf zwf {aom+"ar®m/
jrefrm þw&m;onf/
½ly {aom "ar®mum; {aom+"ar®m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? o-cGif; Mo-<uif;?
avmyOö wMwm uma&m okwfjzifh aemuf"Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf
1/ oE¨du@ 117
Moukad csoifjh im;aomfvnf; uG p do'´gjrpfaomaMumifh racs&? ofAsn;f Mo-okuYd yf?

{aom "ar®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aom rked/ yk'jf zwf aom+rked/
jrefrm xk&d [ef;onf/
½ly aom rkedum; aom+rke[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aom oDv0g/ yk'jf zwf aom+oDv0g/
jrefrm xkdolonf oDv&Sd\/
½ly aom oDv0g 0gum; aom+oDv0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; p o'´g\teufudk a&;cJyh g/

ajz p o'´gjzifh {wo'´g\ tpdwMf o\ aemufo&aMumifv h nf; tcsKYd
jy,k*üf ausjcif;okYd a&mufygonf? þtvkd po'´gorkpn
ö ;f teuf &Syd gonf/
ygVd p oa'é {w
{wo'Éó Å oa&yd uGpd avmayg/
H m;Þ
ykpH u ,xmÞ
ykpH H {o taw¬m/ yk'jf zwf {aom+taw¬m/
jrefrm þonfum; teufwnf;/
½ly {o taw¬mum; {aom+taw¬m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? o-cGif; Mo-<uif;?
avmyOö wMwm uma&m okwjf zifh aemuftAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf
Moukad cs xkad us&mü ttu©&mvm? ofAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? {aom taw¬mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {o tmabma*g/ yk'jf zwf {aom+tmabma*g/
jrefrm þokYd ESv;Hk oGi;f wnf;/
½ly {o tmabma*gtmabma*gum; {aom+tmabma*g[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {o £'ged/ yk'jf zwf {aom+£'ged/
jrefrm ,cktcgü þolonf vmvwåHU (*rdówd)/
½ly {o £'gedum; {aom+£'ged[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
0dbwfjyefaomtm;jzifh ]]o&rSmç AsOeÆ ó}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vku
d \f /
ygVd 0dy&dPmare ]]o&rSmç AsOeÆ óm}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 40/ y&a'Gbma0g Xmae/

okwjf refrm oifah vsmaf omtaMumif;onf &Sv d wfaomf (owd) aemufAsn;f \
o'doa'GabmfjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a'GabmfjyKaumif;onf &Sv d wfaomf (owd) a&SUo&rS aemufjzpfaom
Asn;f \ o'doa'GabmfjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd o&rSm y&ó AsOÆeó a'Gbma0g a[mwd Xmae/
a'Gbm0 ESpv
f ;Hk aomAsn;f wk\ Yd tjzpfwnf;? (onf 'db G m0rnf\) ESpvf ;Hk aom
Asn;f wk\ Yd tjzpf? xk'd b Gd m0yk'o
f nfomvQif a'Gbm0 rnf\/
ygVd 'dGEéH bma0g 'dGbma0g? aom {0 a'Gbma0g/
ar; a'Gbm0ESihf Xmewku Yd adk &;cJyh g/
ajz ESpv f ;Hk aomAsn;f wk\ Yd tjzpfonf a'Gbm0rnfygonf/
Xme þokwfü Xmernfonfum; &óo&okH;vkH; tmtu©&mrSaemufü (0g

wenf;) aemufjzpfíjzpfukefaom (y&Hy&blwmeH) y[laom Oyom&ç
ywd[laomOyom&(wkdY\¤if;) ywd[laomOyom&(\)tm; tma'ojzpfaom
y#do'´g(\¤if;) y'0dau©yteuf&adS om urk"mwfç tauúmo teuf&adS om uko
"mwfç aumyteuf&Sdaom uk""mwfç 'AÁ0deda,mteuf &Sdaom uD"mwfç Oyg'ge
teuf&Sdaom *["mwfç 'dwådteuf&Sdaom Zkw"mwfç t0aAm"eteuf&Sdaom
Ó"mwfç ao0eteuf&Sdaom od"mwfç o0eteuf &Sdaom ok"mwfç *wdteuf
&Sad om ol"mwfç 0dórÇeteuf&adS om orÇL"mwfç *wdpEd mÅ teuf&adS om o&"mwfç
ygPteuf&Sdaom oo"mwfç ponfwkdY\ tpjzpfaomAsnf;wkdY\ ESpfvkH;qifh
a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufygonf/
wduo'´gç w,o'´gç wðoo'´gç 0wo'´g ponfwkdY\ tpjzpfaom
Asnf;(onf¤if;) 0wk"mwfç 0#K"mwfç 'do"mwf ponfwkdY\ tqkH;jzpfaom Asnf;
(onf¤if;) a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufEidk yf gonf/
Oç 'kç edç Oyom&yk'çf wo'´gç pwko'´gç qo'´gç oEÅo'´g\ tma'ojzpfaom
oo'´gponfwrYdk aS emufü¤if;? Asn;f wk\ Yd a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufEidk yf gonf/
yk'f\tqkH;vnf;r[kwfç tmtu©&mvnf; r[kwfaom'DCaemifrS
,tu©&mponfonfvnf; ESpv f ;Hk qifh a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufEidk yf gonf/
1/ oE¨du@ 119
ygVd {w¬ p XmeH emr &ómum&awm y&H y ywd y#d urkuko uk" uD *[
Zkw Ó od ok orÇL o& oom'Derm'dAsOÆemeH a'Gbm0H? wdu w, wðo
0wm'Derm'd pç 0wk 0#K'o d m'DerEÅOçö O 'k ed-Oy o*¾ w pwk q oEÅo'´ga'om'dy&Oöç
ty'EÅm emum&'DCawm , um&m'd pç/
,çtu©&m&Su d ek af om wveponfw\ Ydk p v Ú paomtma'o onf¤if;?
oa, p ponfjzifh qkt d yfuek af om ,tu©&mESiw hf uGaom ed*[ ¾ wd wf \
Ydk tma'o
Útu©&monf¤if;? wó p0*¾ ,um&0um&wåH o"mwGEó Å okwjf zifjh yKtyfaom
tma'oonf¤if;? wypaomyk'faemifrS ouftyfaom oDypönf;\ otu©&m
onf¤if;? a'GabmftjzpfokdY a&mufEkdif ygonf/
ygVd ,0wH wvem'De-rma'aom p o,m'deH/
o[ "mwGEÅóma'aom? oDouma&m wyg'dawm/
qE´mEk&u©aP p- qef;*kP d ;f apmifo
h ifah omt&mü¤if;? a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&muf
Ekdifygonf/ C&"mwfç aps"mwfç "Hok"mwfç brk"mwf
ponfw\ Ydk tpAsn;f onf¤if;? &óo&ok;H vk;H tmtu©&maemifrS 0*ftu©&mwkYd
(\)wGif pwkwu ¬ &© m 'kw, d u©&mwkw Yd iG f a'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufEidk yf gonf/ þokYd
tp&So d nfonf Xme
Xmernfygonf/
ygVd C& aps "Hok orm'Derm'd pç &ómum&awm 0*¾geH pwkw¬- 'kwd,m p
£apö0rm'd/
jrefrm xkqd tdk yfNy;D aomXmeü (0g) xkyd ywd ponfww Ydk iG f y ywd y#d[al om
yk'wf üYdk a&S;OD;pGm tpOfojzifh O'g[½kPu f dk þokYd rSwt f yf\/
ygVd ww¬ y ywd y#Dok wm0- (O'g[&PH {0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H £" yrma'g/ yk'pf yf £"yÜrma'g/

jrefrm þavmuü ZEÅK[q k t
dk yfaom (ZEÅKaem yk&od ó) a,mufsm;\ arhavsmh
jcif;onf/
½ly £"yÜrma'gma'gum; £"+yrma'g[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? "-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK?
(£"f+t+yÜrma'g) "f-Asn;f t-oku Yd yf? £"yÜrma'g um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H tyÜrma'g/ yk'jf zwf t+yrma'g/
jrefrm þtwl rarhravsmjh cif;/

½ly tyÜrma'g ma'gum; t+yrma'g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dy,
Ü ak wåm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+y,kawåm/
jrefrm r,SOjf cif;/
½ly 0dyÜ,kawåmum; 0d+y,kawåm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H okyo Ü aEém/ yk'jf zwf ok+yoaEém/
jrefrm vGepf mG Munfjcif;/
½ly okyÜoaEémum; ok+yoaEém[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H or®m y"meH/ yk'pf yf or®y"Ü meH/
jrefrm aumif;pGmtm;xkwjf cif; &ójyKí or®y"Ü meyk'jf zpf\ (&ówå)H /
½ly or®yÜ"meHum; or®m+y"meH[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? r®-cGif; tm-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK? (or®+f
tm+yÜ"meH) &óH [laomokwjf zifh aemufyAÜ sn;f aESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUr®t f pdwf
tmukd t&ójyK? r®Af sn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? or®yÜ"meH um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tyÜw0d wåad ,m/ yk'jf zwf t+ywd0wåad ,m/
jrefrm olwpfyg;wkYd rjzpfapEkid /f
½ly tyÜwd0wåda,m ,mum; t+ywd0wåda,m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK? tyÜwd0wåda,m
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H t"dywdypÜ aö ,m/ yk'jf zwf t"d+ywdypöa,m/
jrefrm t"dywdypön;f /
½ly t"dywdyÜpöa,m ,mum; t"d+ywdypöa,m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? "-cGi;f £-<uif;?
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK?
"f-Asn;f £-oku Yd yf? t"dywdyÜpöa,m um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H okyw Ü |d ad wm/ yk'jf zwf ok+ywd|ad wm/
jrefrm aumif;pGmwnf\/
½ly okyÜwd|dawm wmum; ok+ywd|ad wm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜ#yd *k a¾ vm/ yk'jf zwf t+y#dy*k a¾ vm/
jrefrm wkzufjzpfaom yk*K¾ v d rf &S/d
1/ oE¨du@ 121
½ly tyÜ#dyk*¾avm vmum; t+y#dy*k a¾ vm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H 0dy#Ü o d ma&m/ yk'jf zwf 0d+y#doma&m/
jrefrm ESv;Hk romjcif;/
½ly 0dyÜ#doma&m ma&mum; 0d+y#doma&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oky#Ü yd aEém/ yk'jf zwf ok+y#dyaEém/
jrefrm aumif;pGmusiahf omoHCm/
½ly okyÜ#dyaEémum; ok+y#dyaEém[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oky#Ü yd wå/d yk'jf zwf ok+y#dywå/d
jrefrm aumif;pGmusijhf cif;/
½ly okyÜ#dywådum; ok+y#dywå[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm urkpaom"mwfwüYdk þokrYd w S t f yf\/
Þ
ygVd urm'd"mwlok ({0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H yuúarm/ yk'jf zwf y+uarm/
jrefrm zJjcif;/
½ly yuúarm rmum; y+uarm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK? yf-Asn;f t-
oku Yd yf? yuúarm
rmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y#duaú rm/ yk'jf zwf y#d+uarm/
jrefrm aemufoq Ydk w
k jf cif;/
½ly y#duúarm rmum; y#d+uarm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[wkuaú rm/ yk'jf zwf a[wk+uarm/

jrefrm [dwftpOf (0g) a[wkuúrtvuFm/
½ly a[wkuúarm rmum; a[wk+uarm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H tuúrwd/ yk'jf zwf tm+urwd/
jrefrm eif;\/
½ly tuúrwdum; tm+urwd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh
tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK? (tm+uúrwd) &óH okwjf zifh
aemufuAú sn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU tmo&ukd t&ójyK? tuúrwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y#duaú rm/ yk'jf zwf y#d+uarm/

jrefrm zJjcif;/
½ly y#duúarm rmum; y#d+uarm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H y&uúrwd/ yk'jf zwf y&+urwd/
jrefrm þtwl tm;xkwf\/
½ly y&uúarm rmum; y&+uarm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? &-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK? &f-Asn;f t-
oku Yd yf? y&uúarm
rmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xmuúrH/ yk'jf zwf ,xm+urH/
jrefrm tpOftwkid ;f /
½ly ,xmuúrHum; ,xm+urH[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yauúmowd/ yk'jf zwf y+aumowd/
jrefrm ac:\/
½ly yauúmowdum; y+aumowd[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y#dauúmowd/ yk'jf zwf y#d+aumowd/
jrefrm jrpf\/
½ly y#dauúmowdum; y#d+aumowd[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEkauúmowd/ yk'jf zwf tEk+aumowd/
jrefrm tzefwvJvjJ rpf\/
½ly tEkauúmowdum; tEk+aumowd[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tauúmowd/ yk'jf zwf tm+aumowd/

jrefrm qJa&;\/
½ly tauúmowdum; tm+aumowd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK? (tm+uúrwd) &óH
okwjf zifh aemufuAú sn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU tmo&ukd t&ójyK? tauúmowd
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H tuúKa'¨g/ yk'jf zwf t+uka'¨g/
jrefrm trsurf xGujf cif;/
1/ oE¨du@ 123
½ly tuúKa'¨gum; t+uka'¨g[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh

to&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK? tuúKa'¨gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twdauúma"m yk'jf zwf twd+auma"m/
jrefrm vGepf mG trsuxf u G jf cif;/
½ly twdauúma"m a"mum; twd+auma"m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "euúaD wm/ yk'jf zwf "e+uDawm/
jrefrm Opömjzifh 0,ftyf\/
½ly "euúDawm wmum; "e+uDawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0duúa,m/ yk'jf zwf 0d+ua,m/
jrefrm 0,fjcif;/
½ly 0duúa,m ,mum; 0d+ua,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEkuúa,m/ yk'jf zwf tEk+ua,m/
jrefrm wpfqif0h ,fjcif;/
½ly tEkuúa,m ,mum; tEk+ua,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y*¾a[m/ yk'jf zwf y+*a[m/

jrefrm cs;D ajrm§ ufjcif;/
½ly y*¾a[m [mum; y+*a[m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom *-ukd o'doa'Gabmf *¾-jyK? yf-Asnf; t-
oku Yd yf? y*¾a[m
[mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d*a¾ [m/ yk'jf zwf 0d+*a[m/
jrefrm jiif;ckjH cif;/
½ly 0d*¾a[m [mum; 0d+*a[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEk*a¾ [m/ yk'jf zwf tEk+*a[m/
jrefrm cs;D ajrm§ ufjcif;/
½ly tEk*¾a[m [mum; tEk+*a[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed*a¾ [m/ yk'jf zwf ed+*a[m/
jrefrm ESyd jf cif;/
½ly ed*¾a[m [mum; ed+*a[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pE´*a¾ [m/ yk'jf zwf pE´+*a[m/

jrefrm vçMuufjcif;/
½ly pE´*¾a[m [mum; pE´+*a[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'd|*d g¾ a[m/ yk'jf zwf 'd|+d *ga[m/
jrefrm 'd|t
d m;jzif/h
½ly 'd|d*¾ga[m
a[mum; 'd|+d *ga[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yaZÆmawm/ yk'jf zwf y+aZmawm/
jrefrm awmufyjcif;/
½ly yaZÆmawm awmum; y+aZmawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0daZÆmwwd/ yk'jf zwf 0d+aZmwwd/
jrefrm awmufy\/
½ly 0daZÆmwwdum; 0d+aZmwwd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H OaZÆmawm/ yk'jf zwf O+aZmawm/
jrefrm awmufyjcif;/
½ly OaZÆmawm awmum; O+aZmawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uwñl yk'jf zwf uw+OL/ (uwH+OL/)

jrefrm olUaus;Zl;ukod jd cif;/
½ly uwñlum; uw+OL[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? w-cGif; t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom Ú-ukd o'doa'Gabmf n-jyK? wf-Asn;f t-
okdYuyf? uwñlum; Ny;D \/
wenf; ½ly uwñlum; uwH+OL[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? w-cGif; ed*¾[dwf
rSDaom t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh ed*¾[dwfrSDaom to&rS aemuf
jzpfaom Ú-ukd o'doa'Gabmf n-jyK? (uwf+tH+ñl) AsOÆae p okwfjzifh aemuf
nAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd acs? wf-Asnf; t-
okdYuyf? uwñlum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dñ/l yk'jf zwf 0d+OL/
jrefrm txl;ojzifh odjcif;/
½ly 0dñl ñul m; 0d+OL[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0-cGif; £-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
1/ oE¨du@ 125
okwjf zifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom Ú-ukd o'doa'Gabmf n-jyK? 0f-Asn;f £-oku

Yd yf?
0dñlum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ynmPH/ yk'jf zwf y+ÓPH/
jrefrm tjym;tm;jzifo h jd cif;/
½ly ynmPHum; y+ÓPH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dnmPH/ yk'jf zwf 0d+ÓPH/
jrefrm txl;ojzifo h jd cif;/
½ly 0dnmPHum; 0d+ÓPH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEknm/ yk'jf zwf tEk+Ó/
jrefrm cGijhf yKjcif;/
½ly tEknmmum; tEk+Ó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rEknm/ yk'jf zwf rEk+Ó/
jrefrm pdwu f Edk pS o
f ufapjcif;/
½ly rEknmmum; rEk+Ó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ornm/ yk'jf zwf or+Ó/
jrefrm trnf/
½ly ornmornmum; or+Ó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t0óa,m/ yk'jf zwf t0+oa,m/

jrefrm rS&D m/
½ly t0óa,m
t0óa,mum; t0+oa,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edóa,m/ yk'jf zwf ed+oa,m/
jrefrm rS&D m/
½ly edóa,m a,mum; ed+oa,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H orkóa,m/ yk'jf zwf ork+oa,m/
jrefrm ukd,f/
½ly orkóa,m a,mum; ork+oa,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜóak wm/ yk'jf zwf tyÜ+okawm/
jrefrm enf;aomtMum;tjrif&\ dS /
½ly tyÜókawm wmum; tyÜ+okawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H 0dóak wm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+okawm/
jrefrm xif&mS ;\/
½ly 0dókawm wmum; 0d+okawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H A[kóak wm/ yk'jf zwf A[k+okawm/
jrefrm rsm;aomtMum;tjrif&\ dS /
½ly A[kókawm wmum; A[k+okawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmo0g/ yk'pf yf tó0g/
jrefrm ,kpd ;D jcif;/
½ly tó0g tó0gum; tm+o0g[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh
tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom o-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ó-jyK? (tm+ ó0g) &óH okwjf zifh
óAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t&ójyK? tó0g tó0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yórÇaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf y+orÇaEÅm/
jrefrm tuRr;f 0if\/
½ly yórÇaEÅmum; y+orÇaEÅm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom o-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ó-jyK? yf-Asn;f t-
oku Yd yf? yórÇawm wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dórÇw/d yk'jf zwf 0d+orÇw/d
jrefrm tuRr;f 0if\/
½ly 0dórÇwdum; 0d+orÇw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t¥óa&m/ yk'jf zwf t+#óa&m/

jrefrm emusiaf omtoH/
½ly t¥óa&m
t¥óa&mum; t+#óa&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dó&wd/ yk'jf zwf 0d+o&wd/
jrefrm a&GU\/
½ly 0dó&wdum; 0d+o&wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEkó&wd/ yk'jf zwf tEk+o&wd/
jrefrm atmufarh\/
1/ oE¨du@ 127
½ly tEkó&wdum; tEk+o&wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H yóoaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf y+ooaEÅm/
jrefrm 0ifouf½u dI jf cif;/
½ly yóoaEÅmum; y+ooaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dóoaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+ooaEÅm/
jrefrm txl;ojzif½h LS jcif;/
½ly 0dóoaEÅmum; 0d+ooaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r[kóoaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf r[k+ooaEÅm/
jrefrm jyif;pGm½SLjck if;/
½ly r[kóoaEÅmum; r[k+ooaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmomaom/ yk'pf yf tómaom/
jrefrm xGufouf/
½ly tómaom
tómaomum; tm+omaom[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom o-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ó-jyK? (tm+ ómaom)
&óH okwjf zifh óAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t&ójyK? tómaom
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H t0dóaZÆaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf t0d+oaZÆaEÅm/

jrefrm rpGejYf cif;/
½ly t0dóaZÆaEÅmum; t0d+oaZÆaEÅm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0-cGi;f £-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom o-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ó-jyK? 0f-
Asn;f £-oku Yd yf? t0dóaZÆaEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dóaZÆaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+oaZÆaEÅm/
jrefrm pGejYf cif;/
½ly 0dóaZÆaEÅmum; 0d+oaZÆaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&dpZö aEÅm/ yk'jf zwf y&d+pZaEÅm/
jrefrm pGejYf cif;/
½ly y&dpöZaEÅmum; y&d+pZaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oy'á0g/ yk'jf zwf Oy+'a0g/
jrefrm ab;&ef/
½ly Oy'á0g 0gum; Oy+'a0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oyuúv d ad |m/ yk'jf zwf Oy+udvad |m/
jrefrm npfErG ;f jcif;/
½ly Oyuúdvda|m |mum; Oy+udvad |m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rdw'å K´ / yk'jf zwf rdw+å 'k/
jrefrm cifyeG ;f jypfrmS ;aomol/
½ly rdwå'´Kum; rdw+å 'k[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tm,AÁa,m/ yk'jf zwf tm,+Aa,m/
jrefrm tcGe&f u d m© /
½ly tm,AÁa,m ,mum; tm,+Aa,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'AÁ[d £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf O'+A[d/
jrefrm &Gufaqmif\? þokdYponfwnf;/
½ly O'AÁ[dum; O'+A[d[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; o&rSm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz orÜ,ak wåm paomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd o&rSmwd uð¿ orÜ,ak wåm(wsm'Dok a'Gbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H orÜ,kawåm/ yk'jf zwf oH+y,kawåm/
jrefrm ,SO\ f /
½ly orÜ,kawåmum; oH+y,kawåm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf y-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; o&r[kwf ed*[ ¾ wd rf aS emuf
jzpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (oH+y,kawåm) 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh aemuf0*ftu©&m
jzpfaom y-Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u f dk y0*¾EÅ rf-
jyK? ea, y&H ,kawå okwfjzifh o&uif;aom rfAsnf;ukd aemuf y-okdYuyf?
orÜ,kawåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H orÜwZd mawm/ yk'jf zwf oH+ywdZmawm/
jrefrm ,ck zGm;pomjzpf\/
½ly orÜwdZmawm mawmum; oH+ywdZmawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 129
ykpH H orÜ#pd Eä /Hé yk'jf zwf oH+y#dpEä /Hé

jrefrm orÜ#pd Kä id ;f /
½ly orÜ#dpäEéHum; oH+y#dpEä [ Hé k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ouFraEÅm/ yk'jf zwf oH+uraEÅm/
jrefrm uyfjcif;/
½ly ouFraEÅmum; oH+uraEÅm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh
u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf u-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; o&r[kwf ed*¾[dwfrSaemufjzpf
aomaMumifh rjyK&? (oH+y,kawåm) 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom
u-Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d uf dk u0*¾EÅ i-jyK? ea,
y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ifAsn;f ukd aemuf u-oku Yd yf? ouFraEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ar; Xmae Xmae[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz rm p yrma'g paomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd Xmae Xmaewd uð¿ rm p yrma'g(wsm'Dok a'Gbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H rm p yrma'g/ yk'jf zwf rm+p+yrma'g/
jrefrm arhvnf; rarhavsmo h if/h
½ly rm p yrma'g yrma'gum; rm+p+yrma'g[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? p-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&
a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf y-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpf
aomaMumifh rjyK&? ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom pfAsn;f ukd aemuf t-
oku Yd yf? rm p yrma'g
yrma'gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ywd*,Sw/d yk'jf zwf ywd+*,Sw/d
jrefrm ,l\/
½ly ywd*,Swdum; ywd+*,Sw[ d k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0pDyaumyH &au©,s/ yk'pf yf 0pD+yaumyH/
jrefrm EIwjf zifjh ypfrmS ;jcif;ukd apmif&h m\/
½ly 0pDyaumyHum; 0pD+yaumyH[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a, yrwåm ,xm rwm/ yk'jf zwf a,+yrwåm/
jrefrm arhavsmhukefaom tMuifvlwkdYonf (e&m) aoukefouJhokdY/
½ly a,+yrwåmum; a,+yrwåm[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly ,xm rwm rwmum; ,xm+rwm[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H raemyaumyH &au©,s/ yk'jf zwf raem+yaumyH/

jrefrm pdwjf zifjh ypfrmS ;jcif;ukd apmifah &Smuf&m\/
½ly raemyaumyHum; raem+yaumyH[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £" arm'wd/ yk'jf zwf £"+arm'wd/
jrefrm þypöKyeÜ b f 0ü 0rf;ajrmuf&\/
½ly £" arm'wdum; £"+arm'wd[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aypö arm'wd/ yk'jf zwf aypö+arm'wd/
jrefrm wrvGeb f 0ü 0rf;ajrmuf&\/
½ly aypö arm'wdum; aypö+arm'wd[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
wd utp&So d nfwüYdk þokrYd w
S t
f yf\/
Þ
ygVd wdum'Dok ({0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H ukovwåduH/ yk'jf zwf ukov+wdu/H
jrefrm ukovwdwf/
½ly ukovwåduu H m; ukov+wdu[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? v-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom w-ukd o'doa'Gabmf w-jyK? ea,
y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom vfAsn;f ukd aemuf t-oku Yd yf? ukovwåduHum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H yDww d udå /H yk'jf zwf yDw+d wdu/H
jrefrm yDww d wd /f
½ly yDwdwåduHum; yDw+d wdu[ H k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[wkwåduH/ yk'jf zwf a[wk+wdu/H
jrefrm [dwo f ;Hk cktaygif;/
½ly a[wkwåduHum; a[wk+wdu[ H k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a0'emwåu d /H yk'jf zwf a0'em+wdu/H
jrefrm a0'ewdw/f
½ly a0'emwåduHum; a0'em+wdu[ H k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H avmuwå,H/ yk'jf zwf avu+w,H/
jrefrm avmuok;H yg;taygif;/
1/ oE¨du@ 131
½ly avmuwå,Hum; avmu+w,H[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H aAm"dw, å /H yk'jf zwf aAm"d+w,H/
jrefrm aAm"do;Hk yg;taygif;/
½ly aAm"dwå,Hum; aAm"d+w,H[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0w¬Kw, å /H yk'jf zwf 0w¬K+w,H/
jrefrm 0w¬Ko;Hk cktaygif;/
½ly 0w¬Kwå,Hum; 0w¬K+w,H[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {uwåo ð / yk'jf zwf {u+wðo/
jrefrm ok;H q,fw h pfc/k
½ly {uwåðoum; {u+wðo[k yk'jf zwf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'Gwo ðå / yk'jf zwf 'k+wðo/
jrefrm ok;H q,fEh pS cf /k
½ly 'Gwåðoum; 'k+wðo[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? '-cGi;f O-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom w-ukd o'doa'Gabmf w-jyK? ('f+O+wåo ð ) 0arm
'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemufwo ðå u £o&aESmif; aom a&SUü tpdwOf ukd 0f-jyK? ea,
y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom 'fAsn;f ukd aemuf 0-oku Yd yf? 'Gwåðoum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwkwo ðå / yk'jf zwf pwk+wðo/
jrefrm ok;H q,fah v;ck/
½ly pwkwåðoum; pwk+wðo[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? w-cGi;f O-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwfjzifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom w-ukd o'doa'Gabmf w-jyK? ea, y&H
,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom wfAsn;f ukd aemuf O-oku Yd yf? pwkwåðoum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oDvAÁw/H yk'jf zwf oDv+0wH/

jrefrm tavhtusi/hf
½ly oDvAÁwu H m; oDv+0wH[k yk'jf zwfí
f wnf? v-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 0-ukd o'doa'Gabmf 0-jyK? (oDv+f t+0G)
a'g "ó p okwüf aAm 0ó [laomokwaå ,m* 0dbm*jzifh 0GEpS v f ;Hk ukd AÁEpS v
f ;Hk jyK?
ea, y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom vfAsn;f ukd aemuf t-oku Yd yf? oDvAÁwu H m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H okAÁawm/ yk'jf zwf ok+0awm/

jrefrm aumif;aomtusi/hf
½ly okAÁawm wmum; ok+0awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oyÜDwdaum/ yk'jf zwf o+yDwad um/
jrefrm yDw&d \
dS /
½ly oyÜDwdaum umum; o+ywDaum[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? o-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf y-jyK? ea,
y&H ,kawå okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ofAsn;f ukd aemuf t-oku Yd yf? oyÜw
D ad um
umum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H orEém*awm/ yk'jf zwf oH+tEk+tm*awm/

jrefrm jynfph \ Hk /
½ly orEém*awm *awmum; oH+tEk+tm*awm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r'g oa& okwjf zifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u f dk rf-jyK? (o+rf+
tEk+tm*awm) rf-Asnf; aemuft-okdYuyf? (orEk+tm*awm) e-cGif; O-<uif;
eftpdwf Oukad cs? (oref+tm*awm) y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemuf
jzpfaom e-ukd o'doa'Gabmf Eé-jyK Eé-f Asn;f aemuftmoku Yd yf? orEém*awm *awmum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykeyÜKe/H yk'jf zwf yke+yke/H
jrefrm tzefwvJv/J
½ly ykeyÜKeHum; yke+yke[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK e-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf?
ykeyÜKeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þoktYd p&Sad omykpH w H u
Ydk dk rSwt
f yf\/
ygVd £pöm'd ('|AÁ)H /
jrefrm 0wk"mwfç 0#K"mwf“ 'do"mwf ponfw\ H m;Þ

Ydk tqk;H ü ykpH u
ygVd 0wk 0#K 'dom'DeraEÅ ,xmÞ
ykpH H 0wåw/d yk'jf zwf 0+wwd/
jrefrm jzpf\/
½ly 0wåwu d m; 0w+wd[k yk'jf z1-oE¨
wfíwnf? 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
du@ 133
okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom w-ukd o'doa'Gabmf wå-jyK 0-Asnf;
aemuftoku Yd yf? 0wåwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0¥wd/ yk'jf zwf 0+#wd/
jrefrm tyf\/
½ly 0¥wdum; 0#+wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'óeH / yk'jf zwf '+oeH/
jrefrm ½Ijcif;/
½ly 'óeHum; '+oeH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H zaóm £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf z+aom/
jrefrm awGjY cif; þoktYd p&So
d nfwnf;/
½ly zaóm
zaómum; z+aom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm O 'k ed [laom Oyom&\

Oyom&\teD;jzpfaom yk'wf üYdk þokYd
rSwtf yf\/
ygVd O 'k ed Oyo*¾g'dya&okÞ
ykpH H OuHaom/ yk'jf zwf OuúHaom/
jrefrm uJveG \ f /
½ly OuúHaom omum; O+uHaom[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh
Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK OuúHaom omum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'ku&H/ yk'pf yf 'ku&ú /H
jrefrm jyKEidk cf \
J /
½ly 'kuú&Hum; 'k+u&H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eduacFg/ yk'pf yf eduaú cFg/
jrefrm jyKEidk cf \
J /
½ly eduúacFgum; ed+uacFg[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H O*¾w/H yk'jf zwf O+*wH/
jrefrm þtwl wufjcif;/
½ly O*¾wHum; O+*wH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kp&ö w d /H yk'jf zwf 'k+p&dwH/
jrefrm raumif;aomtusi/hf
½ly 'kpö&dwHum; 'k+p&dw[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H edZ#Æ /H yk'jf zwf ed+Z#H/
jrefrm axG;,Sujf cif;uif;\/
½ly edZÆ#Hum; ed+Z#H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H OnmwH/ yk'jf zwf O+ÓwH/
jrefrm t,kwftm;jzifh odtyf\/
½ly OnmwHum; O+ÓwH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H OEéw/d yk'jf zwf O+ewd/
jrefrm axmifvTm;\/
½ly OEéwdum; O+ewd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Owåa&m/ yk'jf zwf O+wa&m/
jrefrm jrwf\/
½ly Owåa&m &mum; O+wa&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kwaå &m/ yk'jf zwf 'k+wa&m/
jrefrm raumif;ojzifh ul;jcif;/
½ly 'kwåa&m &mum; 'k+wa&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed'a´ &m/ yk'jf zwf ed+'a&m/
jrefrm ylyefjcif;uif;\/
½ly ed'á&m &mum; ed+'a&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H OEéawm/ yk'jf zwf O+eawm/
jrefrm jrif\h /
½ly OEéawm wmum; O+eawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kyaÜ nm/ yk'jf zwf 'k+yanm/
jrefrm ynmenf;\/
½ly 'kyÜanm nmum; 'k+yanm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kAaÁ vm/ yk'jf zwf 'k+Aavm/
jrefrm tm;enf;\/
½ly 'kAÁavm vmum; 'k+Aavm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edra® vm/ yk'jf zwf ed+ravm/
1/ oE¨du@ 135
jrefrm tnpftaMu;uif;\/
½ly edr®avmvmum; ed+ravm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O,sKawåm/ yk'jf zwf O+,kawåm/
jrefrm xGufíoGm;\/
½ly O,sKawåmum; O+,kawåm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kv’abm/ yk'jf zwf 'k+vabm/
jrefrm &cJ\/
½ly 'kv’abm bmum; 'k+vabm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edAaÁ wåm/ yk'jf zwf ed+Aawåm/
jrefrm jzpf\/
½ly edAÁawåmum; ed+Aawåm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oóma[m/ yk'jf zwf O+oma[m/
jrefrm tm;xkwjf cif;/
½ly Oóma[m
Oóma[mum; O+oma[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kóa[m/ yk'jf zwf 'k+oa[m/
jrefrm onf;cHEidI cf \
J /
½ly 'kóa[m a[mum; 'k+oa[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edóma&m/ yk'jf zwf ed+oma&m/
jrefrm tESprf &S/d
½ly edóma&m ma&mum; ed+oma&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wxm wuúa&m/ yk'jf zwf w+ua&m/
jrefrm xkrYd w
S yg; xktd rIujdk yK\/
½ly wuúa&m &mum; w+ua&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H waZÆm/ yk'jf zwf w+aZm/
jrefrm xkdtrItm; avsmufywf\/
½ly waZÆmum; w+aZm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wEéad Eém/ yk'jf zwf w+edaEém/
jrefrm xkdolwkdYü ñGwf\/
½ly wEédaEémum; w+edaEém[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wyÜba0g/ yk'jf zwf w+yba0g/

jrefrm xko d vl Qif trGe&f \ dS /
½ly wyÜba0g a0gum; w+yba0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wr®a,m/ yk'jf zwf w+ra,m/
jrefrm xk0d w¬KjzifNh y;D \/
½ly wyÜba0g a0gum; w+yba0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwku/Hú yk'jf zwf pwk+uH/
jrefrm av;cktaygif;/
½ly pwkuúHum; pwk+uH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwk'o d´ /H yk'jf zwf pwk+'do/H
jrefrm t&yfav;rsuEf mS /
½ly pwk'´doHum; pwk+'do[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkygÜ a'g/ yk'jf zwf pwk+yga'g/
jrefrm tajcav;ck/
½ly pwkyÜga'g a'gum; pwk+yga'g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkA"dÁ /H yk'jf zwf pwk+0d"/H
jrefrm av;yg;tjym;&S\ d /
½ly pwkAÁd"u H m; pwk+0d"[ H k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? w-cGi;f O-<uif;? a'g "ó p okw k üf
aAm 0ó [laomokwåa,m*0dbm*aMumifh 0d-ü 0f-ukd AfjyK? (pwf+O+Ad"H)
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom A-ukd o'doa'Gabmf AÁ-jyK
w-Asn;f aemufOoku Yd yf? pwkAÁd"Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwkómvH/ yk'jf zwf pwk+omvH/
jrefrm rkcx f #G af v;ck/
½ly pwk ó mvH um; pwk+omvH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? w-cGif; O-<uif;?
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom o-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ó-jyK
w-Asn;f aemufOoku Yd yf? pwkómvHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H quúH/ yk'jf zwf q+uH/
jrefrm ajcmufct k aygif;/
½ly quú Hum; q+uH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 137
ykpH H qEé0w k /d yk'jf zwf q+e0kw/d

jrefrm uk;d q,fah jcmufyg;/
½ly qEé0kwdum; q+e0kw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qyÜ'u d m/ yk'jf zwf q+y'dum/
jrefrm ajcmufyg'&Sad om*gxm/
½ly qyÜ'dummum; q+y'dum[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qAÁómed/ yk'jf zwf q+0ómed/
jrefrm ajcmufEpS w f yYdk wfv;Hk /
½ly qAÁómedum; q+0ómed[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? q-cGi;f t-<uif;? a'g "ó
p okw k üf aAm 0ó [laomokwaå ,m*0dbm*aMumifh 0-ukd AjyK? (qf+t+Aómed)
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom A-ukd o'doa'Gabmf AÁ-jyK
q-Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? qAÁómedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ouúma&m/ yk'jf zwf o+uma&m/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;wkdYonf jyKtyfonf/
½ly ouúma&m a&mum; o+uma&m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? o-cGif; t-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyK o-
Asn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? ouúma&m a&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ouúawm/ yk'jf zwf o+uawm/

jrefrm olawmfaumif;wkdYonf jyKtyfonf/
½ly ouúawm wmum; o+uawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o'´|d /d yk'jf zwf o+'d|/d
jrefrm xkt
d jrif/h
½ly o'´d|dum; o+'d|[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H oyÜK&ad om/ yk'jf zwf o+yk&ad om/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;jzpfaom a,mufsm;/
½ly oyÜK&daomomum; o+yk&ad om[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r[AÁavm/ yk'jf zwf r[m+Aavm/
jrefrm Bu;D aomtm;&S\
d /
½ly r[AÁavmvmum; r[m+Aavm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? [-cGi;f tm-<uif;? y&a'G

bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom A-ukd o'doa'Gabmf AÁ-jyK? (r[f+
tm+AÁavm) &óH okwjf zifh aemufAAÁ sn;f aESmif; aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf tmukd
t&ójyK? [fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? r[AÁavm um; Ny;D \/
ar; Xmae
Xmae[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz eduma,m ma,mpaomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd Xmae
Xmaewd uð¿ eduma,m(wsm'Dok a'Gbm*ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H eduma,m/ yk'jf zwf ed+uma,m/
jrefrm taygif;/
½ly eduma,m ma,mum; edum+a,m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? e-cGi;f £-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwfjzifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom u-ukd o'doa'Gabmf uú-jyKoifhjim;
aomfvnf; Xmae Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? efAsn;f £-oku Yd yf? eduma,m
ma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ed'geH/ yk'jf zwf ed+'geH/
jrefrm taMumif;/
½ly ed'geHum; ed+'geH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed0gaom/ yk'jf zwf ed+0gaom/
jrefrm ae&m/
½ly ed0gaom gaomum; ed+0gaom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed0gawm/ yk'jf zwf ed+0gawm/
jrefrm ESrd chf sjcif; (0g) avr&S/d
½ly ed0gawm gawmum; ed+0gawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wawm/ yk'jf zwf w+awm/
jrefrm xkad emifr/S
½ly wawm
wawmum; w+awm[k yk'fjzwf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H pwk0o D wd/ yk'jf zwf pwk+0Dowd/
jrefrm ESpq f ,fah v;yg;/
½ly pwk0Dowdum; pwk+0Dowd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qo|d/ yk'jf zwf q+o|d/
1/ oE¨du@ 139
jrefrm ajcmufq,fah jcmufyg;/

½ly qo|dum; q+o|d[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
,tu©&m ponfü þokrYd w f yf\Þ
S t
ygVd ,um&m'drÞ Sd ('|AÁ)H /
ykpH H eD,sw/d yk'jf zwf eD+,wd/
jrefrm aqmiftyf\/
½ly eD , swdum; eD+,wd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? e-cGif; þ-<uif;? y&a'G bma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh þo&rSaemufjzpfaom ,-ukd o'doa'Gabmf ,s-jyK? efAsn;f þ-
oku Yd yf? eD,swdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ol,swd/ yk'jf zwf ol+,wd/
jrefrm Mum;tyf\/
½ly ol,swdum; ol+,wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdbl,s/ yk'jf zwf tbdb+l ,/
jrefrm ESyd pf ufí/
½ly tbdbl,sum; tbdb+l ,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dap,s/ yk'jf zwf 0dap+,/
jrefrm a&G;cs,pf pD pfí/
½ly 0dap,sum; 0dap+,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dae,s/ yk'jf zwf 0dae+,/
jrefrm azsmufí/
½ly 0dae,sum; 0dae+,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a",s/H yk'jf zwf a"+,H/
jrefrm aqmiftyf\/
½ly a",sHum; a"+,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ae,s/H yk'jf zwf ae+,H/
jrefrm odtyf\/
½ly ae,sHum; ae+,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aoa,sm/ yk'jf zwf ao+a,m/
jrefrm txl;ojzifh cs;D rGr;f tyf\/

½ly aoa,sm
aoa,smum; ao+a,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aZa,sm/ yk'jf zwf aZ+a,m/
jrefrm txl;ojzifh BuD;\/ 0g- atmiftyf\/
½ly aZa,sm
aZa,smum; aZ+a,m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a0,smu&aPm/ yk'jf zwf a0+,mu&aPm/
jrefrm Asmu½kP;f ukd oiftyf\/
½ly a0,smu&aPm
a0,smu&aPmum; a0+,mu&aPm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzif/h
ygVd tm'doa'é/
ykpH H {awåm/ yk'jf zwf {+awm/
jrefrm þt&yfr/S
½ly {awå mum; {+awm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'G bma0g Xmae okwfü
tm'do'´gjzifh {o&rSaemufjzpfaom w-ukd o'doa'Gabmf wå-jyK? {awåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wåm0wm/ yk'jf zwf {+wm0wm/
jrefrm þrQtwkid ;f t&Snjf zif/h
½ly {wåm0wm 0wmum; {wm+0wm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; temum&
temum&o'´gonf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz rmvm, paomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd tem um& um&*¾[PH uð¿ rmvm,(wsm'Dok 'db G m0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H rmvm,/ yk'jf zwf rm+vm,/
jrefrm yef;jzif/h
½ly rmvm,rmvm,um; rm+vm,[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? y&a'G bma0g
Xmae okwfjzifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom v-ukd o'doa'Gabmf v’-jyKoifhjim;
aomfvnf; temum&o'´gjzpfí a'GabmfrjyK&[k wm;jrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? rfAsn;f
tm-oku Yd yf? rmvm,
rmvm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a'gvm,/ yk'jf zwf a'g+vm,/
jrefrm {,mOfjzif/h
1/ oE¨du@ 141
½ly a'gvm,a'gvm,um; a'g+vm,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H orm'g,/ yk'jf zwf oH+tm+'g,/
jrefrm aqmufwnfí/
½ly orm'g,orm'g,um; oH+tm+'g,[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y&a'G bma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom 'g-ukd o'doa'Gabmf '´g-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
temum&o'´gjzpfí a'GabmfrjyK&[k wm;jrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? (oH+tm+'g,)
r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemuftmo&aESmif; aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ w
d u Yd yf? orm'g,
f dk y0*¾EÅ rf-jyK? rf-Asn;f tmoku orm'g,um; Ny;D \/
ar; Xmae
ajz OyeD,wd paomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd Xmaewd uð¿ OyeD,wd(wsm'Dok 'db G m0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H OyeD,wd/ yk'jf zwf O+yeD,wd/
jrefrm uyfíaqmiftyf\/
½ly OyeD,wdum; O+yeD,wd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? y&a'G bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh
Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpf
aomaMumifh rjyK&? OyeD,wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ol,wd/ yk'jf zwf ol+,wd/
jrefrm Mum;tyf\/
½ly ol,wdum; ol+,wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awm,H/ yk'jf zwf awm+,H/
jrefrm a&/
½ly awm,Hum; awm+,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
,0wH okwf\ tma'oü ,0wrma'aoÞÞ
ykpH H Zmwd taE¨m/ yk'pf yf ZpöaE¨m/
jrefrm y#doaE¨tm;jzifh uef;aomol/
½ly ZpöaE¨mum; Zmwd+taE¨m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? w-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
,H e0g okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf £ukd ,f-jyK? wf-
Asn;f ,f-oku
Yd yf? (Zmwfs+taE¨m) ,0wHwve'um&meH AsOeÆ med pvÚZum&wåH
okwjf zifh ws-f Asn;f ukd pf-jyK? (Zmpf+taE¨m) Z-cGi;f tm-<uif;? y&a'G bma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom pf-ukd o'doa'Gabmf pö-f jyK? (Zf+tm+pö+f taE¨m)
&óH okwjf zifh aemufp-ö Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo& Zf-tpdwf tm-ukd t&ójyK?
Zf-Asn;f t-oku Yd yf? pö-f Asn;f t-okuYd yf? ZpöaE¨mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dyvd tmaom/ yk'pf yf 0dyv’maom/
jrefrm azmufjyefaomjzpfjcif;/
½ly 0dyv’maom aomum; 0dyvd+tmaom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ted tma,m/ yk'pf yf tnma,m/
jrefrm pD;yGm;jcif;r&S/d
½ly 0dyv’maom aomum; 0dyvd+tmaom[k yk'jf zwf?
,0wHwve--okwjf zifh Es-f Asn;f ukd Úf-jyK½x Hk ;l \ enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,'d {0H/ yk'pf yf ,aZÆ0/H
jrefrm tu,fí þokdYjzpfonf&Sdaomf/
½ly ,aZÆ0Hum; ,'d+{0H[k yk'jf zwf?
,0wHwve--okwjf zifh 'fs-Asn;f ukd Zf-jyK½x Hk ;l \ enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyd {uapö/ yk'pf yf tayÜuapö/
jrefrm tcsKd Uaomolwo Ydk nf/
½ly tayÜuapöum; tyd+{uapö[k yk'jf zwf?
,0wHwve--okwjf zifh ys-f Asn;f ukd yf-jyK½x Hk ;l \ enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyd {u'g/ yk'pf yf tayÜu'g/
jrefrm w&Hwcgü/
½ly tayÜu'g 'gum; tyd+{u'g[k yk'jf zwf?
,0wHwve--okwjf zifh ys-f Asn;f ukd yf-jyK½x Hk ;l \ enf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrmþjy,k*fwkdYü £ tu©&m\ ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}[laom ,tu©&m

ukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf ]]oAÁó aom 'grSd 0g}} [laomokwfrS
r@Lu*wduenf;tm;jzifh ]]0g}}[laomyk'o
f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd £pöMw? £ um&ó ]]£0aPÖm ,H e0g}}wd , uma& uawÞ
]]oAÁó aom 'grSd 0g}}wd £awm r@Lu*wd,m 0g 0gwd 0wåaw/
1/ oE¨du@ 143
okwf 41/ ,0wH wve'um&meH AsOÆemed pvÚ Zum&wåH/

okwjf refrm ,tu©&m&Su d ek af om wç vç eç 'çtu©&mwk\ Yd Asn;f wko Yd nf tpOf
twkdif; p v e Ú Ztu©&mtjzpfokdY a&muf ukef\ (tmyZÆaEÅ)/
0kwjdå refrm ,tu©&m&Sdukefaom wç vç eç 'çtu©&mwkdY\ oH,k*fjzpfaom
Asn;f wko Yd nf tpOftwkid ;f p v e Ú Ztu©&m tjzpfoYdk tcsKo Yd jzifh a&mufuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd , um&0EÅmeH wve' wve'um&meH oHa,m*AsOÆemed ,xmuúrH
pvÚZ
pvÚZum&wårmyZÆaEÅ 0g/
um&o'´g um&
um&o'´gonf , tu©&m&Su d ek af om o tu©&m u 0*f p 0*f # 0*f
y 0*fw\Ydk o tu¬&m u 0*f p 0*f # 0*f y 0*f jyK&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd um&*¾[PH ,0wH o um& u p # yy0*¾geH o um&up#y up#y 0*¾ga'ow¬/H
jrefrm xkdrSwyg; , tu©&m&Su d ek af om (,0wH) x " P Ptu©&mwkdY\ q ps Ú
tu©&mjyK&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd wxm , 0wH x " P Pum&meH q ps Ú Úum&ma'ow¬Oö/
jrefrm xkad emifrS ,0wHow k jf zifh jyKtyfaomtma'o\ þokwjf zifh a'GabmfjyK
onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd wawm ,0wrma'oó taee 'dGbma0g/
ar; 0g 0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz y#doE¦m&0kwsó paomykpH w H üYdk tma'otjyKponfrS epfap&jcif; tusK;d
&Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g 0gwd uð¿ y#doE¦m&0kwsó(wsm'Dok tma'om'de0d wåew¬)H /
ykpH H y#doE¦m&0kwsó/ yk'jf zwf 0kw+då tó/
jrefrm aphpyfaomjzpfjcif;&So d nf jzpf&m\/
½ly 0k w só sóum; 0kwåd+tó[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? wå-cGif; £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
,H e0g okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåt f pdwf £-ukd ,f-jyK? (0kw+få
,f+tó) ea, y&H--okwfjzifh wåf-Asnf; ,f-okdYuyf? wåsf-Asnf; aemuft-okdYuyf?
(0kwåsó) AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g okwfü po'´gjzifh Asnf;okH;vkH;wkdYwGif okwdwl
Asn;f ESpv f ;Hk wk\
Yd tm*EÅKu oH,*k t f p w-Asn;f wpfv;Hk ukad cs? (0kwsó) ,0wH--
okwjf zifh ws-ukd "-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0g 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? 0kwsó sóum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H Amvs/H jrefrm rku

d af omol\tjzpf/
½ly AmvsHum; Amvo'´g bm0o'´gwnf? (Amv+bm0) Amvaemif o-ouf
of-vm uyf? (Amvó) bm0aemif od-ouf MojyK cGi;f acs uyf? (bma0g) Amvó
bma0g [laomw'¨dwf0gus½kyfum; NyD;\/
Amvó? rkdufuef;aomol\/ bma0g? tjzpfwnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
"mwkvda*F[d--okwfjzifh "mwfvdifwkdYaemif 0dbwfypönf;ouf&m\[k y&dbmom
vmaomaMumifh Psww å m bma0wk okwjf zifh AmvESihf bm0 ESpyf 'k t f v,f Amv
aemif Psypön;f ouf? (Amvó+Ps+bma0g) bm0 w'¨v d nf; trnfrn S ?hf awoH
0dbwåda,m avmyg p okwfjzifh w'¨dwf\ o0dbwf od0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬me
ryÜa,ma*g- a[mtyfNy;D aom teuf&adS omo'´gwku Yd dk r,SOaf p&[k y&dbmomvm
aomaMumifh xko d w
k üf awoHo'´gjzifh otm*krf bm0yk'w f uYdk adk cs? (Amv+Ps) awoH
aPm avmyH okwjf zifh Psypön;f \ PtEkAefuadk cs? (Amv+,) v-cGi;f t-<uif;?
t0aPÖm a, avmyOö okwjf zifh aemufPtEkAef&adS om ,ypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUo& vftpdwf t-ukad cs? ea, y&H--okwjf zifh vfAsn;f aemuf,oku Yd yf? (Amvs)
,0wH--okwfjzifh ,tu©&m&Sdaom vsypönf;ukd v-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (Amvs) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ odouf? oð [laomokwjf zifh
od0dbwfukd tH-jyK? vs-cGif; t-<uif; acs uyf? AmvsHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tmvosH/ jrefrm ysif;aomol\tjzpf/
½ly tmvosHum; tvoo'´g bm0o'´gwnf? (tvo+bm0) tvoaemif
o-ouf of-vm uyf? (tvoó) bm0aemif od-ouf MojyK cGif; acs uyf?
(bma0g) tvoó bma0g [laomw'¨dwf0gus½kyfum; NyD;\/
tvoó? ysif;aomol\/ bma0g? tjzpfwnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
"mwkvda*F[d--okwfjzifh "mwfvdifwkdYaemif 0dbwfypönf;ouf&m\[k y&dbmom
vmaomaMumifh Pswåwm bma0wk okwfjzifh tvoESifh bm0 ESpfyk'ftv,f
tvoaemif Psypön;f ouf? (tvoó+Ps+bma0g) bm0w'¨v d nf; trnfrn S ?hf
awoH 0dbwåda,m avmyg p okwfjzifh w'¨dwf\ o0dbwf od0dbwfwkdYukdacs?
0kww å m¬ e ryÜa,ma*g- a[mtyfNy;D aom teuf&adS omo'´gwku Yd dk r,SOaf p&[k y&d
bmom vmaomaMumifh xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh otm*krf bm0yk'fwkdYukdacs?
(tvo+Ps) 0k'g¨ 'd o&ó 0g oHa,m*EÅó oaP p okwjf zifh tpüwnfaom
1/ oE¨du@ 145
ok,
H *k t
f qk;H r&Sad om t-ukd tm'DCjyK? (tmvo+Ps) awoH aPm avmyH okwjf zifh
Psypönf;\ PtEkAefukdacs? (tmvo+,) o-cGif; t-<uif;? t0aPÖm a,
avmyOö okwfjzifh aemufPtEkAef&Sdaom ,ypönf; aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo&
oftpdwf t-ukad cs? ea, y&H--okwjf zifh ofAsn;f aemuf,oku
Yd yf? (tmvos) ,0wH-
-okwjf zifh ,tu©&m&Sad om osypön;f ukd p v Ú Z-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (tmvos) w'¨dw--emrfiJh? odouf? oð [laomokwfjzifh
od0dbwfukd tH-jyK? os-cGif; t-<uif; acs uyf? tmvosHum; NyD;\/

ajz tÓa,m paomykpH w H üYdk a'GabmftjyKrS epfapjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd o&rSmwd uð¿ tÓa,m(wsm'Dok a'Gbm0ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H tÓa,m/ yk'jf zwf ted+tma,m/
jrefrm toif, h w k rdå &S/d
½ly tÓa,m
tÓa,mum; ted+tma,m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? e-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
,H e0g okwfjzifh aemuftmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf £-ukd ,f-jyK?
tef+,+tma,m) ea, y&H--okwjf zifh ef-Asn;f ,f-oku Yd yf? (tEs+tma,m) ,0wH-
-okwjf zifh EsAsn;f -ukd Úf-jyK? (tÚf+tma,m) y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh ÚfAsn;f ukd
o'doa'Gabmf jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; o&rSaemufr[kwaf omaMumifh rjyK&? ÚfAsn;f
tmokdYuyf? tÓa,m
tÓa,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tmumomeOöm,weH/
yk'jf zwf tmumomeH+ws+tm,weH/
jrefrm tmumomeOöm,wepsmef/
½ly tmumomeOöm,weHum; tmumomeH+ws+tm,weH[k yk'jf zwf íwnf?
,0wH--okwfjzifh wsAsnf;-ukd pf-jyK? (tmumomeH+pf+tm,weH) 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾
okwjf zifh aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom pfAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUetxufü&Sad om
ed*¾[dwfukd p0*¾EÅ Úf-jyK? Úf-Asnf; pf-okdYuyf? (tmumomeOöf+tm,weH) y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh ÚfAö sn;f ukd o'doa'Gabmf jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; o&rSaemuf
r[kwaf omaMumifh rjyK&? ÚfAö sn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmumomeOöm,weHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wygwyg'dawm oD[al omokwjf zifh oufaomoDypön;f ü þokrYd w S t f yf\/

ygVd wyg Þ
wyg'dawm odrdS ({0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H wyóD/ jrefrm tusifh&Sdaomol/
½ly wyóDum; wyo'´g ,o'´g tw¬do'´gwnf? wyaemif odouf MojyK
cGif; acs uyf? (wayg) ,aemif oouf ofvm uyf? (,ó) tw¬daemif odouf?
oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh tw¬ad emif oufaom od0b d wfuadk cs? wayg+,ó+
tw¬d [laomw'¨dwf0gus½kyfum; NyD;\/
,ó? tMuifoltm;/ wayg? tusifhonf/ tw¬d? &Sd\/ £wd taw¬? ü/
"mwkvda*F[d--aMumifh? wyg'dawm oD okwfjzifh wyESifh , ESpfyk'fwkdYtv,f wy
aemif oDypönf;ouf? (wayg+oD+,ó+tw¬d) tów¬dw'¨dvnf; trnfrSnfh?
awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh w'¨w d \
f od0b d wf o0dbwf od0b d wfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kwwå m¬ e-
-aMumifh xko d wk üf awoHo'´gjzifh otm*krf ,yk'f tw¬yd 'k w f u
Ydk adk cs? (wy+oD) y-
cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh t&rSaemufjzpfaom oDudk o'doa'Gabmf
óDjyK? yfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (wyóD)
rSwcf suf o oa& 0g *arm okwüf tusK;H 0ifaom tm'do'´gjzifh oftu©&m
vm? ofAsnf; oDokdYuyf? (wyóD) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? odouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh
od0b d wfuadk cs? wyóD um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,oóD/ jrefrm tjcHt&H tausmftapm &Sdaomol/
½ly ,oóDum; ,o'´g ,o'´g tw¬do'´gwnf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm qef;*kdPf;apmifh&mü þokrYd w S t
f yf\/
ygVd qE´mEk&u©aPÞ ({0H '|AÁ)H /
ykpH H eyÜZaÆ [ 0PÖAvH yk&mPH/ yk'jf zwf e+yZÆaw/
jrefrm ta[mif;jzpfaom tqif;tm;ukd rpGe/Yf
½ly eyÜZÆaw wum; e+yZÆaw[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh qef;*kP d ;f apmif&h mü to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf
yÜ-jyK? efAsn;f t-okuYd yf? eyÜZÆaw wum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H OZÆK*awok aoa,sm/ yk'jf zwf O+Zk*awok/
jrefrm ajzmifhrufpGmusifhaom t&d,myk*¾KdvfwkdYü wESpfywfvkH; ,ZfBuD;,Zfi,f
ylaZmfonfxuf cs;D rGr;f tyf\/
1/ oE¨du@ 147
½ly OZÆK*awokum; O+Zk*awok[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H *päEdÅ ok*w ¾ Ed /dÅ yk'jf zwf ok+*wð/
jrefrm ok*wdbb Hk 0okYd vm;a&muf&uke\ f /
½ly ok*¾wðum; ok+*wð[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
0*ftu©&mjzpfaom pwkw¬u©&m 'kwd,u©&mwkdYüum; xkdo& AsOÆe
o'´gwkdYonf 0dbwfjyefí o&rSm AsOÆemeH[k vkdufaomfomvQif ]]y&a'G bma0g
Xmae}}[laom yk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
0*ftu©&mjzpfaom pwkw¬u©&m 'kwd,u©&mwkdY\ wlonf\tpGrf;jzifh
a'GabmftjyKonf a&mufvv k wfaomf o'doa'Gabmf ra&muf? to'do a'Gabmf
a&muf\[k rSwjf cif;iSg rde\ Yf /
ygVd 0*¾pwkw¬'kwda,ok ye wo®ða,0g"duma& ]]y&a'Gbma0g Xmae}}wd p
0wåaw/
0*¾pwkw'¬ w k , d meH o'do0aoe 'db G ma0 orÜawå ed,rw¬rm[Þ
-------------
okwf 42/ 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm/

okwjf refrm oifhavsmfaomtaMumif;onf (Xmae) &Sdaomf (owd) ig;yg;aom
0*fü wwd,u©&m yXru©&mwko Yd nf aCmoç taCmo pwkwu ¬ ©
&m 'kwd,u©&mjzpfukefaom Asnf;wkdY\ to'doa'GabmftjzpfokdY a&mufukef\
(*pä EÅ)d /
0kwjdå refrm oifhavsmfaomtaMumif; &Sdaomf o&rSaemufjzpfíjzpfukefaom
ig;yg;aom0*fü (0g) 0*ftu©&maMumifh aCmoç taCmo jzpfuek f
aom Asnf;wkdY(\)wGif tpOftwkdif; 0*f wwd,u©&m yXru©&m wkdYonfomvQif
to'doa'GabmftjzpfoYdk a&mufuek \ f / þum;teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd o&rSm y&blwmeH 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH AsOÆemeH ,xmuúrH
0*¾wwd, yXru©&m 'db G m0H *pä EÅ/d
rSwcf suf aCmo taCmojzpfaom pwkw¬ 'kwd,wkdYESifh XmefeD;onf\
tpGr;f jzifh xk0d *fü wwd,u©&m yXru©&mwko
Yd nfomvQif jzpfuek \
f /
ygVd Xmaewd XmemoEé0aoe wAÁa*¾ wwd,yXrm0 a[mEÅ/d
pum;tquf- þokwüf o'doa'Gabmfa&mufvv k wfaomf pwkw¬ 'kwd

,u©&mwk\ Yd 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH-[k rSwt f yfonf\tjzpfaMumifh aCmoo'´g
taCmoo'´gjzifh pwkw¬ 'kwd,u©&mwkdYukdomvQif tvkd&Sdtyfukef\/ pwkw¬
'kw, d u©&mrSwyg;? 0*fyOörtu©&mukd vkt d yfonf &Sad omf? tvkrd &Std yfaom teuf
\ vsO;f yg;jcif;onf jzpf&m\/
xkad Cmo taCmoo'´gjzifh pwkw¬ 'kw, d ukd vkt
d yfaomaMumifh ]]uwñlç
wEéa,mç wrÜa,m}} paomykpH w H üYdk ig;ckajrmufaom 0*ftu©&m wk\ Yd aCmotjzpf
onf &Sad omfvnf; wwd,u©&m a'Gabmf&oif\ h [laom vsi;f yg;jcif;onf rjzpf/
wenf;- Xmeo'´gvku d af omaMumifh wwd,u©&m a'Gabmf&oif\ h [laom vsO;f yg;
jcif;onf rjzpf/
ygVd {w¬ p orÜawå ed,rwåm aCmomaCmo aCmomaCmo*¾[aPe pwkw¬ 'kwd,m0
t"dayÜwm? £w&xm ted|yÜoa*Fg od,m/ awe ]]uwñlç wEéa,mç ur®a,m}}wd
tm'Dok 0*¾yOörmeH owdyd aCmoawå wwd,yÜ oa*Fg e a[mwd? Xmem"dum-
&awm 0g/
jrefrm y O 'k edtp&Sad omyk'rf S aemufjzpfaom pwkwu ¬ &© mjzpfuek af om C&

C&"mwf
ponfwüYdk a&S;OD;pGm 0*ftpOfjzifh odtyf\/
ygVd C&m'Dok y O 'k edtm'dy&pwkaw¬ok wm0Þ
ykpH H yC&wd/ yk'pf yf y*¢&wd/
jrefrm ,kpd ;D \/
½ly y*¢&wdum; y+C&wd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? y-cGif; t-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom pwkw¬u©&m C-ukd
wwd,u©&m to'doa'Gabmf *¢-jyK? yfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? y*¢&wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H O*¢&wd/ yk'jf zwf O+C&wd/
jrefrm þtwl ,kdpD;\/
½ly O*¢&wdum; O+C&wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O*¢ga#wd/ yk'jf zwf O+Cma#wd/
jrefrm cGg\/
½ly O*¢ga#wdum; O+Cma#wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 149
ykpH H 'ka*¢gaom/ yk'jf zwf 'k+aCmaom/

jrefrm raumif;aomtoH/
½ly 'ka*¢gaom aomum; 'k+aCmaom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eda*¢gaom yk'jf zwf ed+aCmaom/
jrefrm toHr&S/d
½ly eda*¢gaom aomum; ed+aCmaom[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {ao0 pZÑmezavm/ yk'jf zwf {ao0 p+psmezavm/
jrefrm þw&m;onfomvQif psmef[al omtusK;d &S\ d /
½ly {ao0 pZÑmezavmpZÑmezavmum; {ao0 p+psmezavm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yXrZÑmeH/ yk'jf zwf yXr+psmeH/
jrefrm yXrpsmef/
½ly yXrZÑmeHum; yXr+psmeH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdZÑm,wd/ yk'jf zwf tbd+psm,wd/
jrefrm a&SU½IMu\ H /
½ly tbdZÑm,wdum; tbd+psm,wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H OZÑm,wd/ yk'jf zwf O+psm,wd/
jrefrm uJ&h UJ \/
½ly OZÑm,wdum; O+psm,wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0d'aH¨ owd/ yk'jf zwf 0d+"Haowd/
jrefrm zsuq f ;D \/
½ly 0d'¨Haowdum; 0d+"Haowd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'ö H ad wm/ yk'jf zwf O+"Hoad wm/
jrefrm uku d jf zwf\/
½ly O'¨Hodawm wmum; O+"Hoad wm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'¨ga&m/ yk'jf zwf O+"ma&m/
jrefrm xkwjf cif;/
½ly O'¨ga&ma&mum; O+"ma&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed'g¨ a&m/ yk'jf zwf ed+"ma&m/
jrefrm xkwjf cif;/
½ly ed'¨ga&m
a&mum; ed+"ma&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ed'a¨ em/ yk'jf zwf ed+"aem/
jrefrm Opömr&S/d
½ly ed'äememum; ed+"aem[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ed'K¨ awm/ yk'jf zwf ed+"kawm/
jrefrm toHr&S/d
½ly ed'¨Kawm
awmum; ed+"kawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dAaÇ EÅm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+baEÅm/
jrefrm xGujf cif;/
½ly 0dAÇaEÅmum; 0d+baEÅm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H OAÇawm/ yk'jf zwf O+bawm/

jrefrm xGujf cif;/
½ly OAÇawm wmum; O+bawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'kAudÇ /H© yk'jf zwf 'k+bdu/H©
jrefrm iufrw G jf cif;/
½ly 'kAÇdu©Hum; 'k+bdu[ H© k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edA,Ç /H yk'jf zwf ed+b,H/
jrefrm ab;r&S/d
½ly edAÇ,Hum; ed+b,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wAÇma0g/ yk'jf zwf w+bma0g/
jrefrm xk\d jzpfjcif;/
½ly wAÇma0g a0gum; w+bma0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwk'g¨ / yk'jf zwf pwk+"m/
jrefrm av;yg;tjym;&S\ d /
½ly pwk'¨gum; pwk+"m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkA/dÇ yk'jf zwf pwk+bd/
jrefrm av;ckwjYdk zif?h wkrYd /S
½ly pwkAÇdum; pwk+bd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 151
ykpH H q'¨g/ yk'jf zwf q+"m/

jrefrm ajcmufyg;tjym;&S\ d /
½ly q'¨ gum; q+"m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o'är®m/ yk'jf zwf o+"ar®m/
jrefrm olawmfw&m;/
½ly o'är®mum; o+"ar®m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÇLawm/ yk'jf zwf o+blawm/
jrefrm olawmfw\ Ydk jzpfjcif;/
½ly oAÇLawm awmum; o+blawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r['äem/ yk'jf zwf r[m+"aem/
jrefrm rsm;aomOpöm&S\ d /
½ly r['äem emum; r[m+"aem[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? [-cGif; tm-<uif;? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemuf jzpfaom pwkwu ¬ &© m
"-ukd wwd,u©&m to'doa'Gabmf '¨-jyK? (r[f+tm+'äem) &óH okwjf zifh aemuf
'Äsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf tmukd t&ójyK? [fAsnf; t-okdYuyf?
r['äememum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r[AÇ,/H yk'jf zwf r[m+b,H/
jrefrm BuD;aom ab;/
½ly r[AÇ,Hum; r[m+b,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
,tu©&m&Sdaom tma'oponfwkdYüÞ ,0w rma'om'DoÞ k

ykpH H aAmZÑ*gF / yk'jf zwf aAm"d+t*Fg/
jrefrm aAmZÑiw f /Ydk
½ly aAmZÑ*Fgum; aAm"d+t*Fg[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? "-cGif; £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
,H e0g okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU"ftpdwf £ukd ,-jyK? "fAsn;f
,f-oku Yd yf? (aAm"s+f t*Fg) ,0wH--okwjf zifh "su
f dk ps-f jyK? (aAm+ps+f t*Fg) A-cGi;f Mo-
<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh Moo&rSaemuf jzpfaom
pwkwu ¬ &© m ps-f ukd wwd,u©&m to'doa'Gabmf ZÑ-f jyK? AfAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? ZÑAf sn;f
t-oku Yd yf? aAmZÑ*Fgum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmoAÇH/ jrefrm aMumufjcif;r&Sad om ol\jzpfjcif;/

½ly tmoAÇHum; tmobdo'´g bm0o'´gwnf? tmobdaemif o0dbwfouf
b-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh £ukd pstrnfrn S ?hf psvawm oó
aem 0g okwfjzifh psaemifrSaESmif;aom o0dbwfukd aemjyK? bfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
(tmobdaem) bm0aemif odouf MojyK? cGif; acs uyf? (bma0g) tmobdaem
bma0g [laomw'¨w d 0f gus½yk u
f m; Ny;D \/
tmobdaem? aMumufjcif;r&Sad omol\/ bma0g? jzpfaMumif;wnf;/ tw¬?d
&Sd\/ £wd taw¬? ü/ "mwkvda*F[d--aMumifh? Pswåwm bma0wk okwfjzifh
tmobdESifh bm0 ESpfyk'fwkdY\tv,f tmobdo'´gaemif Psypönf;ouf?
(tmobdaem+Ps+bma0g) bm0w'¨v d nf; trnfrn S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh
w'¨w d \
f o0dbwf \od0b d wfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kww
å m¬ e--aMumifh xko
d w k üf awoHo'´gjzifh
bm0yk'u f adk cs? (tmobd+Ps) awoH aPm avmyH okwjf zifh Psypön;f \ PtEkAef
ukdacs? ypönf;tpdwf ,<uif;ap? (tmobd+,) b-cGif; £-<uif;? awok 0k'¨d0--
okwBf u;D jzifh aemuf,Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUbftpdwf £ukad cs? bfAsn;f ,okYd
uyf? (tmobs) ,0wH--okwfjzifh bsukd b-jyK? (tmo+b) o-cGif; t-<uif;?
0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh to&rSaemuf jzpfaom pwkwu ¬ ©
&m b-ukd to'doa'Gabmf wwd,u©&m AÇ-jyK? ofAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (toAÇ) w'¨w
d -
emrfiJh? odouf? tH-jyK cGif; acs uyf? tmoAÇHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H AkZÑw
d AÁ/H jrefrm odtyf\/
½ly AkZÑdwAÁHum; Ak"mwf? wAÁypön;f ? ÓaP? odjcif;teuf/
o'´gBu;D udwyf idk ;f ü wGucf NhJ y/D
ykpH H AkZÑw/d jrefrm od\/
½ly AkZÑwdum; Ak"mwf? typön;f ? wd0b d wf? ÓaP? odjcif;teuf/
o'´gBu;D udwyf idk ;f ü wGucf NhJ y/D
ar; Xmae
ygVd Xmae
Xmaewd uð¿/
ykpH H oDv0EÅó psm,daem/ yk'jf zwf psm,d+aem/
jrefrm raumif;rIudk zkwMf unf;aomoDv&Sad om&[ef;tm;/
1/ oE¨du@ 153
½ly psm,daem emum; psm,d+aem[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? ,-cGi;f £-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom aemukd to'doa'G
abmfjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (psm,f+£+aem)
,fAsn;f ukd aemuf£-oku Yd yf? psm,daememum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a, psmeyÜokwm "D&m/ yk'jf zwf psme+yokwm/
jrefrm tMuifynm&Sw d o Ydk nf psmefüavhusuu f ek \ f /
½ly psmeyÜokwmmum; psme+yokwm[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom yukd to'do
a'GabmfjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (psmef+t+yokwm)
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf yÜ-jyK?
(psmef+t+yÜow k m) efAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? psmeyÜokwmmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ed"meH/ yk'jf zwf ed"m+eH/
jrefrm rjyufaqmifjcif;/
½ly ed " meHum; ed"m+eH[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? "-cGif; tm-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom eukd to'doa'GabmfjyK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ed"+f tm+eH) "fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
ed"meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r[m"eH/ yk'jf zwf r[m+"eH/
jrefrm rsm;aomOpöm/
½ly r[m"eHum; r[m+"eH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm &óok;H vk;H tmtu©&mrSaemufü 0*f'w k , d u©&mwküYd Þ
Þ
ygVd &óm um&awm y&H 0*¾'kwda,ok
ykpH H yOö cE¨m/ yk'pf yf yOöuE© m¨ /
jrefrm cE¨mig;yg;/
½ly yOöu©E¨mum; yOö+cE¨m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? Oö-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kwd,u©&m c-ukd
to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m u©-jyK? (yOö+f t+u©Em¨ ) Oö-f Asn;f t-oku Yd yf? yOöu©E¨mum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H ½lyu©Em¨ / yk'jf zwf ½ly+cE¨m/
jrefrm þtwl ½lyu©E¨m/

½ly ½lyu©E¨mum; ½ly+cE¨m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tu©arm/ yk'jf zwf t+carm/
jrefrm onf;rcHjcif;/
½ly tu©arm rmum; t+carm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdu©PH/ yk'jf zwf tbd+cPH/
jrefrm rjywf/
½ly tbdu©PHum; tbd+cPH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t0dau©ayg/ yk'jf zwf t0d+acarm/
jrefrm rysUH vGijhf cif;/
½ly t0dau©ayg ygum; t0d+acayg[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Zmwdau©wåH/ yk'jf zwf Zmwd+acwå/H
jrefrm Zmwdacwf/
½ly Zmwdau©wåHum; Zmwd+acwå[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "mwkau©mabm/ yk'jf zwf "mwk+acgabm/
jrefrm "mwfacsmufcsm;jcif;/
½ly "mwkau©mabm abmum; "mwk+acgabm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tm,ku©a,m/ yk'jf zwf tm,k+ca,m/
jrefrm toufuek jf cif;/
½ly tm,ku©a,m ,mum; tm,k+ca,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aowqwåH/ yk'pf yf aowpäw/Hå
jrefrm xD;jzL/
½ly aowpäwåHum; aow+päw[ Hå k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H oAÁpEä /Hé yk'jf zwf oAÁ+qEé/H
jrefrm þtwl tvk;H pkrH ;dk jcif;/
½ly oAÁpäEéHum; oAÁ+qEé[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dpEdä /Hé yk'jf zwf 0d+qEé/H
jrefrm txl;xl;jywfjcif;/
½ly 0dpädEéHum; 0d+qEé[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 155
ykpH H aAm"dpmä ,m/ yk'jf zwf aAm"d+qm,m/

jrefrm aAm"dyift&dy/f
½ly aAm"dpäm,m ,mum; aAm"d+qm,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZrÁKpmä ,m/ yk'jf zwf ZrÁK+qm,m/
jrefrm oajyyif&yd /f
½ly ZrÁKpäm,m
,mum; ZrÁK+qm,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H orkapäa'g/ yk'jf zwf ork+aqa'g/
jrefrm t<uif;rJjh zwfjcif;/
½ly orkapäa'g 'gum; ork+aqa'g[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H wMw Xdawm/ yk'pf yf wMw|dawm/

jrefrm xkt d &yfüwnfjcif;/
½ly wMw|dawm wmum; wMw+Xdawm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? Mw-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kwd,u©&m
X-ukd to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m #-jyK? (wBw+f t+|dawm) Bw-f Asn;f t-oku Yd yf?
wMw|dawm wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H xv|H/ yk'jf zwf xv+XH/
jrefrm þtwl Munf;üwnfaomOpöm/
½ly xv|Hum; xv+XH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Zv|H/ yk'jf zwf Zv+XH/
jrefrm a&üwnfaomOpöm/
½ly Zv|Hum; Zv+XH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t"d|w d /H yk'jf zwf t"d+Xdw/H
jrefrm t"d|mefwifjcif;/
½ly t"d|dwHum; t"d+Xdw[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed|w d /H yk'jf zwf ed+Xdw/H
jrefrm Ny;D jcif;/
½ly ed|dwHum; ed+Xdw[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwåm&d|memed/ yk'jf zwf pwåm&d+Xmemed/
jrefrm av;yg;aomtaMumif;wku Yd /dk

½ly pwåm&d|memedum; pwåm&d+Xmemed[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *½k|meda,m/ yk'jf zwf *½k+Xmeda,m/
jrefrm tav;jyK&m/
½ly *½k|meda,m ,mum; *½k+Xmeda,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ork|ad wm/ yk'jf zwf ork+Xdawm/
jrefrm aumif;pGmxjcif;/
½ly ork|dawm wmum; ork+Xdawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oky|Ü maem/ yk'jf zwf ok+y+Xmaem/
jrefrm aumif;pGmxifjcif;/
½ly okyÜ|maem maemum; ok+y+Xmaem[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? o-cGi;f O-<uif;? y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom y-ukd o'do a'Gabmf yÜ-jyK? (of+O+yÜ+
Xmaem) yÜ-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh to&rS
aemufjzpfaom 'kw, d u©&m X-ukd to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m #-jyK? (of+O+yÜ+f t+
Yd yf? okyÜ|maem
|maem) ofAsn;f O-okYd uyf? yÜAf sn;f t-oku maemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,oaw¬a&m/ yk'jf zwf ,o+axa&m/
jrefrm ,oax&f/
½ly ,oaw¬a&m &mum; ,o+axa&m[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? o-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kwd,u©&m
x-ukd to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m w-jyK? (,of+t+aw¬a&m) ofAsnf; t-okdY
uyf? ,oaw¬a&m &mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,w¬/ yk'jf zwf ,+x/
jrefrm tMuift&yfü/
½ly ,w¬um; ,+x[k yk'fjzwff? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ww¬/ yk'jf zwf w+x/
jrefrm xkt
d &yfü/
½ly ww¬um; w+x[k yk'fjzwff? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H yw¬&wd/ yk'jf zwf y+x&wd/
jrefrm jyef\
Y /
1/ oE¨du@ 157
½ly yw¬&wdum; y+x&wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H 0dwm¬ a&m/ yk'jf zwf 0d+xma&m/
jrefrm tus,cf sUJ jcif;/
½ly 0dw¬ma&m a&mum; 0d+xma&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdw¬Kawm/ yk'jf zwf tbd+xkawm/
jrefrm cs;D rGr;f jcif;/
½ly tbdw¬Kawm awmum; tbd+xkawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dwr¬ adÇ wm/ yk'jf zwf 0d+xrÇad wm/
jrefrm axmufyjhH cif; jrpfjcif;/
½ly 0dw¬rÇdawm wmum; 0d+xrÇad wm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEkwK¬ e/H yk'jf zwf tEk+xke/H
jrefrm nnf;wGm;jcif;/
½ly tEkw¬KeHum; tEk+xke[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkaw¬m/ yk'jf zwf pwk+axm/
jrefrm av;ckajrmuf/
½ly pwkaw¬mum; pwk+axm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ukw¬/ yk'jf zwf uk+x/
jrefrm tb,ft&yfü/
½ly uk w ¬um; uk+x[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yayæga#wd/ yk'jf zwf y+azma#wd/
jrefrm cgwGuf\/
½ly yayæga#wdum; y+azma#wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r[yæv/H yk'jf zwf r[m+zvH/
jrefrm Bu;D aomtusK;d &S\ d /
½ly r[yævu H m; r[m+zvH[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? [-cGi;f tm-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kwd,u©&m z-ukd
to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m y-jyK? (r[f+tm+yæv)H &óH okwjf zifh aemufyAæ sn;f aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SU[ftpdwf tmukd t&ójyK? [fAsnf; t-okdY uyf? r[yæ v Hum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H edyv
æ /H yk'jf zwf ed+zvH/
jrefrm tusK;d rJ/h
½ly ed y æ v Hum; ed+zvH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? e-cGif; £-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kw, d u©&m z-ukd to
'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m y-jyK? (ef+£+yæv)H efAsn;f £-oku Yd yf? edyævHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dygæ a&m/ yk'jf zwf ed+zma&m/
jrefrm jyefEY UHS jcif;/
½ly 0dyæga&m a&mum; 0d+zma&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&dyKæ ao,s/ yk'jf zwf y&d+zkao,s/
jrefrm xd&m\/
½ly y&dyæKao,sum; y&d+zkao,s[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H r"kygæ Pdw/H yk'jf zwf r"k+zmPdw/H
jrefrm ysm; wif;vJ/
½ly r"kyægPdwHum; r"k+zmPdw[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
Þ Þ
tmo&aemif tmum&awm
ykpH H tmcgawm/ yk'pf yf tmu©mawm/
jrefrm a[mMum;jcif;/
½ly tmu©mawm awmum; tm+cgawm[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH
wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kw, d u©&m c-ukd to'doa'Gabmf
yXru©&m u-jyK? tmu©mawm awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H wPSmu©a,m/ yk'jf zwf wPSm+ca,m/
jrefrm þtwl wPSmukejf cif;/
½ly wPSmu©a,m ,mum; wPSm+ca,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmPmau©wåH/ yk'jf zwf tmPm+acwå/H
jrefrm tmPmacwf/
½ly tmPmau©wåHum; tmPm+acwå[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H onmu©aE¨m/ yk'jf zwf onm+caE¨m/
jrefrm onmu©E¨m/
½ly onmu©aE¨mum; onm+caE¨m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
1/ oE¨du@ 159
ykpH H tmqm',wd/ yk'pf yf tmpäm',wd/

jrefrm zk;H vTr;f \/
½ly tmpäm',wdum; tm+qm',wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H tmpäEd w ´ /d yk'jf zwf tm+qdEw ´ /d
jrefrm þtwl jywf\/
½ly tmpädE´wdum; tm+qdEw ´ [d k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H em0g|H/ yk'jf zwf em0g+XH/
jrefrm avSüwnfaom Opöm/
½ly em0g|Hum; em0g+XH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmw¬&wd/ yk'jf zwf tm+x&wd/
jrefrm jzefcY if;\/
½ly tmw¬&wdum; tm+x&wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmayæga#wd/ yk'jf zwf tm+azma#wd/
jrefrm vufyrf;aygif; cwfw;D \/
½ly tmayæga#wdum; tm+azma#wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ajz ocFga&m paomykpH w H üYdk qkt
d yfNy;D aom tpDt&ifrS epfap&jcif;
tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd o&rSmwd uð¿ ocFga&m(wdtm'Dok 0kw0å "d ed 0d wåew¬)H /
ykpH H ocFga&m/ yk'jf zwf oH+cga&m/
jrefrm jyKjyifjcif;/
½ly ocF g a&m a&mum; oH+cga&m[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH
wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh 'kw, d u©&m c-ukd to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m u-jyKoifjh im;
aomfvnf; o&aemifr[kwfaomaMumifh rjyK&? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom cAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU otxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk u0*¾EÅ
if-jyK? (o+if+cga&m) ea, y&H okwjf zifh ifAsn;f ukd aemuf c-oku Yd yf? ocFga&m
a&mum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H wcFaP/ yk'jf zwf wH+caP/
jrefrm xkcd Pü/
½ly wcFaP Pum; wH+caP[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H oÚäE/Hé yk'jf zwf oH+qEé/H
jrefrm zk;H vTr;f jcif;/
½ly oÚäEéHum; oH+qEé[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wP²meH/ yk'jf zwf wH+XmeH/
jrefrm xkt d &yf/
½ly wP²meHum; wH+XmeH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oE¦Kawm/ yk'jf zwf oH+xkawm/
jrefrm cs;D rGr;f tyfonf/
½ly oE¦Kawm awmum; oH+xkawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wræv/H yk'jf zwf wH+zvH/
jrefrm xkt d usK;d uk/d
½ly wrævHum; wH+zvH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ar; XmaeXmae[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd Xmae
Xmaewd uð¿/
ykpH H yl0cZÆu/H yk'jf zwf yl0+cZÆu/H
jrefrm rkecYf zJ ,G /f
½ly yl0cZÆuHum; yl0+cZÆu[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 'kwd,u©&m c-ukd
to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m u-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? 0fAsn;f aemuf t-oku Yd yf? yl0cZÆuHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wó q0d,m'De/d yk'jf zwf wó+q0d,m'Ded/
jrefrm xko d \l tay:a&ponfwu Ydk /dk
½ly wó q0d,m'Dedum; wó+q0d,m'De[ d k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H qdE´dwGm/ yk'jf zwf qð+'dwmG /
jrefrm jzwfí/
½ly qdE´dwGmum; qð+'dwmG [k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH wwd,
yXrm okwfjzifh 'd-ukd to'doa'GabmfjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; Xmae o'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (qð+'dwGm) 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom 'dü
1/ oE¨du@ 161
'Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUqdtxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd w0*¾EÅ ef-jyK? (qdef+

'dwmG ) ea, y&H okwjf zifh efAsn;f ukd aemuf 'd-oku Yd yf? qdE´dwGmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm XdwH/ yk'jf zwf ,xm+Xdw/H
jrefrm wnfouJhokdY/
½ly ,xm XdwHum; ,xm+XdwH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? x-cGif; tm-<uif;? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH wwd,yXrm okwjf zifh tmo&rSaemufjzpf aom 'kw, d u©&m
Xd-ukd to'doa'Gabmf yXru©&m #-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; Xmaeo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? xfAsnf; aemuf tm-okdYuyf? ,xm XdwHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uxH? ur®zvH/ yk'jf zwf ur®+zvH/
jrefrm pum;ukd? uH\tusKd;/
½ly ur®zvHum; ur®+zvH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
a'g "ó p okwfü po'´g edurwd? edywå?d edpa,m? edw&PH [laom þjy,k*f
ü ]]a'g "ó p}}[laom þokwüf po'´g\ rsm;aom
teuf&o dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh xkpd o'´gjzifh jy,k*f tm;avsmpf mG rsm;aomtjym;&Sad om
tma'otjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd edurwd? edywåd? edpa,m? edw&PH £pöMwÞ ]]a'g "ó pm}}wd {w¬
p*¾[Pó A[kvw¬wåm awe p*¾[aPe ,xmya,m*H A[k"m tma'aom
od,m/
½kyw f uG ef nf;jy ykHpHum; ed[laom Oyom&aemifrS urk"mwfç y'"mwfç]
pd"mwfç p&"mwfç w&"mwfw\ Ydk uç yç "ç w[laom yXru©
&m\ rdr0d *fü 'kw, d u©&mukd jyKtyf\? jyKí (uwGm) þ0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH
paomokwjf zifh to'doa'Gabmfudk jyKtyf\ (umwAÁ)H /
ygVd ,xmÞ ed Oyo*¾awm url y' pd p& w&meH yXró 0*¾ 'kwda,m
£rdem 'dGwåH/
ykpH H edur© wd/ yk'jf zwf ed+urwd/
jrefrm xGuf\/
½ly ed u © r wdum; ed+urwd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH
wwd,yXrm okwfjzifh ed-Oyom&aemif urk"mwf u0*f yXru©&m u-ukd u0*f
'kw, d u©&m u©-jyK? edu©rwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H edyw æ /då yk'jf zwf ed+ywå/d

jrefrm Ny;D jcif;/
½ly edyæwådum; ed+ywd[ å k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edpaä ,m/ yk'jf zwf ed+pa,m/
jrefrm qk;H jzwfjcif;/
½ly edpäa,m ,mum; ed+pa,m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edp&ä wd/ yk'jf zwf ed+p&wd/
jrefrm xGuf\/
½ly edpä&wdum; ed+p&wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edw&¬ PH/ yk'jf zwf ed+w&PH/
jrefrm ul;cwfjcif;/
½ly edw¬&PHum; ed+w&PH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
½kyw f u
G ef nf;jy uk0 'd0 od0 0Zo'´gponfw\ Ydk ESpv f ;Hk aomokwjd zpfaom
0tu©&m\ A tjyKonf jzpf\/ þokdYaom y&dbmom
aMumifh (£wd y&dbmoawm) 0tu©&mESpv f ;Hk \ Atu©&mESpv f ;Hk jyKtyf\ (umwAÁ)H /
ygVd wxm aAm 0ó uk0 'd0 od0 0Zm'DeH 'Gd½lyómwd 0 um& 'G,ó
A um&'G,/H
H m;Þ
ykpH u ukAÁaEÅm ponfwnf; (wsm'd) jyKaomolwkdYonf/
ukAmÁ aem jyKq/J
ukAEÁ dÅ jyKuek \
f /
"mwGefESifh wuGjzpfaom ,\ tma'o\ a'Gabmf\tjzpfonf/
ygVd o"mwGE, Å ma'oó 'dw G /Hå
ykpH H 'd0wd/ yk'pf yf edAwÁ /d
jrefrm xGe;f y\/
½ly 'dAÁwdum; 'd+0wd[ d k yk'jf zwfíwnf? '-cGi;f £-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwjf zifh £o&rSaemufjzpfaom 0-ukd o'doa'Gabmf 0-jyK? ('f+£+0Gw)d a'g "ó
p okwfü aAm 0ó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh 0G-ESpfvkH;ukd AÁ-ESpfvkH;jyK?
('f+£+AÁw)d 'fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? 'dAÁwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H 'dAaÁ EÅm/ yk'jf zwf 'd+0aEÅm/
1/ oE¨du@ 163
jrefrm þtwl xGef;y\/

½ly 'dAÁaEÅmum; 'd+0aEÅm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H odAw Á /d yk'jf zwf od+0wd/
jrefrm csKypf yf\/
½ly odAÁwdum; od+0wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H odAaÁ EÅm/ yk'jf zwf od+0aEÅm/
jrefrm csKypf yf\/
½ly odAÁaEÅmum; od+0aEÅm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y0Zwd/ yk'jf zwf yAÁZwd/
jrefrm &Sijf yK\/
½ly yAÁZwdum; y+0Zwd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yAÁZaEÅm/ yk'jf zwf y+0ZaEÅm/
jrefrm &Sijf yK\/
½ly yAÁZaEÅmum; y+0ZaEÅm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ed0geH/ yk'pf yf edAmÁ eH/
jrefrm edAmÁ ef/
½ly edAÁmeHum; ed+0geH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edAKÁ awm/ yk'jf zwf ed+0kawm/
jrefrm Nird ;f \/
½ly edAÁKawm awmum; ed+0kawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edAEdÁ w ´ /d yk'jf zwf ed+0dEw ´ /d
jrefrm Ni;D aiGU\/
½ly edAÁdE´wdum; ed+0dEw ´ [ d k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'AÁ,H £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf O'+0,H/
jrefrm jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly O'AÁ,u H m; O'+0,H[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? '-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae
okwfjzifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom 0-ukd o'doa'Gabmf 0G-jyK? (O'f+t+0G,H) a'g
"ó p okwüf aAm 0ó [laom okwaå ,m*0dbm*jzifh 0G-ESpv f ;Hk ukd AÁ-ESpv
f ;Hk jyK?
(O'f+t+AÁ,)H 'fAsn;f toku Yd yf? O'AÁ,Hum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm y&d paomo'´gç w½kPpaomo'´gwk\ Yd & tu©&m\ v -tjyKonf

tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpf\/
ygVd avm &ó y&d w½kPm'DeH uGp/d
ykpH H y&dyaEém/ yk'pf yf yvdyaEém/
jrefrm tusK;H 0if\/
½ly yvdyaEémum; y&d+yaEém[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? &-cGi;f £-<uif;? a'g "ó p
okwfü avm &ó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh y&do'´g\tpdwf &f-ukd vf-jyK?
vfAsn;f £oku Yd yf yvdyaEémum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H yvdaAma"m/ yk'jf zwf y&d+aAma"m/
jrefrm þtwl aMumifhMu\/
½ly yvdaAma"m Ama"mum; y&d+aAma"m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yv’u/ø yk'jf zwf y&d+tuø/
jrefrm yv’i/f
½ly yv’uu ø m; y&d+tuø[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? &-cGi;f £-<uif;? a'g "ó p okwüf
avm &ó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh y&do'´g\tpdwf &-ukd v-jyK? (yvf+
£+tuø) o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU
vftpdwf £ukdacs? (y+vf+tuø) y-cGif; t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh
to&rSaemufjzpfaom vfudk o'doa'Gabmf v’-f jyK? yf-Asn;f t-oku Yd yf? v’-f Asn;f
t-oku Yd yf? yv’uøum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w½kaem/ yk'pf yf w½k+aem/
jrefrm EkysKo d nf/
½ly wvk a em emum; w½k+aem[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? &f-cGif; O-<uif;? a'g "ó p
okwüf avm &ó [laom okwaå ,m*0dbm*jzifh w½ko'´g\ tpdwf &f-ukd vf-jyK?
vfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? wvkaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r[momavm/ yk'pf yf r[m+oma&m/
jrefrm rsm;aomOpöm&So d nf/
½ly r[momavm
r[momavmum; r[m+oma&m[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? &f-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? a'g
"ó p okwfü avm &ó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh om&o'´g\ tpdwf &f
ukd vf-jyK? vfAsnf; MookdYuyf? r[momavm
r[momavmum; NyD;\/
1/ oE¨du@ 165
ykpH H rmvkawm/ yk'jf zwf rm½k+awm/

jrefrm av/
½ly rmvkawm wmum; rm½k+awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H okcrk mavm/ yk'jf zwf okc+k rma&m/
jrefrm El;nHo
h rd af rGUonf/
½ly okckrmavm mavmum; okc+k rma&m[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrm 'kuú# paomo'´gwkdY\ wtu©&m\ #tjyKonf tcsKdU
jy,k*üf jzpf\/
ygVd a#m wó 'ku#ú m'DeH uGp/d
ykpH H ,xmÞ 'kuúwH/ yk'pf yf 'ku#ú /H
jrefrm raumif;ojzifh jyKtyfaomtrI/
½ly 'k u ú # Hum; 'kuú+wH[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? a'g "ó p okwfü a#m wó
[laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh wHü w-ukd #-jyK? 'kuú#Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {0H oku#H/ yk'jf zwf oku+wH/

jrefrm þtwl aumif;pGmjyKtyfaomtrI/
½ly oku#Hum; oku+wH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y[a#m/ yk'jf zwf y[+awm/
jrefrm ykwcf wftyf\/
½ly y[a#m
y[a#mum; y[+awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yw¬a#m/ yk'jf zwf yw¬+awm/
jrefrm ysUH ESUH jcif;/
½ly yw¬a#m #mum; yw¬+awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O'ä#m/ yk'jf zwf O'¨+awm/
jrefrm xkwjf cif;/
½ly O'ä#m #mum; O'¨+awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H 0doa#m £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf 0do+awm/
jrefrm ysUH ESUH jcif;? þokpYd onfwnf;/
½ly 0doa#m a#mum; 0do+awm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrm ed,w paomo'´gwkdY\ w tu©&m\ u tjyKonf tcsKdU

jy,k*üf jzpf\/
ygVd aum wó ed,wm'DeH uGp/d
ykpH H ed,awm/ yk'pf yf ed,+aum/
jrefrm jr\ J /
½ly ed , aum aumum; ed,+awm[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? a'g "ó p okwfü aum
wó [laom okwaå ,m*0dbm*jzifh awmü w-ukd u-jyK? ed,aum aumum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm edZ paomo'´g\ Z-
Z-\ , tjyKonf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpf\/
ygVd a,m Zó edZm'dó 0g/
ykpH H edZyH w
k /Hå yk'pf yf ed,yH w
k /Hå
jrefrm rSDí jzpfaomom;/
½ly ed,HykwåHum; edZH+ykwåH[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? a'g "ó p okwfü a,m Zó
[laom okwaå ,m*0dbm*jzifh edZpaomo'´g\ Z-ukd ,-jyK? ed,HykwåHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ukvyl * paomo'´gwk\ Yd *- *-\ u- u-tjyKonf jzpf\/

ygVd aum *ó ukvyl *g'De/H
ykpH H ukvyl a*g/ yk'pf yf ukvlyaum/
jrefrm tdro f Ydk uyfwwfaom&[ef;/
½ly ukvlyaum aumum; ukvyl +a*g[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? a'g "ó p okwüf aum
*ó [laom okwaå ,m*0dbm*jzifh a*g-ukd aum-jyK? ukvlyaum aumum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm S yg; y y&d paomyk'w
xkrd w f aYdk emifrS e-
e-\ P-
P-tjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd wxm aPm eó y y&dtm'dawm wm/
ykpH H yed"meH/ yk'pf yf yPd"meH/
jrefrm qkawmif;jcif;/
½ly yPd"meHum; yed+"meH[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? e-cGi;f £<uif;? a'g "ó p okwüf
aem Pó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh ef-ukd Pf-jyK? PfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
yPd"meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H yPdygawm/ yk'jf zwf y+edygawm/
jrefrm þtwl yPdygwo&P*kaH qmufwnfjcif;/
1/ oE¨du@ 167
½ly yPdygawm gawmum; y+edygawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H yPmarm/ yk'jf zwf y+emarm/
jrefrm &Scd ;dk jcif;/
½ly yPmarmyPmarmum; y+emarm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yPDw/H yk'jf zwf y+eDw/H
jrefrm jrwfonf/
½ly yPDwHum; y+eDw[ H k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&dPawm/ yk'jf zwf y&d+eawm/
jrefrm ñGwjf cif;/
½ly y&dPawm awmum; y&d+eawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&dPmarm/ yk'jf zwf y&d+emarm/
jrefrm ñGwjf cif;/
½ly y&dPmarm marmum; y&d+emarm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edEaé ,m/ yk'pf yf edPaÖ ,m/
jrefrm qk;H jzwfjcif;/
½ly edPÖa,m ,mum; ed+Eéa,m[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? Eé-cGi;f t-<uif;? a'g "ó p
okwfü aem Pó [laom okwåa,m*0dbm*jzifh ed-Oyom&aemifrSaESmif;aom
EéAf sn;f ukd PÖ-f Asn;f jyK? (edP+fÖ ta,m) PfAÖ sn;f t-oku Yd yf? edPÖa,m,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H OPÖawm/ yk'jf zwf O+Eéawm/

jrefrm þtwl wuf<u\/
½ly OPÖawm wmum; O+Eéawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H MoPawm £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf Mo+eawm/
jrefrm ñGwf\? þokdYponfukd rSwftyf\ ('|AÁH)/
½ly MoPawm
MoPawmum; Mo+eawm[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm rD;BuKd;? xdyg;\? ñSif;qJ\? þjy,k*fwkdYü/
ygVd ywdt*¾d? ywd[nwd £wD"Þ
-----------------
okwf 43/ uGpd y#d ywdó/

okwjf refrm o&aMumif¤h if;? Asn;f aMumif¤h if;? ywdOyom&\ tcsKjYd y,k*üf
y#djyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom o&aMumifh¤if;? Asnf;aMumifh¤if;? ywd[laom
Oyom&\ tcsKjYd y,k*üf y#djyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ywd £apöwó Oyo*¾ó oa& 0g AsOÆae 0g ya& uGpd
y#dtma'aom a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm a&SU£o&ukd acs/
ygVd ykAó
Á &avmayg/
ykpH H y#*¾/d yk'pf yf ywd+t*¾/d
jrefrm rD;BuK;d /
½ly y#*¾ dum; ywd+t*¾d[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? uGpd y#d ywdó okwfjzifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh ywd-Oyom&yk'fukd y#djyK? (y#d+t*¾d) #-cGif; £-<uif;?
(y#f+£+t*¾)d o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU#f
tpdwf £ukad cs? ea, y&H okwjf zifh #fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? y#*¾ dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y#d[nwd/ yk'jf zwf ywd+[nwd/
jrefrm xdyg;\? ñSif;qJ\/
½ly y#d[nwdum; ywd+[nwd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? uGpd y#d ywdó okwjf zifh
aemuf[Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh ywd-Oyom&yk'u f dk y#djyK? y#d[nwdum; Ny;D \/
ajz ypöwHå paomykpH w H üYdk #tjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ ypöw(Hå wsm'Dok #ma'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H ypöw/Hå yk'pf yf ywd+twå/H
jrefrm toD;toD;/
½ly ypöwåHum; ywd+twå[ H k yk'jf zwfí
f wnf? uGpd y#d ywdó okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh ywd-Oyom&yk'fukd y#djyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ywd+twåH) oaAÁm pH wd okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pHAk sn;f jzpfaom wdo'´gukd pf-jyK? (y+pf+twå)H y-cGi;f t-<uif;?
y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rS aemufjzpfaom pf-ukd o'doa'Gabmf pö-f jyK?
1/ oE¨du@ 169
(yf+t+pö+f twå)H yf-Asn;f t-oku

Yd yf? pf-fö Asn;f vnf; t-oku Yd yf? ypöwåHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ywdv, D wd/ yk'jf zwf ywd+vD,wd/
jrefrm wGe\Yf /
½ly ywdvD,wdum; ywd+vD,wd[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? uGpd y#d ywdó okwjf zifh
aemufvAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh ywd-Oyom&yk'u f dk y#djyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpd
o'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ywdvD,wdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ykxZaem? ykxblwH þjy,k*fwkdYü taEÅm[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ykxZaem? ykxblwH £wD" ]]taEÅm}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 44/ ykxók AsOÆae/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh yk xo'´g\ tpdwo f nf O jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh yk xo'´g\ tpdwo f &onf
OjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd yk x£apöwó taEÅm oa&m O uma&m a[mwd AsOÆae ya&/
½kyf jrefrm a'GabmfjyK/
ygVd 'dwG /Hå
ykpH H ykxZk aÆ em/ yk'jf zwf ykx+Zaem/
jrefrm t&d,mwkrYd S toD;tjcm;jzpfaomol/
½ly ykxkZÆaem emum; ykx+Zaem[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? x-cGif; t-<uif;? ykxók
AsOÆae okwfjzifh aemufZAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUykxf\ tpdwf t-ukd O-jyK?
(ykx+f O+Zaem) y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Oo&rS aemufjzpfaom Z-ukd o'do
a'Gabmf ZÆ-jyK? xfAsn;f O-oku Yd yf? ykxkZÆaem um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykxb k w
l /H yk'jf zwf ykx+blw/H
jrefrm rsm;pGmjzpfíjzpf\/
½ly ykxkblwu H m; ykx+blw[ H k yk'jf zwfí
f wnf? x-cGi;f t-<uif;? ykxók AsOaÆ e
okwjf zifh aemufbAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUykx\ f tpdwf t-ukd O-jyK? xfAsn;f
O-oku Yd yf? ykxkblwHum; Ny;D \/
ar; AsOÆaee[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz ykx t,H [laomyk'üf OtjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/

ygVd AsOÆaeewd uð¿ ykx t,(EÅd ya' Oum&ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H ykx t,H/ jrefrm toD;jzpfaomol/
½kyf jrefrm ykxo'´g\ ttu©&mwnf;? ykxo'´g\ t/ þokaYd om q|DwyÜK&o d f
ormofjzifo h mvQif vkt
d yfaomteufNy;D Ny;D vQu?f 0g- xif&mS ;vQu/f
wzefvkdufvmaom tEÅo'´gjzifh tcsKdUjy,k*fü ykxo'´grS wyg;aomo'´g\
tpdwf\vnf; o&aMumifh OjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]ykxó t ykx}}£wd ormaoae0 oda'¨ yke tEÅ*¾[Pm"d uma&e
uGpd tykxEÅómyd O wåH oa&/
ykpH H raem tnH/ yk'pf yf rEkn/H
jrefrm pdwu f dk ESpof ufapwwfonf/
½ly rEknHum; raem+tnH[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? e-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? ykxók AsOaÆ e
okwfü tEÅo'´gjzifh ykxo'´grSwyg;aom reo'´g\ tpdwf Moo&ukd OjyK?
(ref+O+tnH) 0g ya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd &Sdonfr[kwfaom
Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom to&ukd acs? (ref+O+nH) efAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? rEknHum; Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf ykxók AsOÆae okwfü tEÅo'´gjzifh Moukd OjyKí aemuf
to&ukv d nf;acs/ (Esmo)/
ykpH H {0H £rH/ yk'pf yf {0kr/H
jrefrm þokdY þolYukd/
½ly {0k r H u m; {0H + £rH [ k yk ' f j zwf f í wnf ? uG p d avmyH ok w f j zif h
aemuf£o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukdacs? ({0+£rH)
ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh ed*¾[dwfrSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukdacs? ({0+rH) 0-cGif;
t-<uif;? ({0f+t+rH) ykxók AsOÆae okwfü tEÅo'´gjzifh ykxo'´grSwyg;aom
{0o'´g\ tpdwf to&ukd OjyK? ({0f+O+rH) 0fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? {0krHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm aemufo&ukd acstyf\/
ygVd y&avmayg/
ykpH H £wd {0H/ yk'pf yf £awG0/H
jrefrm þokv Yd Qi/f
½ly £awG0Hum; £wd+{0H[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? w-cGi;f £-<uif;? ykxók AsOaÆ e
1/ oE¨du@ 171
okwfü tEÅo'´gjzifh ykxo'´grSwyg;aom £wdo'´g\ tpdwf £o&ukd OjyK?

(£wf+O+{0H) 0arm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh aemuf{o& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf
Oukd 0fjyK? (£wf+0f+{0) wfAsn;f 0fou Yd yf? £awG0um; Ny;D \/
Ydk yf wGAf sn;f {oku
½kyf jrefrm tEÅo'´gjzifh jyKtyfaomOtu©&m\ 0arm'k'EÅmeH okwjf zifh 0tjyK
onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd O um&ó 0 uma&m/
jrefrm t0umaom? t0ea'¨g? t00'wd? t0omeH [laomykHpHwkdYü/
]]uGpd AsOaÆ e}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
ygVd t0umaom? t0ea'¨g? t00'wd? t0omerdw"D -
]]uGpd AsOaÆ e}}wd p 0wåw/d
---------------
okwf 45/ Mo t0ó/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh t0
t0Oyom&\ MojyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh t0
t0[laom Oyom&\ Mo
tjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t0
t0£apöwó Oyo*¾ó Mo Mouma&m a[mwd uGpd AsOaÆ e ya&/
ykpH H Moumaom/ yk'jf zwf t0+umaom/
jrefrm t&yf/
½ly MoumaomMoumaomum; t0+umaom[k yk'fjzwffíwnf? Mo t0ó okwfjzifh
aemufuAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh t0Oyom&ukd MojyK? Moumaom um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Moea'¨g/ yk'jf zwf t0+ea'¨g/
jrefrm zJUG ,Su&f pfaxG; ajr;§ tyf\/
½ly Mo+ea'¨gum; t0+ea'¨g[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Mo0'wd/ yk'jf zwf t0+0'wd/
jrefrm qk;H r\/
½ly Mo0'wdum; t0+0'wd[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H MoomeH/ yk'jf zwf t0+omeH/
jrefrm tqkH;/
½ly MoomeHum; t0+omeH[k yk'jf zwf?f enf;wlwu G /f

ajz t0omeH paomykpH w H üYdk MotjyKrS jrpf&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ t0omeH(wsm'Dok Moum&edao"ew¬)H /
ykpH H t0omeH/ yk'jf zwf t0+omeH/
jrefrm tqkH;/
½ly t0omeHum; t0+omeH[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? Mo t0ó okwjf zifh aemuf
oAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh t0Oyom&ukd MojyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpf
aomaMumifh rjyK&? t0omeH um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t0okówk/ yk'jf zwf t0+okówk/
jrefrm ajcmufaoGUapownf;/
½ly t0okówkum; t0+okówk[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; AsOÆaee[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz t0,m*reH paomykpH w H üYdk MotjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd AsOÆaeewd uð¿ t0,m*reH(wsm'Dok Moum&ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H t0,m*reH/ yk'jf zwf t0+tm*reH/
jrefrm t,kwt f m;jzifh vmjcif;/
½ly t0,m*reHum; t0+tm*reH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? Mo t0ó okwfjzifh
t0Oyom&ukd MojyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; Asnf;raESmif;aomaMumifh rjyK&? (t0+
tm*reH) ,0r'e w&vmpm*rm okwjf zifh aemuftmo& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü
,ftu©&mvm? (t0+,f+tm*reH) ,fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? t0,m*reHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ta0u©w/d yk'jf zwf t0+£u©w/d
jrefrm ½I\/
½ly ta0u©wu d m; t0+£u©w[ d k yk'jf zwfíwnf? Mo t0ó okwjf zifh t0Oy
om&ukd MojyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; Asnf;raESmif;aomaMumifh rjyK&? (t0+£u©wd)
0-cGif; t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf £o&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SU0tpdwf to&ukad cs? (t0f+£u©w)d uGpm o0PÖH vkawå okwjf zifh a&SUto&
ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemuf£o&ukd {to0PfjyK? (t0f+{+u©w)d 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
ta0u©wdum; Ny;D \/
1/ oE¨du@ 173
Þ
jrefrm t0*aw ol&da,? t0*päwd? t0*a[wGm [laom þjy,k*fwkdYü
t0HrdS p okwrf S ]]t0ó}}o'´gonf¤if;? Mooa& p okwrf S Mo o'´gonf¤if;
vkduf\/
ygVd t0*aw ol&da,? t0*päwd? t0*a[wGm £wD"-
]]t0aó}}wd 0wåaw Mo Mo*¾[POö/
----------------
okwf 46/ wAÁyd &Dwyl ya' AsOaÆ e p/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh yk'\f teD;ü wnf&adS om (wd|rmeó) xkt d 0
o'´g\ xkMd o\ 0dy&dwf OjyKonf jzpf\/ rjzpfao;onfvnf; &Sad o;\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh teD;ü&Gwt f yfaomyk'üf wnf &Sad om
t0o'´g\ xkdMotu©&m\ 0dy&dwf OtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t0
t0o'´ó Oyya' wd|rmeó waómum&ó 0dy&Dawm p
a[mwd AsOaÆ e ya&/
jrefrm xkMd otu©&m\ azmufjyefjcif;wnf;? xkMd otu©&m\ azmufjyefjcif;?
teD;ü&Gwt f yfaom yk'w
f nf;? teD;ü &Gwt f yfaomyk'?f Motu©&m\
azmufjyefjcif;[laom þpum;onf Otu©&m\trnfwnf;/
ygVd wó 0d y &D a wm wAÁ d y &D a wm? Oaygpö m &d w H y'H Oyy'H ?
Moum&0dy&Dawm wmwd Oum&aówH t"d0peH/
po'´g p o'´gonf tcsKUd aomjy,k*üf epfapjcif;teuf&\ dS /

ygVd p oa'´g uw¬pd ed0wåeaw¬m?/
½kyf jrefrm a'GabmfjyK? ygVd 'dw
G /Hå
ykpH H O*¾aw ol&ad ,/ yk'jf zwf t0+*aw/
jrefrm aeonf avsmoufonf&Sdaomf/
½ly O*¾aw wum; t0+*aw[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? wAÁyd &Dwyl ya' AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh
aemuf*Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh *awyk'f\teD;üwnfaom t0o'´gukd Mo\
0dy&dwf OjyK? (O+*aw) y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom *-ukd
o'doa'Gabmf *¾-jyK? O*¾aw wum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H O*¾pw
ä /d yk'jf zwf t0+*päw/d
jrefrm avsmouf\/
½ly O*¾päwdum; t0+*päw[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H O*¾a[wGm/ yk'jf zwf t0+*a[wGm/
jrefrm t,kwftm;jzifh ,lí/
½ly O*¾a[wGmum; t0+*a[wGm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm twdyaÜ cg wm0? y&owH? y&o[óH [laomþjy,k*w f üYdk Þ
]]tm*arm}}[laomyk'of nf vku d \
f /
ygVd twdyÜacg wm0? y&owH? y&o[óH £wD"Þ
]]tm*arm}}wd 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 47/ uGpd Mo AsO¦ae/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf Motu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom Asn;f aMumifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf Motu©&mvmonf
jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd AsOÆae ya& uGpd MoMoum&m*arm a[mwDw/d
jrefrm þy&dbmomaMumifh twdyÜo'´g y& y&o'´gwkaYd emifrS Mo
Motu©&m
vmonf jzpf\/ ]],0r'}}þokdYtp&Sdaomokwfü p o'´gjzifh
twdyo Ü '´gaemifrS *tu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
ygVd twdyÜ y&y&oa'´[d Mo Moum&m*arm ]],0r'}}£pöm'doak wå p oa'é
twdyÜawm * um&m*arm p/
ykpH H twdyÜa*g acg wm0/ yk'jf zwf twdy+Ü acg/
jrefrm a&S;OD;pGm tvGeaf pmao;\/
½ly twdyÜa*g acg acgum; twdy+Ü acg[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? uGpd Mo AsOaÆ e okwjf zifh
aemufcAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh twdyÜ+acg yk'ftv,fü Mo tu©&mvm?
(twdyÜ+Mo+acg) ,0r'e--okwfü po'´gjzifh Moo&aESmif; aomaMumifh
*ftu©&mvm? *fAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? twdyÜa*g acg
acgum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ya&mowH/ yk'jf zwf y&+owH/
1/ oE¨du@ 175
jrefrm t&mru/
½ly ya&mowHum; y&+owH[k yk'jf zwfí f wnf? uGpd Mo AsOaÆ e okwjf zifh aemuf
oAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh y&o'´gaemif Motu©&mvm? (y&+Mo+owH) &-cGif;
dY yf? ya&mowHum; Ny;D \/
t-<uif; acs? &fAsn;f Mooku
ykpH H ya&mo[óH/ yk'jf zwf y&+o[óH/
jrefrm taxmifru/
½ly ya&mo[óHum; y&+o[óH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
þya&mowH ya&mo[óH yk'fü ]]o&m oa& avmyH}}okwfjzifh a&SUo&
ausjcif;onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd {w¬ ]]o&m oa& avmy}}EÅd ykAÁó&avmayg/
jrefrm rer,H? t,r,H [laom þjy,k*w f üYdk ]]raem*Pm'De}H }[laom
yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd rer,H? t,r,H £wD" ]]raem*Pm'De}}EÅd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 48/ {awoarm avmay/

okwjf refrm 0dbwfaMuonf&adS omf (owd) xkrd aem*kP d ;f vQit
f wl&u dS ek af om
o'´gwkYd\ tpdwf tonf MotjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm 0dbwfaMujcif;ukd jyKtyfonf&adS omf xkrd aem*kPd ;f ü jzpfaom
o'´gwkdY\ tpdwf to&onf MotjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd {awoH raem*Pm'DeraEÅm Mo Mo rmyZÆaw 0dbwåad vmay uaw/
Mowå
ykpH H raemr,H/ yk'jf zwf re+r,/
jrefrm pdwjf zifNh y;D \/
½ly raemr,Hum; re+r,vdifwnf? e-cGif; t-<uif;? {awo armavmay
okwfjzifh raem*kdPf;0ifjzpfaom reo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyK? efAsnf; MookdYuyf?
(raem+r,) w'¨w d ormo--okwüf po'´gjzifh raemr,[laomw'¨w d yf 'k u f dk emrfudk
uJo h iYdk ?hJ (raemr,) onf[í l --aMumifh vdit f eufü yXrm{u0kpf od0b d wfouf?
(raemr,+od) oð [laom okwjf zifh raemr,o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom od0b d wfudk
tHjyK? (raemr,+tH) ,-cGif; t-<uif;? o&avmayg--okwfjzifh aemufod0dbwf
tHtjyKaESmif; aomaMumifh a&SU,ftpdwf t-ukad cs? aemuftu H v dk nf; tH[yk uwdjyK?

ea, y&H--okwjf zifh ,fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? raemr,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ta,mr,H/ yk'jf zwf t,+r,/
jrefrm oHjzifNh y;D \/
½ly ta,mr,Hum; t,+r,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H raemao|m/ yk'jf zwf re+ao|/
jrefrm þtwl pdwfomvQif tjrwf&Sdukef\/
½ly raemao|m
raemao|mum; re+ao|vdiw f nf? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? {awo armavmay
okwfjzifh raem*kdPf;0ifjzpfaom reo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyK? efAsnf; MookdYuyf?
(raem+ao|) w'd̈wormo--okwfü po'´gjzifh raemao|[laomw'd̈wfyk'fukd
emrfukduJhokdYiJh? (raemao|) wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh vdifteufü yXrmA[k0kpf
a,m0dbwfouf? (raemao|+a,m) oAÁa,mede rm{ okwjf zifh raemao|[laom
ykvi’d t
f um&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? (raemao|+tm)
|-cGi;f ? t-<uif;? o&avmayg--okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf tmtjyKaESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SU|ftpdwf t-ukdacs? aemuftmukdvnf; tm[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H--
okwjf zifh |fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? raemao|m
raemao|mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ta,myawåm/ yk'jf zwf t,+ywå/
jrefrm oHoydw/f
½ly ta,myawå mum; t,+ywåvdifwnf? ,-cGif; t-<uif;? {awo
armavmay okwjf zifh raem*kP d ;f 0ifjzpfaom t,o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyK? ,fAsn;f
MookdYuyf? (ta,m+ywå) w'¨dwormo--okwfü po'´gjzifh ta,mywå[laom
w'¨dwfyk'fukd emrfukduJhokdYiJh? (ta,mywå) onf[lí--aMumifh vdifteufü yXrm
{u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (ta,mywå+od) aom [laom okwjf zifh ta,mywåo'´g
aemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd MojyK? (ta,mywå+Mo) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? o&
avmayg--okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wf MotjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåt f pdwf t-
ukad cs? aemufMoukv d nf; Mo[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H--okwjf zifh wåAf sn;f ukd aemufMookYd
uyf? ta,myawåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wayg"aem/ yk'jf zwf wy+"e/
jrefrm tusiw hf nf;[laomOpöm/
1/ oE¨du@ 177
½ly wayg"aem
wayg"aemum; wy+"evdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H warmEka'g/ yk'jf zwf wr+Ek'/
jrefrm trkud uf dk azsmufjcif;/
½ly warmEka'g 'gum; wr+Ek'vdiwf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oda&m½ka[m/ yk'jf zwf od&+½k[/
jrefrm OD;acgif;ü a&mufjcif;/
½ly oda&m½ka[m [mum; od&+½k[vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awaZmuodP/H yk'jf zwf awZ+uodP/
jrefrm awaZmuokP d ;f /
½ly oda&m½ka[m [mum; od&+½k[vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &aZmZv’/H yk'jf zwf &Z+Zv’/
jrefrm OD;acgif;ü a&mufjcif;/
½ly &aZmZv’Hum; &Z+Zv’vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &aZmZv’/H yk'jf zwf &Z+Zv’/
jrefrm jrLtnpftaMu;/
½ly &aZmZv’Hum; &Z+Zv’vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ta[m&wåH/ yk'jf zwf t[+&wå/

jrefrm aeY nOfh/
½ly ta[m&wåHum; t[+&wåvid w f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H &a[m*awm/ yk'jf zwf &[+*w/
jrefrm qdyNf ird &f mt&yfouYdk yfjcif;/
½ly &a[m*awm
&a[m*awmum; &[+*wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzifh tmayg"mwk? 0ga,m"mwk þokpYd onfudk ,ltyf\/
ygVd tm'doa'é tmayg"mwk? 0ga,m"mwk(£wdtm'Dok *,Sw)d /
ykpH H tmayg"mwk/ yk'jf zwf tmy+"mwk/
jrefrm tmayg"mwf/
½ly tmayg"mwk um; tmy+"mwkvdifwnf? y-cGif; t-<uif;? {awo
armavmay okwfü tm'do'´gjzifh raem*kdPf; tmyo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyK?
yfAsnf; MookdYuyf? (tayg+"mwk) w'¨dwormo--okwfü po'´gjzifh tmayg"mwk

[laomw'¨w d yf 'k u
f dk emrfuu
dk o
hJ iYdk ?hJ onf[í l --aMumifh vdit
f eufü yXrm{u0kpf
od0b d wfouf? (tmayg"mwk+od) aooawm avmyH *odyd okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs?
tmayg"mwkum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0ga,m"mwk/ yk'jf zwf 0g,+"mwk/
jrefrm 0ga,m"mwf/
½ly 0ga,m"mwkum; 0g,+"mwkvid fwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm oD[*wduenf;jzifh o oa& 0g *arm okwfrS 0g 0go'´g vkdufjcif;

aMumifh þqkv d wåUH aomjy,k*üf rjzpf/
ygVd oD[*wd,m 0g 0g"dum&awm £" e b0wd/
ykpH H rerawåe/ yk'jf zwf re+rwå/
jrefrm odrQrQjzif/h
½ly rerawåeum; re+rwåvdifwnf? e-cGif; t-<uif;? {awo armavmay
okwjf zifh reo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; o oa& 0g *arm okwrf S
vku d vf maom 0go'´gwm;jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ref+t+rwå) efAsn;f t-oku Yd yf?
(rerwå) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ jzifh [lí--aMumifh wwd,m {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (rerwå+em)
tawm aee okwjfzifh em0dbwfud k {ejyK? wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs uyf? rerawåeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H repä|meH/ yk'jf zwf re+q|/
jrefrm revQif ajcmufcak jrmuf&u dS ek af om £aÈw ´ \
Ydk /
½ly repä|meHum; re+q|vdifwnf? e-cGif; t-<uif;? {awo armavmay
okwjf zifh reo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd MojyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; o oa& 0g *arm okwrf S
vkdufvmaom 0go'´gwm;jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ref+t+q|) 0a*¾ aCmom
aCmomeH--okwfjzifh to&rS aemufjzpfaom p0*f 'kwd,u©&m q-ukd p0*f
yXru©&m to'doa'Gabmf pä-jyK? (ref+t+pä|) efAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (repä|) w'¨w
d -
-emrfi?hJ wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh q|D A[k0pk f eH0b d wfouf? (repä|+eH) |-cGi;f t-<uif;?
oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU|ftpdwf t-udk tm'DCjyK?
|fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? repä|meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t,uyv’/H yk'jf zwf t,+uyv’/
1/ oE¨du@ 179
jrefrm oHt;dk uif;/

½ly t,uyv’Hum; t,+uyv’vid w f nf?
odouf tH-jyK½kHomxl;\/ enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wr0daem'aem/ yk'jf zwf wr+0daem'e/

jrefrm trku
d u
f dk azsmufjcif;/
½ly wr0daem'aem
em'aemum; wr+0daem'evdiw f nf?
odouf Mo-jyK½kHomxl;\/ enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H retm,weH/ yk'jf zwf re+tm,we/

jrefrm rem,we/
½ly retm,weHum; re+tm,wevdiw f nf?
odouf tH-jyK½kHomxl;\/ enf;wlwGuf/
þo'´gtpOfjzifh AsOeÆ oE¨t d pDt&ifonf Ny;D ygNy/D
£wd AsOeÆ oE¨0d "d meH ed|w
d /H
-------------------------------
ed*¾[DwoE¨d0d"me
jrefrm xkaYd emifrS ed*[¾ wD oEü
d dk qktd yf\/
ygVd tx ed*¾[DwoEd̈ 0kpöaw/
jrefrm wPSH ua&m? &PH Za[m? oH Xdawm? Zkwð "a&m? oH rawm
[laom þjy,k*fwkdYü ]]ed*¾[dwH}}[laom þo'´gonf vkduf\/
]]AsOaÆ e}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f / ({aomoa'´g y'H)/
ygVd wPSH ua&m? &PH Za[m? oH Xdawm? Zkwð "a&m? oH rawm
£wD" ]]ed*[ ¾ w
D }}EÅd t"duma&m ]]AsOaÆ e}}wd 0wåaw/
ykpH H wPSH ua&m/ yk'pf yf wPSuaF &m/
jrefrm wPSu&F mbk&m;/
½ly wPSuFa&m &mum; wPSH+ua&m[kyk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh

aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom uAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUPS txufü&Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk u0*¾EÅ if-jyK? (wPS+if+ua&m) if-Asn;f ukd aemufu-okuYd yf? wPSuFa&m
um; Ny;D \/ (u0*fykHpH)
ykpH H &PH Za[m/ yk'pf yf &POÆa[m/
jrefrm udavomukd y,fjcif;/
½ly &POÆa[m [mum; &PH+Za[m[kyk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom ZAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUP txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d f
ukd p0*¾EÅ Úf-jyK? (&P+Úf+Za[m) Úf-Asn;f ukd aemufZ-oku Yd yf? &POÆa[m [mum;
Ny;D \/ (p0*fykHpH)
ykpH H oH Xdawm/ yk'pf yf oP²dawm/
jrefrm aumif;pGmwnfjcif;/
½ly oP²dawm wmum; oH+Xdawm[ky'k jf zwfíwnf? 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom XAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u f dk #0*¾EÅ
Pf-jyK? (o+Pf+Xdawm) Pf-Asn;f ukd aemufX-d oku Yd yf? oP²dawm
wmum; Ny;D \/ (#0*fykHpH)
ykpH H Zkwð "a&m/ yk'pf yf ZkwEd a¨ &m/

jrefrm ta&mift0gukd aqmifjcif;/
½ly Zk w d E ¨ a &m &mum; Zkwð+"a&m[kyk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom "Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwd txufü&Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ wd u Yd yf? ZkwdEä&m
f dk w0*¾EÅ ef-jyK? (Zkw+d ef+"a&m) ef-Asn;f ukd aemuf"-oku &mum;
Ny;D \/ (w0*fykHpH)
ykpH H oH rawm/ yk'pf yf or®awm/
jrefrm orkwjf cif;/
½ly or® a wm wmum; oH+rawm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom rAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUo txufü&Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk y0*¾EÅ rf-jyK? (o+rf+rawm) rf-Asn;f ukd aemufr-oku Yd yf? or®awm
wmum;
Ny;D \/ (y0*fykHpH) þokpYd onfwüYdk jzpf\/
------------
1/ oE¨du@ 181
okwf 49/ 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾/

okwjf refrm 0*fjzpfaomAsn;f aMumifh ed*[
¾ wd o
f nf aESmif;aom0*f\ iç Úç Pç
eç r-[laom 0*¾EÅtjzpfokdY tcsKdU a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom 0*fjzpfaomAsn;f aMumifh ed*[
¾ w
d o
f nfvQif 0*¾Et
Å jzpfoYdk
tcsKdUojzifh a&muf\/ þum; teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd 0*¾blaw AsOÆae ya& ed*¾[DwH acg 0*¾EÅH 0g yayÜgwDwd/
ar; aemuf 0*fAsn;f aESmif;wkid ;f ed*[ ¾ w d uf dk 0*¾EjÅ yK&rnfq&dk m awGUu&m 0*fAsn;f ukd
0*¾EjÅ yKEidk yf goavm¿? 0go'´g\teufudk O'g[½kPEf iS hf wuG wJpG yfjyyg/
ajz 0*ftu©&m[laomedrw d çf ed*[
¾ w d wf \ Ydk Xmefe;D onf\tpGr;f jzifh xkx d 0dk *fü
ig;ckajrmufaomtu©&muko d m 0*¾EjÅ yKEidk yf gonf/
rSwcf suf u0*f u0*fcsif;? p0*f p0*fcsif;? #0*f #0*fcsif;? e0*f e0*fcsi;f ?
y0*f y0*fcsi;f ? rdru d w0*fwnf;yg tqk;H jzpfaom yOöu©&mukdom
0*¾EjÅ yK&rnf/ edrw d jf zpfaom 0*ftu©&m um&Djzpfaom ed*[ ¾ wd w
f EYdk iS hf Xmefe;D onf\
tpGr;f jzifh xked yd gwfjzpfaom 0*f\tqk;H yOöru©&m uko d m 0*¾EjÅ yK&ygrnf/
ygVd edrw d må Eko&G meH XmemoEé0aoe wAÁ*y¾ Oöarm a[mwd/
0go'´g þokwyf g 0g 0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&ydS gonf/
ygVd 00w¬w d 0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g/
ykpH H wuFa&mwd/ yk'jf zwf wH+ua&mwd/
jrefrm xkdtrIukd jyK\/
½ly wuFa&mwdum; wH+ua&mwd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom uAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü &Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk u0*¾EÅ if-jyK? if-Asn;f uoku Yd yf? wuFa&mwdum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H wcFP/H yk'jf zwf wH+cPH/
jrefrm xkcd P/
½ly wcFPHum; wH+cPH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o*Fa[m/ yk'jf zwf oH+*a[m/
jrefrm aygif;í,ljcif;/
½ly o*Fa[m [mum; oH+*a[m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wCFwH/ yk'jf zwf wH+CwH/

jrefrm xkdtkd;/
½ly wCFwHum; wH+CwH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "r®OaÆ & yk'jf zwf "r®+H pa&/
jrefrm w&m;ukd usifh&m\/
½ly "r®Oöa&&um; "r®+H pa&[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom pAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUr®txufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk p0*¾EÅ
Úf-jyK? Úf-Asn;f pokuYd yf? "r®Oöa&&um;Ny;D \/
ykpH H wÚäE/Hé yk'jf zwf wH+qEé/H
jrefrm xkt d rk;d /
½ly wÚäEéHum; wH+qEé[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H wOÆmwH/ yk'jf zwf wH+ZmwH/
jrefrm xkt d jzpf/
½ly wOÆmwHum; wH+ZmwH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wnmeH/ yk'jf zwf wH+ÓPH/

jrefrm xkdÓPf/
½ly wnmeHum; wH+ÓeH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wP²meH/ yk'jf zwf wH+XmeH/
jrefrm xkdtkd;/
½ly wP²meHum; wH+XmeH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom XAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü &Sad om ed*[
¾ w
d u f dk #0*¾EÅ
Yd yf? wP²meHum; Ny;D \/
Pf-jyK? Pf-Asn;f Xoku
ykpH H w@[wd/ yk'jf zwf wH+![wd/
jrefrm xkdolukdavmif\/
½ly w@[wdum; wH+![wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wEÅaemwd/ yk'jf zwf wH+waemwd/
jrefrm xkdÓPf/
½ly wEÅ a emwdum; wH+waemwd[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
1/ oE¨du@ 183
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom wAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w

d f
ukd w0*¾EÅ ef-jyK? ef-Asn;f woku Yd yf? wEÅaemwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wE¦&d /H yk'jf zwf wH+xd&/H
jrefrm xkx d o dk \
l jrjJ rjH cif;/
½ly wE¦d&Hum; wH+xd&[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wE´meH/ yk'jf zwf wH+'geH/
jrefrm xkdtvSL/
½ly wE´meHum; wH+'geH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wEë/H yk'jf zwf wH+"eH/
jrefrm xkOd pöm/
½ly wEëHum; wH+"eH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wEépd Kö w/H yk'jf zwf wH+edpKö w/H
jrefrm xked Ad mÁ ef ra&GUjcif;/
½ly wEédpöKwHum; wH+edpKö w[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wrÜawåm/ yk'jf zwf wH+yawåm/
jrefrm xko d ydw/f
½ly wrÜ a wå mum; wH+yawåm[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom yAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü &Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f dk y0*¾EÅ rf-jyK? rf-Asn;f yoku Yd yf? wrÜawåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wræv/H yk'jf zwf wH+zvH/

jrefrm xkt
d usK;d /
½ly wrævHum; wH+zvH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H awoarÁma"m/ yk'jf zwf awoH+aAma"m/
jrefrm xkdolwkdY\ odjcif;/
½ly awoarÁma"m a"mum; awoH+aAma"m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H orÇLawm/ yk'jf zwf oH+blawm/
jrefrm aumif;pGmjzpfjcif;/
½ly orÇLawm
awmum; oH+blawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wr®wd /Hå yk'jf zwf wH+rdw/Hå

jrefrm xkt
d aqGcifyeG ;f /
½ly wr®dwåHum; wH+rdw[ Hå k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H uduFawm/ yk'jf zwf uð+uawm/
jrefrm tb,fojYdk yKoenf;/
½ly uduFawm wmum; uð+uawm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'gwk*aF wm/ yk'jf zwf 'gwk+H *awm/
jrefrm ay;jcif;iSg oGm;\/
½ly 'gwk*Fawm wmum; 'gwk+H *awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokpYd aomykpH w H üYdk 0duyftm;jzifh jzpf\/

ygVd £wd {0rm'Dok 0duayÜe/
jrefrm þqkv d wåUH aom jy,k*üf rjzpf/ £" e b0wd/
ykpH H e wH ur®H uwH om"k/ yk'jf zwf e wH+ur®/H
jrefrm jyKtyfaomtrIonf raumif;/
½ly e wH ur®u H m; e wH+ur®[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom uAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü &Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk 0*¾EjÅ yK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? e wH ur®Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H o&PH *pämrd/ yk'jf zwf o&PH+*pämrd/
jrefrm ukd;uG,f&m[lí qD;uyfyg\/
½ly o&PH *pämrdum; o&PH+*pämrd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; ya&m 0g oa&m okwfü 0go'´g? tH AsOÆae ed*¾[dwH okwfjzifh
ed*¾[dwfukd tHjyKjcif; tpDt&iftxl;&SdygvQuf tb,ftusKd;iSg þokwfü
0g
0go'´gqk&d ygoenf;/
ajz qufO;D tHh txufjzpfaom ya&m 0g oa&m [laomokwüf 0g- o'´gonf
&Sv
d Qu¤f if;? tH AsOaÆ e ed*[ ¾ w d H [laomokwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w
d uf dk tHjyKjcif;[laom
tpDt&iftxl;onf &Sv d Qu¤f if;? þokwüf 0g 0go'´gukd jyK&jcif;onf teuftxl;ukd
odap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/ xk0g d0 g gjzifh v tu©&maMumifh oH[al om Oyom&yk'f
0go'´
ykro'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom ed*[ ¾ w d \ f vtjyK jzpfygonf/
1/ oE¨du@ 185
ygVd owd apmy&d 0g 0g*¾[aP 0dZÑEaÅ & 0g £" 0g0g*¾[Pu&Prw¬E&Å 0dnmyew¬?H

awe ed*[ ¾ wD ó oHOyo*¾ ykrEÅó av v vuma&m/
ykpH H y#dov H aD em/ yk'pf yf y#dov’aD em/
jrefrm wpfa,muftxD;wnf; ude;f atmif;\/
½ly y#dov’Daem emum; y#doH+vDaem[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfü
0go'´gjzifh aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom vAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü
&Sad om ed*[
¾ wd u Yd yf? y#dov’Daem um; Ny;D \/
f dk vf-jyK? vf-Asn;f voku
ykpH H {0H y#dov’maPm/ yk'jf zwf y#do+H vmaPm/

jrefrm þtwl qdwNf ird &f mt&yf/
½ly y#dov’maPm aPmum; y#do+H vmaPm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ov’u©Pm/ yk'jf zwf oH+vu©Pm/
jrefrm aumif;pGmrSwjf cif;/
½ly ov’u©Pmmum; oH+vu©Pm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oav’acg/ yk'jf zwf oH+avacg/
jrefrm acgif;yg;jcif;/
½ly oav’acg cgum; oH+avacg[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ov’mayg/ yk'jf zwf oH+vmayg/
jrefrm a[majymjcif;/
½ly ov’mayg aygum; oH+vmayg[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykv
H *d /ø yk'pf yf ykv*’d /ø
jrefrm ykvi’d /f
½ly ykvd’*øum; yk+H vd*[
ø k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ypöwåH {0? wH {0? wH [d wó? {0H [d a0g [laom ykHpHwkdYü ]]0g}}
o'´gukd vkdufp\/
ygVd ypöwåH {0? wH {0? wH [d wó? {0H [d a0g £wD" ]]a0g}}wd
t"duma&m/
---------------
okwf 50/ {a[ ÚH/

okwjf refrm {tu©&m [tu©&maMumifh ed*[ ¾ wd of nf tcsKYd OtjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufjzpfaom { tu©&m [ tu©&maMumifh ed*[ ¾ w d f
onf ÚtjzpfokdY tcsKdYojzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd { um&[ [ uma& ya& ed*¾[DwH acg Úum&H yayÜgwd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm {tu©&maMumifh tma'ojzpfaom Otu©&m\ ESpv f ;Hk qifh a'Gabmf
jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd { uma& Ó a'oó 'db G ma0g/
ykpH H ypöwaå n0/ yk'jf zwf ypöw+Hå {0/
jrefrm rdrpd w
d u
f odk mvQi/f
½ly ypöwåan0 n0um; ypöw+Hå {0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? {a[ ÚH okwjf zifh aemuf{o&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk Úf-jyK? ÚfAsn;f aemuf{oku Yd yf?
(ypöw+å aÚ0) wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemufjzpfaom
Úukd o'doa'Gabmf njyK? wåAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? ypöwåan0 n0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wan0/ yk'jf zwf wH+{0/

½ly wan0wan0um; wH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wO§d wó/ yk'jf zwf wH+[d wó/
jrefrm xko d \l pum;onfomvQi/f
½ly wO§d wó wóum; wH+[d wó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? {a[ ÚH okwjf zifh aemuf[
Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk Úf-jyK? ÚfAsn;f aemif[o
d Ydk
uyf? wOd§ wówóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0O§d a0g/ yk'jf zwf {0H+[d a0g/
jrefrm þokdYvQif oifwkdYonf/
½ly {0O§d a0g a0gum; {0H+[d a0g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
0go'´g 0g
0go'´g\ 00w¬w d 0dbmomeuf&o dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh {0H [laom
edygwfy'k f [d[al omedygwfy'k wf jYdk zifh wyg;aom t&mü rjzpf/
ygVd 00w¬wd 0dbmowåm 0g 0go'´ó {0[deyd gwawm tnw¬ e a[mwd/
1/ oE¨du@ 187
ykpH H {0arwH/ yk'jf zwf {0H+{wH/

jrefrm þw&m;ukd þokdY/
½ly {0arwHum; {0H+{wH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? {a[ ÚH okwjf zifh aemuf{o&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d uf dk Úf-jyKoifh jim;aomfvnf; 00w¬w d
0dbmomteuf&Sdaom 0go'´gwm;jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ({0H+{wH) r'g oa&
okwfjzifh aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd rf-jyK?
rfAsn;f aemuf{oku Yd yf? {0arwHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H a[mwd/ yk'jf zwf {0H+a[mwd/
jrefrm þokdY jzpf\/
½ly {0H a[mwdum; {0H+a[mwd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? {a[ ÚH okwjf zifh aemuf
[Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d uf dk Úf-jyKoifh jim;aomfvnf;
00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&adS om 0go'´gwm;jrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? {0H a[mwdum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm oHa,ma*g? oHa,mZeH? oH,awm? oH,mpdum,? ,H ,a'0?
tmeEÅ&duH ,rm[k [laom yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd oHa,ma*g? oHa,mZeH? oH,awm? oH,mpdum,? ,H ,a'0?
tmeEÅ&duH ,rm[k £wD" ]]Ú}}rdwd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 51/ oa, p/

okwjf refrm ,tu©&maMumifh edrw d , f ESiw hf uG ed*[
¾ wd o
f nf ÚtjzpfoYdk
a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom , tu©&maMumifh ed*[ ¾ wd of nf ,tu©&mESiwhf uG
Ú tjzpfoYdk tcsKUd ojzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ed*[ D H acg , uma& ya& o[ , uma&e Ú um&H yayÜgwd 0g/
¾ w
½kyf jrefrm tma'ojzpfaom Ú tu©&m\ o'doa'GabmfjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd Ó a'oó 'dw G /Hå
ykpH H oanma*g/ yk'jf zwf oH+a,ma*g/
jrefrm ,SOjf cif;/
½ly oanma*g
oanma*gum; oH+a,ma*g[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? oa, p okwjf zifh aemuf
tu©&maESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU otxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd edrdwf ,ESifhwuG
Úf-jyK? (o+Úf+Moa*g) o-cGif; t-<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwfjzifh to&rS
aemufjzpfaom Úukd o'doa'Gabmf njyK? oAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? nfAsn;f Mooku Yd yf?
oanma*g
oanma*gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oanmZeH/ yk'jf zwf oH+a,mZeH/
jrefrm oHa,mZOf/
½ly oanmZeHum; oH+a,mZeH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H onawm/ yk'jf zwf oH+,awm/
jrefrm apmifph nf;jcif;/
½ly onawmonawmum; oH+,awm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H onmpdum,/ yk'jf zwf oH+,mpdum,/
jrefrm uk, d w f idk af wmif;tyfaom taqmuftOD;jzif/h
½ly onmpdum, m,um; oH+,mpdum,[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,na'0/ yk'jf zwf ,H+,a'0/
jrefrm tMuif tMuif y&dowfov Ydk Qi/f
½ly ,na'0,na'0um; ,H+,a'0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmeEÅ&u d nrm[k/ yk'jf zwf tmeEÅ&u d +H ,rm[k/
jrefrm rdrd tjcm;rJhü tusKd;ukd ay;wwf\[k bk&m;wkdY a[mukef\/
½ly tmeEÅ&dunrm[kum; tmeEÅ&u d +H ,rm[k[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
0go'´g 0g
0go'´g\ 00w¬dw0dbmomteuf&dSonf\tjzpfaMumifhvQif oH
[laom yk'\ f tpdwf ed*[ ¾ w d rf ¤S if;? oAÁemrf ,tu©&m aESmif;jcif;
&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d rf ¤S if;? tjcm;aom tjcm;aomt&mü rjzpf/
ygVd 0g
0go'´ ó 00w¬ d w 0d b mowå m 0 oH y 'EÅ a wm p oAÁ e mr
, um&y&awm p ed*¾[Dwm tnw¬ e a[mwd/
ykpH u H m;Þ ,xmÞ
ykpH H {wH a,mZeH/ yk'jf zwf {wH+a,mZeH/
jrefrm þa,mZemjcif;uk/d
½ly {wH a,mZeHum; {wH+a,mZeH[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? oa, p okwfjzifh
1/ oE¨du@ 189
aemufa,mü ,tu©&maESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w

d u
f dk edrw
d f
,ESiw hf uG Úf-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 00w¬w d 0dbmom teuf&adS om 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? {wH a,mZeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH ,meH/ yk'jf zwf wH+,meH/
jrefrm xkd,mOfukd/
½ly wH ,meHum; wH+,meH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o&PH ,EÅd/ yk'jf zwf o&PH+,EÅ/d
jrefrm uk;d uG,jf cif;okYd a&mufuek \
f /
½ly o&PH ,EÅdum; o&PH+,EÅ[ d k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
t"dygÜ ,f qufjyrnf þokwfü ]]o[ a, p}}[lí qkdoifhvQuf ]]oa,

p}} [lí [tu©&mukad csojzifh ([avmaye) qkjd cif; aMumifh yd#uwf
ok;H ykwH üYdk &Gwv
f ,
G af pjcif;iSg tu©&mausjcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/ þokYd rSwt f yf\/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]o[ a, pm}}wd 0wåaAÁ ]]o a, pm}}wd 0peawm
okwaå EÅok okcpk mö &Pw¬ru©&avmaygyDwd '|AÁ/H
rSwcf suf o[a, p-[k qkdoifhvQuf oa, p [l&mü ]]aom'uH}} paom
ykHpHüuJhokdY o[o'´gukd ojyKí ]]oa, p}} ½lyod'¨d tvkdqkdvQif
o[a, p-ü [ukd awok0k'¨dpaomokwfBuD;wpfokwfokwf acsu oa, p-[k
jzpf\/
jrefrm xkt d u©&m\ausjcif;aMumifh y#docFg, a,medaom/y/ y&da,oem
paomykpH o H nf Ny;D \ (odZÑw)d /
ykpH H y#docFga,medaom/ yk'jf zwf y#docFg,+a,medaom
jrefrm qifjcifí oifah omtaMumif;tm;jzif/h
½ly y#docFga,medaom omum; y#docFg,+a,medaom[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? awok
0k'-d¨ -okwBf u;D jzifh y#docFgo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom ,tu©&mukad cs? y#docFga,m
edaom omum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H o,H tbdnm opäduwGm/
yk'jf zwf o,H tbdnm,+opäduwGm
jrefrm ukd,fwkdifxl;aomÓPfjzifh odí? rsufarSmufjyKí/
½ly o,H tbdnm opäduwGmum; o,H tbdnm,+opäu d wGm[k yk'jf zwf?

enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&da,oem/ yk'jf zwf y&da,oem,/
jrefrm &SmrS;D jcif;jzif/h
½ly y&da,oem ,oemum; y&da,oem,-[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
------------
okwf 52/ r'g oa&/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh ed*¾[dwfonf rfjyK 'fjyKwkdYonf tcsKdU jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh ed*[ ¾ w d o f nf rfjyK 'fjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd
ojzifh jzpfuek \ f /
0kwyd å gVd ed*[
¾ w D ó acg oa& ya& rum&''um&ma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
ar; aemufo&aESmif;&m0,f ed*¾[dwf rf'fjyK&rnf[kqkd&m rnfonfh o'´g
aemif ed*[
¾ wd f rf'jf yK&ygrnfenf;? ykpH EH iS hf wuGuyfjyyg/
ajz þokwüf vnf; vku d v
f maom 0go'´g\ 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&o dS nf\
tjzpfaMumifh , w {wo'´gaemifrS aemufjzpfaom ed*¾ [dwf\omvQif
'fjyKEidk yf gonf/ rftjyKum; ½lyod'üd¨ oD;oefjY yrxm;yg/
ygVd {w¬ p 0g 0go'´g"dum&ó 00w¬dw0dbmowåm ' um&m ,aww-
o'áwm y&aó0/
ykpH H wr[H jALrd/ yk'jf zwf wH+t[H jALrd/
jrefrm xkdyk*¾Kdvfukd igonf qkd\/
½ly wr[H jALrdum; wH+t[H jALrd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r'g oa& okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u f dk rf-jyK? (wrf+t[H+jALrd)
rfAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? wr[H jALrdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,rm[k/ yk'jf zwf ,H+tm[k/
jrefrm tMuifolukd qkdukef\/
½ly ,rm[kum; ,H+tm[k[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "ear0/ yk'jf zwf "eH+{0/
jrefrm Opömuko d mvQi/f
1/ oE¨du@ 191
½ly "ear0
"ear0um; "eH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H udarwH/ yk'jf zwf uð+{wH/
jrefrm þum; tb,fenf;/
½ly udarwHum; uð+{wH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H edEwd´ rk &[wd/ yk'jf zwf edEwd´ +Hk t&[wd/
jrefrm uJ&h UJ jcif;iSg xku
d \
f /
½ly edE´dwkr&[wdum; edEw d´ +Hk t&[wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,'edp/Hö yk'jf zwf ,H+tedp/Hö
jrefrm tMuifw&m;oabmonf rjr/J
½ly ,'edpöHum; ,H+tedp[ Hö k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r'g oa& okwjf zifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU,txufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd 'f-jyK? (,'f+tedpöH) 'fAsnf;
aemuft-oku Yd yf? ,'edpöHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w'ewåm/ yk'jf zwf wH+tewåm/
jrefrm xkwd &m;oabmonf ("r®ZmwH) tpk;d r&/
½ly w'ewåmum; wH+tewåm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {w'a0gp/ yk'jf zwf {wH+ta0gp/
jrefrm þpum;ukd qkd\/
½ly {w0a'gp
{w0a'gpum; {wH+ta0gp[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wa'0/ yk'jf zwf {wH+{0/
jrefrm xkwd &m;uko d mvQi/f
½ly {wa'0
{wa'0um; {wH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ajz wH t[H paomjy,k*w f üYdk rf 'f tjyKrS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g 0gwd uð¿ wH t[H(wsm'Dok r'ga'oed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H wH t[H/ yk'jf zwf wH+t[H/
jrefrm xkdolUukd igonf/
½ly wH t[Hum; wH+t[H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r'g oa& okwjf zifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd rf 'f-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wH t[Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH {0/ yk'jf zwf {wH+{0/

jrefrm þw&m;uko d mvQi/f
½ly {wH {0 {0um; {wH+{0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tauúmpäd rH t0"d rH/ yk'jf zwf tauúmpäd rH+t0"d rH/
jrefrm ighukd trsufxGufNyD? ighukd owfykwfñSif;qJNyD/
½ly tauúmpäd rH t0"d rHum; tauúmpäd rH+t0"d rH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; r'g oa& okwfü o&aESmif;&müom ed*¾[dwfukd rf 'f jyKEkdifygoavm
jyKEidk af omt&m&Su d ykpH xH w k í f &Si;f vif;cJyh g/
ajz o&aESmif;&müom ed*¾[dwfukd rf 'f jyKonfr[kwfao;yg? þokwfüvnf;
r'g
r'g[lí okwu f dk a0befjcif;jzifh Asn;f aMumifh Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh ed*[ ¾ w d f
ukd rf jyKEidk yf gao;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh ]]Ak'r¨ f o&Prf *pämrd}}paom jy,k*o f nf Ny;D ygonf/
ygVd {w¬ p r'g r'gwd a,m*0dbma*e AsOaÆ eyd 0g ruma&m/ awe ]]Ak'r¨ f o&Prf
*pämrD}}wd tm'd odZÑwd/
ykpH H Ak'r¨ f o&Prf *pämrd/ yk'jf zwf Ak'+H¨ o&PH+*pämrd/
jrefrm bk&m;ukd ukd;uG,fyg\/
½ly Ak'¨rf o&Prf *pämrdum; Ak'+H¨ o&PH+*pämrd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? r'g oa&
okwfü r'g[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh aemufoAsnf; *Asnf;aESmif; aMumifh a&SU'¨
txuf PtxufwüYdk &Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d w Ydk dk rf-toD;oD;jyK? Ak'¨rf o&Prf *pämrdum;
f u
Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf w,d'H-ykpH üH wH+£'H-[ky'k jf zwf? þykpH üH oa&[laom a,m*0dbm*
jzifh ed*¾[dwfukd ,f-jyKí uyfyg w,d'H/
w'¨ d w H -ykHpHü wH+"dwH-[kyk'fjzwf? þyHkpHü r'g[laom a,m*
0dbm*jzifh "Asn;f aMumifh ed*[ ¾ wd u f dk 'f-jyKí uyfyg w'¨w d /H
jrefrm wmoH t[H oEÅad u? 0d'el H t*¾?H wó t'goð t[Hþjy,k*w f üYdk
]]oa&}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
ygVd wmoH t[H oEÅdau? 0d'leH t*¾H? wó t'goð t[H £wD"
]]oa&}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
1/ oE¨du@ 193
okwf 53/ uGpd avmyH/

okwjf refrm aemufo&aMumifh ed*¾[dwfonf tcsKdYjy,k*fü ausjcif;okdY
a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufjzpfaomo&aMumifh ed*¾[dwfonf tcsKdUaom
qef;*kP d ;f apmifah omt&m okwu f &dk wG v f ,G af paom t&mü ausjcif;okYd a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed*¾[DwH acg oa& ya& avmyH yayÜgwd uGpd qE´mEk&u©aP
okcpk mö &P|mae/
ar; aemufo&aESmif;wkid ;f ed*[ ¾ wd u f dk tcsKjYd y,k*f acs&rnfq&dk m rnfonft
h &m
rsK;d ü acsEidk yf goenf;/
ajz qef;*kP d ;f apmifah omt&m okwu f &dk w
G v f ,
G af paomt&mrsK;d ü aemufo&
aESmif;&m0,f ed*[ ¾ w
d uf dk tcsKjYd y,k*af csEidk yf gonf/
ygVd uGpd qE´mEk&u©aP okcpk mö &P|mae/
½kyf jrefrm a&SUo&ukad cstyf\? oH,*k t f qk;H r&Sad om aemufo&\ (y&ó) 'DC
jyKonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd ykAó Á &avmayg? y&ó toHa,m*EÅó 'DaCm/
ykpH H wmom[H oEÅdau/ yk'jf zwf wmoH+t[H/
jrefrm igonf xkdrdef;rwkdY\ txHü/
½ly wmom[Hum; wmoH+t[H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? uGpd avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sad omed*[ ¾ w
d u
f adk cs? (wmo+ t[H) o-
cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUof
tpdwf t-ukad cs? (wmof+t[H) 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SUto&ausNy;D onf&adS omf aemuf
to&ukd tm'DCjyK? (wmof+tm[H) ofAsnf; aemuftmokdYuyf? wmom[Hum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d'el *¾/H yk'jf zwf 0d'el +H t*¾/H
jrefrm ynm&SdwkdYxuf jrwf\/
½ly 0d'le*¾u H m; 0d'el +H t*¾[
H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? uGpd avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUetxufü&Sdaomed*¾[dwfukdacs? (0d'le+ t*¾H) e-cGif; t-
<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemufto& aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf
t-ukad cs? efAsn;f aemuftoku Yd yf? 0d'le*¾Hum; Ny;D \/

ykpH H wó t'gom[H/ yk'jf zwf t'goð+t[H/
jrefrm xkdolUtm; igonf ay;NyD/
½ly t'gom[Hum; t'goð+t[H[k yk'fjzwfíwnf? uGpd avmyH okwfjzifh
aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sdaomed*¾[dwfukdacs? (t'god+
t[H) o-cGi;f £-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemuf to&aESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUoftpdwf £-ukad cs? (t'gof+t[H) 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SU£o&ausNy;D onf&adS omf
aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? (t'gof+tm[H) ofAsn;f aemuftmoku Yd yf? t'gom[H
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H wxm*wm[H/ yk'jf zwf wxm*wH+t[H/
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd igonf/
½ly wxm*wm[Hum; wxm*wH+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0g[H/ yk'jf zwf {0H+t[H/
jrefrm igonf þokdY/
½ly {0g[Hum; {0H+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H usm[H/ yk'jf zwf uð+t[H/
jrefrm tb,fhaMumifh igonf/
½ly usm[Hum; uð+t[H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? uGpd avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUutxufü&Sad omed*[ ¾ wd u
f adk cs? (ud+t[H) £0aPÖm ,H
e0g okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh u\rS&D m £ukd ,fjyK? (uf+,f+t[H)
wwd,ykid ;f 'DCH okwjf zifh aemuf[Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUto&ukd tm'DCjyK?
(uf+,f+tm[H) ufAsn;f aemuf,o f uYdk yf? usAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? usm[Hum; Ny;D \/
ar; uGpd[al omyk'of nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz {0ró paomykpH w H üYdk ed*[
¾ w
d af usjcif;rS epfap&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ {0ró(wsm'Dok avmyed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H {0ró/ yk'jf zwf {0H+tó/
jrefrm þokqYd tdk yfonf (0peDa,m) jzpf&m\/
½ly {0ró
{0róum; {0H+tó[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? uGpd avmyH okwjf zifh aemufto&
1/ oE¨du@ 195
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sad omed*[ ¾ w

d u
f adk csoifh jim;aomfvnf; uGpod '´g
jrpfaomaMumifh racs&? ({0H+tó) r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemufto&aESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd rf-jyK? rfAsnf; aemuft-okdYuyf?
{0ró
{0róum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udr[H/ yk'jf zwf uð+t[H/
jrefrm tb,fhaMumifh igonf/
½ly udr[Hum; uð+t[H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm t&d,opömeH 'óeH? {wH Ak'¨geH omoeH? oH&awåm? oH&ma*g?
oH&arÇm? t0do[ H ma&m? pd&H y0goð? *EÅKHG umarm? *EÅKH raem [laom
þjy,k*fwkdYü ]]uGpd avmyH}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd t&d,opömeH 'óeH? {wH Ak'¨geH omoeH? oH&awåm? oH&ma*g?
oH&arÇm? t0do[ H ma&m? pd&H y0goð? *EÅKHG umarm? *EÅKH raem £wD" ]]uGpd avmy}}EÅd
0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 54/ AsOÆae p/

okwjf refrm aemufAsnf;aMumifhvnf; ed*¾[dwfonf tcsKdYjy,k*fü ausjcif;okdY
a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufAsn;f aMumifh ed*[ ¾ wd of nf tcsKUd aom qef;*kP
d ;f
apmifjh cif;paomt&mXmeü ausjcif;okYd a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed*[ D H acg AsOaÆ e p ya& avmyH yayÜgwd uGpd qE´mEk &u©Pm'dr/dS
¾ w
ar; aemufAsn;f aESmif;&mü ed*[ ¾ wd u
f adk csrnfq&dk m0,f b,ft&mXme
rsK;d ü ed*[
¾ w
d af cs&ygrnfenf;/
ajz qef;*kdPf;apmifhoifhaomt&mXme okwfukd&GwfvG,fap&mXme
rsKd;ü aemufAsn;f aESmif;&m0,f ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk acsEidk yf gonf/
ygVd uGpd qE´mEk&u©Pm'dr/dS
½kyf jrefrm &tu©&m [tu©&mwkaYd Mumifh Oyom&\tpdwjf zpfaomo&\ 'DC
jyKonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd & um&[ [ uma&ok Oyo*¾Eó Å 'DaCm/
ykpH H t&d,opöme 'óeH/ yk'jf zwf t&d,opömeH+'óeH/
jrefrm t&d,opömwku Yd dk jrifjcif;/
½ly t&d,opöme 'óeHum; t&d,opömeH+'óeH[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? AsOaÆ e
p okwfjzifh aemuf'Asnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUetxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukdacs?
t&d,opöme 'óeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH Ak'¨ge omoeH/ yk'jf zwf {wH Ak'g¨ eH+omoeH/
jrefrm þonfum; bk&m;&SifwkdY\ tqkH;trawmfwnf;/
½ly {wH Ak'¨ge omoeHum; {wH Ak'g¨ eH+omoeH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H om&awåm/ yk'jf zwf oH+&awåm/
jrefrm jyif;pGmwwfonf/
½ly om&awåmum; oH+&awåm[k yk'jfzwfíwnf? AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh aemuf&Asn;f
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f adk cs? (o+&awåm) o-cGi;f t-
<uif;? wwd,ykid ;f 'DCH okwjf zifh aemuf&Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwt f -
ukd tm'DCjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? om&awåmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H om&ma*g/ yk'jf zwf oH+&ma*g/

jrefrm jyif;pGmwwfonf/
½ly om&ma*g
om&ma*gum; oH+&ma*g[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H om&arÇm/ yk'jf zwf oH+&arÇm/
jrefrm vGepf mG csKycf s,o
f nf/
½ly om&arÇmum; oH+&arÇm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H t0dom[ma&m/ yk'jf zwf t0do+H [ma&m/
jrefrm ra&GUonf/
½ly t0dom[ma&m
m[ma&mum; t0do+H [ma&m[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu
G /f
½kyf jrefrm ytu©&m\ a'GabmftjyKonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/ 'dGwåH/

ykpH H pd&yÜ0goð/ yk'jf zwf pd&+H y0goð/
jrefrm Mumjrifph mG auGuiG ;f aomolu/dk
½ly pd&yÜ0goðum; pd&+H y0goð[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh aemufyAsn;f
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUotxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u
f adk cs? (pd&+ y0goð) &-cGi;f t-
1/ oE¨du@ 197
<uif;? y&a'Gbma0g Xmae okwjf zifh to&rSaemuf jzpfaom y-ukd o'doa'Gabmf

yÜ-jyK? &fAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? pd&yÜ 0goðum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *EÅKumarm/ yk'jf zwf *EÅK+H umarm/
jrefrm oGm;jcif;iSg tvk&d \ dS /
½ly *EÅKumarmumarmum; *EÅK+H umarm[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh aemufu
Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUEÅKtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w f adk cs? *EÅK umarm
d u umarmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *EÅKraem/ yk'jf zwf *EÅK+H raem/
jrefrm oGm;jcif;iSg tvk&d adS ompdw/f
½ly *EÅKraem raemum; *EÅK+H raem[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; uGpd[al omyk'of nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz {wH r*Fvrkwrå H paomjy,k*w f üYdk ed*[¾ wd u f dk acs&jcif;rS epfap&jcif;tusK;d
&Syd gonf/
ygVd uGpDwd uð¿ {wH r*Fvrkwrå (H wsm'Dok avmyed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H {wH r*Fvrkwrå /H yk'jf zwf {wH r*Fv+H Owår/H
jrefrm þw&m;onf jrwfvSpGmaom r*Fvmrnf\/
½ly {wH r*Fvrkwåru H m; {wH r*Fv+H Owår[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh
aemufrAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUvtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u f dk acsoifjh im;aomf
vnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh racs&? ({wH r*FvH+OwårH) r'g oa& okwfjzifh
aemufOo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUvtxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd rf-jyK? rfAsnf;
Ooku Yd yf? {wH r*FvrkwårHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm uwH £wd? uð £wd? tbdeE´KH £wd? OwåwHå £0? puúH £0? uvð £'ged?
uð £'ged? wHG tod? £'H tyd? Owå&d tyd? 'gwkH tyd? o'doH {0 þjy,k*wf üYdk
]]ed*[
¾ w
D rSmç avmyH}}yk'o
f nf vku
d \f /
ygVd uwH £wd? uð £wd? tbdeE´KH £wd? OwåwåH £0? puúH £0? uvð £'ged?
uð £'ged? wHG tod? £'H tyd? Owå&d tyd? 'gwkH tyd? o'doH {0 £wD" ]]ed*[¾ w
D rSmç
avmy}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 55/ ya&m 0g oa&m/

okwjf refrm ed*[ ¾ w d rf aS emufjzpfaom o&onf ausjcif;okYd tcsKo Yd jzifh
a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm ed*[ ¾ w d rf S aemufjzpfaom o&onf ausjcif;okYd tcsKo Yd jzifh
a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed*¾[DwrSm ya&m oa&m avmyH yayÜgwd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm ed*[ ¾ w d \ f 0*¾Et Å jzpfonf jzpf\/
ygVd ed*[¾ w D ó 0*¾Ew Å /Hå
ykpH H uwEÅ/d yk'jf zwf uwH+£wd/
jrefrm jyKtyfNy[
D /k
½ly uwEÅu d m; uwH+£wd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w
d f
rS aemufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? (uwH+wd) 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*ftu©&m
jzpfaom wAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU wtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w
d u f dk w0*¾EÅ ef-
jyK? (uw+ef+wd) efAsn;f wd oku Yd yf? uwEÅdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udE/dÅ yk'jf zwf uð+£wd/
jrefrm tb,fah Mumif/h
½ly ud E Å dum; uð+£wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbdeE´KE/dÅ yk'jf zwf tbdeE´K+H £wd/
jrefrm tvGeEf pS o
f ufuek \ f [k/
½ly tbdeE´KEÅdum; tbdeE´K+H £wd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Owåw0Hå / yk'jf zwf Owåw+Hå £0/

jrefrm OD;Ny;D aom a&Tuo hJ /Ydk
½ly Owå w å H 0um; OwåwåH+£0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh
ed*[ d rf aS emufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? OwåwåH0um; Ny;D \/
¾ w
ykpH H puú0H / yk'jf zwf puú+H £0/
jrefrm OD;Ny;D aom a&Tuo hJ /Ydk
½ly puúH0um; puú+H £0[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uvdEm´ ed/ yk'jf zwf uvð+£'ged/
1/ oE¨du@ 199
jrefrm ,cktcgü raumif;rIukd? 0g- t½IH;ukd/

½ly uvdE´medum; uvð+£'ged[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh
ed*[ ¾ w
d rf aS emufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? (uvð+'ged) 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh aemuf0*f
tu©&mjzpfaom 'gü 'Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU vdtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d u f dk
w0*¾EÅ ef-jyK? (yvd+ef+'ged) efAsn;f 'goku Yd yf? uvdE´medum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udEm´ ed/ yk'jf zwf uð+£'ged/
jrefrm ,cktcgü tb,fukd/
½ly udE´medum; uð+£'ged[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wHGod yk'jf zwf wH+G tod/
jrefrm oifonf jzpf\/
½ly wHGodum; wH+G tod[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w d rf S
aemufjzpfaom to&ukad cs? wHGodum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £'rÜ/d yk'jf zwf £'H+tyd/
jrefrm þw&m;onfvnf;/
½ly £'rÜdum; £'H+tyd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w d rf S
aemufjzpfaom to&ukdacs? (£'H+yd) 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh aemuf0*ftu©&m
jzpfaom ydü yAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU 'txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u
f dk y0*¾EÅ rf-
jyK? (£'+rf+yd) rfAsn;f ydou Ydk yf? £'rÜu
d m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Owå&rd /dÜ yk'jf zwf Owå&+ð tyd/

jrefrm tvGeu f vdk nf;/
½ly Owå&drÜdum; Owå&+ð tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'gwkr/dÜ yk'jf zwf 'gwk+H tyd/
jrefrm ay;jcif;iSgvnf;/
½ly 'gwkrÜdum; 'gwk+H tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o'do0H / yk'jf zwf o'do+H {0/
jrefrm wlonfuv dk Qi/f
½ly o'd o H 0um; o'doH+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh
ed*[ d rf aS emufjzpfaom {o&ukad cs? o'doH0um; Ny;D \/
¾ w

ajz uwH £wd paomykpH w H üYdk acsjcif;rSepfapjcif; tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd 0g 0gwd uð¿ uwH £wd(wsm'Dok avmyed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H uwH £wd/ yk'jf zwf uwH+£wd/
jrefrm jyKtyfNy[ D /k
½ly uwH £wdum; uwH+£wd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh
ed*[ ¾ w
d rf aS emufjzpfaom £o&ukad csoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g jrpfaomaMumifh
racs&? uwH £wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udrw d /d yk'jf zwf uð+£wd/
jrefrm bmukd þokdY/
½ly udrdwdum; uð+£wd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ wd rf S
aemufjzpfaom £o&ukdacsoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´g jrpfaom aMumifh racs&?
(uð+£wd) r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUudtxufü
&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u f dk rf-jyK? rfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? udrdwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'gwkryd/ yk'jf zwf 'gwk+H tyd/
jrefrm ay;jcif;iSgvnf;/
½ly 'gwkrydum; 'gwk+H tyd[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H omrH {0/ yk'jf zwf omrH+{0/
jrefrm uk, d wf idk of mvQi/f
½ly omrH {0 {0um; omrH+{0[k yk'jfzwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ wd rf S
aemufjzpfaom {o&ukdacsoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´g jrpfaom aMumifh racs&?
omrH {0 {0um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þ ya&m 0g oa&m okwfü qkdtyfaomausjcif;onfvnf; 0g- 0g-o'´g\

00w¬w
d 0dbmomteuf&o dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh £wd £0 £'ged tod tyd
{0 paomyk'w f rYdk S tjcm;aomyk'w f üYdk rjzpfyg/
ygVd t,rÜd 0g 0go'´ó 00w¬w0dbmowåm £wD0'D gedoaD y0g'dawm tnw¬ e
a[mwd/
ykpH u H m;Þ ,xmÞ
1/ oE¨du@ 201
ykpH H t[H {w¬/ yk'jf zwf t[H+{w¬/

jrefrm igonf þt&yfü/
½ly t[H {w¬um; t[H+{w¬[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwfjzifh
ed*[ ¾ w
d rf aS emufjzpfaom {o&ukad csoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g\ 00w¬w d 0dbmom
teuf&adS omaMumifh £wd £0paom o'´gaemifr[kwaf om aMumifh racs&? t[H
{w¬um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH ta[mod/ yk'jf zwf {wH+ta[mod/
jrefrm þtMuHonf jzpf\/
½ly {wH ta[modum; {wH+ta[mod[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm {0H tó aw tmo0g? ykyHæ tóm OyÜZw Æ d [laomjy,k*w
f üYdk aemufjzpfaom
o&ukd acstyfonf&Sdaomf 0dbwfjyefaomtm;jzifh ]]y&o®ðç oa&ç
vkawå}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd {0H tó aw tmo0g? ykyæH tóm OyÜZÆwd £wD" oa& ya& vkawå
0dy&dPmare ]]y&o®çð oa&ç vkawå}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 56/ AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g/

okwjf refrm ed*[ ¾ w d rf S aemufjzpfaom o&onf aMuaomfvnf; oHa,m*Asn;f
onf 0doHa,m*Asnf;onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ed*[¾ w d rf S aemufjzpfaom o&ukd acstyfonf&adS omf oH,*k jf zpfaom
Asn;f onf tu,fíjzpfthH oH,*k u f if;onfomvQif jzpf\? þy&d
bmomaMumifh oH,k*f\tjzpfom a&SUjzpfaomAsnf;\ aMuonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed * ¾ [ D w rS m y&o® ð oa& vk a wå AsOÆ a em oanma*g apç
0doanma*g0 a[mwDwd oHa,ma*ua'oó yk&rd AsOeÆ ó avmayg/
oanm* Asn;f wk\ Yd wpfcw k nf;aomo&ü wnfjcif;onf oanm*rnf\/
þokwüf um; ,SOw f wf\? xkaYd Mumifh oanm* rnf\/ a&SUtu©&m
ukd &tyf\/
ygVd 'dGEéH AsOÆemearuMw Xdwd oanma*g? £" ye oH,kZÆwDwd
oanma*g? yk&darm 0aPÖm/
0doanm* uif;aom oH,*k &f o

dS nf\tjzpfaMumifh 0doanm*rnf\/ aemuf
tu©&mukd &tyf\ (vAÇwd)/
ygVd 0d*awm oanma*g tómwd 0doanma*g anma*g? ya&m/
ykpH H {0H o aw tmo0g/ yk'jf zwf {0H+tó aw/
jrefrm þokdY xkdoltm; xkdtmoa0gw&m;wkdYonf/
½ly {0H o aw awum; {0H+tó aw[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh
ed*¾[dwfrSaemufjzpfaom to&ukdacs? ({0H+ó aw) AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g
okwfjzifh ed*¾[dwfrSaemufjzpfaom o&ausNyD;onf &Sdaomf tm*EÅKuoH,k*ftp
oAsn;f ukad cs? {0H o awawum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykyoHæ m OyÜZ/dÆ yk'jf zwf yky+Hæ tóm/
jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm; yef;[kqt
dk yfaom Owkonf jzpf\/
½ly ykyæHommum; yky+Hæ tóm[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; vkawå[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/

ajz {0ró [laomjy,k*üf acsjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd vkawåwd uð¿ {0rómwd(ya,ma* vkweå ad o"ew¬)H /
ykpH H {0ró/ yk'jf zwf {0H+tó/
jrefrm þodkY qkdtyfonf (0peDa,m) jzpf&m\/
½ly {0ró{0róum; {0H+tó[k yk'jfzwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w d rf S
aemufjzpfaom to&ukdacsoifhjim;aomfvnf; AsOÆaem p 0doanma*g okwfü
vkwåo'´gjrpfaomaMumifh racs&? ({0H+tó) r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemufto&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d uf dk rf-jyK? rfAsn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf?
{0ró
{0róum; Ny;D \/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh wlaomokw&d u dS ek af om ok;H vk;H ukeaf om Asn;f wk\ Yd
(wGi)f okww d l oH,*k Af sn;f onf ,SOjf cif;r&So d nf jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é wdPÖH AsOÆemeH o½lyoHa,ma*gyd 0doanma*g a[mwd/
ykpH H t*sm*g&H/ yk'jf zwf t*¾+d tm*g&H/
jrefrm rD;wif;ukw/f
½ly t*sm*g&Hum; t*¾+d tm*g&H[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0aPÖm
1/ oE¨du@ 203
,H e0g okwjf zifh aemufto&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU*¾t f pdwf £ukd ,f-jyK? (t*¾+f ,f+
tm*g&H) *¾Af sn;f ,fou Ydk yf? *¾sf Asn;f aemuftmoku Yd yf? (t*¾sm*g&H) AsOaÆ em p 0doanm
a*g okwüf po'´gjzifh Asn;f ok;H vk;H wkw Yd iG f okww d Al sn;f ESpvf ;Hk wk\
Yd tm*EÅKuoH,*k t f p
*Asn;f wpfv;Hk ukad cs? t*sm*g&H um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0kwsó/ yk'jf zwf 0kw+då tó/
jrefrm aphpyfaomjzpfjcif;&So d nf jzpf&m\/
½ly 0kwsó sóum; 0kw+då tó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm pu©K O'yg'd? t0 oda&m? ,m0pd" bdu©a0? tPkxlvmed? w orÜ,kwåm
þjy,k*fwkdYü ]]oa&ç tm*armç uGpdç AsOÆae}}[laom yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd pu©K O'yg'd? t0 oda&m? ,m0pd" bdu©a0? tPkxlvmed? w orÜ,kwåm
£wD" ]]oa&ç tm*armç uGpdç AsOÆae}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 57/ ed*¾[DwOö/

okwjf refrm o&aMumif¤h if;? Asn;f aMumif¤h if;? tcsKUd jy,k*üf ed*[
¾ wd vf monfvnf;
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o&aMumif¤h if;? Asn;f aMumif¤h if;? tcsKUd aomokwu f dk &G,v
f ,
G af p&m
Xmeü ed*¾[dwfonfvnf; vmonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed*¾[DwOö tm*arm a[mwd oa& 0g AsOÆae 0g uGpd okckpöm-
&P|mae/
ar; ed*[ ¾ wd vf m&rnf[qk &dk m tb,ft&mXme tb,fo&rsm;aemif vmEkid yf g
oenf;/
ajz ed*¾[dwfvm&mXme- tcsKaYd omokwu f dk &Gwv
f ,
G af p&mXmeü vm&ygonf/
ed*[
¾ wd \f &óo&okYd tpOfvu dk o
f nf\tjzpfaMumifh &óo&ok;H vk;H wkrYd S
omvQif aemufü þed*[ ¾ w
d vf m&jcif;onf jzpfygonf/
ygVd uGpd okcpk mö &P|mae/ ed*[ ¾ w
D ó &ómEk*wwåm &óawm-a,0g,H/
ykpH H pu©KH O'yg'd/ yk'jf zwf pu©K+O'yg'd/
jrefrm pu©Konf xif&mS ;jzpf\/
½ly pu©KH O'yg'dum; pu©K+O'yg'd[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ w
D Oö okwjf zifh aemuf
Oo&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUu©Ktxufü ed*[ ¾ wd vf m? pu©KH O'yg'd um; Ny;D \/

ykpH H t0Hoad &m/ yk'jf zwf t0+oda&m/
jrefrm atmufoYdk ñGwaf omOD;acgif;&S\ d /
½ly t0Hoda&m &mum; t0+oda&m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ w
oAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü ed*[ ¾ wd vf m? t0Hoda&m um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m0Oö"d bdua© 0/ yk'jf zwf ,m0p+£"/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY þavmuü tMuifrQavmufvnf;/
½ly ,m0Oöd"um; ,m0p+£"[k yk'jfzwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ w D Oö okwjf zifh aemufpAsn;f
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü ed*[ ¾ w d v f m? (,m0Hp+£") p-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m
oa& avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf£o&aESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUpftpdwf t-ukdacs?
pfAsnf; £okdYuyf? (,m0H+pd") 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾ okwfjzifh aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom
pAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0 txufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukd p0*¾EÅ ÚfjyK? ÚfAsnf;
pdou Ydk yf? ,m0Oöd" um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tPkHxlvmed/ yk'jf zwf tPk+xlvmed/
jrefrm ti,ftBu;D wko Yd nf/
½ly tPkHxlvmedum; tPk+xlvmed[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*¾[DwOö okwfjzifh
aemufxAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUPtxufü ed*[ ¾ w d vf m? tPkHxlvmedum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH orÜ,kwåm/ yk'jf zwf w+orÜ,w k må /
jrefrm xkpd w d Ef iS hf ,SOu
f ek \
f /
½ly wH orÜ,kwåmum; w+orÜ,w k må [k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H wcFaP/ yk'jf zwf w+caP/
jrefrm þtwl xkdcPü/
½ly wcFaP Pum; w+caP[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ w D Oö okwjf zifh aemufcAsn;f
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü ed*[ ¾ w d v f m? (wH+caP) 0*¾EHÅ 0g 0a*¾ okwjf zifh
aemuf0*ftu©&mjzpfaom cAsnf;aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sdaom
ed*[ ¾ w d u Yd yf? wcFaP um; Ny;D \/
f dk u0*¾EÅ ifjyK? ifAsn;f coku
ykpH H wH obma0g/ yk'jf zwf w+obma0g/
jrefrm xkdoabm/
1/ oE¨du@ 205
½ly wH obma0g
obma0gum; w+obma0g[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ w
oAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü ed*[ ¾ w f m? wH obma0g
d v obma0gum; Ny;D \/
ar; uGpd[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So
d enf;¿/
ajz e [d {aw[d? £" ap0 paomjy,k*w f üYdk ed*[
¾ wd v
f mjcif;rSepf
apjcif;tusK;d &dyS gonf/
ygVd uG p Dwd uð¿ e [d {aw[d? £" ap0g(wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H e [d {aw[d/ yk'jf zwf e [d+{aw[d/

jrefrm þqif,mOf jrif;,mOfwjYkd zifh ra&mufao;aomedAmÁ eft&yfoYdk ra&mufEidk &f m/
½ly e [d {aw[dum; e [d+{aw[d[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*¾[DwOö okwfjzifh
aemuf{o&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU[dtxufüed*[ ¾ w d vf moifjh im; aomfvnf; uGpd
o'´g jrpfaomaMumifh rvm&? e [d {aw[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £" ap0/ yk'jf zwf £"p+{0/
jrefrm þypöKyeÜ b
f 0üvnf;/
½ly £" ap0 ap0um; £"p+{0[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ed*[ ¾ wD Oö okwjf zifh aemuf{o&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU"txufüed*[ ¾ w
d vf moifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rvm&? (£"p+{0) p-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? uyf? £" ap0 ap0um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm {0H 0kawå? wH om"k? {uH or,H b*0g? t*¾0ð oE¨rH [laom þjy,k*w f üYdk
avmy tma'o um&d,onf a&mufvv k wfaomf rsm;aomtm;jzifh xku
d dk
jrpfjcif;iSg qk\
d /
ygVd {0H 0kawå? wH om"k? {uH or,H b*0g? t*¾ð0 oE¨rH £wD" avmyga'-
oum&da, orÜawå a,bka,se w'y0g'w¬rm[/
------------
okwf 58/ tH AsOÆae ed*¾[DwH/

okwjf refrm aemufAsn;f aMumifh ed*[
¾ w
d o
f nf tHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom aemufjzpfaomAsn;f aMumifh ed*[
¾ w
d o
f nf tH-tjyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ed*¾[dwH acg AsOÆae ya& tH£wd a[mwd/

ar; tHAsOaÆ e ed*[ ¾ w
d H okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w d u f dk tHjyK&jcif;tusK;d ESihf ed*[
¾ w d uf dk tHjyK
&mXmewku Yd dk a&;cJyh g/
ajz ed*¾[dwfukd tHjyK&jcif;onf 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾? {a[ ÚH? oa, p? r'g oa&?
uGpd avmyH? AsOaÆ e p okww f jYdk zifh acsjcif; 0*¾EÅ jyKjcif;paom tpDt&ifudk
wm;jrpf&jcif;tusK;d &Syd gonf/ ed*[ ¾ w d u f dk tH jyK&jcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh 0Asn;f
oAsn;f aESmif;&müom ed*[ ¾ wd u
f dk tHjyKEidk yf gonf/
ykpH H {0H 0kawå/ yk'jf zwf {0H+0kawå/
jrefrm þokdY qkdtyfonf&Sdaomf/
½ly {0H 0kawåum; {0H+0kawå[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? tH AsOÆae ed*¾[dwH okwfjzifh
aemuf0ak wåü 0Asn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SU0txufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d uf dk tHjyK? ({0+
tH+0kawå) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tH-[kyuwdjyK? uyf? {0H 0kawåum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH om"k/ yk'jf zwf wH+om"k/

jrefrm xkdpum;onf aumif;\/
½ly wH om"kum; wH+om"k[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {uH or,H b*0g/ yk'jf zwf {uH+or,H/
jrefrm wyg;aomtcgü jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/
½ly {uH or,Hum; {uH+or,H[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾0ð oE¨r/H yk'jf zwf t*¾+ð 0 oE¨r/H
jrefrm tenf;i,faom (tPkH) rD;ukd rIwfvQuf (oE¨raEÅm) pD;yGm;jcif;ukd jzpfap
ouJhokdYwnf; (ork|mayod £0)/
½ly t*¾ð0 oE¨rHum; t*¾+ð 0 oE¨r[ H k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; ed*¾[dwfukd tHjyK&m0,f AdE´KvkH;ukd tHjyK&rnfavm okdYr[kwf to&a&m
tHjyK&ygrnfavm ajzqkyd g/
ajz ed*[ ¾ wd u
f dk tHjyK&,0,f AdEK´ v;Hk uko d m tHjyK&ygrnf/ to&um; &Gwq f ½dk Hk
rQom jzpfygonf/ wenf;- to&ESiw hf uGyif tHjyK&ygonf/
jrefrm ttu©&monf &Gwq f &dk jcif;teuf&\ dS / wenf;um;- o&avmayg rma'o
ypö,m'drdS ]]o&avmayg}}okwjf zifh a&SUo&\ ausjcif;onfjzpf\/
1/ oE¨du@ 207
ygVd tuma&m Opöm&Paw¬m? ]]o&avmayg}}wdtm'dem ykAó Á & avmayg 0g/

twda'ookwf þupönf;usrf;ü rqkdtyfao;aom½kyftxl;wkdYukdvnf;
qkt
d yfNy;D aomenf;ukd ñTejf yjcif;iSg twda'ookwu
f dk rde\
Yf /
twda'ookwf ig;yg;wGif okwåmwda'ookwfwnf;/
ygVd £" t0kw0å ad oomerÜd 0kweå ,mwda'ow¬rwda'orm[/
--------------
okwf 59/ tEky'd|meH 0kwåa,m*awm/

okwjf refrm rjytyfukefao;aom ½kyfwkdY\ NyD;jcif;ukd (od'¨d) qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom
enf;jzifh odtyf\ (a0'dwAÁm)/
0kwjdå refrm þusrf;ü igwkdYonf txl;tm;jzifh rjytyfukefao;aom tMuif
Oyom&edygwfpaom yk'fwkdYonf &Sdukef\ (oEÅd) qkd tyfNyD;aom
enf;jzifh o&oE¨pd onfwüYdk qkt d yfNy;D aomenf;ukd tpOf avQmufojzifh ½kyNf y;D jcif;ukd
odtyf\/
0kwyd å gVd a, £" tarS[d 0daooawm e Oy'd|m Oyo*¾edygwm 'a,m?
awoH 0kwåa,m*awm 0kwåea,e o&oE¨m'Dok 0kwåe,mEkoma&e ½lyod'¨d
a0'dwAÁm/
½kyf jrefrm xkad &S;ü qkt
d yfNy;D aomokwu f dk ñTejf cif;aMumifh ]]a'g "ó p}}[laom
okwfü p o'´gjzifh y&d, paomo'´gwkdY\ ,0 tp&Sdaomo'´gwkdY
aemifrS tu©&m\ azmufjyefjcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd awe ]]a'g "ó pm}}wd okawå poa'é y&d,m'DeH &[em'd 0PÖó
0dy&d,a,m ,0g'D[/d
H m;Þ
ykpH u ,xmÞ
ykpH H y&d,'k g[mod/ yk'jf zwf y,d+½k'g[mod/
jrefrm a[mwd/
½ly y&d,k'g[modum; y,d+½k'g[mod[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? a'g "ó p okwüf
po'´gjzifh ,ESi&hf a&SUaemufjyef? y&d,k'g[modum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t&d,ó/ yk'jf zwf t,d+&ó/
jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly t&d,ó óum; t,d+&ó[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H A[GmAma"m/ yk'jf zwf A0Sg+Ama"m/
jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly A[GmAma"m Ama"mum; A0Sg+Ama"m[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? a'g "ó p okwüf po'´gjzifh
0ESi[ hf a&SUaemufjyef? A[GmAma"m
Ama"mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H e tbdae,s/ yk'jf zwf t+ebdae,s/
jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly e tbdae,s e,sum; t+ebdae,s[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? a'g "ó p okwfü
po'´gjzifh tESiehf a&SUaemufjyef? e tbdae,sum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm wH £rdem Zmex [laomyk'fü ya&m0goa&m [laom okwjf zifh

o&ukd acstyfonf&adS omf wMwmuma&m[laom okwu f dk a0bef
aomtm;jzifh ttu©&mvmonf jzpf\/ ed*¾[dwf\ 'jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]wH £rdemyd Zmemxm}}wd {w¬ ]]ya&m 0g oa&m}}wd oa& vkawå
]]wMwmuma&m}}wd a,m*0dbma*e t uma&m ed*¾[Dwó ' uma&m/
ykpH H w'rdemyd Zmemx £pöm'd/ yk'jf zwf wH+£rdem/
jrefrm xdok jYdk zpfjcif;ukd þtaMumif;jzifv h nf; od&m\/
½ly w'rdemmum; wH+£rdem[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ya&m 0g oa&m okwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w d f
rS aemufjzpfaom £o&ukad cs? (wH+rdem) wMwmuma&m [laomokwu f dk a0bef
aomtm;jzifh wH aemif ttu©&mvm? (wH+t+rdem) r'g oa& okwfjzifh aemuf
to&aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd uf dk 'fjyK? 'fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf?
w'rdemmum; Ny;D \/
þtpOfjzifh ed*[ ¾ w
d oE¨t d pDt&ifonf Ny;D \/ (£rdem tEkuaú re)/
£wd ed*[¾ w
D oE¨0d "d meH ed|w d /H
*gxmjrefrm tu©&monmponfudk pD&ifjcif;onf¤if;? o&oE¨¤d if;? tpDt&ifudk
jrpfwwfaom yuwdoE¨¤d if;? AsOeÆ oE¨¤d if;? ed*[ ¾ w d \f oEö d nf¤if;?
þokYd (£wd) oEü d sr;f ü upön;f q&monf ig;yg;tjym; &Sad om tMuifoEü d dk qkt d yf\/
wifhw,favsmufywf aumif;jrwfaom tqkH;tjzwf&Sdaom xkdtvkH;pkHukd igonf
(r,m) þ½lyod'¨dusrf;ü qkdtyf onfomvQifwnf; (0kawåm [d 0kawåm {0)/
2/ emru@ 209
*gxmygVd onm0d"meH o&oE¨d oE¨d?

edao"eH AsOeÆ oE¨d oE¨/d
a,m ed*¾[Dwó p oE¨duayÜ?
okedpäa,m aomyd ra,w¬ 0kawåm/
y'½lyod'u
d¨ sr;f ü a&S;OD;pGmaom oE¨td cPf;tydik ;f onf Ny;D ygNy/D
£wd ½lyod'¨d,H oE¨dua@m yXarm/
-------------------------
1368 ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfväef; (7)&uf nae(3;45)em&DwGif

vufa&;rljzifh a&;om;í NyD;\/
1372 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (4)&uf (29-8-2010) we*FaEGaeY
nae (5;17)em&DwGif uGefysLwmjzifh ½kdufESdyfí NyD;\/
-------------------------------------------------------------
2/ emru@
jrefrm xko
d Ydk oEü
d sr;f \ tjcm;rJüh emrfEiS ,
hf OS af om 0dbwfw\ Ydk emrfy'k üf
oufjcif;ukd qkt d yf\/
ygVd tx emrdu0dbwsm0wma&m 0kpöaw/
ar; emrfrnfjcif;taMumif; emrt& emrab' vd*aF b'wku Yd dk ykpH x
H w k í
f
jycJyh g/
ajz a[mtyfaom teufoYdk a&SU½Ijzpfwwfç ñGww f wfaomaMumifh emrfrnfyg
onf? tMuify&k ad om paomyk'o f nf (,H y'H) a,mufsm;paom teufoYdk
a&SU½Ijzpfwwfç ñGww f wf\? xkaYd Mumifh (wH y'H) xkyd 'k o f nf emrfrnfygonf/ rdrüd
vnf; a[mtyfaomteufukd ñGwfapwwfaom aMumifhvnf; emrfrnfygonf/
emrt&um;- j'Afukda[maomyk'fç a[m tyfaom j'Af&Sdaomyk'f &tyfygonf
(vAÇw)d /
ye-txl;? 0daoow¬0w d m¬ & emrab' xked mrfonf 1^ tEGwe¬ mrf/

2^½kVe§D mrf\ tpGr;f jzifh ESpyf g;tjym;&Syd gonf/
vd*Fab'- ykvi’d f £w¬v d id f eykvi’d \ f tpGr;f jzifh ok;H yg;tjym;&Syd gonf/
Þ
yHkpHum;- ,xm ½kau©m? rmvm? "eH jzpfygonf/
ygVd tw¬mbdrck H ereawmç twåed pw¬ó emreawm emrH? 'AÁmbd"meH/ wH
ye 'k0"d H tEGw½¬ Vk 0D§ aoeç wd0"d H ykrw H uvd*0F aoe/ ,xmÞ ½kau©m? rmvm?
d ed¬ yko
"eH/
emrab' emrnemrf- 1^Zmwfut dk aMumif;jyKí jzpfaomemrf/
*kPemrf- 2^*kPu f t dk aMumif;jyKí jzpfaomemrf/
Bu, d memrf- 3^Bu, d mukt d aMumif;jyKí jzpfaomemrf/
,'dpu ä emrf- 4^taMumif;ukdriJhrlíjzpfaom emrfwkdY
tpGr;f jzifh av;yg;tjym;&S\ d /
ykpH H ½kau©m- opfyif? eDavm-ñkad omykq;dk ? ygpaum-csuw f wfaomol?
od&0d a¹km-od&0d ¹krnfaomol? þokpYd onfwnf;/
tEÅab' t0PÖEÅ £0PÖEÅ O0PÖEÅ Moum&EÅ ed*[ ¾ w d EÅ yuwdtjym;tm;jzifh
&Spyf g;tjym;&S\ d /
ygVd t|0d"H t0PÖ0d PÖK0aPÖmum&ed*[ ¾ wD EÅyuwdaba'e/
ykv*’d F
jrefrm xktd um&EÅyuwd tp&Sad omtjym;wküYd a&S;OD;pGm tum&EÅjzpfaom
ykvi’d jf zpfaom ZmwfvQief rd wd &f adS om yk&o
d o'´grS odpaom0dbwf
wkuYd dk aESmif;ukeo
f nfjzpfí ,SOt f yfuek \
f /
ygVd ww¬ yXrH t um&EÅrSm ykvd’*Fg Zmwdedrdwåm yk & d oo'´g osm osm'd
0dbwåda,m y&m a,mZD,aEÅ/
----------------
okwf 60/ Zde0pe,kwåH [d/

okwjf refrm a&SU aemuf okwf 0kwåd O'g[½kPf tvkH;pkHonf (ykAÁmy&H) jrwfpGm
bk&m;ygVdawmftm; avsmfonfcsnf;omwnf;/
2/ emru@ 211
vkdufokwf þokwfonf vkdufokwfwnf; (t"duma&m ,H)/

ww¬ t0,0aw¬m {0H a0'dwaAÁm/
jrefrm xkdokwfü tpdwf tpdwfjzpfaom teufukd þokdY odtyf\/
Zdaem tMuifjrwfpmG bk&m;onf (a,m Aka'¨g) ig;yg;aomrm&fwu Ydk dk 0goem
ukd atmifawmfrNl y?D xkaYd Mumifh xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;onf Zdernfawmfr\ l /
bk&m;ukd &tyf\/ (vAÇwd)/
ygVd yOö rma& Zdw0gwd Zdaem? Aka'¨g/
Zde0peH jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ygVdawmfwnf;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ygVdawmf/
ygVd Zdeó 0peH Zde0peH/
Zde0pe,kwHå xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;\ ygVdawmftm; avQmo f nfwnf;? jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVd
awmftm; avsmfonf/
ygVd wó Zde0peó ,kwHå Ze0pe,kwåH/
vkdufokwf yd#uwfo;Hk yk[
H q
k t dk yfaom jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVdawmftm; r*"wkid ;f ü
jzpfaom oabmtm;jzifhjzpfaom o'´gjzifh avQmufywf onfom
vQifwnf;? þokwfukd vkdufjcif;tusKd;&Sd\[lí odtyf\/
ygVd awyd#uó Ak'¨0peó rm*"dum, obm0ed½kwåd,m ,kwåH
tEk½yl ar0gwd £'H t"dum&w¬H a0'dwAÁ/H
rm*"bmomajymMum;ol tMuifbmomjzifh urÇmOD;üjzpfuek af om vlwo Ydk nf

¤if;? jA[®mwko Yd nf¤if;? olwyg;wkYd pum;ukd rMum;zl;
ukeaf om awmt&yfüjzpfuek af om vlwo Ydk nf¤if;? jrwfpmG bk&m;wko
Yd nf¤if;? qku
d ek \f /
bk&m;ç jA[®mç urÇmOD;ol vloHrMum; awmBuD;om;wkdY qkdaom xkdbmomonf
r*"wkdif;olwkdY qkdaom rlvbmomrnf\/
ygVd om rm*"D rlvbmom? e&m ,m,m'duyÜdum/
jA[®maem p}ókwmvmyg? orÁK'¨g pmyd bmoa&/
vkdufokwf okH;rsKd; qufO;D tHh vku
d o
f w k o
f nf jcaoF\ h tvm;vQif tvm;&Sad om
t"dum&okwf? zm;\tvm;vQif tvm;&Sdaom t"dum&
okwfç tpOfukd rvGefrlí jzpfjcif;ü ,SOfaom t"dum&okwf\ tpGrf;jzifh okH;rsKd;
tjym;&S\
d /
ygVdv t"duma&m ye wd0ad "m oD[*wdur@Lu*wdu,xm EkyAk u dÁ 0aoe/

ar; t"dum&okww f \ Ydk tjym;ukad &;í þZde0pe,kwHå [d [laomokwo f nf
tb,fow k rf sK;d ü yg0ifygoenf;/
ajz 1ôD[*wdut"dum&okw-f jcaoF\ h tvm;vQif tvm;&Sad om t"dum&
okwf/ 2^r@Lu*wdut"dum&okwf- zm;\ tvm;vQif tvm;&Sdaom
t"dum&okwf/ 3^,xmEkykAÁdut"dum&okwf- tpOfukd rvGefrlí jzpfjcif;ü
,SOfaom t"dum&okwf [lí okH;yg;tjym; &Sdygonf/
þZde0pe,kwåH [d okwfonfum; a&SUaemufvnfvSnfh jcaoFhMunfhokdY
wnfw h nfrh 0kud v
f u
dk af omaMumifh oD[*wduokww f iG f yg0if ygonf/ wenf;um;-
,xmEkyAk u dÁ okwo f mvQi(f wnf;) jzpfygonf/
ygVd t,H ye oD[*wdaum ykAmÁ y&0davmueawm? ,xm-EkyAk adÁ um a,0 0g/
jrefrm ouúwbmomESirhf wlonfujdk yKí jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVdawmftm; avsmo f nf\
tpGr;f jzifh vdiu f x dk m;pdrahf omiSg y&dbmomukd rde\ Yf /
ygVd ouúw0do'doH uwGm Zde0pemEk½yl 0aoe yuwd|yew¬H y&dbmorm[/
-------------
okwf 61/ vd*FOö edypöaw/

okwjf refrm vdiu f v
dk nf; Ny;D vnf;Ny;D aptyf\? xm;vnf;wnfxm;tyf\/
(Xyd,aw p)/
vdif vdifonfum; toD;aomyk'fwnf;/
ygVd vd*ø yg#dy'du/H
0kwjdå refrm tMuiftMuifoaYdk om tjym;jzifh (a,e a,e yuma&e) qkt d yfaom
(0kw)Hå vdiof nf jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVdawmftm; avsmpf mG omvQif jzpf\
(b0wd) xkx d o
dk aYdk omtjym;jzifo h mvQif (awe awe yuma&e) þupön;f usr;f ü
vdifukdvnf; xm;tyf\/
0kwydå gVd ,xm ,xm Zde0pe,kwHå [d vd*?ø wxm wxm £" vd*ø edypöaw
XyD,wd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh "mwfwu Ydk v
dk nf; xm;tyfuek \
f (edypöaEÅ XyD,EÅ)d /
ygVd p oa'é "mwa0gp/
2/ emru@ 213
½ly þokwfwkdYjzifh (£wd £ar[d okawå[d) 0g- þy&dbmomaMumifh
(£wd y&dbmoawm) jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmftm; avsmufywfpGm
]]yk&do}}[laomvdifukd xm;tyfNyD;aomf xkdxm;tyfNyD;onf aemufrS "mwf ypönf;
0dbwfonf MuOftyfaom ouwfç j'Afç vdifteuf &Sdaom xkdyk&doo'´g\ y&
ornmya,ma*-[k y&dbmomvmaomaMumihf vdi[ f al omtrnfudk rSnthf yfNy;D
onf&Sdaomf (uwm,H)/
ygVd Zde0peme½lyawm ]]yk&do}} £wd vda*F Xydaw wawm wó
"mwkyÜ,0dbwåd0ZÆdwó tw¬0awm o'´ó ]]y&ornm ya,m a*}}wd y&d-
bmoawm vd*Fonm,HÞ
jrefrm þokwrf S aemufü 0dbwfç ypön;f ponfupdk &D ifaom cyford ;f aom
okwfü vd*Fo'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd £awm y&H 0dbwåyd pÜ , ö m'd0"d mae oAÁw¬ vd*F*[
¾ PrEk 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 62/ wawm p 0dbwåda,m/

okwjf refrm 0dbwfwo Ydk nf xkv d id w f rYdk v S nf; aemufüoufuek o f nf (y&m) jzpf
uke\f /
0kwjdå refrm jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVdawmftm; avsmufywfuek af om xkv d id w f aYdk emifrS
0dbwfwo Ydk nf aESmif;ukeo f nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd wawm Zde0pe,kawå[d vda*F[d y&m 0dbwåda,m a[mEÅd/
po'´g po'´gjzifh wa0 wke paomypön;f tqk;H &Sad om edygwfy'k af emifrv S nf;
0dbwfwo Ydk nf (0dbwåad ,m) aESmif;ukeo f nf (y&m) jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd po'´*[ ¾ aPe wa0wkem'dypö,EÅeyd gwawmyd/
ar; tb,fah Mumifh 0dbwfrnfygoenf;/
ajz uHponfw\ Ydk tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? {u0kppf onfw\ Ydk tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? yk&od
paomvdifteufukd a0befwwfukef\/ xkdYaMumifh 0dbwfrnfygonf/
ygVd ur®m'd0aoeç {uwåm'd0aoe p vd*w F H¬ 0dbZEÅw D d 0dbwåad ,m/
jrefrm xkv
d id w
f aYdk emifraS ESmif;ukeaf om 0dbwfwo Ydk nf tb,fonfweYdk nf;?
0dbwåda,m ,mo'´gonf vku d \ f /
ygVd um p ye wm 0dbwåda,m¿ ]]0dbwåda,m}}wd t"duma&m/

--------------
okwf 63/ oda,mç tHa,mç em[dç oeHç o®m[dç oeHç o®ðok/

okwjf refrm odo'´gç a,mo'´gç tHo'´gç a,mo'´gç emo'´gç [do'´gç oo'´gç
eHo'´gç o®mo'´gç [do'´gç oo'´gç eHo'´gç o®ð o'´gç oko'´gwko
Yd nf
0dbwfrnfuek o f nf (0dbwåad ,m) jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm odtp&Su d ek af om wpfq,fah v;vk;H aomyk'w
f oYdk nf 0dbwfrnfuek f
onf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd osm'a,m 'dGowå 0dbwåda,m emr a[mEÅd/
yXrmponf xkdwpfq,fhav;vkH;wkdYwGif od[laom a,m[laom 0dbwfESpfvkH;
onf yXrm0dbwfrnf\? tH[laom a,m[laom0dbwf ESpfvkH;
onf 'kwd,m0dbwfrnf\? em[laom [d[laom 0dbwfESpfvkH;onf wwd,m
0dbwfrnf\? o[laom eH[laom 0dbwfESpfvkH;onf pwkw¬D0dbwf rnf\? o®m
[laom [d[laom 0dbwfESpfvkH;onf yOörD0dbwfrnf\? o [laom eH[laom
0dbwfESpfvkH;onf q|D0dbwfrnf\? o®ð[laom ok [laom 0dbwfESpfvkH;onf
owår0D b d wfrnf\/
ygVd ww¬ odça,m £wd yXrm? tHça,m £wd 'kwd,m? emç [d £wd
wwd,m? oçeH £wd pwkw¬D? o®mç[d £wd yOörD? oçeH £wd q|D? o®ðçok £wd
owår/D
jrefrm þokwfonfum; onmokwf t"dum&okwf y&dbmomokwf 0d"d

okwfwkdYwGif onmokwfwnf;? þokdY rSwftyf\? rSef\ ]]0dbwåd
£pöaee uGaw¬m? trSó rrH o0dbwåó d ao}}[lí 0kwüdå rdet
Yf yf\? onmokwrf S
wyg; ed,rokwfjzpfonf&Sdaomf wawm p 0dbwåd a,m [laom a&SUokwfESifh
wpfow k wf nf;ukd jyKtyf\/
ygVd £'H ye onm"dum&y&dbmom0d"dokawåok onmokwåEÅd '|AÁH?
0kwåH [d 0kwåd,H ]]0dbwåd£pöaee uGaw¬m? trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao}}wd?
£w&xm yk&drokawåe {ua,ma*g uwåaAÁmwd/
2/ emru@ 215
qufO;D tHh þokwüf 0g- wpfq,fah v;vk;H wkw Yd iG f yXrm paomtrnf

onf¤if;? {u0kppf aomtrnfonf¤if;? teufoYdk tpOfvu kd f onf\tpGr;f jzif¤h if;?
y&ornm\ tpGr;f jzif¤h if; Ny;D \ (þok)Yd [k rSw&f rnf/
ygVd {w¬ p yXrm'da0g[ma&mç {u0pem'da0g[ma&m p tEGw¬ 0aoeç
y&ornm0aoe 0g oda'¨gwd a0'dwaAÁm/
{u0pe wpfckaomteufukd a[maom0dbwfwnf;/ wpfckaomteufukd
a[maom0dbwf/
ygVd {uó 0peH {u0peH/
A[k0pe rsm;pGmaomteufwu Ydk dk a[maom0dbwfwnf;/ rsm;pGmaom teuf

ukd a[maom0dbwf/
ygVd A[leH 0peH A[k0peH/
'kw, d m ESpcf wk \Ydk jynfah Mumif;jzpfaom0dbwfwnf;? ESpcf wk \ Ydk jynfh
aMumif;jzpfaom0dbwf? þokt Yd p&Sad om 0pew¬udk odtyf\/
ygVd 'dGEéH yl&PD 'kwd,mwdtm'd/
vsO;f yg;rIjzpfEidk f qkt d yfonfrS wpfyg;aomtjym;tm;jzifh wawm p 0dbwåad ,m

[laoma&SUokwüf po'´gjzifh yXrm{u0kpf paomonmukd
Óofq&muJo h Ydk jyKonf&adS omf t&mr[kwo f nfü pD&ifjcif; tusK;d r&So
d nfudk pD&ifjcif;
\ vsO;f yg;jcif;onf jzpfEidk &f m\/
ygVd £w&xm yk & d r ok a wå p oa'´ e onmu&aP tyÜ u w-
ed&w¬u0d"yd o Ü a*Fg od,m/
jrefrm Zde0pe,kwåH [d? vd*FOö edypöaw [laomokwf vkduf\/ þt&mü

um; yk'fukd NyD;apjcif;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; ygVdawmftm;
rqefu Y sio
f jzifh Ny;D aptyf\? þokYd odapjcif;iSg qkNd y;D onfrS wpfyg;aom y&dbmomukd
rde\
Yf /
ygVd ]]Zde0pe,kwHå [dç vd*OF ö edypöaw}}wd p 0wåaw/ £" ye y'edygæ 'erÜd
Zde0peóm0da&ma"emwd ÓaywkH y&dbmoEÅ&rm[/
------------
okwf 64/ w'Ekya&ma"e/

okwjf refrm xkZd ed 0peESihf rqefu Y siof jzifh vdiuf ¤dk if;? "mwfu¤dk if;? Ny;D vnf; Ny;D ap
tyf\? xm;vnf; xm;tyf\? (vd*OF ö "mwk p edyZÜ aÆ w XyD,aw p)/
0kwjdå refrm tMuif tMuifoaYdk om pD&ifjcif;jzifh (a,e a,e 0d"maee) pD&iftyf
onf&Sdaomf (0d[daw) xkdjrwfpGmbk&m; ygVdawmfwkdYtm; qefYusif
onf rjzpf? xkx d odk aYdk om pD&ifjcif;jzifh (awe awe 0d"maee) þemrfusr;f ü vdiu f ¤dk if;?
p o'´gjzifh tmcsmwfu¤dk if;? Ny;D aptyf\? þum; teufwnf;/
0kwydå gVd ,xm ,xm awoH Zde0pemeH Oya&ma"m e a[mwd? wxm
wxm £" vd*øç p oa'émcsmwOö edypöaw? edyæg'D,wDwd taw¬m/
xkw d 'Ekya&m"tm;jzifh Ny;D aptyfaomaMumifo h mvQif þemrfusr;f ü
¤if; tmcsmwfusr;f ü¤if;? 'd0G pk u f rdk ,ljcif;uk¤d if;? ouúwbmomESihf rwlaomtm;jzifh
0dbwf ypön;f ponfudk pD&ifjcif;uk¤d if;? jyKtyf\ (þok)Yd [k rSwyf g/
ygVd awae0 £" p tmcsmaw p 'd0G pem*¾[PHç ouúw0do'd oawm
0dbwåyd pÜ ,ö m'd0"d meOö uwEÅd '|AÁ/H
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiaf emif 0dbwfudk pD&if&mü omrntm;jzifh cyford ;f aom
odtp&Sdaom0dbwf\ vsOf;yg;jcif;onf &Sdaomf (owd) o'´g\
jzpfjcif;onf qkw d wfaom 0'EÅy*k K¾ v d \ f tvko d mvQif tpOf&\ dS ? þy&dbmomaMumifh
(£wd y&dbmoawm) qkw d wfaom0'EÅy*k K¾ v d \ f tvkt d pGr;f jzif/h
ygVd ww¬ t0daoaoe oAÁosm'd0dbwådyÜoa*F ]]0wådpämEkykAÁdum
Þ
o'ý0Ü wå}D }wd 0wåpd mä 0om
----------------
okwf 65/ vd*Faw¬ yXrm/

okwjf refrm o'´g\ (oa'´) tedyæEévd*Fw¬ukd a[mumrQonf tedyæEévdif\
teufrQom&do S nf&adS omf (owd) xkt
d eufudk xGe;f jyjcif;iSg (w'w¬
aZmwew¬)H vdirf S aemufü (vd*aF wm y&H) yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm yk&dopaomvdif\ ouwfç j'Afç vdifç um&u[laomteuf
omrnukd a[mtyfonf&Sdaomf yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd vd*w F m¬ bd"merawå yXrm0dbwåd a[mwDwd yXrm/
2/ emru@ 217
jrefrm xkyd Xrm0dbwfüvnf; trSwrf &Sad omtm;jzifh {u0kpf A[k0pk f vsO;f yg;
jcif;onf&adS omf (owd) wpfcak omteufudk a[mtyfaomf? {u0kpf
0dbwfouf? þy&dbmomaMumifh yk&o d [laom vdit f euf\ wpfcw
k nf;\tjzpfudk
qkvd o
dk nf&adS omf yXrm{u0kpjf zpfaom od0b d wfouf/
ygVd ww¬myd ted,araeu0peA[k0peyÜoa*F ]]{urSD 0wåaAÁ
{u0pe}}EÅd y&dbmoawm vd*w F a¬ óuwå0pedpmä ,H yXaru0peH od/
jrefrm ]]tawm aee}} [laomþokwrf S ]]tawm}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
vd * Fo'´gonfvnf; vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]tawm aeem}}wd £awm ]]tawm}} 0wåaw? vd * F*¾[POö/
-----------------
okwf 66/ aom/

okwjf refrm tum&EÅraS emufjzpfaom (tawm y&ó) od0b d wf\ MotjyKonf
jzpf\/
yk'cf GJ od[al omyk'çf Mo[laomyk'f þokaYd omtjym;tm;jzifh þokwo f nf
ESpyf 'k &f \
dS /
ygVd odçMo£wd 'dyG 'rd'/H (£wd yaba'e)/
0kwjdå refrm yk&o d [laomvdi\ f tpdwjf zpfaom t tu©&maemifrS aemufjzpf
aom od0b d wf\ Mo MotjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd vd*Fó t um&awm y&ó od0peó Mo Mouma&m a[mwd/
jrefrm rSe\ f okww f üYdk yXrm0dbwfjzifh jytyfaom od[al om um&d,u D dk
od0peó-[k q|D0dbwfjyefojzifh 0kwådzGifhjcif;onf Mouma&m
a[mwd-[laom tma'oukd iJh\? þokdY rSwftyf\/
ygVd okawåok [d yXrmed'|d´ ó um&d,ad em q|D0yd &dPmare 0d0&PH
tma'omayu©EdÅ '|AÁ/H
qufOD;thH þokwfü 0dbwf\ tjyKukd pD&ifaomokwf\ t&mjzpf
aomaMumifh od[al omyk'jf zifh 0dbwfu, dk t
l yf\? wawm p 0dbwåad ,m [laom
þokwrf S 0dbwåod '´g vku d af omaMumifv h nf; od [laomyk'jf zifh 0dbwfudk ,ltyf\?
þokwüf 0dbwfudk yu&P tEk 0wåetm;jzifh ,ltyfouJo h Ydk þtwl cyford ;f aom
okwüf odponfw\ Ydk tjyKudk pD&if&mü 0dbwfuo dk mvQif ,ltyf\? þokYd rSwt
f yf\/
ygVd {w¬ p oDwd 0dbwåd *,Saw 0dbwådum&d,0d"dyÜu&Pawmç ]]wawm p
0dbwåda,m}}wd £awm 0d b wå d*¾[PmEk0wåeawm 0g? {0H oAÁw¬ osm osm'DeH
um&d,0d"mae 0dbwåad ,0gwd '|AÁ/H
jrefrm ]]0g ya&m to½lyg}}[laomokwjf zifh aemufo&\ ausjcif;onf a&mufvk
vwfaomf xkad emufo&\ausjcif;ukd jrpfojzifh a&SUo&\ ausjcif;ukd rde/Yf
ygVd ]]0g ya&m to½lyg}}wd y&avmay orÜawå w'y0ga'e ykAaÁ vmyrm[/
------------------
okwf 67/ o&avmayg}rma'oyÜp, ö m'drdS o&avmay wk yuwd/

okwjf refrm tH0b d wfç tma'oç ypön;f ç tm*kro f &aMumifh o&\ausjcif;onf
jzpf\? o&\ aMujcif;onf &Sad omf (owd) xkd tH0bd wf tma'o ypön;f
tm*kro f &\ (wó) yuwdjyKonf jzpf\ (a[mwd) ESpyf g;pkH rjzpfonf &Sad o;\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom tH0b d wfaMumif¤h if;? tma'oç ypön;f tp&Sod nf jzpfí
jzpfaom o&aMumif¤h if;? a&SUo&\ aMujcif;onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ykAóÁ &ó avmayg a[mwd tH0paeç tma'oyÜp, ö m'd blaw
p oa& ya&/
rSwcf suf tH0b d wfaESmif;aomf¤if;? tma'oç ypön;f paomo&aESmif;aomf¤if;
þokwfu a&SUo&ukd acsrnf/
jrefrm a&SUo&aMujcif;ukd jyKtyfNy;D aomfum; aemufo&\ yuwdjyKonf

jzpf\/
ygVd o&avmay uaw wk y&o&ó yuwdbma0g a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f þokwüf vnf; ]]o&avmay}}[laomyk'u f dk wzef ,ljyefjcif;onf
þokwjf zifo
h mvQif jyKtyfaom o&ausjcif;[laom edygwfaMumifh
omvQif aemufo&\ azmufjyefjcif;onf a&mufvv k wfaomf yuwdjzpfjcif; tusK;d
&S\
d /
ygVd {w¬ p ]]o&avmay}}wd yke*¾[PH £rdem0 uwo&avmy
edrad wåa,0 y&ó 0duma& orÜawå yuwdbm0w¬/H
2/ emru@ 219
jrefrm aemufo&\ tH0dbwfç tma'oç ypönf; ponfjzpfíjzpfaom

aESmif;aom aemufo&aMumifh a&SUo&\ ausjcif;onfjzpf\? þokYd
aom teufoabmonfvnf; (tw¬ZmwrÜd) NyD;\ (ykAÁó&avmayg)/
ygVd y&o&ó yuwdbm00d"meomrw¬d,awm trma'oyÜpö,m'd
blaw oa& ya&wdyd od'¨H/
ar; tma'o ypö,m'dr-dS ü vkt d yfaomtma'o? &Ekid af om ypö,
o&ESihf tm'dt&wku Yd dk a&;cJyh g/
ajz qufOD;tHh þokwfü wdtp&Sdaomtmcsmwf0dbwfwkdYukd
ypö n f ; \tjzpf j zif h (0g) ypö n f ; oabmjzif h ,l t yf u k e f \ ?
þtm'do'´gonf tmcsmwf udwfwkdYü tm*kHukd ,ljcif;tusKd;&Sdygonf/
ygVd wsm'd0dbwåda,m apw¬? ypö,aw¬e *,Sa&/
tm'd*[ ¾ Prmcsmw-udwauoGm*rw¬'d /H
jrefrm trma'oypö,m'drSd [laomyk'fü tma'oo'´g\ ypö,o'´gESihf

twlwuGjzpfaomaMumifh tma'oukv d nf; vdiçf "mwfrS aemufjzpf
aom 0dbwf ypön;f \ tma'oukd ,ltyf\? xkv d id f "mwfrS aemufjzpfaom "mwf
ypön;f \ tma'oukd ,ltyfaomaMumifh (awe) ]]udwo då a'´g tAÇK*a¾ wm} ow¬m
tm[}}ponfü ap tAÇK*¾awm tm[ [laomaemufyk'f\ tpo&aESmif;aom
aMumifh udwådoa'´gç ow¬m [laoma&SUyk'f\ tpdwfjzpfaom o&\ þokwfjzifh
ausjcif;onf rjzpf/
ygVd ypö,om[p&d,m? pma'aom yuwDya&m/
y'EÅó&avmayg e? awe}AÇm[m'dau ya&/
tma'oo'´g 1^y'ga'o? 2^0dbwåma'o ESprf sK;d wkw Yd iG f 0dbwfypön;f \
tma'ojzpfaom 0dbwåma'oukd þü tvkd&Sdygonf/
ypö,o'´gjzifh w'¨wd f udwf ypön;f wd paomtmcsmwf 0dbwfrsm;ukd ,l&ygrnf/
tm'do'´g tmcsmwf udww f üYdk £vmjcif;paom tm*krrf sm;ukd ,l&ygrnf/
ar; wko'´g\teufudk ykpH EH iS w hf uG jyqkcd yhJ g/
ajz þokwüf wko'´gonf ed0wåm yem0"m&Pteuf&ydS gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh
]]bduK© e}D }paomykpH wH üYdk a&SUo&ausjcif;ukd wm;jrpfygonf/
jrefrm wko'´gonf bdu©KeDpaomykpH w H üdYk £eDypön;f aESmif;&mü þokwjf zifh

a&SUo&ausjcif;ukd epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd wk*[ ¾ PH bdu©KeDtm'Dok o&avmyed0wåew¬/H
½kyf jrefrm ]]ea, y&H ,kawå}}[laomokwjf zifh aemuftu©&mokYd aqmiftyf\/
ygVd ]]ea, y&H ,kawå}}wd y&H aewAÁH/
ykpH H yk&daom wd|wd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;onf &yfwnf\/
½ly yk & d a om
omum; yk&dovdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh vdifteufukd
tvk&d &Sd um; y&ornm ya,ma* [laomokwjf zifh vdit f rnfrn S ?hf vd*aF w¬ yXrm
[laomokwjf zifh vdit f eufudk a[mumrQwnf;aomo'´gü yXrm 0dbwf {u0kpf
od0dbwfouf? (yk&do+od) aom [laomokwfjzifh yk&do [laomvdif tum&EÅrS
aemufjzpfaom od0dbwfukd MojyK? (yk&do+Mo) ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh o-cGif; t-
<uif;? (yk&dof+t+Mo) o& avmayg rma'oypö,m'drSd o&avmaywk yuwd
[laomokwjf zifh 0dbwåma'o jzpfaom od0b d wfMotjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUof
Asnf;tpdwf t-ukdacs? aemufMoukdvnf; Mo[kyuwdjyK? (yk&dof+Mo) ea, y&H
,kawå [laom okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ofAsn;f ukd aemufMooku Yd yf? yk&daomomum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm a,mufsm;vnf; a,mufsm;? þokdYaom0pew¬aMumifh yk&do yk&do
[lí qkdtyfonf&Sdaomf/
ygVd yk&ad om p yk&ad ompmwd yk&o d yk&o d £wd 0wåaAÁÞ
----------------
okwf 68/ o½lygearuaooGouð/

okwjf refrm wpfBurd rf [kw&f mü wlaomokw&d adS omyk'wf \
Ydk wpfy'k \f <uif;usef
jcif;onf jzpf\/
rSwcf suf ormeH ½lyH a,oHwd o½lyg? wlaom½kyt f oGi&f adS omaMumifh o'´gwkYd
o½lyrnf\/ (o½lyyk'fu orme½ly-[k jzpfonf/ awok 0k'¨d
okwBf u;D jzifh ormeo'´gukd o-jyK? o½ly[k ½kyNf y;D \/)
2/ emru@ 221
0kwjdå refrm wpfBudrf[kwfukefaom wlaomokwd&Sdukefaom yk'fAsnf;wkdYwGif

tv,fü wpfy'k w
f nf;omvQif <uif;\? <uif;onfrw S pfyg; ukeaf om
yk'Af sn;f wko
Yd nf acstyfonf\tjzpfoYdk a&mufuek \f / þokwjf zifh (£wd okawåe)
{uodofukd jyKtyf\ (uwåaAÁm)/
0kwydå gVd o½lygeH orme½lygeH y'AsOÆemeH raZÑ {aum0 odóawç tan
avmyrmyZÆaEÅ toudEdÅ {uaoaom/
t"dygÜ ,f þokwüf vnf; o½lygeH [lí qkt d yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifo h mvQif

wpfBurd rf [kwaf om jy,k*o f nf Ny;D ygvQu?f wzef touðo'´gukd
,ljcif;onf wpfckaom0dbwf\ ouf&mjzpfaom yk'fAsnf;wkdY\omvQif wpfBudrf
r[kwfaom jy,k*füomvQif þ{uodofonf jzpf\/ þokdY jyjcif;iSg tusKd;&Sd\/
t<uif;rJEh UHS apvkad omjy,k*üf tvGev f sO;f yg;jcif;onf rjzpfonfom
wnf;? tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrlum;¿ 0*¾g yOöyOöaom rEÅm [laomþokwüf ]]yOö
yOöaom}}[lí ñTejf yjcif;jzifo h mvQif 0dpmä jy,k*f Ny;D jcif;\? odaptyfonf\tjzpf
aMumifw h nf;/ wenf;um;- rsm;aom teufwu Ydk dk wuGq&dk müvnf; {uodoo f nf
jzpf\/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]o½lyge}}EÅd 0kwåwåm0 oda'¨ toudrÜa,ma* ykemouð
*[PH {u0d b wå d 0 d o ,mear0goud r Ü a ,ma* {0g,EÅ d 'óew¬ H ç e p
0dpmä ya,ma*}wdyoÜ a*Fg/ ]]0*¾g yOöyOöaom rEÅm}}wd {w¬ ]]yOö yOöaom}}wd eda'áoae0
0dpämya,m*od'd̈,m Óydwwåm? tx 0g o[0pedpäm,}r,}aruaoaom/
*gxmjrefrm qufOD;tHh þokwfü {uaooGouð-[lí okwfukda0befaom

tm;jzihf ydwek H paomykpH wH üYdk okwrd wlaomyk'w f \
Ydk wpfck <uifonf?
0g- wpfc<k uif;jzifh jzpf\/
*gxmygVd a,m*0dbm*awm apw¬? {uaooGouð £wd/
0d½layuaoaom a[mwd? 0g ]]ydwle}}EÅdtm'Dok/
½kyf jrefrm xkd{uodofjyKNyD;aom yk&doyk'füomvQif 0g- rsm;aomteufukd
wuGqv dk adk om yk&o
d yk'üf omvQif vdit f euf\ rsm;onf\ tjzpfudk
qkvd o dk nf&adS omf A[k0pk u
f dk qkod ifo
h nf&adS omf A[k0pk u f dk jyKtyf\? þokaYd om y&d
bmomaMumihf yXrmA[k0kpfjzpfaom a,m0dbwfouf? ]]yk&do+ a,m}}[laom

þyk'fü tawm[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd waw¬0 vd*Fw¬ó A[kwå0pedpäm,H ]]A[krSd 0wåaAÁ A[k0pe}}EÅd
yXrmA[k0peH a,m
a,m? yk&do a,m £wD" ]]tawmç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 69/ oAÁa,meDerm{/

okwjf refrm tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfukefaom (tawm) (ya&oH) tvkH;pkHaom
yXrma,med 'kw, d ma,med wk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f tmjyK? {jyKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm tum&EÅjzpfaom vdifrS aESmif;ukefaom tvkH;pkHukefaom yXrm
a,m0dbwf edo'´gwkdY\¤if;? 'kwd,ma,m0dbwf edo'´g wkdY\¤if;?
tpOftwkid ;f tmtjyK {tjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpfuek \
f / þokwjf zifh tmtjyK
onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tm
tmum&EÅawm vd*FrSm ya&oH oaAÁoH yXrma,meDeHç 'kwd,m-
a,meDeOö ,xmuúrH tmuma&um&ma'om a[mEÅd 0gwd tm tmuma&m/
oAÁo'´g oAÁo'´gonf tvk;H pkaH om a,m0dbwf edtu©&mukd tm { jyKapjcif;
tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd oAÁ*[ ¾ PH oAÁma'ow¬/H
½kyf tñTe;f o&avmyponfonf a&SUyk'Ef iS w hf o l nfomvQiw f nf;/
ygVd o&avmyg'd yk&rd o'doar0/
ykpH H yk&od m wd|EÅ/d
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYonf &yfwnfukef\/
½ly yk & d o mmum; yk&dovdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh yXrm0dbwf
A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (yk&o d +a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh yk&o d [laom
tum&EÅvid af emifraS ESmif;aom yXrmA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfudk tm-jyK? (yk&o d +tm)
ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh o-cGi;f t-<uif;? o& avmayg--okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
tmtjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUofAsn;f tpdwf t-ukad cs? aemuftmukv d nf; tm[k
yuwdjyK? (yk&o
d +f tm) ea, y&H ,kawå [laom okwjf zifh o&uif;aom ofAsn;f ukd
aemuftm oku Yd yf? yk&dommum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 223
*gxmjrefrm vkdufvmaom 0g 0go'´gonf tb,ftusKd;&Sdoenf;? ½kyfwkdYonf?

rD;wko
Yd nf? &[ef;wko
Yd nf? þokpYd aomykpH w
H üYdk tedppö onfudk ujcif;
tusKd;&Sd\ (tedpöm'd'óew¬H)/ þ0g 0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬dw0dbmom teuf&Sd\?
xkaYd Mumifv
h nf; þokwüf Þ
*gxmygVd 0g £apö0 ½lyg ½lyged? t*¾a,m? rkea,m/
0g
0goa'´g,H 00w¬w d 0dbmoaw¬m/ awe apw¬Þ
ar; þokwyf g 0go'´g\ teufudk ykpH x H wk í f 0d"o

d ;Hk rsK;d ykid ;f jcm;jyyg/
ajz þokwfyg 0go'´gonf 00w¬dw0dbmomteuf&Sdygonf/ ,if;
00w¬dw0dbmomteuf&Sdaom 0g 0go'´gjzifh yk&daom paomykvd’ifü
edp0ö "d ?d ½lyg ½lyged paomeykvi’d üf tedp0ö "d ?d t*¾a,m rea,m paom pstrnf&adS om
£ukd t-jyK&mü toEÅ0d"dukd jyygonf/
*gxmjrefrm ykvi’d üf tjro J mvQif jzpfaom tpDt&ifu¤dk if;? eykvi’d üf tjro J mvQif
jzpfaom tpDt&ifu¤dk if;? pstrnfurdk n S vhf wf aomfum; 0g- psudk
t-jyKvwfaomf rxif&Sm;onfomvQifjzpfaom tpDt&ifukd¤if;? 0g 0go'´gonf
jyygonf/
*gxmygVd edpaö r0 p ykva’d *F? tedpOö ö eyko
H au/
toEÅH aps uwawå wk? 0d"ð 'Daywd 0g 0gokwd/
jrefrm xkyd &k o
d vdiüf yifvQif tmvkyu f dk qkv
d odk nf&adS omf? vd*aF w¬
yXrm[laomyk'o f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd waw¬0gvye0pedpmä ,H ]]vd*aF w¬ yXrm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 70/ tmvyae p/

okwjf refrm tmvkyt
f eufüvnf; yXrm0dbwfonf (yXrm0dbwå)d jzpf\/
ar; tmvye
tmvyeyk'\ f t"dygÜ ,fuadk &;í t&aumufjyyg/
ajz toHjzifh a&SU½IjyKí ac:a0:jcif; toHjzifh a&SUjyKí ac:a0:jcif;?
wenf;- ac:tyfaomoloYdk a&SU½Ionfudk jyKí ac:a0: tyfonfyif tmvyernf\/
tmvyet&um; um,0dnmwfç 0pD0n d mwfjzifh odapjcif;ukd &ygonf/
ygVd tbdrck H uwGm vyeH tmvyeH? oarÁm"eH/

0kwjdå refrm tmvkyfteufvGefaom xkda[mtyfaom vdifteufomrn
üvnf;? yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®ð tmvyew¬m"dau vd*w F m¬ bd"merawå p yXrm0dbwåd a[mwd/
jrefrm a&SU½kyüf uJo
h Ydk {urSd 0wåaAÁ paomy&dbmomESit hf nD {u0kppf onf
onf jzpf\/
ygVd yka& 0d, {u0pem'd/
jy,k*f ]]yk&o
d }}[laom þyk'üf /
ygVd yk&do od £pöMwÞ
------------------
okwf 71/ tmvyae od *oanm/

okwjf refrm tmvkyt f eufü pD&iftyfaom (0d[ad wm) od0b
d wfonf *rnfonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a&SU½IjyKí ac:a0:jcif;teufü? 0g- a&SU½IjyKí ac:a0:tyfaom
vd*Fw¬ü oufaom od0dbwfonf *[laomtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tmvyeaw¬ 0d[dawm od **oanm a[mwDwd/
jrefrm þokwfjzifh (£wd okawåe) *trnfrSnfhNyD;aomf ]]abma*wk}}
[laom þokwfrS ]]a*}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd * onm,H ]]abm a* wl}}wd £awm ]]a*}}wd 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 72/ tum&ydwm'sEÅmerm/

okwjf refrm *odaMumifh ttu©&m ydwok '´gponfw\ Ydk tpdwo f &\ tmtjyK
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom *rnfaom od0bd wfaMumifh vdiEf iS phf yfaom? 0g- vdi\
f
orÁE¨Djzpfaom tmtu©&monf¤if;? ow¬K ydwkpaom þo'´gESifh
tum&EÅyuwdtm;jzifh wlukefaomo'´gwkdY\ tpdwf jzpfaom Oo&onf¤if;?
tmtjyKokdY a&muf\/
2/ emru@ 225
0kwydå gVd vd*Fó orÁE¨D t uma&m p yd w k o w¬ K £apö0rm'DeraEÅm p

tm
tmum&wårmyZÆaw a* ya&/
jrefrm ,cifow k rf S a*yk'?f psvyg&óH okwrf S &óHy'k o
f nfvnf; vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]a*ç &ó}}rdwd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 73/ tmuma&m 0g/

okwjf refrm *rnfaom od0b d wfaMumifh tmtu©&monf &ótjzpfoYdk tcsKUd
a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom *rnfaom od0dbwfaMumifh vdif\ orÁE¨Djzpfaom
tmtu©&monf &ótjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd vd*óF orÁED¨ tm
tmuma&m &órmyZÆaw a* ya&/
jrefrm þ&ótjzpfonf teD;üwnfaomoludk ac:a0:&müjzpf\/
ygVd t'l&|ómvyae0g,H/
---------------
okwf 74/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/

okwjf refrm oðç aomç osm p paomokww f jYdkzifh pD&iftyfaom vdiwf rYdk S <uif;aom
vdio f ;Hk yg;wkrYd S aemufjzpfaom (ya&m) tmvkyo f od nf¤if;? vd*w F ¬
odonf¤if;? ausjcif;okdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aom[laomokwf oð[laomokwf osm p[laomokwf ocawm
*aó 0g [laomokwf Caw p [laomokwf þokYd tp&Su d ek af om
okww f jYdk zifh jytyfuek af om vdiw f rYdk S wyg;aomvdio f nf aoornf\/ ,cifqt dk yf
Ny;D onfr<S uif;aom xkv d id af emifrS *[laom trnf&adS om od0b d wf yuwdaom
od0dbwfonf ausjcif;okdY a&mufukef\/
0kwydå gVd ]]oðç aomç osm pç ocawm *aó 0gç Caw pm}}wd {0rm'D[d
ed'´da|[d tanm aoaom emr? wawm aooawm vd*FrSm *od£apöaw
avmyrmyZÆaEÅ/
tydo'´g tydo'´gonf od0b d wfausjcif;[lom ESpcf ak jrmufaom teufudk

aygif;jcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ þokwfüvnf; odo'´gonf &SdvQufvnf;
* [lí qkjd cif;onfvQif wyg;aomokwüf vnf; odo'´gonf &Sad omfvnf; tmvkyf
teufüoufaom *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk r,ljcif;\ oufaownf;/
ygVd tyd*[ ¾ PH 'kw, d w¬orÜ@ d ew¬?H {w¬ p owdyd od*[ ¾ aP * £wd
0pear0 Óyurnw¬myd od*[ ¾ aP tmvyem*¾[Pó/
aupd tcsKaYd om 0'EÅwo Ydk nf tmvkyx f if&mS ;pdrahf omiSg b0
b0EÅo'´guk¤d if;?
a[
a[o'´guk¤d if;? ,SOu f ek \ f /
ygVd aupd tmvyembdAsw, då m b0EÅo'´H 0g a[ a[o'H́ 0g y,kZaÆ EÅ/
ykpH H abm yk&do wd|/
jrefrm tk.d ..a,mufsm; &yfavmh/
½ly abm yk&doum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
yXrm {u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (yk&o d +od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyf
teufü oufaomod0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf (yk&od +od) aooawm avmyH *odyd
okwjf zifh *trnf&adS omod0b d wfuadk cs? yk&doum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ yk&dom 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; [,f...a,mufsm;/
½ly yk&dommum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü yXrm
{u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (yk&o d +od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü
oufaomod0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf (yk&o d +od) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? (yk&o d +f t+od)
tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm okwjf zifh yk&o d [laom ykvi’d \ f orÁEjD¨ zpfaom t-ukd tmjyK?
(yk&o d +f tm+od) ofAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (yk&o d m+od) aooawm avmyH *odyd okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS omod0b d wfuadk cs? yk&dommum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmvkyf A[k0pk üf {u0kprf S txl;pD&ifjcif;onf 0g- tmvkyrf [kwf

aom a,m0dbwfrS txl;pD&ifjcif;onf r&S/d
ygVd A[k0pae e 0daoaom/
ykpH H b0aEÅm yk&dom wd|x/
jrefrm tkd...a,mufsm;wkdY wnfMuukefavmh/
2/ emru@ 227
½ly b0aEÅm yk&dommum; yk&o d vdiwf nf? wkt Yd [

dk í
l --aMumifh tmvkyf
teufü yXrm A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (yk&o d +a,m) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁa,m
eDerm{ okwjf zifh yk&od [laom ykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom tmvkyyf Xrm
A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? (yk&o d +f t+tm) o&mavmayg-acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
ea, y&H okwjf zifh ofAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? yk&dommum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yifvQif uHteufudk qkv d odk nf&adS omf a,e 0g u,d-
&aw okwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd waw¬0 ur®w0¬ pedpmä ,H ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 75/ ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H/

okwjf refrm tMuifum&uukd jyKtyf\? xkjd yKtyfaomum&uonf uHrnf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuiftrIuv dk nf; jyK\? tMuiftMuif xif&mS ;&Sad om xif;ponf
ukvd nf; azmufjyefjcif;okYd a&mufap\? tMuif&mG ½lyg½kH ponfudk
vnf; oGm;jcif; jrifjcif; ponfjzifh a&muf\? Bu, d m Ny;D jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom
xkdum&uonf uHrnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,H 0g ua&mwdç ,H 0g 0dua&mwdç ,H 0g ygykPmwd? wH um&uH
Bud,medrdwåH ur®onH a[mwd/
-------------
okwf 76/ ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m/

okwjf refrm uHteufü 'kwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm uHteufü 'kwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
0dbwfouf a&SU½kyüf uJo
h Ydk (0wGm) tvsOyf &dbmomqkíd 'kw, d m{u0kpjf zpfaom
tH0b d wfouf/
ygVd yka& 0d 'kwad ,u0peH tH/
½kyf jrefrm ]]o&avmayg}}paomokwfjzifh a&SUo&ukdacstyfNyD;aomf ]]'DCH}}
okwjf zifh 'DCtjyKonf a&mufvv k wfaomf yuwduv dk nf; jyKtyf\ (uwåaAÁm)/
ygVd ]]o&avmayg}}wdtm'dem oa& vkawå ]]'DC}}EÅd 'DaC orÜawå

yuwdbma0g p/
ykpH H yk&o d H yó/
jrefrm a,mufsm;ukd ½Iavmh/
½ly yk & d o Hum; yk&dovdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufü 'kwd,m
0dbwf {u0kpf tH0dbwfouf? (yk&do+tH) o-cGif; t-<uif;? o&mavmayg-acs?
tm[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H okwjf zifh ofAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? yk&doHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]oAÁa,meDerm{}}okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf\ {jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]oAÁa,meDerm{}}wd a,m a,m0peaóuma&m/
ykpH H yk&ad o yó/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYukd ½Iavmh/
½ly yk&dao oum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? wkuYd [
dk í l --aMumifh uHteufü 'kw, d m
0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (yk&o d +a,m) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁa,meDerm{
okwjf zifh yk&o
d [laom ykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom 'kw, d m A[k0pk f a,m0d
bwfudk {jyK? (yk&o d +f t+{) o&mavmayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H okwjf zifh
ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? yk&dao oum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yifvQif uwåm;ukd qkv d odk nf&adS omf/
ygVd waw¬0 uwåK0pedpmä ,H Þ
-------------------
okwf 77/ a,m ua&mwd o owåm/

okwjf refrm tMuifum&uonf jyKwwf\? xkjd yKwwfaomum&uonf uwåm;
[laomtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifum&uonf rdrjd yXmef;onfjzpfí Bu, d mukd jyK\/ xku
d m&u
onf uwåm;trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,m twåy"Ü maem Bu, d H ua&mwd? aom uwåKoanm a[mwd/
jrefrm u&aP wwd,m [laomokwrf S ]]wwd,m}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]wwd,m}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
2/ emru@ 229
okwf 78/ uwå&d p/

okwjf refrm uwåm;teufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm uwåKum&uüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd uwå&d p um&au wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
0dbwfouf þokwfjzifh wwd,m{u0kpf jzpfaom em0dbwfouf/
ygVd £wd wwda,u0peH em/
------------
okwf 79/ tawm aee/

okwjf refrm tum&EÅraS emufjzpfaom (y&ó) em0dbwf\ {ejyKonf jzpf\/
jrefrm {e
{e[lí ñTejf yjcif;onf 0dbwfoufrí l ñTejf yjcif;wnf;
ygVd {em
{emwd t0dbwåu d eda'áom/
0kwjdå refrm tum&EÅjzpfaom vdifrS aemufjzpfaom em0dbwf\ {ejyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t um&EÅawm vd*rF mS y&ó em em0peó {em {ema'aom a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif;ponfudk jyKtyf\ (uwåA)HÁ /
ygVd o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H yk&daoe uwH/ jrefrm a,mufsm;onf jyKtyf\/
½ly yk&daoe
oeum; yk&o d vdiwf nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm; teufü
wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (yk&do+em) o-cGif; t-<uif;? tawm
aee okwjf zifh yk&o d [laom ykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom em0dbwfudk {ejyK?
(yk&dof+t+{e) o&mavmayg-acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H okwfjzifh ofAsnf;
{oku Yd yf? yk&daoe
oeum; Ny;D \/
A[k0pk üf Þ A[k0perSÞ d
--------------------
okwf 80/ ok[doGuma&m {/

okwjf refrm ok[dok0dbwfwkdYaMumifh ttu©&monf {tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukefaom ok[dok-[kqkdtyfukefaom 0dbwf[laom edrdwf

wkdYaMumifh 0dbwf[kqkdtyfaomtaMumif;wkdYaMumifh 0g- 0dbwf
oabm&Su d ek af om ok0b d wf [d0b
d wfwaYdk Mumifh vdi\
f orÁEjD¨ zpfaom ttu©&m
onf {tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd okç[d£apöawok 0dbwå½d al yok ya&ok vd*ó F orÁED¨ t uma&m
{wårmyZÆaw/
----------------
okwf 81/ o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g/

okwjf refrm o®m[do0ð® b d wfwaYdk Mumifh rSmjyK bdjyK rSjd yKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm tvk;H pkaH om vdirf S o®m [d o®0ð b d wfw\ Ydk tpOftwkid ;f rSmjyK bdjyK
rSjd yKwoYdk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd oAÁawm vd*FrSm o®m [d o®ð£apöawoH ,xmuúrH rSmç bdç
rd S£apöaw tma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
ykpH H yk&dao[d? yk&daobd uwH/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYonf jyKtyf\/
½ly yk&dao[dç yk&daobdum; yk&dovdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh
uwåm; teufü wwd,m0dbwf A[k0kpf [d0dbwfouf? (yk&do+[d) o-cGif; t-
<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUoftpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? (yk&ad o[d) Ny;D \/ yk&daobd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g
d wfudk bdjyK? yk&daobdum; Ny;D \/
okwjf zifh [d0b
jrefrm xkyd &k o
d vdiu f ydk ifvQi(f ü) u½kP d ;f 0dbwfudk qkv d adk omfÞ
ygVd waw¬0 u&P0pedpmä ,HÞ
----------------
okwf 82/ a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&PH/

okwjf refrm tMuifwpH Oftp&Sad om um&ujzifh &dyt
f yf\? xkw
d pH Oftp&Sad om
um&uonf u½kdPf;rnf\/
2/ emru@ 231
0kwjdå refrm tMuifvufponfjzifvh nf; jyKtyf\? tMuifpu©Kjzifv

h nf; jrif\?
tMuifaomwjzifhvnf; Mum;\? xkdum&uonf u½kdPf;rnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,e 0g u,d&awç a,e 0g yówdç a,e 0g okPmwd? wH
um&uH u&PonH a[mwd/
-------------
okwf 83/ u&aP wwd,m/

okwjf refrm
u½kP d ;f teufü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm
u&Pum&uü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVdu&Pum&au wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
jrefrm qktd yfNy;D onfr<S uif;aom ]]£wd wwda,u0peH e}}paom pum;
&yfonf uwåm;ESiw hf \
l /
ygVd aooH uwåKorH/
ykpH H yk&daoe aom rma&m yknH ua&mwd/
jrefrm xkd'kóDvrm&fonf 0iftyfaom? 0g- yl;tyfaom a,mufsm;jzifh
aumif;rIudk jyK\/
½ly yk & d a oe
oeum; yk&dovdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf; teufü
wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? a&SUESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H yk&ad o[d? yk&ad obd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkjYd zif/h
½ly yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obdum; yk&o d vdiwf nf? wkjYdzif[
h í
l --aMumifh u½kP
d ;f
teufü wwd,m0dbwf A[k0kpf [d0dbwfouf? a&SUESifh enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yifvQif orÜ'gefpwkw0D¬ b
d wfudk qkv d vdk wfaomfÞ
Þ
ygVd waw¬0 orÜ'ge0pedpmä ,H
----------------
okwf 84/ ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH/

okwjf refrm tMuif&[ef;tp&Sad om um&utm;vnf; ay;jcif;iSgtvk&d \
dS ? tMuif
&[ef;tp&Sad omum&utm;vnf; wifw h ,f\? tMuif a'0'wf
tp&Sad om um&utm;vnf; aqmif\? xk&d [ef;tp&Sad omum&u a'0'wftp&Sd

aom um&uonf orÜ'gef[laomtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifoltm;vnf; ay;jcif;iSgtvkd&Sd\? tMuifoltm;vnf; wifh
w,f\? tMuifa'0'wftp&Sad omum&utm;vnf; aqmif\? xkd
um&uonf orÜ'gef[al omtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,ó 0g 'gwkumarmç ,ó 0g a&mpawç ,ó 0g "mwk,aw?
wH um&uH orÜ'geonH a[mwd/
--------------
okwf 85/ orÜ'gae pwkw¬D/

okwjf refrm orÜ'geum&uü pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm orÜ'geum&uü pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd orÜ'geum&au pwkw¬D0dbwåd a[mwDwd (okawåe)/
0dbwfouf d wf\ {u0kpjf zpfaom o 0dbwfouf/
þokwjf zifh pwkw0D¬ b
ygVd pwkw¬d,m {u0peH o /
--------------
okwf 86/ om*arm ao/

okwjf refrm o0dbwfaMumifh o tu©&mvmonf (0g) o \vmjcif;onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom ojzpfaom 0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om vdirf S otu©&m
vmonf o \vmjcif;onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁawm vd*rF mS oum&m*arm a[mwd ao 0dbwård dS ya&/
ykpH H yk&o
d ó "eH ''gwd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;tm; Opömukd ay;\/
½ly yk&doó óum; yk&od vdiw
f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (yk&od +o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo
0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? yk&doó
um; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 233
jrefrm A[k0kpfü ]]a,m okuw edum&}}okwfrS ]]'DCH}}yk'fonf vkduf\/

ygVd A[k0perSd ]]'DC}}EÅd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 87/ okeH[dok p/

okwjf refrm ok eH [d0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh o&wko Yd nf (o&m) 'DCtjzpfoYdk a&muf
uke\ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukeaf om ok eH [d0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh vdi\ f tqk;H jzpfí jzpfuek f
aom tvkH;pkHaom &óo&wkdYonf 'DCtjzpfokdY a&mufukef\/
0kwydå gVd ok eH [d£apöawok ya&ok vd*ó F tEÅbw l m oaAÁ &óo&m
'DCrmyZÆaEÅ/
po'´g þokwüf p o'´gonf tcsKUd jy,k*üf £tu©&m Otu©&mwku Yd dk ('DC
rjyK&[k) wm;jrpfaomaMumifh ed0wåmyem0"m&P teuf&ydS gonf/
epfapjcif;tusK;d &d\ S /
ygVd p *¾[Prdum½kum&meH uGpd ed0wåew¬/H
ykpH H yk&od meH/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
½ly yk&domeHum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf A[k0pk f eH0b d wfouf? (yk&o d +eH) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh
aemufe0H b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ofAsn;f aemuf
tmoku Yd yf? yk&domeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yif tyg'gef yOör0D b d wfqv dk nf&adS omfÞ
dk o
ygVd waw¬0gyg'ge0pedpmä ,HÞ
-----------------
okwf 88/ ,o®m 'aywd b,rm'awå 0g w'yg'geH/

okwjf refrm
tMuif&Gmtp&Sdaom um&urSvnf; zJ\? tMuifckd;oltp&Sdaom
um&urSvnf; ab;onf jzpf\? tMuifq&mOyZÑm,f tp&Sad om
um&urSvnf; twwfukdoif,l\? xkd&Gmtp&Sdaomum&u ckd;oltp&Sdaom
um&u q&mOyZÑm,ftp&Sad om um&uonf tyg'gef [laomtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm
ykid ;f jcm;&mjzpfíjzpfaom tMuif&mG ponfrv
S nf; zJ\? tMuifc;dk olrS
(aMumif)h vnf; aMumufjcif;(ab;)onf jzpf\? tMuif q&mOyZÑm,f
rSvnf; twwfudk oif,\ l ? xku
d m&uonf tyg'gef[al om trnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,o®m 0g t0"dbw l m taywdç ,o®m 0g b,Hç ,o®m 0g tm'awå?
wH um&uH tyg'geonH a[mwd/
-------------
okwf 89/ tyg'gae yOörD/

okwjf refrm tyg'geum&uü yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tyg'geum&uü yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tyg'geum&au yOör0D b d wåd a[mwd/
0dbwfouf d wf\ {u0kpjf zpfaom o® mouf/
þokwjf zifh yOör0D b
ygVd £wd okawå yOörd,m {u0peH o® m/
jrefrm ]]tawmç oaAÁoHç tmç {}} [laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tawmç oaAÁoHç tm {}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 90/ o®mo®ðeH 0g/

okwjf refrm t um&EÅrSaemufjzpfukefaom o® m0dbwf o® ð 0dbwfwkdY\
tm
tmtjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKjYd zpfuek \
f (tawm ya&oH)/
0kwjdå refrm t um&EÅjzpfaom vdifrS aemufjzpfukefaom tvkH;pkHaom o® m
0dbwf o® ð0b d wfw\ Ydk tpOftwdik ;f tmjyK {jyKwo Ydk nf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd t um&EÅawm vd*FrSm oaAÁoH o®m o®ð£apöawoH ,xmuúrH
tmuma&um&ma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
jrefrm þokwrf S wyg;aomokwüf rStjyKudk pD&iftyf\ (0d[ad wm)/
ygVd tnw¬ rS ma'aom/
ykpH H yk&dom taywd/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS zJ\/
½ly yk&dommum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD
0d b wf {u0k p f o® m 0d b wf o uf ? (yk & d o +o® m ) o-cG i f ; t-<uif ; ? o®mo®ðeH 0g
2/ emru@ 235
okwfjzifh yk&do[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK?

o&avmayg--acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ofAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? yk&dommum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yk&od rSm? yk&o
d o®m/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly yk&dorSmç yk&doo®mum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef
teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (yk&doo®m))Ny;D \/ yk&dorSm-ü o-cGi;f
t-<uif;? o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh yk&do[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom
o®m0dbwfudk tmjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (yk&o d +f t+
o®m) o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh yk&o
d [laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom
o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? ofAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? yk&dorSmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf tvk;H pkaH omykpH o H nf wwd,m0dbwfEiS w hf \ l /

ygVd A[k0pae oAÁw¬ wwd,morH/
½kyf jrefrm [d0b d wf\ bdjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd [dó bdtma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obd taywd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYrS zJ\/
½ly yk&dao[dç yk&daobdum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? wkrYd [ S í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef
teufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf? (yk&o d +[d) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d G
uma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? (yk&dao[d) Ny;D \/ yk&daobd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
yk&o d [laom ykvi’d tf um&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? yk&daobdum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yifvQif q|D0b d wfqv dk odk nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd waw¬0 omrd0pedpmä ,HÞ
--------------
okwf 91/ ,ó 0g y&d*¾a[m wH omrd/

okwjf refrm tMuifo\
l vnf; odr;f qnf;jcif;onf jzpf\? xkOd pöm\ t&Sio
f nf
omrdtrnf&o
dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifol\vnf; odrf;qnf;tyfaom Opömonf jzpf\/

xkOd pöm\t&Sio
f nf omrdrnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,ó 0g y&d*¾a[m? wH omrdonH a[mwd/
------------
okwf 92/ omrdo®ð q|D/

okwjf refrm omrdteufü q|D0b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm omrdteufü q|D0b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd omrdo®ð q|D0dbwåd a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f tm,
tm,tjyKudk xm;í cyford ;f aomt&mü pwkwD¬ q|D0b d wfw\
Ydk
½kyfonf wl\/
ygVd XaywGm tm,m
tm,ma'oH oAÁw¬ pwkwq D¬ |DeH ormeH ½ly/H
ykpH H yk&o
d ó {wH "eH/
jrefrm a,mufsm;\ þOpömonf/
½ly yk&doó
óum; yk&o d vdiw
f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd teufü q|D
0dbwf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H yk&o d meH/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdY\/

½ly yk&domeHum; yk&dovdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh omrd teufü
q|D0b d wf A[k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm xkyd &k od vdiüf yifvQif Moumoukq d v dk nf&adS omfÞ
dk o
ygVd waw¬0 Moumo0pedpmä ,HÞ
---------------
okwf 93/ a,m"ma&m warmumoH/

okwjf refrm tMuifum&uonf uwåm;uHBud,mwkdY\ wnf&monfjzpf\? xkd
um&uonf Moumo[laomtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifum&uonf uwåm;uHw\Ydk Bu,
d m\ wnf&monf jzpf\?
xkdum&uonf Moumo[laomtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 237
0kwydå gVd a,m uwåKur®meH Bu,

d m, tm"ma&m? wH um&uH MoumoonH
a[mwd/
---------------
okwf 94/ Moumao owårD/

okwjf refrm Moumoum&uü owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Moumoum&uü owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Moumoum&au owårD0dbwåd a[mwd/
0dbwfouf d wf\ {u0kpjf zpfaom o® ð0b
þokwjf zifh owår0D b d wfouf/
ygVd £wd okawåe owård,m {u0peH o® ð/
½kyf jrefrm xko d wf\ ]]o®mo®eð H 0g}}[laomokwjf zifh { jyKonfjzpf\? rS djyK
d 0ð® b
onfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd wó ]]o®mo®ðeH 0g}}wd { uma&mç rS dtma'aom p/
ykpH H yk&ad o wd|w d /H

jrefrm a,mufsm;ü wnf\/
½ly yk&dao oum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumoteufü owårD
0dbwf {u0kpf o®0ð b d wfouf? (yk&o d +o®)ð o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh yk&o
d [laom ykvi’d f
tum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk {jyK? (yk&o
d + {) o-cGi;f t-<uif; o&avm
ayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? yk&dao
oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yk&o d rS?d yk&o
d o®/ð
jrefrm a,mufsm;ü/
½ly yk&dorSdç yk&doo®ðum; yk&dovdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo
teufü owårD0dbwf {u0kpf o®ð0dbwfouf? (yk&do+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh
yk&o d [laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk {jyKoifjh im;aomf vnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (yk&doo®ð)Ny;D \/
o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh yk&do[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅ
aemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? yk&dorSdum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm A[k0kpfü ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh { jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]ok[o d u G ma&m {}}wd { uma&m/

ykpH H yk&ad ook/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly yk&daookum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh Moumo teufü
owår0D b d wf A[k0pk f ok0b d wfouf? (yk&o d +ok) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m
{ okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ofAsnf;
{oku Yd yf? yk&daookum; Ny;D \/
*kPd ;f pOf
yk&od m'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y yk&ad om/ yk&o d m/
tm abmyk&doç abm yk&dom 0g/ abmaEÅm yk&dom/
'k yk&o d /H yk&ad o/
w yk&ad oe/ yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obd/
p yk&o d ó/ yk&o d meH/
yOö yk&o d mç yk&od o®mç yk&o d rSm/ yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obd/
q yk&o d ó/ yk&o d meH/
owå yk&ad oç yk&o d o®çð yk&o
d rS/d yk&ad ook/
jrefrm 0dbwfcEk pS o f ,G Ef iS ,hf OS af om yk&o d o'´g\ yk't f pOfudk odtyfouJo h Ydk
þtwl/
ygVd owå0dbwåd ,kwåm yk&doy'rmvmaÚ,sm ,xm? {0H wxmÞ
ykpH H ok*awm/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/
½ly ok*awm awmum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad omESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wm/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wko Yd nf/
½ly ok*wm wmum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&o d mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abm ok*w/ jrefrm tk.d ..jrwfpmG bk&m;/
½ly abm ok*w wum; ok*wvdiw f nf? abm yk&o d ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abm ok*wm/ jrefrm tk.d ..jrwfpmG bk&m;/
½ly abm ok*wm wmum; ok*wvdiw f nf? abm yk&o d mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 239
ykpH H b0aEÅm ok*wm/ jrefrm tk.d ..jrwfpmG bk&m;wk/Yd

½ly b0aEÅ m ok * wm wmum; ok*wvdifwnf? b0aEÅm yk&domESifh
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wH/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;uk/d
½ly ok*wHum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&o d EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*aw/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wku Yd /dk
½ly ok*aw
awum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad oESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*awe/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;jzif/h
½ly ok*awe
aweum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad oeESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*aw[dç ok*awbd/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wkjYd zif/h
½ly ok*aw[dç ok*awbdum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obdEiS hf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wó/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;tm;/
½ly ok*wó
wóum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&od óESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wmeH/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wkt Yd m;/
½ly ok*wmeHum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&o d meHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wm? ok*wo®m? ok*wrSm/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;rS/
½ly ok*wmç ok*wo®mç ok*wrSmum; ok*wvdifwnf? yk&domç
yk&o d o®m yk&od rSmESihf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ok*aw[d? ok*awbd/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wkrYd /S
½ly ok*aw[dç ok*awbdum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad o[dç yk&ad obdEiS hf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wó/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;\/
½ly ok*wó
wóum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&od óESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*wmeH/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wk\ Yd /
½ly ok*wmeHum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&o d meHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*aw? ok*wo®ð? ok*wrSd/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;ü/
½ly ok*awç ok*wo®ðç ok*wrSu d m; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad oç yk&o

d o®ð
yk&o d rSEd iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok*awok/ jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;wküYd /
½ly ok*awokum; ok*wvdiw f nf? yk&ad ookEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm 0dbwfcEk pS o
f ,
G Ef iS ,
hf OS af om yk&o d o'´g\ yk't f pOfudk odtyf
ouJhokdY þtwl/
ygVd owå0dbwåd ,kwåm yk&doy'rmvmaÚ,sm ,xm? {0H wxmÞ
yk&o
d m'd*P dk ;f 0ify'k rf sm;
ykpH H ok&/ jrefrm ewf/
ykpH H tok&/ jrefrm tok&m? 0g- 'gaem/
ykpH H e&/ jrefrm vl/
ykpH H O&*/ jrefrm a>r? 0g- e*g;/
ykpH H em*/
jrefrm qif? uHhaumfyif? jrwfaom&[EÅm? yOöif;avmif;/
ykpH H ,u©/
jrefrm bDvl;? owå0g? ewf? odMum;? &[EÅm? &u©Kdof/
ykpH H *EÄ/Á jrefrm *EÄeÁ wf/
ykpH H udE&é / jrefrm udE&é m? (ewfrsK;d udE&é mrsK;d )
ykpH H rEkó/ jrefrm vl/
ykpH H ydomp jrefrm ajrzkwb f v
D ;l /
ykpH H aywm/ jrefrm Nyw
d må /
ykpH H rmw*F/ jrefrm qif? rmw*F&aoh/
ykpH H Z*Fr/ jrefrm ouf&SdOpöm? owå0g/
ykpH H wk&*F/ jrefrm jrif;/
ykpH H 0&m[/ jrefrm 0uf/
ykpH H oD[/ jrefrm jcaoF/h
ykpH H As*/¢ jrefrm usm;/
ykpH H tpä/ jrefrm 0H/
ykpH H upäy/ jrefrm vdy/f
2/ emru@ 241
ykpH H w&pä/ jrefrm atmif;/

ykpH H rd*/ jrefrm orif/
ykpH H tó/ jrefrm jrif;/
ykpH H aomP/
jrefrm acG;? aomPvkvif? aomPax&f/
ykpH H tmavm/ jrefrm ta&miftvif;/
ykpH H avmu/ jrefrm avmuokH;yg;/
ykpH H edv,/ jrefrm tdr/f
ykpH H tedv/ jrefrm av/
ykpH H pm*/ jrefrm pGeMYf ujJ cif;/
ykpH H a,m*/ jrefrm ,SOjf cif;/
ykpH H 0g,mr/ jrefrm vkHYv/
ykpH H *gr/ jrefrm &Gm/
ykpH H ed*r/ jrefrm ed*;Hk /
ykpH H tm*r/ jrefrm tm*kyH gVd/
ykpH H "r®/ jrefrm w&m;/
ykpH H umr/
jrefrm awblru d w&m;[laom 0w¬Kumr? qE´&m*[laom udavomumr/
ykpH H oHC/ jrefrm &[ef;ponfw\ Ydk taygif;/
ykpH H MoC/ jrefrm av;yg;aomMoC? a&t,Of/
ykpH H aCmo/ jrefrm EGm;ausmif;om;&Gm/
ykpH H y#dó/ jrefrm trsu/f
ykpH H tmo0/
jrefrm av;yg;aom tmoa0g? ig;yg;aom ao/
ykpH H aum"/ jrefrm trsu/f
ykpH H avmb/ jrefrm wyfjcif;/
ykpH H om& rÇ/ jrefrm apmif;ajrmif;csKycf s,jf cif;/
ykpH H xrÇ/ jrefrm cufxefcidk rf mjcif;? wkid /f
ykpH H r'/ jrefrm ,pfjcif;/
ykpH H rme/ jrefrm axmifvmT ;jcif;/

ykpH H yrm'/ jrefrm arhavsmjcif;/
ykpH H ru©/ jrefrm aus;Zl;ukad cszsujf cif;/
ykpH H ykEmé */ jrefrm yke;f nufyif/
ykpH H yl*/ jrefrm uGr;f oD;yif/
ykpH H yeo/ jrefrm ydEyJé if/
ykpH H toe/ jrefrm ydawmufyif/
ykpH H prÜu/ jrefrm pum;yif/
ykpH H trÁ/ jrefrm o&ufyif/
ykpH H [dEÅmv/ jrefrm "Ek;H yif/
ykpH H wmv/ jrefrm xef;yif/
ykpH H Aukv/ jrefrm cs,m;yif/
ykpH H tZÆKe/ jrefrm a&cHwufyif? azmufMuyhH if/
ykpH H uðoku/ jrefrm aygufyif? uopfyif/
ykpH H rE´m&/ jrefrm ewfopfyif? xif&mS ;yef;yif/
ykpH H ukE/´ jrefrm oif;acGyif/
ykpH H ykprd E´/ jrefrm wrmyif/
ykpH H u&OÆ/ jrefrm oif;0ifyif/
ykpH H ½ku/© jrefrm opfyif/
ykpH H r,l&/ jrefrm Oa'gif;/
ykpH H oukP/ jrefrm iSu/f
ykpH H t@Z/ jrefrm iSu/f
ykpH H aumOÆ/ jrefrm BuKd;Mum/
ykpH H [Ho/ jrefrm [oFm/
£pöm'a,m-þokpdY onfwu Ydk v

dk nf;/ aÚ,sm-odtyfuek &f m\/
txl; raem*kPd ;f raem*Pm'd*P dk ;f \um;- em0dbwf o0dbwf o®0ð b d wf
wküYd xl;\/ em o o®0ð bd wfrS wyg;aom0dbwfü a&S;jzpfaom yk&o d o'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd raem*Pm'dó wk em o o®m o®o ð k 0daoaom? tnw¬ yk&o d orH/
2/ emru@ 243
ykpH H raem/ jrefrm pdwof nf/

½ly raem
raemum; revdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh vdifteufüyXrm
0dbwf {u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (re+od) ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh e-cGi;f t-<uif;? aom
[laomokwfjzifh re[laomykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd MojyK?
o& avmayg--okwjf zifh aemufo0d bd wf MotjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUefAsn;f tpdwf
t-ukdacs? aemufMoukdvnf; Mo[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H ,kawå [laom okwfjzifh
o&uif;aom efAsnf;ukd aemufMo okdYuyf? raemraemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rem/ jrefrm pdww f o
Ydk nf/
½ly rem
remum; revdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh vdofteufü yXrm
0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (re+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh re[laom
tum&EÅvdifaemifrSaESmif;aom yXrmA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfukd tm-jyK? (re+tm)
ykAÁra"m--okwfjzifh e-cGif; t-<uif;? o& avmayg--okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwf
tmtjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUefAsn;f tpdwf t-ukad cs? aemuftmukv d nf; tm[k
yuwdjyK? (ref+tm) ea, y&H ,kawå [laom okwfjzifh o&uif;aom efAsnf;ukd
aemuftm okdYuyf? rem
remum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ re/ jrefrm [,f...pdw/f

½ly a[ re reum; revdiw f nf? tk[
d í
l --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü yXrm
{u0kpf od0bd wfouf? (re+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü
oufaomod0dbwfukd *trnfrSnfh? (re+od) aooawm avmyH *odyd okwfjzifh
*trnf&adS omod0b d wfuadk cs? rereum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ rem 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; [,f...pdw/f
½ly rem
remum; revdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh tmvkyf teufü yXrm
{u0kpf od0bd wfouf? (re+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü
oufaomod0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf re+od) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? (erf+t+od) tum&
ydwm 'sEÅmerm okwfjzifh re[laom ykvd’if\ orÁE¨Djzpfaom t-ukd tmjyK? (ref+
tm+od) efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (rem+od) aooawm avmyH *odyd okwjf zifh *trnf
d wfuadk cs? rem
&Sad omod0b remum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm rem/ jrefrm tk.d .pdwwf /Ydk
½ly remum; revdiw

b0aEÅm rem f nf? wkt
Yd [
dk í
l --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
yXrm A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? (re+a,m) e-cGif; t-<uif;? oAÁa,meDerm{
okwjf zifh re[laom ykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom tmvkyyf XrmA[k0pk f a,m
0dbwfukd tmjyK? (ref+t+tm) o&mavmayg-acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H
okwfjzifh efAsnf; tmokdYuyf? rem
remum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H reH/ jrefrm pdwu

f /dk
½ly reHum; revdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufü 'kwd,m0dbwf
{u0kpf tH0b d wfouf? re+tH) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m avmayg-acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
ea, y&H okwfjzifh efAsnf; tHokdYuyf? reHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rae/ jrefrm pdwwf u Ydk /dk
½ly rae
raeum; revdiw f nf? wkuYd [
dk í
l --aMumifh uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf
A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (re+a,m) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh
re[laom ykvd’if tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom 'kwd,m A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfukd
{jyK? (ref+t+{) o&mavmayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H okwjf zifh efAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
rae
raeum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ [laomokwfrS ]]0g}}o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 95/ raem *Pm'dawm o®ðemerdtm/

okwjf refrm raem*kP d ;f vQif twl&adS omo'´grS aemufjzpfuek af om o®ð em em0dbwf
wkdY\ £ jyK tm
tmjyKwkdYonf tcsKdU jzpfukef\/
0dN*Kd[f retp&Sad om o'´gtaygif;wnf;? retp&Sad omo'´gtaygif;/
ygVd raemybkwd *aPm raem*aPm/
0kwjdå refrm repaomo'´gtaygif;aemifrS o® ð em em[laom0dbwfwkdY\ tpOf
twkid ;f £ tjyK tmtmtjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd raem*Pm'dawm o® ð ç em em£apöawoH ,xmuúrH £um&m
um&ma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
2/ emru@ 245
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzifh Adv y'

y'paomo'´gaemifrv S nf; o®0ð bd wf em0dbwf
wkdY\ tpOftwkdif; £jyK tmjyKwkdYonf tcsKdYojzifh jzpfukef\/
ygVd tm'd*[¾ aPe Advy'g y'g'dawmyd/
jrefrm ]]raem*Pm'dawm}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]raem*Pm'dawm}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 96/ o oa& 0g*arm/

okwjf refrm 0dbwftjyKo&aMumifh raem*kP d ;f vQit
f wl&adS omo'´grS aemufü
(ya&) oonf vmonf tcsKdU jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom 0dbwftjyKo&aMumifh xkrd aem*kP d ;f vQit
f wl&adS om
o'´gponfwrYdk o S mvQif o-vmonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd {awa[0 raem*Pm'D[d oa& ya& om om*arm a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H reom/ jrefrm pdwjf zif/h
½ly reom
reomum; revdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf; teufü
wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (re+em) raem*Pm'dawm o®ð emerdtm
okwjf zifh reo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk tmjyK? (re+tm) o oa& 0g*arm
okwfjzifh aemuf0dbwftjyKjzpfaom tmo&aESmif; aomaMumifh raem*kdPf;
reo'´gaemif oftu©&mvm? (re+of+tm) ofAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? reom
reomum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H raee/ jrefrm pdwfjzifh/

½ly raee
raeeum; revdiw f nf? jzif[
h í
l --aMumifh u½kP
d ;f teufü wwd,m
0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (re+em) e-cGif; t-<uif;? tawm aee okwfjzifh
re[laom ykvd’if tum&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom em0dbwfukd {ejyK? (ref+t+{e)
o&mavmayg-acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? ea, y&H okwjf zifh efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? raee
raeeum;
Ny;D \/
0go'´g þ0go'´gonf 00w¬dw0dbmomteuf&Sd\/ xdk00w¬dw0dbmom
teuf&adS om0go'´gaMumifh ]]raemç remç reHç raeç re tm,weH}}
paom ykpH w
H üYdk tjrrJ jzpf/ ]]rmeoduH apwodu}H }paomykpH w H üdYk tjrJ jzpf\/
ygVd 00w¬dw0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g? awe ]]raem rem reH rae re

tm,we}}EÅd tm'Dok e a[mwd/ ]]rmeoduH? apwodu}}EÅd tm'Dok edpöH/
ykpH H rae[d? raebd jrefrm pdww
f jYdk zif/h
½ly rae[dç raebdum; revdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf;
teufü wwd,m0dbwf A[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf? (re+[d) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d G
uma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
Yd yf? (rae[d) Ny;D \/ raebd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b
efAsn;f {oku d wfudk
bdjyK? raebdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]raem*Pm'dawmç 0g}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
jrefrm ]]raem*Pm'dawmç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 97/ oó apm/

okwjf refrm raem*kdPf;rS aemufjzpfaom (y&ó) o 0dbwf\vnf; Mo MotjyK
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm raem*kdPf;rS aemufjzpfaom o jzpfaom 0dbwf\ Mo MotjyKonf
0kwyd å gVd raem*Pm'dawm y&ó oó 0dbwåó d MoMouma&m a[mwd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm o oa& 0g*arm okwfjzifh o tu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
ygVd om
om*arm/
ykpH H reaom/ jrefrm pdwt
f m;/
½ly reaom
reaomum; revdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkw¬D0dbwf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (re+o) oó apm [laomokwfjzifh re
[laom raem*kP d ;f o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk MojyK? (re+Mo) o oa&
0g*arm okwjf zifh re[laom raem*kP d ;f o'´gaemif oftu©&mvm? (re+of+Mo)
ofAsn;f MookuYd yf? reaom
reaomum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H reó/ jrefrm pdwt
f m;/
½ly reó
reóum; revdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkw¬D0dbwf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (re+o) oó apm [laomokwfjzifh re
2/ emru@ 247
[laom raem*kP d ;f o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk MojyKoifjh im; aomfvnf;

0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (re+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; aemuf ookdYuyf? reó reóum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H remeH/ jrefrm pdwfwkdYtm;/
½ly remeHum; revdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf A[k0pk f eH0b
d wfouf? (re+eH) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh
aemufe0H b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? efAsn;f aemuftm
oku Yd yf? remeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rem/ jrefrm pdwrf /S
½ly rem
remum; revdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD0dbwf
{u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (re+o®m) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh re[laom
ykvi’d tf um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? o&avmayg--acs? tm[k
yuwdjyK? efAsnf; tmokdYuyf? rem remum; NyD;\/
ykpH H reo®m? rerSm/ jrefrm pdwrf /S
½ly reo®mç rerSmum; revdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef teufü
yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (reo®m))Ny;D \/ rerSm-ü e-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mo®eð H
0g okwjf zifh re[laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk tmjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ref+t+o®m) o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g
okwjf zifh re[laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? efAsn;f
t-oku Yd yf? rerSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rae[dç raebd/ jrefrm pdww f rYdk /S

½ly rae[dç raebdum; revdifwnf? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef
teufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d0b
d wfouf? (re+[d) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m
{ okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b
d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {okYd
uyf? (rae[d) NyD;\/ raebd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh re[laom
ykvi’d t
f um&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? raebdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H reaom/ jrefrm pdw\ f /
½ly reaomum; revdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufü yOörD

reaom
0dbwf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H reó/ jrefrm pdw\ f /
½ly reó
reóum; revdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufü yOör0D b d wf
{u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H remeH/ jrefrm pdww f \
Ydk /
½ly remeHum; revdiw f nf? wk\Yd [lí--aMumifh omrdteufü yOör0D b d wf
A[k0pk f eH0b
d wfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H reod/ jrefrm pdwüf /
½ly reod u m; revd i f w nf ? ü[l í --aMumif h Moumoteuf ü
owårD0dbwf {u0kpf o®ð0dbwfouf? (re+o®ð) raem*Pm'dawm o®ðeme rdtm
owfjzifh re[laom raem*kP d ;f o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b
d wfudk £jyK? (re+£)
o oa& 0g*arm okwfjzifh aemuf0dbwftjyKjzpfaom £o&aESmif;aomaMumifh
re[laomraem*kP d ;f o'´gaemif oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f £oku Yd yf? reodum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rae/ jrefrm pdwüf /

½ly rae
raeum; revd i f w nf ? ü[l í --aMumif h Moumoteuf ü
owårD0dbwf {u0kpf o®ð0dbwfouf? (re+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh re[laom
ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom o®ð0dbwfukd {jyK? (re+{) e-cGif; t-<uif;
o&avmayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? rae
raeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H reo®?ð rerS/d jrefrm pdwüf /
½ly reo®ðç rerSdum; revdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumoteufü
owår0D b d wf {u0kpf o®0ð b d wfouf? (re+o®)ð o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh yk&o d [laom
yk v d ’ i f t um&EÅ a emif r S a ES m if ; aom o® ð 0 d b wf u k d {jyKoif h j im;aomf vnf ;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (reo®ð)Ny;D \/ rerSd-üüo®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
re[laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifrS aESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? rerSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H raeok/ jrefrm pdww

f üYdk /
½ly raeokum; revdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh Moumo teufü
2/ emru@ 249
owår0D bd wf A[k0pk f ok0b

d wfouf? (re+ok) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m {
okwjf zifh aemufo0k b
d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku
Yd yf?
raeokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
raem*Pm'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y raem/ rem/
tm a[ reç a[ rem/ b0aEÅm rem/
'k reH/ rae/
w reomç raee/ rae[dç raebd/
p reaomç reó/ remeH/
yOö reo®mç rerSm/ rae[dç raebd/
q reaomç reó/ remeH/
owå reodç raeç reo®çð rerS/d raeok/
raem*kPd ;f 0ify'k rf sm;

jrefrm reo'´guJo
h Ydk xkt
Yd wl 0po'´guk¤d if;/y/ t[o'´guk¤d if;/ odtyf\/
ygVd reoa'´g ,xm {0H wawm 0apm/y/ ta[m aÚa,sm/
ykpH H 0apm/ jrefrm pum;/
ykpH H 0a,m/ jrefrm t&G,/f
ykpH H awaZm/ jrefrm wefc;dk /
ykpH H wayg/ jrefrm tusi/hf
ykpH H apawm/ jrefrm pdw/f
ykpH H warm/ jrefrm trku d /f
ykpH H ,aom/ jrefrm tjct H &Htausmt
f apm/
ykpH H ta,m/ jrefrm oH/
ykpH H ya,m/ jrefrm Ek&Yd nf/
ykpH H oda&m/ jrefrm OD;acgif;/
ykpH H qaE´m/
jrefrm qef;usrf;? qEápwoduf/ 0g- wPSm/

ykpH H oa&m/ jrefrm tkid /f
ykpH H Oa&m/ jrefrm &if/
ykpH H &a[m/ jrefrm qdwu f ,
G &f mt&yf/
ykpH H ta[m/ jrefrm aeY/
jrefrm þrepaomo'´g wpfq,fah jcmufyg;onf? raem*kP d ;f rnf\/
ygVd £pöm'd raem*aPm
raem*aPm/
*kP0g'd*P dk ;f
jrefrm *kP0EÅKo'´g\ txl;um; *kP0EÅK+od [laom þyk'fü trSó
rrH okwfrS o0dbwådóo'´g EÅKóaEÅm okwfrS EÅKóo'´gonf vkduf\/
Þ
ygVd *kP0EÅKo'´ó aba'g/ *kP0EÅK od £wD"
]]o0dbwådóç EÅóm}}wd p t"duma&m/
-------------
okwf 98/ tm odrSd/

okwjf refrm hf uGaom EÅKypön;f \ tm
o0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w tmjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm hf uGaom tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f
ojzpfaom 0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
\ tm
tmjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅ Kypö,ó o0dbwåó d tm tmtma'aom a[mwd odrdS
0dbwård /dS
ykpH H *kP0g/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolonf/
½ly *kP0g0gum; *kP0EÅKvid w
f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh vdif teufü yXrm
0dbwf {u0kpf od0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+od) tm odrSd [laomokwfjzifh aemuf
{u0kpo f 0d b
d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
hf uG tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd tmjyK?
(*kP0+tm) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0g0gum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]a,mrSdç yXar}} [laomyk'fonf¤if;? EÅaó 0gokwfrS ]]0g}} o'´g
onf¤if;? oD[*wduenf;jzifh vku d \f /
2/ emru@ 251
ygVd ]]a,mrdSç yXar}}oD[*wd,m ]]0g}}wd p 0wåaw/

------------
okwf 99/ EÅKó aEÅm/

okwjf refrm yXrmjzpfaom a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom EÅKypön;f \
aEÅmjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm yXrmjzpfaom a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom tvk;H pkoH m
vQijf zpfaom EÅKypön;f \ aEÅmjyKonf tcsKo
Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅypö,ó o0dbwådó aEÅ mtma'aom a[mwd 0g
a,m
a,mrSd yXar/
ykpH H *kP0aEÅm wd|EÅ/d
jrefrm *kPf&SdaomolwkdYonf wnfukef\/
½ly *kP0aEÅmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[íl --aMumifh vdif teufü
yXrm0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+a,m) EÅKó aEÅm okwjf zifh aemuf
yXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
aEÅmjyK? *kP0aEÅmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oke[
H od yk 'k ?f yOöm'De rwåH okwrf S twå}H }[laomyk'o
f nfvnf;
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oke[
H od çk twå}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 100/ EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p/

okwjf refrm a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumif¤h if;? oke[ H 0d b
d wfwaYdk Mumif¤h if;? (oke[
H o
d k p)
EÅKypön;f \ tpdwOf onf ttjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwjdå refrm oke[ H d 0dbwfwaYkd Mumifh EÅKypön;f \ tpdwjf zpfaom Oonf ttjzpfoYdk
a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd EÅ K ypö,ó taEÅm O uma&m t wårmyZÆaw ok e H [ d a ,m
£apöawok/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh ok eH [d aomrSwpfyg;ukeaf om tH em o®m o®ð0b d wfwYdk

aMumifhvnf; ttjzpfokdY a&muf\/
ygVd p *¾[aPe tanok tH em o®m o®ðok p/
ykpH H *kP0EÅm (wd|EÅ)d /
jrefrm *kP&f u
dS ek af omolwo Ydk nf wnfuek \ f /
½ly *kP0EÅmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkoYd nf[í l --aMumifh vdif teufü
yXrm0dbwf A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+a,m) EÅKó aEÅm a,mok p
okwjf zifh aemufyXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd
t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm { okwjf zifh *kP0EÅ[al omykvi’d f tum&EÅ
aemifrSaESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfukd tmjyK? (*kP0EÅf+t+tm) o&avmayg
acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmum; Ny;D \/
tEÅo'´g EÅKó[laom q|D0b d wfaMumifh EÅKypön;f \ tpdwOf ukd t-jyKjcif;onf
NyD;vQufvnf; wzef tEÅo'´gukd jyKjkcif;aMumifh a,m0dbwfwkdY\
£jyKonfvnf; tcsKaYd omeykvi’d üf jzpf\/
ygVd q|d,m oda'ÿd tEÅ ma'ao yke t E Å *¾[Pu&Pawm a,meH
£ uma&m p uGpd/
ykpH H *kP0EÅ/d
jrefrm *kPf&SdukefaomolwkdYonf? wkdYukd/
½ly *kP0EÅdum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wko
Yd nf[í l --aMumifh vdif teufü
yXrm0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+a,m) EÅKó aEÅm a,mok pokwüf
tEÅo'´gykjd zifh aemufyXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf
Oukd t-jyK? a,m0dbwfukdvnf; £jyK? (*kP0EÅf+t+£) o&avmayg acs?
£[kyuwd jyK? EÅAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? *kP0EÅdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tH eykHoauokwfrS ]]tH}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]t}}rdwd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 101/ t0PÖm p a*/

okwjf refrm *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuGaom EÅ Kypönf;\
t 0PfjyKonf¤if;? tHjyKonf¤if;? jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 253
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom *trnf&adS om od0b d wfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom

tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom EÅ Kypön;f \ tHtjyK t 0PftjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅKypö,ó o0dbwåó d tH t t0P£apöaw tma'om
a[mEÅd a* ya&/
ykpH H abm *kP0H/ jrefrm tk.d . *kP&f adS omol/
½ly abm *kP0Hum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
yXrm0dbwf {u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh
tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf t0PÖm p a* okwjf zifh aemuf
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
tHjyK? (*kP0+tH) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf?
*kP0Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm *kP0/ jrefrm tk.d . *kP&f adS omol/
½ly abm *kP00um; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf t0PÖm p a* okwjf zifh aemuf
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
t-jyK? (*kP0+t) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg acs? t[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f toku Yd yf?
*kP00um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm *kP0g/ jrefrm tk.d . *kP&f adS omol/
½ly abm *kP0g 0gum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
tmvkyfteufüoufaom od0dbwfukd *trnfrSnfh? tmodrSd okwfjzifh aemuf
od0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG tmjyK?
(*kP0+tm) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
*kP0g 0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm *kP0aEÅm/ jrefrm tkd.. *kPf&SdaomolwkdY/
½ly b0aEÅm *kP0aEÅmum; *kP0EÅKvdifwnf? wkdYtkd[lí--aMumifh
tmvkyf teufü yXrm0dbwf A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+ a,m) EÅKó
aEÅm okwfjzifh aemuftmvkyf yXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwf aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;
pkaH omEÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG aEÅmjyK? *kP0aEÅm um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwo Ydk nf/

½ly *kP0EÅmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkt Yd [ dk í
l --aMumifh tmvkyf teufü
yXrm0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+a,m) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKó aEÅm
a,mok p okwjf zifh aemufyXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \
tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm { okwjf zifh *kP0EÅ[al om
ykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+tm)
o&avmayg acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅ/H jrefrm *kP&f adS omolu/dk
½ly *kP0EÅHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? uk[d í l --aMumifh uHteufü 'kw, d m
0dbwf {u0kpf tH0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+tH) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? o&avmayg acs?
Ydk yf? *kP0EÅHum; Ny;D \/
tH[yk uwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tHou
ykpH H *kP0aEÅ/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwu Ydk /dk
½ly *kP0aEÅum; *kP0EÅKvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh uH teufü
'kwd,m0dbwf A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+a,m) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? EÅKó
aEÅm a,mok p okwfjzifh aemufyXrm0dbwf a,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅK
ypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm { okwjf zifh *kP0EÅ
[laomykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom 'kw, d ma,m0dbwfudk {jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f
t+{) o&avmayg acs? {[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? *kP0aEÅum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm EÅó ao0g okwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
---------------
okwf 102/ awmwdwm oo®ðemok/

okwjf refrm o o®ð emem0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom EÅKypön;f \ awm
awmjyK
wdjyK wm
wmjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm o o®ð emem[laom0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om 0dbwfEiS hf wuGaom
EÅ Kypön;f \ ta&twGut f m;avsmpf mG awm awmjyK wdjyK wm
wmjyKwo
Ydk nf
tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅKypö,ó o0dbwåó d awm wd wm wmtma'om a[mEÅd
0g o o®ð em em£apöawok ,xmocs/ø
2/ emru@ 255
ykpH H *kP0wm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolonf (jzif)h /

½ly *kP0wm
0wmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm; teufü
wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+em) awmwdwm oo®ðemok
okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
wmjyK? *kP0wm 0wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0aEÅe/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolonf (jzif)h /
½ly *kP0aEÅeum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm; teufü
wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+em) awmwdwm oo®ðemok
okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
wmjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+em) EÅ-cGif; O-
<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk
{ejyK? (*kP 0EÅf+t+{e) o&avmayg--acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? EÅfAsnf; {okdYuyf?
*kP0aEÅeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0aEÅ[?d *kP0aEÅb/d
jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwjYdk zif/h
½ly *kP0aEÅ[dç *kP0aEÅbu d m; *kP0EÅKvid w
f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh
u½kP d ;f teufü wwd,m0dbwf A[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+[d) awmwdwm
oo®eð mok okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aom aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG wmjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+[d)
EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;aom
aMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+[d) ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh
aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUEÅt f pdwf t-ukd {-jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? *k P
0aEÅ[dum; Ny;D \/ *kP0aEÅbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfudk
bdjyK? *kP0aEÅbdum; Ny;D \/
---------------
okwf 103/ EÅó ao 0g/

okwjf refrm hf uGaom EÅKypön;f \/ EÅójyKonf tcsKUd
o0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o jzpfaom0dbwfwkdYaMumifh 0dbwfESifh wuGaom tvkH;pkHaom

EÅ Kypön;f \ EÅótjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅKypö,ó o0dbwåó d EÅó£pö,rma'aom a[mwd
0g aoao0dbwård /dS
ykpH H *kP0EÅó/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omoltm;/
½ly *kP0EÅóum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o) EÅó ao 0g okwjf zifh aemuf
o0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅK ypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG EÅójyK?
*kP0EÅóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0awm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omoltm;/
½ly *kP0awm
0awmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o) EÅó ao 0g okwjf zifh aemuf
o0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG EÅójyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? awmwdwm oo®eð mok okwjf zifh aemuf
o0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG awmjyK
*kP0awm 0awmum; Ny;D \/
---------------
okwf 104/ eHrSd wH 0g/

okwjf refrm eH0b hf uGaom EÅ Kypön;f \/ wHjyKonf tcsKUd
d wfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS hf wuGaom tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpf
aom EÅ Kypön;f \ wHtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅKypö,ó o0dbwåó d wHtma'aom a[mwd 0g eHrdS
0dbwård /dS
ykpH H *kP0wH/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwt Ydk m;/
½ly *kP0wHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw0D¬ b d wf A[k0pk f eH0b
d wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+eH) eHrdS wH 0g okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅK ypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG wHjyK? *k P 0wHum;
Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 257
ykpH H *kP0EÅmeH/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwt Ydk m;/

½ly *kP0EÅmeHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gefteuf
ü pwkw0D¬ b d wf A[k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+eH) eHrdS wH 0g okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wHjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+eH) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p
okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f
t+eH) okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUEÅftpdwf tukd
tm'DCjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmeHum; Ny;D \/
o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwfuo hJ iYdk hJ ]]trS wkrS EÅK}}þokt Yd p&Sad omokwjf zifh o®m
0dbwfudk em0dbwfukduJhokdY iJhjcif;ukd jyKtyf\/ (umwaAÁm)/
ygVd ]]trS wkrS EÅK}}£pöm'dem o® m0peó emAsya'aom/
ykpH H *kP0wm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolr/S
½ly *kP0wm
0wmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef teufü
yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®m) trSwkrSEÅK &mZjA[®wåoc
ow¬Kyw d m'D[d o®mem0 okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwf uku d o hJ iYdk ?hJ (*kP0EÅK+em)
awmwdwm oo®eð mok okwjf zifh aemuf em0dbwf aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wmjyK? *kP0wm
0wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolr/S
½ly *kP0EÅmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef teufü
yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®m) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok
p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufo®m0dbwfaESmif;aom aMumifh EÅKypönf;\tpdwf Oukd
t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+o®m) o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh *kP0EÅ[al omykvi’d f tum&EÅaemifrS
aESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+tm) o&avmayg-acs? tm[kyuwd
jyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅom® ? *kP0EÅrmS / jrefrm *kP&f adS omolr/S
½ly *kP0EÅo®mç *kP0EÅrSmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg
'gef teufü yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®m) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;?
EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufo®m0dbwf aESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+o®m) EÅAf sn;f toku Yd yf? *kP0EÅo®mum;
NyD;\/ *kP0EÅrSm-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemufo®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK?

*kP0EÅrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0aEÅ[?d *kP0aEÅb/d jrefrm *kP&f adS omolwrYdk /S
½ly *kP0aEÅ[dç *kP0aEÅbdum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkrYd [ S í
l --aMumifh
tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d0bd wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+[d) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;?
EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemuf[0d b d wf aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f
\tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+[d) ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf
aESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUEÅt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? *kP0aEÅ[u d m; Ny;D \/
*kP0aEÅb-d ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfudk bdjyK? *kP0aEÅbu d m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅó/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omol\/
½ly *kP0EÅóum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd teufü
q|D0b d wf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *kP0awm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omol\/
½ly *kP0awm
0awmum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd teufü
q|D0b d wf {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *kP0wH/ jrefrm *kPf&SdaomolwkdY\/
½ly *kP0wHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh omrd teufü
q|D0b d wf A[k0pk f eH0b
ykpH H *kP0EÅmeH/ jrefrm *kPf&SdaomolwkdY\/
½ly *kP0EÅmeHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh omrd teufü
q|D0b d wf A[k0pk f eH0b
ykpH H *kP0wd/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolü/
½ly *kP0wdum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? üS[í l --aMumifh Moumo teufü
owår0D b d wf {u0kpf o®0ð bd wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®)ð awmwdwm oo®eð mok okwjf zifh
aemuf o®0ð b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wdjyK?
*kP0wdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅm/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omolü/
½ly *kP0aEÅum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo teufü
owår0D b d wf {u0kpf o®0ð bd wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®)ð EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok
2/ emru@ 259
p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0ð® b d wfaESmif;aom aMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-

jyK? (*kP0EÅf+t+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh *kP0EÅ[laomykvd’if tum&EÅaemifrS
aESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk {jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+{) o&avmayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f
{oku Yd yf? *kP0aEÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅo?ð® *kP0EÅr/dS jrefrm *kPf&Sdaomolü/
½ly *kP0EÅoçð® *kP0EÅru dS m; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo
teufü owår0D b d wf {u0kpf o®0ð bd wfouf? (*kP0EÅK+o®)ð EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm
a,mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0ð® b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf
Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+o®)ð EÅAf sn;f toku Yd yf? *kP0EÅo®ðum; Ny;D \/ *kP0EÅrSd-ü
o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemufo0ð® b d wfudk rSjd yK? *kP0EÅrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0aEÅo/k jrefrm *kPf&SdaomolwkdYü/
½ly *kP0aEÅou k m; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh Moumoteuf
ü owårD0dbwf A[k0kpf ok0dbwfouf? (*kP0EÅK+ok) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm
a,mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0k b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf
Oukd t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+ok) ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SUEÅt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? *kP0aEÅokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
*kP0g'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y *kP0g/ *kP0aEÅmç *kP0EÅmç *kP0EÅ/d
tm abm *kP0Hç abm *kP0ç b0aEÅm *kP0aEÅmç *kP0EÅm/
abm *kP0g/
'k *kP0EÅ/H *kP0aEÅ/
w *kP0wmç *kP0aEÅe/ *kP0aEÅ[çd *kP0aEÅb/d
p *kP0EÅóç *kP0awm/ *kP0wHç *kP0EÅmeH/
yOö *kP0wmç *kP0EÅmç *kP0aEÅ[çd *kP0aEÅb/d
*kP0EÅom® ç *kP0EÅrmS /
q *kP0EÅóç *kP0awm/ *kP0wHç *kP0EÅmeH/
owå *kP0wdç *kP0aEÅç *kP0aEÅo/k

*kP0EÅoçð® *kP0EÅr/dS
*kP0g'd*P dk ;f 0ify'k rf sm;

jrefrm *kP0EÅKo'´guJo
h Ydk xkt
Yd wl/
ygVd (*kP0EÅKoa'´g,xm) {0H/
ykpH H *P0g/ jrefrm *kP d ;f &Sad omol/
ykpH H *kv0g/ jrefrm trsK;d &Sad omol/
ykpH H Av0g/ jrefrm tm;&Sdaomol/
ykpH H ,o0g/
jrefrm tjctH &Htausmt f apm&Sad omol/
ykpH H "e0g/ jrefrm Opöm&Sad omol/
ykpH H okw0g/ jrefrm tMum;tjrif&adS omol/
ykpH H b*0g/ jrefrm bke;f &Sad omol/
ykpH H [dr0g/ jrefrm qD;ESi;f &Sad omawmif/
ykpH H zv0g/ jrefrm toD;&Sad omopfyif/
ykpH H oDv0g/ jrefrm oDv&Sdaomol/
ykpH H yn0g/ jrefrm ynm&Sad omol/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH w H u

Ydk dk odtyfuek \
f /
ygVd £pöm'a,m/
jrefrm [dr0EÅKo'´grS od0b d wfudk owfNy;D aomfÞ
yOöm'DerwåHokwfrS ]]twåHyk'f}} EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwfrS
]]EÅKóaEÅm}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d o f nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd [dr0EÅKo'áwm odrdS uawÞ
]]twåçH EÅKó}aEÅm}}wd p 0wårmaeÞ
---------------
2/ emru@ 261
okwf 105/ odrSd 0g/

okwjf refrm od0b d wfaMumifh EÅ Kypön;f \ tpdwOf \ t-tjzpfonf tcsKUd ojzifh
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm odjzpfaom0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh EÅKypön;f \ tpdwOf onf t-tjzpfonf
0kwyd å gVd EÅ Kypö,ó taEÅm t wåH a[mwd 0g odrSd0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H [dr0aEÅm/ jrefrm qD;ESi;f &Sad omt&yf/
½ly [dr0aEÅmum; [dr0EÅKvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0bd wfouf?
([dr0EÅK+od) EÅK-cGi;f O-<uif;? odrSd 0g okwjf zifh aemuf od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? ([dr0EÅ+f t+od) aom [laomokwjf zifh aemufo0d d
bwfudk MojyK? o&avmayg-acs? Mo[k yuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f Mooku Yd yf? [dr0aEÅmum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H [dr0g/ jrefrm qD;ESi;f &Sad omawmawmift&yf/
½ly [d r 0g0gum; [dr0EÅKvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
([dr0EÅK+od) EÅK-cGi;f O-<uif;? odrSd 0g okwjf zifh aemuf od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ([dr
0EÅf+O+od) tmodrSd okwfjzifh aemuf od0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypönf;ukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG tmjyK? ([dr0+tm) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg-acs? tm[k yuwd
jyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? [d r 0g
0gum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm <uif;aom tpDt&ifonf *kP0EÅKo'´gESihf wl\/

ygVd aooH orH/
0go'´g wzef oAÁó 0g tHaook okwrf S 0g 0go'´gvku d af umif;vQuf 0g

0go'´g
ukd jyKjcif;onf [dr0EÅKo'´grS wyg;aomo'´gü ttjyKukd jrpfjcif;
tusK;d &S\ 0g
d ? þ0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS ? xk0g
d0go'´
0 g gaMumifh *kP0EÅK
o'´gponfwüYdk tvGev f sO;f yg;jcif;onf rjzpf/
ygVd yke 0g
0g*¾[Pu&PH [d r 0EÅ Ko'áwm tnMw twåedao "ew¬H?
00w¬wd 0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g/ awe *kP0EÅm'Dok emwdyo Ü a*Fg/
jrefrm 0EÅKypön;f vQif tqk;H &Sad omyk'w f uYdk dk odtyfouJo h Ydk xkt Yd wl? owdrm
/y/ 0dZKÆ rm þokt Yd p&Sad om rEÅKypön;f tqk;H &Su d ek af om yk'w f u Ydk dk odtyfuek \ f /
ygVd 0EÅK ypö,EÅm aÚ,sm ,xm? {0H-wxm owdrm/y/ 0dZKÆ rm £pöm-
'a,m/ rEÅKypö,EÅm aÚ,sm/
ykpH H {0H owdrm/ jrefrm þtwl owd&Sdaom/
½ly owdrmmum; owdrEÅKvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf?
(owdrEÅK+od) EÅK-cGi;f O-<uif;? odrSd 0g okwjf zifh aemuf od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (owd
rEÅ+f O+od) tmodrdS okwjf zifh aemuf od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwf
ESiw hf uG tmjyK? (owdr+tm) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg-acs? tm[k yuwdjyK?
rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? owdrmmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H "dwrd m/ jrefrm wnfMunfjcif;&Sad omol/
½ly "dwdrmmum; "dwrd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *wdrm/ jrefrm ynm&Sad omol/
½ly *wdrmmum; *wdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rwdrm/ jrefrm ynm&Sad omol/
½ly rwdrmmum; rwdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rkwrd m/ jrefrm ynm&Sad omol/
½ly rkwdrmmum; rkwrd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rkwrdå m/ jrefrm vGwjf cif;&Sad omol/
½ly rkwådrmmum; rkwrdå EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Zkwrd m/ jrefrm ta&mif&adS omol/
½ly Zkwdrmmum; Zkwrd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H od&rd m/ jrefrm toa&&Sad omol/
½ly od&drmmum; od&rd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H [d&rd m/ jrefrm &Sujf cif;&Sad omol/
½ly [d&drmmum; [d&rd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xkwdrm/ jrefrm cs;D rGr;f jcif;&Sad omol/
½ly xkwdrmmum; xkwrd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 263
ykpH H &wdrm/ jrefrm arGUavsmjf cif;&Sad omol/

½ly &wdrmmum; &wdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,wdrm/
jrefrm tm;xkwjf cif;&Sad omol? apmifph nf;jcif;&Sad omol/
½ly ,wdrmmum; ,wdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H okprd m/ jrefrm pifMu,fjcif;&Sad omol/
½ly okpdrmmum; okprd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uvdrm/
jrefrm raumif;rI&adS omol? ½I;H jcif; &Sad omol/
½ly uvdrmmum; uvdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Avdrm/ jrefrm ylaZmfjcif;&Sad omol/
½ly Avdrmmum; AvdrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uodrm/ jrefrm a&;jcpfjcif;&Sad omol/
½ly uodrmmum; uodrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ½kprd m/
jrefrm ta&mif&adS omol? ESpo f ufjcif;&Sad omol/
½ly ½kpdrmmum; ½kprd EÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Ak'rd¨ m jrefrm ynm&Sad omol/
½ly Ak'¨drmmum; Ak'rd¨ EÅKvid w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pu©Krm/ jrefrm rsupf &d adS omol/
½ly pu©Krm rmum; pu©KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H AE¨Krm/ jrefrm taqG&adS omol/
½ly AE¨Krmrmum; AE¨KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[wkrm/ jrefrm taMumif;&Sad omol/
½ly a[wkrmmum; a[wkrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aowkrm/ jrefrm wHwm;&Sdaomol/
½ly aowkrmmum; aowkrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H auwkrm/ jrefrm rSeuf if;uJo h rYdk me&Sad omol/
½ly auwkrmmum; auwkrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H &m[krm/ jrefrm &m[k&adS omol/
½ly &m[krmmum; &m[krEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bmPkrm/ jrefrm ta&mif&adS omol/ (aeY)
½ly bmPkrmmum; bmPkrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H cgPkrm/ jrefrm opfiw k &f adS omt&yf/
½ly cgPkrmmum; cgPkrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dZKÆ rm/ jrefrm vQy&f adS omwdr/f
½ly 0dZÆKrm
rmum; 0dZKÆ rEÅKvid wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm xkyd 'k t
f aygif;wkwYd iG f owdrEÅK AE¨KrEÅKo'´gwk\ Yd tH0b d wfwüYdk ½kyf
txl;onf jzpf\/
yOöm'DerwåH okwfrS twåHyk'fç EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwfrS EÅKó
[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ww¬ owdrEÅK AE¨KrEÅK o'´geH tHao ook ½lyaba'g/
]]twåHçEÅKóm}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 106/ oAÁó 0g tHaook/

okwjf refrm tHç o 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f \ ttjzpfonf tcsKUd
ojzifh jzpf\ (twåH)/
0kwjdå refrm tH0b d wf o 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkoH mvQijf zpfaom EÅ Kypön;f \?
t tjzpfonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅ Kypö,ó t wåH a[mwd 0g tH o£apöawok/
0go'´g þokwüf vnf; 0g 0go'´g\ 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&o dS nf\ tjzpf
aMumifh owdrEÅK AE¨KrEÅKrS wyg;aomyk'üf ttjyK\ vsO;f yg;jcif;onf rjzpf/
ygVd £"myd 0g 0go'´ó 00w¬w d 0dbmowåm emwdyo Ü a*Fg/
ykpH H owdr/H jrefrm owd&Sdaomolukd/
½ly owd r Hum; owdrEÅKvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf?
(owdrEÅK+tH) oAÁó 0g tHaook okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
2/ emru@ 265
tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd t-jyK? (owdr+t+tH) r-cGif; t-<uif;? o&avmayg--

okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh rEÅKypönf;\ t-ukd acs? rftpdwf
tukv d nf;acs? (owdr+f tH) tH[yk uwdjyK? rfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? owd r Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H owdrEÅ/H jrefrm owd&Sdaomolukd/
½ly owd r EÅ Hum; owdrEÅKvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf?
(owdrEÅK+tH) oAÁó 0g tHaook okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd t-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´g jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&?
(owdrEÅK+tH) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemuft0H b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (owdrEÅ+f t+tH) o&avmayg-
-acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? owdrEÅHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H AE¨Kr/H jrefrm taqG&adS omolu/dk
½ly AE¨KrHum; AE¨KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H AE¨KrEÅ/H jrefrm taqG&adS omolu/dk
½ly AE¨KrEÅu H m; AE¨KrEÅKvid wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H owdró/ jrefrm owd&Sdaomoltm;/

½ly owdróóum; owdrEÅKvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(owdrEÅK+o) oAÁó 0g tHaook okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd t-jyK? (owdr+t+o) r-cGif; t-<uif;? o&avmayg--
okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh rftpdwf tukdvnf;acs? rfAsnf; t-
okdYuyf? (owdr+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? owdró óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H owdrawm/ jrefrm owd&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly owdrawm
awmum; owdrEÅKvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf
ouf? (owdrEÅK+o) oAÁó 0g tHaook okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd t-jyKoifjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? awmwdwm oo®eð mok okwjf zifh aemuf o0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypön;f ukd
0dbwfEiS whf uG awmjyK? owd rawm
rawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H owdrEÅó/ jrefrm owd&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly owdrEÅóum; owdrEÅKvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf

ouf? (owdrEÅK+o) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? oAÁó 0g tHaook okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅKypönf;\tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (owdrEÅf+t+o) EÅfAsnf; t-
oku d yf? (owdrEÅ+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? owdrEÅóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H AE¨Kró/ jrefrm taqG&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly AE¨Kró
róum; AE¨KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H AE¨Krawm/ jrefrm taqG&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly AE¨Krawm
rawmum; AE¨KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H AE¨KrEÅó/ jrefrm taqG&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly AE¨KrEÅóum; AE¨KrEÅKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm <uif;aom ½kyt f aygif;onf *kP0EÅKo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd aooH orH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
owdrm*kP d ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y owdrm/ owdraEÅm/
tm abm owdrHç abm owdrç b0aEÅm owdraEÅmç owdrEÅm/
abm owdrm/
'k owdrçH owdrEÅ/H owdraEÅ/
w owdrwmç owdraEÅe/ owdraEÅ[çd owdraEÅb/d
p owdróç owdrEÅóç owdrwHç owdrEÅmeH/
owdrawm/
yOö owdrwmç owdraEÅe/ owdraEÅ[çd owdraEÅb/d
q owdróç owdrEÅóç owdrwHç owdrEÅmeH/
owdrawm/
owå owd0wdç owd0aEÅç owdraEÅo/k
owdrEÅoçð® owdrEÅr/dS
rSwcf suf AE¨Krm-*kP
d ;f pOfudk þenf;twkid ;f pOfyg/
2/ emru@ 267
jrefrm *p
*pää EÅo'´g\ txl;ukd þokYd odtyf\/
*pä EÅ od yk'fü o oa& 0g *arm okwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'f onf
vkduf\/
ygVd *p
*pää EÅo'´ó aba'g? *pä EÅ od/
]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 107/ odrSd *pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH/

okwjf refrm od0bd wfaMumifh *p *pää EÅvQit
f wl&u dS ek af om o'´gwk\ Yd EÅo'´gonf
tHtjzpfoYdk tcsKUd a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm odjzpfaom 0dbwfaMumifh 0wårmae rmeEÅmokwfjzifh oufaom
tEÅypön;f tqk;H &Su
d ek af om þ*p*p
*pää EÅ[al omyk'v f Qif twl&u dS ek af om
o'´gwk\ Yd EÅo'´gonf tHtjyKwnf;[laom azmufjyefjcif;okYd tcsKo Yd jzifh a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd *päEÅdapö0rm'DeH tEÅypÜ , ö EÅmeH EÅoa'´g tH½yl H tmyaZÆaw 0g odrdS
0dbwård /dS
½kyf jrefrm o&avmayg okwjf zifh aooawm okwjf zifh od0b d wfausjcif;ukd
jyKtyf\/
ygVd o&avmyod odavmayg/
ykpH H aom *päHç *päaEÅm 0g *PSmwd/

jrefrm oGm;aom wenf;um; oGm;aom xkad ,mufsm;onf (yk&ad om) ,l\/
½ly *päHum; *pä EÅvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (*pä EÅ+
od) odrSd *pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH okwfjzifh aemufod0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh *pä EÅ
o'´gvQif twl&adS omo'´gwk\ Yd EÅo'´gukd tHjyK? (*pä+tH+ od) pä-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs?
tH[kyuwdjyK? *päfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? (*päH+od) aooawm avmyH okwfjzifh aemuf
*trnfr&Sad om od0b d wfuadk cs? *päHum; Ny;D \/
½ly *päaEÅmum; *pä EÅvid wf nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0bd wfouf? (*pä EÅ
+od) odrdS *pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh *pä EÅ
o'´gvQif twl&adS omo'´gwk\ Yd EÅo'´gukd tHjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (*pä EÅ+od) aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? acs?
Mo[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f aemufMooku Yd yf? *päaEÅmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]*pä EÅm'DeçH EÅoa'´g}}[laomyk'o f nf vkud o f nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd ]]*pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g}}wd p 0wårmaeÞ
---------------
okwf 108/ aoaook EÅK0/

okwjf refrm od0dbwfrS<uif;ukefaom 0dbwf ypönf;wkdYaMumifh (od0peawm)
*pä EÅvQif twl&Sdukefaomo'´gwkdY\ EÅo'´gukd EÅ Kypönf;ukduJhokdY
rSwt f yf\ ('|aAÁm)/
0kwjdå refrm od0b d wfr<S uif;ukeaf om 0dbwf ypön;f wkaYd Mumifh *pä EÅvQif twl&dS
ukeaf omo'´gwk\ Yd EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f uku d o
hJ Ydk rSwt
f yf\/
0kwyd å gVd *päEÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g EÅKypöa,m0 '|aAÁm aoaook 0dbwåyd pÜ aö ,ok/
rSwcf suf aoaookt& <uif;aom 0dbwfukd ,lyg/
t"dygÜ ,f odrSwyg;aom 0dbwfaMumifh þEÅKuJhokdY iJh[laom ñTefjcif;onf
awmwdwm paomokww f jYdk zifh jyKtyfaom awmtp&Sad om um&d,
ukd ñTejf yjcif;wnf;/
ygVd odrSd um&d,mwda'aom,H/
tod
tñTe;f <uif;aom½kyo f nf *kP0EÅKy'k üf pD&iftyfaom½kyEf iS hf wl\/
ygVd aooH *kP0EÅKorH/
ykpH H aw *päaEÅm/ jrefrm xkdoGm;aomolwkdYonf/
ykpH H abm *päH? abm *pä? abm *päm/
jrefrm tk.d ..oGm;aomol/
ykpH H b0aEÅm *päaEÅm? *pä EÅm/
jrefrm tk.d ..oGm;aomolw/Ydk
ykpH H (*pä)H *pä EÅ/H jrefrm oGm;aomolukd/
ykpH H *päaEÅ/ jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdYukd/
ykpH H *päwm? *päaEÅe/ jrefrm oGm;aomolonf? jzifh/
ykpH H *päaEÅ[?d *päaEÅb/d
2/ emru@ 269
jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/

ykpH H *päawm? *pä EÅó/ jrefrm oGm;aomoltm;/
ykpH H *päw?H *pä EÅmeH/ jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdYtm;/
ykpH H *päwm? *pä EÅom® ? *pä EÅrmS /
jrefrm oGm;aomolrS/
ykpH H *päaEÅ[?d *päaEÅb/d jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdYrS/
ykpH H *päawm? *pä EÅó/ jrefrm oGm;aomol\/
ykpH H *päw?H *pä EÅmeH/ jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdY\/
ykpH H *päw?d *päaEÅ? *pä EÅo?ð® *pä EÅr/dS
jrefrm oGm;aomolü/
ykpH H *päaEÅo/k jrefrm oGm;aomolwkdYü/
*kPd ;f pOf
*pä EmÅ 'd*P
dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y *päçH *päaEÅm/ *päaEÅmç *pä EÅm/
tm abm *päçH abm *päç b0aEÅm *päaEÅmç *päEmÅ /
abm *päm/
'k *päçH *pä EÅ/H *päaEÅ/
w *päwmç *päaEÅe/ *päaEÅ[çd *päaEÅb/d
p *päawmç *pä EÅó/ *päwçH *pä EÅmeH/
yOö *päwmç *pä EÅom® ç *päaEÅ[çd *päaEÅb/d
*pä EÅrmS /
q *päawmç *pä EÅó/ *päwçH *pä EÅmeH/
owå *päwçd *pä EÅoçð® *pä EÅr/dS *päaEÅo/k
ykpH H {0H r[H/ jrefrm þtwl ylaZmfonf/
ykpH H p&H/ jrefrm oGm;onf/
ykpH H wd|/H jrefrm &yfonf/
ykpH H ''H/ jrefrm ay;onf/
ykpH H bkO/HÆ jrefrm pm;onf/

ykpH H okPH/ jrefrm emonf/
ykpH H ypH/ jrefrm csuo f nf/
ykpH H Z,H/ jrefrm atmifonf/
ykpH H ZD&/H jrefrm ausro G nf/
ykpH H p0H/ jrefrm a&GUonf/
ykpH H rD,/H jrefrm EIid ;f ,SOof nf/
ykpH H o&H/ jrefrm atmufarhonf/
ykpH H ukA/HÁ jrefrm jyKonf/
ykpH H ZyH/ jrefrm &Gwzf wfonf/
ykpH H 0ZH/ jrefrm oGm;onf/
þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH wH u
Ydk dk rSwtf yfuek \
f / £pöm'a,m/
rSwcf suf b0EÅo'´g\ * a,m em o 0dbwfwüYdk xl;\/
ygVd b0EÅo'´ó * a,m em o o0paeok 0daoaom/
ykpH H aom b0H/
jrefrm xkwd &m;oabmukd tvk&d adS omolonf ("r®umarm) yGm;pD;onf jzpf\/
½ly b0Hum; b0EÅvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b0EÅ+
od) odrdS *pä EÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd
tHjyK? (b0+tH+od) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&avmayg-acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHoYdk
uyf? (b0H+od) aooawm-odacs? b0Hum; NyD;\/
jrefrm b0awm abmawm okwrf S ]]b0awm}}[laom yk'o f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]b0awm}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 109/ Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó/

okwjf refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh b0EÅo'´g\ tcsKUd jy,k*üf 0tu©&m\ Mo
Mo yK
Motj
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a,m
a,m[laomþ0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh b0EÅ[al om þyk'\ f 0tu©&m\
tcsKUd jy,k*üf Mo
Motjzpfonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 271
0kwyd å gVd b0EÅ£apöwó 0um&ó Mo o

Mobma0g a[mwd uGpd a,m
a,m£apöawok/
ykpH H aw abmaEÅm/ jrefrm xkt d &Siw f o Ydk nf/
½ly abmaEÅmum; b0EÅvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (b0EÅ+a,m) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\tpdwf 0ukd MojyK? (b+ Mo+EÅ+a,m) b-cGi;f t-
<uif;? acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? bfAsnf; MookdYuyf? (abmEÅ+a,m) aoaook EÅK0
okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f uku
d o
hJ iYdk ?hJ (abmEÅK+
a,m) EÅKóaEÅm okwjf zifh aemuf yXrma,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumihf tvk;H pkaH omEÅK
hf uG aEÅmjyK? abmaEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w
ykpH H b0aEÅm/ jrefrm t&Siwf o

Ydk nf/
½ly b0aEÅ mum; b0EÅvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (b0EÅ+a,m) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\tpdwf 0ukd MojyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; uGpo d '´gjrpf
aomaMumifh rjyK&? (b0EÅ+a,m) aoaook EÅK0 okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f uku
d o
hJ iYdk ?hJ (abmEÅK+a,m) EÅKóaEÅm okwjf zifh
aemufyXrma,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumihf tvk;H pkaH omEÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
aEÅmjyK? b0aEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0EÅm/ jrefrm t&Siw f o

Ydk nf/
½ly b0EÅmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wkoYd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m 0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+a,m) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\tpdwf 0ukd MojyKoifh jim;aomfvnf; uGpdo'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (b0EÅ+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh b0EÅ[laom ykvd’if
tum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom yXrma,m 0dbwfukd tmjyK? EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? acs?
Yd yf? b0EÅmum; Ny;D \/
tm[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku
jrefrm ]]b0awm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]b0awm}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 110/ abm a* wk/

okwjf refrm * trnf&adS om o0dbwfaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\ (b0awm) abm abmjyK
onfvnf; (abmwk) jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom *trnf&adS om od0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom
b0EÅo'´g\ abm abmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 b0EÅo'´ó abm a[mwd a* ya&/
wko'´g wko'´gjzifh baEÅç abmEÅm paomtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd wkoa'é baEÅç abmEÅm'd p/
½kyf jrefrm aooawm okwfjzifh * ukad cs/
ygVd * avmayg/
ykpH H abm/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocif/
½ly abm
abmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tk[d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b0EÅ+
od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfteufüoufaom od0dbwfukd
*trnfrSnfh? abm a* wk okwfjzifh aemuf*trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh tvkH;pkHaomb0EÅo'´gudk abmjyK? (abm+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? abm
abmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H baEÅ/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocif/
½ly baEÅum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tk[d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b0EÅ+
*trnfrn S ?hf abm a* wk okwüf wko'´gjzifh aemuf*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omb0EÅo'´gudk baEÅjyK? (baEÅ+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? baEÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmEÅ/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocif/
½ly abmEÅum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tk[d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b0EÅ+
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omb0EÅo'´gudk abmEÅjyK? (abmEÅ+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? abmEÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bEÅm/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocif/
2/ emru@ 273
½ly bEÅmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tk[

d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b0EÅ+
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omb0EÅo'´gudk bEÅmjyK? (bEÅm+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? bEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmaEÅm/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocifw/Ydk
½ly abmaEÅmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wkt Yd [ dk íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+a,m) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\tpdwf 0ukd MojyK? (b+Mo+EÅ+a,m) b-cGi;f ? acs?
Mo[kyuwdjyK? bfAsnf; MookdYuyf? (abmEÅ+a,m) aoaook EÅK0 okwfjzifh EÅukd
EÅKypönf;ukduJhokdYiJh? (abmEÅK+a,m) EÅóaEÅm okwfjzihf aemufyXrm a,m
0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG aEÅmjyK? abmaEÅm
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H b0aEÅm/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocifw/Ydk
½ly b0aEÅmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wkt Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m 0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+a,m) aoaook EÅK0 okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f uku d o
hJ iYdk ?hJ (abmEÅK+a,m) EÅKóaEÅm okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumihf tvkH;pkHaomEÅKypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG aEÅmjyK? b0aEÅ mum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0EÅm/ jrefrm tk.d ..ocifw/Ydk
½ly b0EÅmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wkt
Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m 0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh b0EÅ[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrS
aESmif;aom yXrma,m 0dbwfukd tmjyK? EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? b0EÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0EÅ/H jrefrm ocifu/dk

½ly b0EÅ H um; b0EÅvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf?
Ydk yf? b0EÅHum; Ny;D \/
(b0EÅ+tH) EÅ-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f tHou
ykpH H abmaEÅ/ jrefrm ocifwu Ydk /dk
½ly abmaEÅum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wku Yd [ dk íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?

(b0EÅ+a,m) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\tpdwf 0ukd MojyK (b+Mo +EÅ+a,m) b-cGi;f ? acs? Mo[k
yuwdjyK? bfAsnf; MookdYuyf? (abmEÅ+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh aemuf
'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? EÅfAsnf; {okdYuyf?
abmaEÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅ/ jrefrm ocifwu Ydk /dk
½ly b0aEÅum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wku Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh aemuf'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? EÅ-
Yd yf? b0aEÅum; Ny;D \/
cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku
a,m*0dbm* em
em0dbwf o 0dbwfwkdYü ]]Mobma0g uGpd}}[laom a,m*
0dbm*jzifh Mo
MojyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd emao
emaook ]]Mobma0g uGp}D }wd a,m*0dbma*e Mo Mobma0g/
ykpH H abmwm/ jrefrm t&Siof nf? jzif/h
½ly abmwm
abmwmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm; teufü
wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (b0EÅ+em) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó
okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\ tpdwf 0ukd MojyK? (b+Mo+
EÅ+em) b-cGif; acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? bfAsnf; MookdYuyf? (abmEÅ+em) aoaook
EÅK0 okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif; aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypönf;ukduJhokdYiJh?
(abmEÅK+em) awmwdwm oo®ð emok okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwf0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumihf tvk;H pkaH omEÅK ypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wmjyK? abmwmabmwmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0wm/ jrefrm t&Siof nf? jzif/h

½ly b0wm
b0wmum; b0EÅvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm; teufü
wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (b0EÅ+em) aoaook EÅK0 okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f uku
d o
hJ iYdk ?hJ (b0EÅK+em) awmwdwm oo®ð emok
okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwf0dbwfaESmif; aomaMumihf tvkH;pkHaomEÅK ypönf;ukd
0dbwfEiS whf uG wmjyK? b0wm
b0wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅe/ jrefrm t&SifwkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/
2/ emru@ 275
½ly b0aEÅeum; b0EÅvid w f nf? wkjYd zif[

h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? EÅ-cGi;f acs? {e[kyuwdjyK?
EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? b0aEÅeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmawm/ jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly abmawm
abmawmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(b0EÅ+o) Mobma0g uGpd a,mok 0um&ó okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumifh b0EÅo'´g\ tpdwf 0ukd MojyK? (b+Mo+EÅ+o) b-cGif; acs? Mo[k
yuwdjyK? bfAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? (abmEÅ+o) aoaook EÅK0 okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypönf;ukduJhokdYiJh? (abmEÅK+o) awmwdwm oo®ð
emok okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf0b d wfaESmif; aomaMumihf tvk;H pkaH omEÅK ypön;f ukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG awmjyK? abmawmabmawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0awm/ jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly b0wm
b0wmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tm;--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (b0EÅ+
o) aoaook EÅK0 okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif; aomaMumifh EÅo'´gukd EÅKypön;f ukd
uJo h iYdk ?hJ (b0EÅK+em) awmwdwm oo®ð emok okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf0b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumihf tvkH;pkHaomEÅK ypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifh wuG wmjyK? b0wm b0wmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H b0EÅó/ jrefrm t&Sit f m;/
½ly b0EÅóum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tm;--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (b0EÅ+
o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUüoftu©&mvm?
ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? b0EÅóum; Ny;D \/
þokt Yd p&Sad omy'rmvmonf yk&o d vdiEf iS w hf \l / £pöm'd/
*kP
d ;f pOf
b0EÅm'd*Pdk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y b0Hç b0aEÅm/ b0aEÅmç b0EÅm/
tm abm baEÅç abmEÅç abmEÅm/ abmaEÅmç b0aEÅmç b0EÅm/
'k b0EÅ/H abmaEÅç b0aEÅ/
w abmwmç b0wm/ b0aEÅe/
p abmawmç b0awm/ b0EÅó/

yOö b0wmç b0EÅom® ç b0EÅrmS / b0aEÅ[çd b0aEÅb/d
q abmawmç b0awm/ b0EÅó/
owå b0wdç b0EÅoçð® b0EÅr/dS b0aEÅo/k
--------------
okwf 111/ b'EÅó b'ÉÅ baEÅ/

okwjf refrm *trnf&adS om od0b d wfaMumif¤h if;? a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumif¤h if;? b'EÅ
o'´g\ b'ÉÅjyK baEÅtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom * trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfaMumifh¤if;? a,m0dbwfwkdY
H mvQijf zpfaom b'EÅo'´g\ b'´ E ÅjyK baEÅ
aMumif¤h if;? tvk;H pko
tjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKjYd y,k*üf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 b'EÅo'´ó b'ÉÅ baEÅ£apöaw tma'om a[mEÅd
uGpd a* ya& a,m a,mok p/
ykpH H abm b'ÉÅ/ jrefrm tk.d ..t&Si/f
½ly abm b'ÉÅum; b'EÅvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(b'EÅ+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf b'EÅó b'ÉÅ baEÅ okwjf zifh aemuf*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om b'EÅo'´gudk b'ÉjÅ yK? (b'É+Å od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? b'ÉÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H baEÅ/ jrefrm t&Si/f
½ly baEÅum; b'EÅvid w f nf? tk[d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b'EÅ+
*trnfrn S ?hf b'EÅó b'ÉÅ baEÅ okwjf zifh aemuf*trnf &Sad om od0b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om b'EÅo'´gudk baEÅjyK? (baEÅ+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? baEÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b'EÅ/ jrefrm t&Si/f
½ly b'EÅum; b'EÅvid w f nf? tk[d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (b'EÅ+
od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfteufü oufaom od0dbwfukd
2/ emru@ 277
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om b'EÅo'´gudk b'ÉjÅ yKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (b'EÅ+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfukdacs?
b'EÅum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b'EÅm 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; t&Si/f
½ly b'EÅmum; b'EÅvid w f nf? tk[ d í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (b'EÅ+
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om b'EÅo'´gudk baEÅjyKoifh jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? (b'EÅ+od) EÅ-cGi;f t-<uif;? tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm okwjf zifh aemuf
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh a&SUEÅt f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? (b'EÅ+f
tm+od) EÅfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (b'EÅm+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh *trnf&Sdaom
od0b d wf ukad cs? b'EÅmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad om½kyw
f oYdk nf yk&doo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd yk&doo'órH/
b'ÉÅ *kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y b'aEÅm/ b'EÅm/
tm abm b'ÉÅç baEÅç b'EÅm/ b0aEÅm b'EÅm/
'k b'EÅ/H b'aEÅ/
w b'aEÅe/ b'aEÅ[çd b'aEÅb/d
p b'EÅó/ b'EÅmeH/
yOö b'EÅmç b'EÅom® ç b'EÅrmS / b'aEÅ[çd b'aEÅb/d
q b'EÅó/ b'EÅmeH/
owå b'aEÅç b'EÅoçð® b'EÅr/dS b'aEÅo/k
--------------
okwf 112/ oEÅo'´ó aom ab aAm paEÅ/

okwjf refrm b aMumifhvnf; oEÅo'´g\ o jyKonf jzpf\? o tjyK\ tqkH;ü
A onfvnf; vmonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom b aMumifh tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom oEÅo'´g\ o o'´g
wnf;[laom tma'oonf jzpf\? o tjyK\tqkH;üvnf; A-
tu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 oEÅo'´ó o o'´ga'aom a[mwd b uma& ya&?
taEÅ p A um&m*arm a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´guk, d jl cif;aMumifh btu©&mraESmif;&müvnf; ormofü tcsKUd
jy,k*üf o jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´*[ ¾ aPe tb tbuma&yd ormao uGpd oum&ma'aom/
ykpH H oAÇ/d jrefrm olawmfaumif;wkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/
½ly oAÇu d m; oEÅvid w f nf? wkjYd zif[
h íl --aMumifh [d0b
d wfouf? (oEÅ+[d)
o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemuf[0d bd wfaESmif;aomaMumifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK?
(oEÅ+bd) oEÅo'´ó aom ab aAm paEÅ okwfjzifh aemufbtu©&maESmif;
aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omoEÅo'´gukd o-jyK? otjyK\ tqk;H ü Aftu©&mvm? (o+Af+
bd) AfAsnf; bdokdYuyf? oAÇ dum; NyD;\/
ar; ab[laomyk'o
ab f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz oaEÅ[d paomykpH w H üYdk otjyKreS pfap&jcif; tusK;d &Syd gonf/
ygVd ab
abwd uð¿ oaEÅ[(d wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H oaEÅ[d jrefrm olawmfaumif;wkjYd zif/h
½ly oaEÅ [ dum; oEÅvdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0dbwfouf?
(oEÅ+[d) oEÅo'´ó aom ab aAm paEÅ okwjf zifh tvk;H pkaH om oEÅo'´gukd o-
jyK? otjyK\ tqk;H ü Aftu©&mvmoifjh im;aomfvnf; bedrw d rf [kwaf omaMumifh
rjyK&? (oEÅ+[d) EÅ-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d G uma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUEÅtf pdwf t-ukd {jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? oaEÅ[dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm <uif;aom½kyf y'rmvmonf *EÅo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd aooH *p *pää EÅo'órH/
2/ emru@ 279
jrefrm &mZ jA[® twå oc oco'´gtp&So d nfw\Ydk tum&EÅwo

¬ nf (tum
&EÅaw¬) &Sdaomfvnf; ½kyftxl;onf &Sd\/
ygVd tw¬d &mZ jA[® twå oc oco'´g'DeH aba'g/
½kyf jrefrm yk&od paom yk'uf ohJ yYdk if odpaom0dbwfoufjcif;onfjzpf\?
jrefrm ]]&mZ+od}}[lí wnfvwfaomfÞ
ygVd wax0 osm Ü ?då ]]&mZ od}}£wd XdawÞ
osm'sKyw
jrefrm ]]jA[®wåoc&mZm'dawm}} [laom o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]jA[®woå c&mZm'dawm}}wd t"duma&m/
------------
okwf 113/ osm p/

okwjf refrm jA[® twå oc &mZ
&mZtp&Sad omo'´gwkrYd S aemufjzpfaom (y&ó)
od0dbwf\ tm
tmjyKonf tjrJ (p) jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jA[® twå oc &mZ
&mZþokt d wf\ tm
Yd p&Sad omo'´gwkrYd S od0b tmjyK
onf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd jA[® twå oc &mZ&mZ£apö0rm'dawm od0peó tm tmuma&m
a[mwd/
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzifh tmwkrtp&Sad omo'´grSvnf; od0b d wf\ tjyKonf
jzpf\/
ygVd tm'doa'é tmwkrmm'do'áwm p/
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif;ponfudk jyKtyf\/
ygVd o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H &mZm wd|wd/ jrefrm rif;onf wnf\/
½ly &mZm
&mZmum; &mZvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (&mZ+
od) osm p okwfjzifh &mZo'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd tmjyK? (&mZ+tm)
Z-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? &mZm
&mZmum; NyD;\/
--------------
okwf 114/ a,mermaem/

okwjf refrm jA[® twå oc &mZ &mZtp&Sdaomo'´gwkdYrS aemufjzpfukefaom
(ya&oH) a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk tmaem
tmaemjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jA[® twå oc &mZ &mZtp&Sdaomo'´gwkdYrS aemufjzpfukefaom
(ya&oH) a,ma,m0dbwfw\ Ydk tmaem
tmaemjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd jA[® twå oc &mZm&mZm'dawm a,m a,meH tmaem
tmaemtma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H &mZmaem wd|EÅ/d jrefrm rif;wko Yd nf wnfuek \ f /
½ly &mZmaem
&mZmaemum; &mZvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (&mZ+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh &mZo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf
ukd tmaemjyK? (&mZ+tmaem) Z-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? &mZmaem
&mZmaemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm &mZ/ jrefrm tk.d ..rif;/
½ly abm &mZ &mZum; &mZvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(&mZ+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk acs? &mZ
&mZum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm &mZm/ jrefrm tk.d ..rif;/
½ly abm &mZm&mZmum; &mZvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(&mZ+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf Z-cGi;f t-<uif;? tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm okwjf zifh aemuf*trnf&adS om
od0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUZtpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ZfAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
(&mZm+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk acs? &mZm
&mZmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm &mZmaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..rif;wk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm &mZmaem
&mZmaemum; &mZvdifwnf? wkdYtkd[lí--aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (&mZ+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh &mZo'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfudk tmaemjyK? (&mZ+tmaem) Z-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK?
ZfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? &mZmaem
&mZmaemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
---------------
2/ emru@ 281
okwf 115/ jA[®woå c&mZm'dawm trmeH/

okwjf refrm jA[® twå oc &mZ &mZtp&Sad omo'´gwkrYd S aemufjzpfaom (y&ó)
tH0bd wf\ tmeHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jA[® tp&Sad omo'´gwkrYd S aemufjzpfaom tH0b d wf\ tmeHjyKonf
tcsKUd jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd jA[®m'D[d y&ó tH0peó tmeH a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H &mZmeH yó &mZH 0g/
jrefrm rif;ukd wenf;um; rif;ukd ½Iavmh/
½ly &mZmeHum; &mZvdiw f nf? uk[ d í
l --aMumifh tH0b
d wfouf? (&mZ+
tH) jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh &mZo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom tH0bd wfudk
tmeHjyK? (&mZ+tmeH) Z-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmeH[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
&mZmeHum; Ny;D \/
½ly &mZHum; &mZvdiw f nf? uk[ d í
l --aMumifh tH0b
d wfouf? (&mZ+tH)
jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh &mZo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom tH0b d wfudk
tmeHjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (&mZ+tH) Z-cGi;f t-<uif;?
acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? &mZHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H &mZmaem/ jrefrm rif;wku Yd /dk

½ly &mZmaem
&mZmaemum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkuYd [
dk í
l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(&mZ+a,m) jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh &mZo'´g aemifraS ESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfukd tmeHjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? a,me
rmaem okwfjzifh &mZo'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? (&mZ+
tmaem) Z-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? &mZmaem
&mZmaemum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]trSó rrH okwfrS o0dbwådóyk'fç &mZó &anm okwfrS
&mZóyk'o f nf}} vku
d \f /
ygVd ]]o0dbwådóç &mZóm}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 116/ emrSd &nm 0g/

okwjf refrm em
em0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuGaom (o0dbwådó) &mZ &mZo'´g\
(&mZó) &nm
&nmjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm em
emjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pko
H mvQijf zpfaom 0dbwfEiS hf wuG
aom &mZ
&mZo'´g\ &nm
&nmjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 &mZ
&mZo'´ó o0dbwåó d &nm
&nmtma'aom a[mwd 0g
em
emrSd 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H &nm uwH/ jrefrm rif;onf (jzif)h jyKtyf\/
½ly &nm
&nmum; &mZvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;teufü em
0dbwfouf? (&mZ+em) emrSd &nm 0g okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG &nmjyK? &nm &nmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H &maZe 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; rif;onf(jzif)h jyKtyf\/
½ly &maZe
&maZeum; &mZvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;teufü em
0dbwfouf? (&mZ+em) emrSd &nm 0g okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w
hf uG &nmjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaom
aMumifh rjyK&? tawmaee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? Z-cGi;f acs? {e[kyuwdjyK?
ZfAsn;f {okuYd yf? &maZe
&maZeum; Ny;D \/
--------------
okwf 117/ &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p/

okwjf refrm ok0bd wf eH0b
d wf [d0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh &mZ
&mZo'´g\ &mZkjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ok eH [d[ul ek af om 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om &mZ
&mZo'´g\ &mZk
jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁó &mZ
&mZo'´ó &mZktma'aom a[mwd ok eH [d £apöawok
0paeok/
po'´g p o'´gonf txl;MujH cif;teuf&\ dS /
ygVd p oa'´g 0duyÜeaw¬m/
½kyf jrefrm ]]oke[
H o
d k p}}okwjf zifh 'DCjyK/
2/ emru@ 283
ygVd ]]okeH[dok pm}}wd 'DaCm/

ykpH H &mZl[d? &mZlbd/ jrefrm rif;wko Yd nf? wkjYd zif/h
½ly &mZl[dç &mZlbdum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (&mZ+[d) &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemuf[d0d bwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd &mZkjyK? (&mZk[d) Z-cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p
okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh Zftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK? ZfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf?
&mZl [ dum; NyD;\/ &mZlbdü o®m[do®ðeHrSm bdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK?
&mZlbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &maZ[d? &maZbd 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; rif;wkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/
½ly &mZl[dç &mZlbdum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
ouf? (&mZ+[d) &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemuf[d0d bwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´gukd &mZkjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (&mZ+[d) Z-cGi;f t<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh
Zftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ZfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? &maZ[dum; Ny;D \/ &maZbdü o®m[doeð® rH mS
bdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? &maZbdum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]o0dbwådó}}o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]o0dbwåód m}}wd t"duma&m/
-----------
okwf 118/ &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao/

okwjf refrm o0dbwfaMumifh &mZ
&mZo'´g\ &anm
&anmjyK &mZdaem aemj
a em yKwo
Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrmo0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
hf uGaom tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom &mZ
o'´g\ &anm
&anmjyK &mZdaem
aemj
aem yKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 &mZ
&mZo'´ó o0dbwådó &anm &mZdaem £apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd ao 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H &anm/ jrefrm rif;tm;/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (&mZ+
o) &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG &anmjyK? &anm &anmum; Ny;D \/

ykpH H &mZdaem/ jrefrm rif;tm;/
½ly &mZd a em
emum; &mZvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(&mZ+o) &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
hf uG &mZdaemjyK? &mZdaem
tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w emum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]&mZó}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]&mZóm}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 119/ &nH eHrSd 0g/

okwjf refrm eH0bd wfaMumifh tcsKUd ojzifh &nHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom 0dbwfEiS hf wuGaom
&mZ
&mZo'´g\ &nHjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 &mZ &mZo'´ó o0dbwåó d &nH a[mwd 0g eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H &nH/ jrefrm rif;wkt
Yd m;/
½ly &nHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (&mZ+eH)
&nH eHrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG &nHjyK? &nHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZleH jrefrm rif;wkt
Yd m;/
½ly &nHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (&mZ+eH)
&nH eHrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd
0dbwfESifhwuG &nHjyKoifhaomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? &mZó &mZk
okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd
&mZkjyK? (&mZk+eH) Z-cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumifh Zftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK? ZfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? &mZleHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZmeH jrefrm rif;wkt
Yd m;/
½ly &mZmeHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (&mZ
+eH) &nH eHrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´gukd
0dbwfESifhwuG &nHjyKoifhaomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (&mZ+eH) Z-
2/ emru@ 285
cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b

d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh Zftpdwf Oukd
OD'C
D jyK? ZfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? &mZmeHum; Ny;D \/
yOör0D b d wfüÞ yOör,d Þ
H
---------------
okwf 120/ trSwrk ES KÅ &mZjA[®ocow¬Kyw d m'D[d o®m em0/

okwjf refrm trSo'´g wkrSo'´g EÅKypönf;tqkH;&Sdaomo'´g &mZo'´g jA[®o'´g
twåo'´g oco'´g ow¬Ko'´g ydwo k '´g þokt Yd p &Su
d ek af omo'´g
wkdYaemifrS o® m0dbwfudk em em0dbwfuo hJ Ydk rSwt f yf\/ wenf ; em em0dbwfuo dk mvQif
rSwftyf\? jyKtyf\ (umwaAÁm)/
rSwcf suf yxrenf;u o®m0dbwfukd em0dbwfuJhokdYiJhonfukd &nfonf/
'kwd,enf;u o®mukd emjyKonfukd &nfonf/
0kwjdå refrm trS wkrS &mZ jA[® twå oc ow¬K ydwk tp&Sdaomyk'fwkdYaemifrS
o®m0dbwfudk em em0dbwfuo hJ Ydk rSwt f yf\/ þokwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk
em0dbwfuu dk o
hJ Ydk iJjh cif;ukd jyKtyf\ (umwaAÁm)/
0kwyd å gVd trSwrk EÅK&mZjA[®wo å cow¬Kyw k apö0rm'D[d o®m0peH em
d £ em0 '|AÁEdÅ
o® m0peó embm0gwda'aom/
jrefrm twda'o 'ookwo f nfum; ajcmufyg;tjym;&S\ d / rSe\f ]]Asya'aom
edrdwåOö? wH½lyH wHobm0wm/ okwåaOö0 wxm um&d,mwd
a'aomwd qAÁda"m}}[lí q&mwkdYonf rdefYtyf\/
ygVd twda'aom ye qAÁad "m/ 0kwOå Þö
ar; twda'ookwf (6)rsK;d ukd a&;cJyh g/

ajz 1Âsya'omwda'ookwf¤if;? 2êdrdwåmwda'ookwf¤if;? 3^
wH½lygwda'ookwf¤if;? 4^wHobm0gwda'ookwf¤if;? 5^
okwmå wda'ookw¤f if;? 6^xkrd w
S yg; um&d,mwda'ookw¤f if;? þokYd ajcmufyg;
tjym;&Syd gonf/
ygVd ]]Asya'aom edrw d Oå ?ö wH½yl H wHobm0wm/
okwåaOö0 wxm um&d-,mwda'aomwd qAÁda"m}}wd/
jrefrm xkdajcmufyg;aomokwfwkdYwGif þtwda'ookwfonf jA[® twå

oc tp&Sdaomo'´gwkdYü jA[®Kem paomygXf\tpGrf;aMumifh em
0dbwf\ ½kyu f ohJ Ydk oGm0dbwf\½kyu f dk ñTejf cif;onf jzpf\/ <uif;useaf om½kyo f nf
wwd,m0dbwfESifh wl\/
ygVd wMwm,H jA[®wo å cg cg'Dok ygXomrw¬, d awm ½lygwda'aom/ aooH
wwd,morH/
ykpH H &nm taywd/ jrefrm rif;rS zJ\/
½ly &nm
&nmum; &mZvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (&mZ+o®m)
trSwrk ES KÅ --okwjf zifh &mZo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwfuu dk o hJ iYdk ?hJ
(&mZ+em) emrS&d nm 0g okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwf aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
&mZo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG &nmjyK? &nm &nmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZl[d? &mZlbd/ jrefrm rif;wkrYd /S
½ly &mZl[d? &mZlbu d m; &mZvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í
l --aMumifh [d0b d wfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &maZ[d? &maZbd/ jrefrm rif;wkrYd /S
½ly &maZ[d? &maZbdum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í
ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &anm/ jrefrm rif;\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &mZdaem oEÅu/H jrefrm rif;\ Opöm/
½ly &mZdaem emum; &mZvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &nH/ jrefrm rif;wk\ Yd /
½ly &nHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &mZle/H jrefrm rif;wk\ Yd /
½ly &mZleHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 287
ykpH H &mZmeH/ jrefrm rif;wk\

Yd /
½ly &mZmeHum; &mZvdiwf nf? wk\Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm &mZó &anm okwfrS ]]&mZó}}o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]&mZóm}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 121/ o®ðrSd &an &mZded/

okwjf refrm o®ð0b d wfaMumifh &an
&antjyK &mZdedtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm o® ð jzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuGaom tvkH;pkHomvQif
jzpfaom &mZo'´g\ &an &antjyK &mZdedtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 &mZ &mZo'´ó o0dbwådó &an&mZd e d £apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd o® ðrSd 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H &an/ jrefrm rif;ü/
½ly &an
&anum; &mZvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (&mZ+o®)ð
o®ðrSd &an &mZded okwfjzifh aemufo®ð0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZ
o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG &anjyK? &an &anum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZded ywd|w d /H jrefrm rif;ü wnf\/
½ly &mZdedum; &mZvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (&mZ+o®)ð
o®rð dS &an &mZded okwjf zifh aemufo0ð® b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´g
ukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG &mZdejd yK? &mZdedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZlo/k jrefrm rif;wküYd /
½ly &mZlou k m; &mZvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (&mZ+ok)
&mZó &mZk oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaESmif;aom aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
&mZo'´gukd &mZkjyK? (&mZk+ok) Z-cGi;f O<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUZftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK? ZfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? &mZlokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZko/k jrefrm rif;wküYd /
½ly &mZkou k m; &mZvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (&mZ+ok)
Z-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf aMumifh Zftpdwf t-
ukd {jyK? &maZokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
&mZm'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y &mZ/ &mZmaem/
tm abm &mZç abm &mZm/ b0aEÅm &mZmaem/
'k &mZmeHç &mZH/ &mZmaem/
w &nmç &maZe/ &mZl[çd &mZlbçd &maZ[dç
&maZbd/
p &anmç &mZdaem/ &nHç &mZleçH &mZmeH/
yOö &nm/ &mZl[çd &mZlbçd &maZ[dç
&maZbd/
q &anmç &mZdaem/ &nHç &mZleçH &mZmeH/
owå &anç &mZde/d &mZloçk &maZok/
jrefrm jA[®o'´g\um; *trnf&adS omod0b d wf em o o®0ð b

d wfwüYdk wl\/
ygVd jA[®o'´ó p * em o o®ðok 0daoaom/
ykpH H jA[®m/ jrefrm jA[®monf/
½ly jA[®mum; jA[®vid wf nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (jA[®+
od) osm p okwfjzifh jA[®o'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd tmjyK? (jA[®+tm)
[®-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? [®fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? jA[® mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H jA[®maem jrefrm rif;wko

Yd nf/
½ly jA[®maem
aemum; jA[®vdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (jA[®+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh jA[®o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf
ukd tmaemjyK? (jA[®+tmaem) [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? [®Af sn;f
tmoku Yd yf? jA[®maem
aemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmvkyfü o®dar okwfrS ]]{}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd tmvyae p ]]{}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------
2/ emru@ 289
okwf 122/ jA[®awm *ó p/

okwjf refrm jA[ jA[®®o'´gaemifrS *trnf&adS om od0b d wf\ {tjyKonfjzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jA[®o'´grS * rnfaom od0b d wf\vnf; { tjyKonfjzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd jA[®o'áwm * ó p { uma&m a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gonf { o'´gukd iifjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd p*¾[PH {*¾[PmEku¹kew¬/H
ykpH H abm jAa[®/ jrefrm tk.d ..jA[®m/
½ly abm jAa[®um; jA[®vdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(jA[®+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf jA[®awm *ó p okwjf zifh jA[®o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom od0b d wfudk
{jyK? (jA[®+{) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? {[k yuwdjyK? [®fAsnf; {okdYuyf? jAa[®um;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm jA[®maem/ jrefrm tk.d ..jA[®mwk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm jA[®maemaemum; jA[®vdifwnf? wkdYtkd[lí--aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (jA[®+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh &mZo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m
0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? (jA[®+tmaem) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK?
[®Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? jA[®maem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H jA[®meH/ jrefrm jA[®mukd/
½ly jA[®meHum; jA[®vid wf nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (jA[®+
tH) jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh jA[®o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom tH0b d wfudk
tmeHjyK? (jA[®+tmeH) [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmeH[yk uwdjyK? [®Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
jA[®meHum; Ny;D \/
½ly jA[®Hum; jA[®vid wf nf? uk[
d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (jA[®+tH)
[®-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? [®fAsnf; tHokdYuyf? jA[® Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H jA[®maem/ jrefrm jA[®mwkdYukd/
½ly jA[®maem
aemum; jA[®vid wf nf? wku Yd [dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(jA[®+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh jA[®o'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd
tmaemjyK? (jA[®+tmaem) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? [®fAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? jA[®maem aemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm 0dbwfjyefojzifh ]]jA[®óç taEÅm}}yk'o

f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd 0dy&dPmare ]]jA[®ó taEÅm}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 123/ OwåH oem ok/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwf em em0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh O tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o em em[luek af om 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh jA[®o'´g\ tpdwo f nf Otjzpf
okdY a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd jA[®o'´ó taEÅm O wårmyZÆaw oem oem£apöawok 0paeok/
OwåH OwåH[al om bm0eda'óonf tcsKaYd omjy,k*üf O tjyKrjzpfjcif;ukd
jyjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd Owårw d d bm0eda'áom uw¬pd tbm0'óeaw¬m/
ykpH H jA[®Kem/ jrefrm jA[®monf jzifh/
½ly jA[®Kememum; jA[®vid w f nf? jzif[
h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (jA[®+
em) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? OwåH oem ok okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
jA[®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? [®Af sn;f Ooku Yd yf? jA[®Kem
emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H jAa[®[d? jAa[®bd/ jrefrm jA[®mwkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/
½ly jAa[®[dç jAa[®bu d m; jA[®vid w f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh [d0b
d wf
ouf? (jA[®+[d) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwf
aMumifh [®ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? [f®Asnf; {okdYuyf? jAa[®[dum; NyD;\/ jAa[®bd-ü
o®m[doeð® H rSmbdr0dS g okwjf zifh [d0bd wfudk bdjyK? jAa[®bdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm o 0dbwfaMumifh Otjzpfudk jyKtyfonf&adS omf ]]£0PÖK0PÖmpsvm}}
okwfjzifh vtrnfukd rSnfhonf&Sdaomf/
Þ
ygVd o o®ð O awå uaw ]]£0PÖK0PÖm psvm}}wd v onm,H
--------------
okwf 124/ psvawm oó aem 0g/

okwjf refrm ps v
vaemifrS o0dbwf\ aem
aemtjyKonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 291
0kwjdå refrm ps v trnf&u dS ek af om £0Pf O0PfwrYdk S aemufjzpfaom o [kqdk

tyfaom 0dbwf\? aem aem[laom tjyKonf tcsKdU ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd psv
psvoan[d £0PÖ0aPÖ[d y&ó o £apöwó 0peó
aem
aem£pöma'aom a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H jA[®Kaem/ jrefrm jA[®mtm;/
½ly jA[®Kaem
aemum; jA[®vdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(jA[®+o) [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? OwåH oem ok okwjf zifh aemuf0b d wf aESmif;aomaMumifh
jA[®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? (jA[®+f O+o) £0PÖK 0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk
a[maom Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf [®Af sn;f Ooku Yd yf? (jA[®K+o) psvawm oó aem
0g okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? jA[®Kaem aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H jA[®ó/ jrefrm jA[®mtm;/
½ly jA[®óum; jA[®vid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (jA[®+
o) psvawm oó aem 0g okwjf zifh o0dbwfudk aemjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUüof-
vm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? jA[® óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H jA[®meH/ jrefrm jA[®mwkdYtm;/
½ly jA[® m eHum; jA[®vdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(jA[®+eH) psvawm oó aem 0g okwjf zifh o0dbwfudk aemjyK oifjh im;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wf
aMumifh a&SU[f®tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? [®fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? jA[®meHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H jA[®LeH 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; jA[®mwkdYtm;/
½ly jA[®LeHum; jA[®vid w f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (jA[®
+eH) [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? OwåH oem ok okwüf Owå[ H al om 'd"G mu&Pa,m*0dbm*jzifh
jA[®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? (jA[®f+O+eH) okeH[dokp okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwf
aMumifh [ft ® pdwf Oukd OD'CD jyK? [®Af sn;f ODou Ydk yf? jA[®LeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm OwåH[al om a,m*0dbm*jzifh jA[®o'´grSwyg;aom tEö'´güvnf;

OjyKonf jzpf\/ wenf;- o em-rS wyg; aom eH0b d wfaESmif;&mü
vnf; OjyKonf jzpf\? jA[®LeH jy,k*fESifhtnDwnf;/
ygVd Owårw d d a,m*0dbma*e tnw¬myd Owå/H

yOör,d H o®m0dbwfü trSwrk ES KÅ okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwfuo hJ iYdk jhJ cif;ukd
jyKtyf\/
ygVd yOör,d H embm0gwda'aom/
ykpH H jA[®Kem/ jrefrm jA[®mrS/
½ly jA[®Kem
emum; jA[®vid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (jA[®+
o®m) trSwkrSEÅK &mZjA[®wåocow¬Kydwm'D[d o®mem0 okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd
em0dbwfio hJ iYdk ?hJ (jA[®+em) [®-cGi;f t-<uif;? OwåH oem ok okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh jA[®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? [®fAsnf; OokdYuyf? jA[® K em emum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H jAa[®[d? jAa[®[d jrefrm jA[®mwkrYd /S
½ly jAa[®[dç jAa[®bdum; jA[®vid w f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (jA[®+[d) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf [d0dbwf
aMumifh [®ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? [f®Asnf; {okdYuyf? jAa[®[dum; NyD;\/ jAa[®bd-ü
o®m[doeð® H rSmbdr0dS g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? jAa[®bdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H jA[®Kaem/ jrefrm jA[®m\/
½ly jA[®Kaem
emum; jA[®vid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H jA[®ó/ jrefrm jA[®m\/
½ly jA[®óum; jA[®vid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H jA[®meH/ jrefrm jA[®mwkdY\/
½ly jA[®meHum; jA[®vid w
f nf? wk\ Y d [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H jA[®LeH 0g/ jrefrm jA[®mwkdY\/
½ly jA[®Kaem
emum; jA[®vid w f nf? wk\ Y d [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? enf;wlwu G /f
--------------
okwf 125/ jA[®awm wk o®ð ed/

okwjf refrm jA[®o'´gaemifrvS nf; o® ð0b
d wf\ edtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jA[®o'´gaemifrS o® ð0b
0kwyd å gVd jA[®o'áwm o® ð0peó ed a[mwd/
2/ emru@ 293
wko'´g wko'´gjzifh ur® pr® rk't

¨ p&Sad omo'´grSvnf; tcsKUd jy,k*üf edtjyKonf
jzpf\/
ygVd wkoa'é ur®pr®rk'¨g'dawm p uGp/d
ykpH H jA[®e/d jrefrm jA[®mü/
½ly jA[®eu d m; jA[®vid w
f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (jA[®+o®)ð
d wfudk edjyK? jA[®eu
jA[®awm wk o®ð ed okwjf zifh jA[®o'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H jAa[®o/k jrefrm jA[®mwküYd /
½ly jAa[®ou k m; jA[®vid w f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (jA[®
+ok) [®-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwf aESmif;aom
aMumifh [®ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? [®fAsnf; {okdYuyf? jAa[®okum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
jA[®m'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y jA[®m/ jA[®maem/
tm abm jAa[®/ b0aEÅm jA[®maem/
'k jA[®meHç jA[®/H jA[®maem/
w jA[®Kem/ jAa[®[çd jAa[®b/d
p jA[®aemç jA[®ó/ jA[®meHç jA[®LeH/
yOö jA[®Kemç jAa[®/ jAa[®[çd jAa[®b/d
q jA[®aemç jA[®ó/ jA[®meHç jA[®LeH/
owå jA[®e/d jAa[®o/k
jrefrm twåo'´g\ wwd,m0dbwf tp&SdonfwkdYüomvQif xl;\/

ygVd twåo'´ó wwd,m'DaoG0 0daoaom/
ykpH H twåm/ jrefrm ukd,fonf/
½ly twåmum; twåvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (twå
+od) osm p okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom od0b d wfudk tmjyK? (twå+tm)
wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? wåfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? twå mum; NyD;\/

ykpH H twåmaem/ jrefrm ukd,fwkdYonf/
½ly twåmaem
aemum; twåvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (twå+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh twåo'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0d
bwfukd tmaemjyK? (twå+tmaem) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK?
wåAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? twåmaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm twå/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d /f
½ly abm twåum; twåvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(twå+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk acs? twåum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm twåm/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d /f
½ly abm twåmum; twåvid w f nf? tk[ d íl --aMumifh od0b d wfouf?
(twå+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm okwjf zifh aemuf*trnf&dS
aom od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåt f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? wåAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
(twåm+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk acs? twåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm twåmaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d wf /Ydk
½ly b0aEÅm twåmaem aemum; twåvid w f nf? wkt Yd [
dk í l --aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (twå+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh twåo'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? (twå+tmaem) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[k
yuwdjyK? wåAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? twåmaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåmeH/ jrefrm ukd,fukd/
½ly twåmeHum; twåvid w f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (twå+
tH) jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom tH0b d wf
ukd tmeHjyK? (twå+tmeH) wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmeH[yk uwdjyK? wåAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
twåmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåH/ jrefrm ukd,fukd/
½ly twåHum; twåvid w f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (twå+
tH) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? wåfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? twå Hum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 295
ykpH H twåmaem/ jrefrm ukd,fwkdYukd/

½ly twåmaem aemum; twåvid w f nf? wku
Yd [dk í
(twå+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfudk
tmaem? (twå+tmaem) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? wåfAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? twåmaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm em
em0dbwfaMumifh ]]tur®EÅó p}} okwfü p o'´gjzifh tw twåå o'´g\
tpdwf t-\ t-tjzpfonf tcsKdYojzifh jzpf\/
ygVd em
emrSd ]]tur®EóÅ pm}}wd {w¬ poa'é twåEó Å twåH 0g/
ykpH H twåem/ jrefrm rdro d nf? jzif/h
½ly twå mum; twåvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;teufü em
0dbwfouf? (twå+em) twåmmmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tawåe 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; rdrdonf? jzifh/
½ly tawå eum; twåvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm; teufü
em0dbwfouf? (twå+em) tawmaee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? wå-cGif; acs?
{e[kyuwdjyK? wåAf sn;f {okuYd yf? tawåeum; Ny;D \/
-------------
okwf 126/ twåaEÅm [dod®rewåH/

okwjf refrm [d0b d wfaMumifh twåo'´g\ tpdwo f nf te
tetjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom [d0b d wfaMumifh twåo'´g\ tpdwo f nf te tetjzpfoYdk
a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd twåo'´ó taEÅm te tewårmyZÆaw [doð® ya&/
ykpH H twåae[d? twåaebd/ jrefrm rdrw d oYdk nf? wkjYd zif/h
½ly twåae[dç twåaebdum; twåvid w f nf? wkjYd zif[h íl --aMumifh [d
0dbwfouf? (twå+[d) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? twåaEÅ [do®drewåH okwfjzifh aemuf
[d0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh twåo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tejyK? (twåf+te+[d)
wåAf sn;f t-okuYd yf? (twåe+[d) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf
[d0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? twåae[dum;
NyD;\/ twåaebd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfukd bdjyK?

twåaebdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]wawm o®ð ed okwrf S wawmyk'çf twåaEÅm okwrf S twåy'k o
f nf}}
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]wawmç twåawm}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 127/ oó aem/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwf\ aem aemtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm xktwå
dt wåo'´grS o jzpfaom0dbwf\ aem
aemtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd wawm twåo'áwm o ó 0dbwådó aem a[mwd/
ykpH H twåaem/ jrefrm rdrt
d m;/
½ly twå a ememum; twåvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(twå+o) oó aem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o 0dbwfudk aemjyK?
twåaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåmeH/ jrefrm rdrwd t
Ydk m;/
½ly twå m eHum; twåvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(twå+eH) oó aem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o 0dbwfudk aemjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; o0dbwfr[kwfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wå-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p
okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh wåtf pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? twåmeHum; Ny;D \/
------------
okwf 128/ o®m em/

okwjf refrm o® m0dbwf\ em emtjyKonf jzpf\/
dt wåo'´grS o® m0dbwf\ em emtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd wawm twåo'áwm o® m0peó em a[mwd/
ykpH H twåem taywd/ jrefrm rdrrd S zJ\/
½ly twåemmum; twåvid w f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (twå+
o®m) o®m em okwjfzifh twåo'ǵaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m 0dbwfud k emjyK? twåemmum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 297
jrefrm trSwrk ES KÅ okwjf zifh em0dbwfuu dk o

hJ Ydk iJo
h jzifo h mvQif vkt d yfaom
teuf NyD;NyD;vQufvnf; txufjzpfaom psvawm p [laom
okwfjzifh psvawm o®mem [laomwpfokwfwnf;ukd rjyKrlí okwfoD;jcm;wnf
jcif;onf teuftxl;ukd odapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d ? xkaYd Mumifh twåo'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom
wtu©&m\ Ztu©&maMumifh tcsKjYd y,k*üf &tjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd embm0gwda'aoae0 oda'ÿd Owå&okawåe {ua,m*r uwGm
bdEaé ,m*u&PH tw¬E&Å 0dnmyew¬?H awe twåEw Å um&ó &uma&m Zuma&
uGp/d
ykpH H tMwaZm/ jrefrm rdrrd jS zpfaomom;/
½ly tMwaZm
tMwaZmum; twåaZmvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwf
ouf? (twåaZm+od) aemufZtu©&maESmif;aomaMumifh twåü w-tu©&mwpfv;Hk
ukd &-jyK? aom okwjf zifh od0b d wfudk MojyK? Z-cGi;f acs Mo[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsn;f MookYd
uyf? tMwaZm
tMwaZmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåaZm 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; rdrrd jS zpfaomom;/
½ly twå a Zm
Zmum; twåaZmvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwf
ouf? (twåaZm+od) aemufZtu©&maESmif;aomaMumifh twåü w-tu©&mwpfv;Hk
ukd &-jyKoifhaomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd
MojyK? Z-cGi;f acs Mo[kyuwdjyK? ZfAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? twåaZm Zmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåae[d? twåaebd/ jrefrm rdrw d rYdk /S
½ly twåae[dç twåaebdum; twåvdifwnf? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? (twå+[d) wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? twåaEÅ [dord® ewåH okwjf zifh aemuf[0d d
bwfaESmif;aomaMumifh twåo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tejyK? (twå+f te+[d) wåAf sn;f
t-oku Yd yf? (twåe+[d) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Y d yf? twåae[dum; Ny;D \/ twåaebd-
ü o®m[d o®eð H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfudk bdjyK? twåaebdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåaem/ jrefrm rdr\d /
½ly twå a em
emum; twåvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf ouf?
(twå+o) oó aem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o 0dbwfudk aemjyK?
twåaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twåmeH/ jrefrm rdrw

d \Ydk /
½ly twå m eHum; twåvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(twå+eH) oó aem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o 0dbwfudk aemjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; o0dbwfr[kwfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wå-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p
okwjf zifh aemufe0H b f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? twåmeHum; Ny;D \/
d wfaMumifh wåt
-------------
okwf 129/ wawm o®ð ed/

okwjf refrm xktwå d wåo'´grS aemufjzpfaom (y&ó) o®0ð b
t d wf\ edtjyKonf jzpf\/
dt wåo'´grS o® ð0b
0kwyd å gVd wawm twåo'áwm o® ð0peó ed a[mwd/
ykpH H twåe/d jrefrm rdrüd /
½ly twåeu d m; twåvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (twå+o®)ð
wawm o®ð ed okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o®ð 0dbwfudk edjyK? twåeu d m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tawåok/ jrefrm rdrw d üYdk /
½ly tawå o kum; twåvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
(twå+ok) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUwåftpdwf tukd {-jyK? wåfAsnf; {okdYuyf? tawåokum; NyD;\/
jrefrm oc
oco'´g\ txl;tjym;ukd þokdY ({0H) odtyf\/
ygVd oc
oco'´ó aba'g/
ykpH H ocg/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f onf/
½ly ocg
ocgum; ocvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (oc+
od) osm p okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd tmjyK? (oc+tm)
c-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ocg ocgum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ocgaem/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wko Yd nf/
½ly ocgaem
ocgaemum; ocvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (oc+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh oco'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf
ukd tmaemjyK? (oc+tmaem) c-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? ocgaem
ocgaemum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 299
jrefrm a,me rmaem okwfrS ]]a,meH}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/

ygVd ]]a,me}}rdwd 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 130/ ocawm pma,maem/

okwjf refrm oc
oco'´gaemifrv S nf; tma,m
tma,mtjyK aem aemtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm oc
oco'´gaemifrS a,m0dbwfwkdY\ tma,m tma,mtjyK aem aemtjyKwo Ydk nf
jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oc
oco'áwm a,meHtma,m aem aemtma'om p a[mEÅ/d
ykpH H ocga,m/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wko Yd nf/
½ly ocga,m
ocga,mum; ocvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (oc+a,m) oca,m pma,maem okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfukd tma,mjyK? (oc+tma,m) c-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tma,m[k
yuwdjyK? cfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ocga,m
ocga,mum; Ny;D \/
------------
okwf 131/ ocEÅód aememeHaook/

okwjf refrm aem
aemtjyK em em0dbwf eH0b
d wf o0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh oc
oco'´g\ tpdwf
jzpfaom o&\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukefaom aem aemtjyK emem0dbwf eH0dbwf o 0dbwfwkdYaMumifh
oc
oco'´g\ tpdwt f -\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oc
oco'Éó Å £um&ma'aom a[mwd aememeHo£apö awok ya&ok/
ykpH H ocdaem wd|EÅ/d
jrefrm cifyeG ;f wko
Yd nf wnfuek \ f /
½ly ocdaem emum; ocvdiw f nf? wko
Yd nf[í
l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf ouf?
(oc+a,m) a,meH aem okwjf zifh oco'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfudk aemjyK?
(oc+aem) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? ocEÅód aememeH aook okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aemtjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh oco'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd £jyK? cfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
ocdaeemmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm f eufü * trnfrn

tmvkyt S ohf nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd tmvyae * onm,HÞ
----------------
okwf 132/ ocawm *aó 0g/

okwjf refrm oc oco'´grSvnf; aemufjzpfaom (y&ó) *od\? *trnf&Sdaom
od0dbwf\ t tjyK tm tmtjyK £ tjyK þ tjyK { tjyKwkdYonf jzpfukef\/
0kwjdå refrm oc
oco'´grS *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwf\ t tjyK tm tmtjyK £ tjyK
þ tjyK { tjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oc
ocawm *ó tum& tm tmum& £um& þ þum& { um&ma'om
a[mEÅ/d
0go'´g 0g
0go'´gjzifh oco'´grS wyg;aomo'´gaemifrSvnf; tcsKdUjy,k*fü
{ tjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd 0goa'é tno®myd uGpd { uma&m/ ,xm- ykHpHum;-
0g
ykpH H b'áEÅ £ao £wd/
jrefrm t&Si&f aoh/
½ly £ao
£aoum; £odvdifwnf? tkdonf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(£od+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk
*trnfrn S ?hf (£od+od) ocawm *aó 0g okwjf zifh £odo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom
tmvkyt f eufüoufaom od0b d wfudk {jyK? (£od+{) o-cGi;f £-<uif;? acs? {[k
yuwdjyK? ofAsnf; {okdYuyf? £ao £aoum; Ny;D \/
0d*[ ¾ jrefrm ttjyKvnf; tmtjyKvnf; £tjyKvnf; þtjyKvnf; þtjyK
vnf; {tjyKvnf; þteufaMumifhvnf; {rnf\/
ygVd t p tm p £ p þ p { pmwdyd {/
½kyf jrefrm t-paom a&SUo&wk\ Yd tpOfojzifh acsjcif;ukd jyKtyf\/
ygVd ykAó
Á &meH uare avmayg/
ykpH H abm oc/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f /
½ly abm ococum; £odvid w f nf? tkod nf[í l --aMumifh od 0dbwfouf?
(oc+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0b d wfudk
2/ emru@ 301
*trnfrn S ?hf (oc+od) ocawm *aó 0g okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk
t-jyK? c-cGif; acs? t-[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? oc ocum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abm ocg/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f /
½ly abm ocg
ocgum; ocvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(oc+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0dbwfukd
*trnfrSnfh? (oc+od) ocawm *aó 0g okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk
tm-jyK? c-cGif; acs? tm-[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; tm-okdYuyf? ocg ocgum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abm ocd/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f /
½ly abm ocdum; ocvdiw f nf? tk[ d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (oc+
£-jyK? c-cGif; acs? £-[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; £-okdYuyf? ocdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abm ocD/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f /
½ly abm ocDum; ocvdiw f nf? tk[ d í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (oc+
od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfteufü oufaom od0dbwfukd *
trnfrSnfh? (oc+od) ocawm *aó 0g okwfjzifh *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfukd
þ-jyK? c-cGif; acs? þ-[kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; þ-okdYuyf? ocDum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abm oac/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f /
½ly abm oac
oacum; ocvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(oc+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0b d wfudk
{-jyK? c-cGi;f acs? {-[kyuwdjyK? cfAsn;f {-okuYd yf? oac oacum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm ocgaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f wk/Yd
½ly ocgaem
ocgaemum; ocvdiw f nf? wkt Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(oc+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd
tmaemjyK? (oc+tmaem) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? cfAsn;f tmokYd
uyf? ocgaem
ocgaemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocga,m/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f wk/Yd
½ly ocga,m
ocga,mum; ocvdiw f nf? wkt Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(oc+a,m) oca,m pma,maem okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom a,m

0dbwfukd tma,mjyK? (oc+tma,m) c-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tma,m[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? ocga,m
cfAsn;f tmoku ocga,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocdaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f wk/Yd
½ly ocdaem
emum; ocvdiw f nf? wktYd [
dk í
l --aMumifh a,m 0dbwfouf?
ocdaeemmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]ocEÅó okwfrS ocEÅóyk'fç tma&m[drSd 0g okwfrS tma&m
[laom yk'f}}onfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ocEÅóç tma&m}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 133/ okerHok 0g/

okwjf refrm aESmif;ukeaf om ok0b d wf eH0b
d wf tH0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh tcsKUd ojzifh
tm&
tm&tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ok eH tH[laom0dbwfwkdYaMumifh oco'´g\tpdwf t-\ tm&
0kwyd å gVd oc
ocEÅó tma&m a[mwd 0g ok eH tH£apöawok ya&ok/
ykpH H ocg&H/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f uk/d
½ly ocg&Hum; ocvdiw f nf? uk[
d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (oc+tH)
c-cGi;f t-<uif;? okerHok 0g okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh oco'´g\
t-ukd tm&jyK? (ocf+tm&+tH) cfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ocg+&+tH) &-cGi;f t-<uif;?
acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? &fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? ocg&Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocgeH/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f uk/d
½ly ocg&Hum; ocvdiw f nf? uk[
d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (oc+tH)
c-cGi;f t-<uif;? okerHok 0g okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh oco'´g\
t-ukd tm&jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ocf+t+tH) jA[®wå
2/ emru@ 303
oc&mZm'dawm trmeH okwfjzifh oco'´grSaemufjzpfaom tH0dbwfukd tmeHjyK?

o&avmayg-acs? tmeH [kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ocgeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocH/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f uk/d
½ly ocHum; ocvdiw f nf? uk[ d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (oc+tH)
c-cGi;f t-<uif;? okerHok 0g okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh oco'´g\
t-ukd tm&jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? o&avmayg-acs?
tH [kyuwdjyK? cfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? ocHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocgaem/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wku Yd /dk
½ly ocgaem
ocgaemum; ocvdiw f nf? wku Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(oc+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd
tmaemjyK? (oc+tmaem) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? cfAsn;f tmokYd
uyf? ocgaem
ocgaemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocga,m/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wku Yd /dk
½ly ocga,m
ocga,mum; ocvdiw f nf? wku Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(oc+a,m) oca,m pma,maem okwfjzifh oco'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m
0dbwfukd tma,mjyK? (oc+tma,m) c-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tma,m[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? ocga,m
cfAsn;f tmoku ocga,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocdaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..cifyeG ;f wk/Yd
½ly ocdaememum; ocvdiw f nf? wku Yd [ dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
ocdaeemmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]ocEÅó}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]ocEÅóm}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 134/ tma&m [drSd 0g/

okwjf refrm [d0b
d wfaMumifh [d0b Yd jzifh tm&
d wfjzifh tcsKo tm&tjyKonfjzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm [djzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh oc oco'´g\tpdwf t-\ tm& tm&tjyKonf

0kwyd å gVd oc
ocEÅó tma&m a[mwd 0g [drdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H ocga&[d? ocga&bd/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkjYd zif/h
½ly ocga&[dç ocga&bdum; ocvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h íl --aMumifh [d0d
bwfouf? (oc+[d) tma&m [drdS 0g okwjf zifh oc oco'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd tm& tm&jyK?
(oc+tm&+[d) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tm&[k yuwdjyK? cfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ocg&+
[d) &-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SU&tpdwf tukd {jyK? &fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ocga&[dum; Ny;D \/ ocga&bd-ü o®m[doeð® H
rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0bd wfudk bdjyK? ocga&bdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oac[d? oacbd/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkjYd zif/h
½ly oac[dç oacbdum; ocvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
ouf? (oc+[d) tma&m [drSd 0g okwfjzifh oc oco'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd tm& tm&jyK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (oc+[d) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d G
uma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaESmif;aom aMumifh a&SUctpdwf tukd {jyK?
cfAsnf; {okdYuyf? oac[dum; Ny;D \/ oacbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? oacbdum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm o 0dbwf eH0dbwfaMumifh £ jyKNyD;aomf psvawm oóaem 0g

[laomokwfjzifh o0dbwfukd aemjyK/
ygVd £ um&ma'ao ]]psvawm oó aem 0g}}wd aem aem/
ykpH H ocdaem/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f tm;/
½ly ocdaememum; ocvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (oc+
o) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? ocEÅód aememeHaook okwjf zifh oc o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
£jyK? cfAsn;f £oduYk yf? (ocd+o) oó aem okwjf zifh oco'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom
o0dbwfudk aemjyK? ocdaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocdó/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f tm;/
½ly ocd óum; ocvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf ouf?
(oc+o) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? ocEÅód aememeHaook okwjf zifh oc o'´g\tpdwf t-
2/ emru@ 305
ukd £jyK? cfAsn;f £odu Yk yf? (ocd+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUü of-vm ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? ocdó um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocg&meH/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkt Yd m;/
½ly ocg&meHum; ocvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(oc+eH) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? okerHok 0g okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh octpdwf t-
ukd tm&jyK? cfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (ocg&+eH) &-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh
aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh a&SU&ftpdwf tukd tm'DCjyK? &fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ocg&meHum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocDe/H jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkt Yd m;/
½ly ocDeHum; ocvdiw f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (oc+
eH) c-cGif; t-<uif;? ocEÅód aememeHaook okwjf zifh oc o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
£jyK? (ocf+£+eH) oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufeH 0dbwfaMumifh a&SUcftpdwf £ukd
þ'DCjyK? cfAsn;f þoku Yd yf? ocDeHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm o® m0dbwf\ em emtjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd o®m0peó em embma0g/
ykpH H ocdem/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f rS/
½ly ocdemmum; ocvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (oc+
o®m) c-cGif; t-<uif;? ocEÅód aememeHaook okwjf zifh oc o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
£jyK? cfAsnf; £okdYuyf? (ocd+o®m) o®m em okwfjzifh oco'´grSaemufjzpfaom
o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? ocdemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocga&[d? ocga&bd/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkrYd /S
½ly ocga&[d ç ocga&bd um; ocvdifwnf? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? (oc+[d) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H oac[d? oacbd/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wkrYd /S
½ly oac[dç oacbdum; ocvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S íl --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (oc+[d) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ocdaem/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f \/
½ly ocd a em
emum; ocvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(oc+o) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ocdó/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f \/

½ly ocd ó um; ocvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(oc+o) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ocg&meH/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wk\
Yd /
½ly ocg&meHum; ocvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(oc+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ocDe/H jrefrm cifyeG ;f wk\
Yd /
½ly ocDeHum; ocvdiw f nf? wk[ Yd í
l --aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf? (oc+eH)
a&S;enf;wlwuG yf g/
jrefrm ]]ocawm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ocawm}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 135/ o®dar/

okwjf refrm o® ð0bd wf\ { tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm oc
oco'´grS aemuf o® ð0b d wf\ { tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oc
ocawm o® ð0peó { uma&m a[mwd/
ar; o®mo®ðeH 0g okwf&SdvQuf þo®d ar[laomokwfukd qkd&jcif;onf
tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;/
ajz þ o®d ar [laomokwfonf jrJjcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh oco®ð
ocrS-d [k ½kyrf &S/d
ygVd edpaö w¬m,rm&arÇm/
ykpH H oac/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f ü/
½ly oac
oacum; ocvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b
d wfouf? (oc+o®)ð
c-cGif; t-<uif;? o®d ar okwfjzifh oco'´grSaemufjzpfaom o®0ð b d wfudk {jyK? acs?
{[kyuwdjyK? cfAsn;f {okuYd yf? oac
oacum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ocga&ok/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wküYd /
½ly ocga&okum; ocvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwf ouf?
(oc+ok) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? okerHok 0g okwjf zifh aemufo0k b
d wfaMumifh oco'´g\
2/ emru@ 307
tpdwf t-ukd tm&jyK? cfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (ocg&+ok) &-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG

uma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh &ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? &fAsnf; {okdYuyf?
ocga&okum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oacok/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f wküYd /
½ly oacokum; ocvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (oc+
ok) c-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[od u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf ok0b d wfaMumifh cftpdwf
Yd yf? oacokum; Ny;D \/
t-ukd {jyK? cfAsn;f {oku
*kP
d ;f pOf
ocg'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ocg/ ocgaemç ocga,m/
tm abm ocç abm ocgç abmaEÅm ocgaem/
abm ocdç abm ocDç
abm oac/
'k ocg&Hç ocgeHç ocH/ ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem/
w ocdem/ ocga&[dç ocga&bdç
oac[dç oacbd/
p ocdaemç ocdó/ ocg&meHç ocDe/H
yOö ocdem/ ocga&[dç ocga&bdç
oac[dç oacbd/
q ocdaemç ocdó/ ocg&meHç ocDe/H
owå oac/ ocga&okç oacok/
jrefrm tmwkro'´g\ yXrm 'kw, d m 0dbwfwüYdk twåo'´g\ ½kyef nf;uJh

okdYaom ½kyfenf;onf jzpf\/
ygVd tmwkro'´ó yXrm'kw, d mok twåo'áó0 ½lyea,m/
ykpH H tmwkrm/ jrefrm ukd,fonf/
½ly tmwkrmmum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf?
(tmwkr+od) osm p okwjf zifh tmwkro'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom od0b d wfudk tmjyK?

(tmwkr+tm) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmwkrmmum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmwkrmaem/ jrefrm ukd,fwkdYonf/
½ly tmwkrmaem maemum; tmwkrvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (tmwkr+a,m) a,mermaem okwjf zifh twåo'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? (tmwkr+tmaem) r-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[k
yuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmwkrmaemmaemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm tmwkr/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d /f
½ly abm tmwkrum; tmwkrvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwf
ouf? (tmwkr+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfteufüoufaom
od0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnf&adS om od0b d wfudk acs?
tmwkrum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm tmwkrm/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d /f
½ly abm tmwkrmmum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? tk[ d í
l --aMumifh od0b d wf
ouf? (tmwkr+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom
od0b d wfudk *trnfrn S ?hf r-cGi;f t-<uif;? tum& ydwm'sEmÅ erm okwjf zifh aemuf
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUwåt f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? rfAsn;f
tmokdYuyf? (tmwkrm+od) ao oawm--okwfjzifh *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfukd
acs? tmwkrmmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm tmwkrmaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..uk, d wf /Ydk
½ly b0aEÅm tmwkrmaem maemum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? wkt Yd [dk íl --aMumifh
a,m0dbwfouf? (tmwkr+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh tmwkr o'´gaemifrS
aESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? (tmwkr+tmaem) r-cGif; t-<uif;? acs?
tmaem[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmwkrmaem um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmwkrmeH/ jrefrm ukd,fukd/
½ly tmwkrmeHum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? uk[d í
l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf?
(tmwkr+tH) jA[®wo å c&mZm'dawm trmeH okwjf zifh tmwkro'´gaemifrS aESmif;
aom tH0b d wfudk tmeHjyK? (tmwkr+tmeH) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmeH[yk uwdjyK?
2/ emru@ 309
rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmwkrmeHum; Ny;D \/

ykpH H tmwkrH/ jrefrm ukd,fukd/
½ly tmwkru H m; tmwkrvdiw f nf? uk[ d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (tmwkr+
tH) r-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? tmwkrHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmwkrmaem/ jrefrm ukd,fwkdYukd/
½ly tmwkrmaemmaemum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? wku Yd [ dk í
l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (tmwkr+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh tmwkro'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfudk tmaem? (tmwkr+tmaem) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK?
rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? tmwkrmaem maemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmwkare/ jrefrm uk,d jf zif/h
½ly tmwkare reum; tmwkrvdiw f nf? jzif[ h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
(tmwkr+em) tawmaee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? r-cGi;f acs? {e[kyuwdjyK?
rfAsn;f {okuYd yf? tmwkare reum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokpYd onfonf yk&doo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd yk&doorH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
tmwkrm'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y tmwkrm/ tmwkrmaem/
tm abm tmwkrç abm tmwkrm/ b0aEÅm tmwkrmaem/
'k tmwkrmeHç tmwkrH/ tmwkrmaem/
w tmwkare/ <uif; yk&o d o'´gESiw hf \ l /
ygVd yk ro'´g\tjym;ukd þoko Yd t
d yf\/
ygVd ykro'´ó aba'g/
½kyf jrefrm ykr od [líwnf? 0g- yk ro'´gwnfí od0dbwfouf/
ygVd ykr od/
jrefrm trSó rrH okwfrS ]]o0dbwådó}}o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]o0dbwåó d m}}wd t"duma&m/
----------------
okwf 136/ ykrEÅóm odrSd/

okwjf refrm od0b d wfaMumifh yk ro'´g\tpdw\ f tm
tmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh ykro'´g\tpdw\ f tm
tmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ykro'´ó o0dbwåó d tmtmum&ma'aom a[mwd odrdS 0dbwård /dS
t"dygÜ ,f tEÅo'´gjzifh rC0 ,k0tp&Sad omo'´gwd\ Yk tpdw\ f vnf; tm
tmtjyK
onf jzpf\/
ygVd tEÅ*[ ¾ aPe rC0 ,k0gg'DerEÅó p/
ykpH H ykrm/ jrefrm a,mufsm;onf/
½ly ykrmmum; ykrvdiwf nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (ykr+od)
osm p okwfjzifh ykro'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom od0dbwfukd tmjyK? (ykr+tm) r-cGif;
t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? yk r mmum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]ykrEÅó}}[laomyk'o f nf vkud \ f /
ygVd ]]ykrEÅóm}}wd t"duma&m/
-------------
okwf 137/ a,m oGmaem/

okwjf refrm a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tmaem
a,m tmaemtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a,m hf uGaom ykro'´g\
a,mjzpfuek af om 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh 0dbwfEiS w
tpdwf t-\ tmaem
tmaemtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ykrEÅó o0dbwåó d tmaem
tmaemtma'aom a[mwd a,m a,mok 0dbwåo
D /k
ykpH H ykrmaem/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly ykrmaem
maemum; ykrvdiw f nf? wkoYd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(ykr+a,m) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? a,moGmaem okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf aMumifh ykro'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd tmaemjyK? (ykr+tmaem) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? ykrmaem
rfAsn;f tmoku maemum; Ny;D \/
------------
okwf 138/ trmvyaeu0pae

okwjf refrm tmvkyf {u0kpf 0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tHtjyKonfjzpf\/
2/ emru@ 311
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom tmvkyf {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuGaom

yk ro'´g\tpdwf t-\ tHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd yk rEÅó o0dbwåó d tH a[mwd tmvyaeu0pae ya&/
ykpH H a[ ykrH/ jrefrm [,f...a,mufsm;/
½ly a[ ykrHum; ykrvdiw f nf? [,f[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (ykr+
od) trmvyaeu0pae okwjf zifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS hf wuG tHjyK?
rfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? ykrHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ykrmaem/ jrefrm [,f...a,mufsm;wk/Yd
½ly a[ ykrmaem
maemum; ykrvdiw f nf? wk[ Yd ,f[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (ykr+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd tmaemjyK? r-cGif; t-
<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykrmaem
maemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykr/H jrefrm a,mufsm;ukd/
½ly ykrHum; ykrvdiw f nf? uk[ d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (ykr+tH) r-
cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? yk r Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrmaem/ jrefrm ukd,fwkdYukd/
½ly ykrmaem
maemum; ykrvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(ykr+a,m) a,mermaem okwfjzifh ykro'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd
tmaem? (ykr+tmaem) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tmaem[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
ykrmaemmaemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oko®drm 0g okwfrS ]tm}[laomyk'fç ]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tmç0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 139/ O emrSd p/

okwjf refrm em
em0dbwfaMumifh tm tmjyK O jyKwkdYonfvnf; jzpfukef\/ (po'´gjzifh
tmukd iifonf/)
0kwjdå refrm em
emjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-\ tm tmjyK OjyKwo
Ydk nf
tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd yk rEÅó tm OOtma'om a[mEÅd 0g em emrSd 0dbwård /dS
po'´g po'´gjzifh o0dbwf o®m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh ykr ur® xmro'´g\ tpdwf

\vnf; O jyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é ykrur®xmrEÅó pk}uma&m 0g o o®mok/
ykpH H ykrmem/ jrefrm a,mufsm;onf/
½ly ykrmem
memum; ykrvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;teufü em
0dbwfouf? (ykr+em) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwjf zifh aemufeH 0dbwfaMumifh
ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykrmem
memum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrek m/ jrefrm a,mufsm;onf/
½ly ykrkemmum; ykrvdiw
f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;teufü em0dbwf
ouf? (ykr+em) r-cGif; t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwfjzifh aemufeH 0dbwfaMumifh ykr
o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? ykrkemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykare 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; a,mufsm;onf? jzifh/
½ly yk a re
reum; ykrvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;teufü em0d
bwfouf? (ykr+em) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwjf zifh aemufeH 0dbwfaMumifh ykr
o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmç OjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0g o'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&?
tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; {okdYuyf?
ykare reum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmaeo®ðrSd 0g [laomokwfrS ]]tmae}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tmae}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 140/ [d0dbwådrSd p/

okwjf refrm [d0b d wfaMumifv h nf; tmae
tmaetjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm [d0dbwfaMumifhvnf; yk ro'´g\ tpdwf t-\ tmae tmaetjyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd yk rEÅó [d0b d wård dS p tmae
tmaetma'aom a[mwd/
0dbwåo d '´g 0dbwåo d '´gonf trSó rrH okwrf S vku
d v f maom o0dbwåo
d '´gukd
epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd 0dbwåd*[ ¾ PH o0dbwå*d [ ¾ Ped0wåew¬/H
2/ emru@ 313
ykpH H ykrmae[d? ykrmaebd/

jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYonf? wkdYjzifh/
½ly ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdum; ykrvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh
uwåm;teufü [d0dbwfouf? (ykr+[d) r-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfjzifh
a&SUykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (ykrme+[d) e-cGif; t-
<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf aMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
efAsn;f {okuYd yf? ykrmae[dum; Ny;D \/ ykrmaebd-ü o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS 0gjzifh [d-ukd
bdjyK? ykrmaebd/
po'´g po'´gjzifh tvk;H pkaH om0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh ,k0 rC0 tp&Sad om o'´g
wk\Yd tpdw\ f tme
tmetjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/ OemrSd p [laom
okwüf po'´gjzifh o o®m 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh ykro'´g\ tpdwf t-\ O jyKonf tcsKUd
ojzifh jzpf\/ psvawm oó aem 0g [laomokwfjzifh o 0dbwfukd aem aemjyK/
ygVd p oa'é ,k 0 rC0g rC0g'DerEÅó 0g tmem tmema'aom a[mwd
oAÁ0b D /k ]]O emrSd pm}}wd {w¬ p oa'é ykrEÅóu
d wåo k ma&m 0g oo®mok 0dbwåo D /k
]]psvawm oó aem 0g}}wd aem/
ykpH H ykrak em/ jrefrm a,mufsm;tm;/

½ly ykrkaem
emum; ykrvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ykr+o)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwjf zifh ykr\ tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (ykr+k
o) £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf psvawm
oó aem 0g okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? ykrkaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykró/ jrefrm a,mufsm;tm;/
½ly ykró óum; ykrvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ykr+o)
om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm?
ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? ykró
óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrmeH/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
½ly ykrmeHum; ykrvdiw f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf? (ykr+eH)
r-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf t-ukd
tm'DCjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykrmeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]o®mç em}}[laomokwfonfvnf; vkduf\/

ygVd ]]o®mç em}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 141/ psvawm p/

okwjf refrm psv psvwkaYd emifrv S nf; em emtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm psv
psvwkaYd emifrv S nf; o® m0dbwf\ em emtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd psv
psv£apöaw[d o®m0peó em a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gonf tcsKjYd y,k*üf epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd p *¾[PH uGpd ed0wåew¬/H
ykpH H ykrmem/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly ykrmem
memum; ykrvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®m)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwüf po'´gjzifh ykr\tpdwf t-ukd tmjyK? rfAsn;f tm
okdYuyf? (ykrm+o®m) psvawm p okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd emjyK? ykrmem memum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ykrek m/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly ykrkemmum; ykrvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®m)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwüf po'´gjzifh ykr\tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf?
(ykr+k o®m) psvawm p okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? ykrkemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrm/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly ykrmmum; ykrvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®m)
o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? r-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? yk r mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykro®m/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly ykro®mum; ykrvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®m)
ykro®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrrSm/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly ykrrSmum; ykrvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®m)
o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK? ykrrSmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ykrmae[d? ykrmaebd/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYrS/
2/ emru@ 315
½ly ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdum; ykrvdiw f nf? wkrYd [

S í
l --aMumifh [d0b
d wf
ouf? (ykr+[d) r-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (ykrme+[d) e-cGif; t-
<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf aMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
Yd yf? ykrmae[dum; Ny;D \/ ykrmaebd-ü o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS 0gjzifh [d-ukd
efAsn;f {oku
bdjyK? ykrmaebdum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykar[d? ykarbd/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYrS/
½ly ykar[dç ykarbdum; ykrvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í
l --aMumifh [d0bd wfouf?
(ykr+[d) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh a&SUrf
tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {okuYd yf? ykar
a r[dum; Ny;D \/ ykarbd-ü o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS
ar[d
0gjzifh [d-ukd bdjyK? ykarbdum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrak em/ jrefrm a,mufsm;\/

½ly ykrkaem emum; ykrvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ykr+o)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? O emrSd p okwjf zifh ykr\ tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (ykr+k
o) £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf psvawm
oó aem 0g okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? ykrkaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykró/ jrefrm a,mufsm;\/
½ly ykró óum; ykrvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ykr+o)
om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm?
ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? ykró
óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrmeH/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdY\/
½ly ykrmeHum; ykrvdiw f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf? (ykr+eH)
r-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf t-ukd
tm'DCjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykrmeHum; Ny;D \/
------------
okwf 142/ tmae o®ðrSd 0g/

okwjf refrm o® ð0b Yd jzifh tmae
d wfaMumifh tcsKo tmaejyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o®jð zpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom ykro'´g\ tpdwt f \

tmae
tmaejyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd ykrEÅó o0dbwåó d tmaetmaetma'aom a[mwd 0g o®ðrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H ykrmae/ jrefrm a,mufsm;ü/
½ly ykrmae
maeum; ykrvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (ykr+o®)ð
r-cGif; t-<uif;? tmae o®ðrSd 0g okwfjzifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
tmaejyK? (ykr+f t+tmae) o&avmayg-acs? tmae[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
ykrmae maeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykar/ jrefrm a,mufsm;ü/
½ly ykarrum; ykrvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (ykr+o®)ð r-
cGif; t-<uif;? tmae o®ðrSd 0g okwfjzifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
tmaejyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (ykr+f t+o®)ð o®mo®eð H 0g
okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd {jyK? r-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; {okdYuyf?
ykarrum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykro®ð jrefrm a,mufsm;ü/
½ly yk r o® ðum; ykrvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? (ykr+o®ð)
r-cGif; t-<uif;? tmae o®ðrSd 0g okwfjzifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
tmaejyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? rfAsnf; t-okdYuyf?
ykro®ðum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykrrSd jrefrm a,mufsm;ü/
½ly ykrrSdum; ykrvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (ykr+o®)ð r-
cGif; t-<uif;? tmae o®ðrSd 0g okwfjzifh ykro'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
tmaejyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? rfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (ykr+o®)ð
d wfudk rSjd yK? ykrrSdum; Ny;D \/
o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS 0gjzifh o®0ð b
-------------
okwf 143/ oko®drm 0g/
okwjf refrm ok0b d wfaMumifh tcsKUd ojzifh tm tmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom ok[laom þ0dbwfaMumifh yk ro'´g\tpdwf t-\
tm
tmjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 317
0kwyd å gVd yk rEÅó ok£apöwo®ð ya& tm tmtma'aom a[mwd 0g/

ykpH H ykrmok/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly ykrmokum; ykrvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (ykr+ok)
r-cGif; t-<uif;? oko®drm 0g okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh a&SUrftpdwft-ukd
tmjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykrmokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykarok/ jrefrm a,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly ykarokum; ykrvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (ykr+ok)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? okord® m 0g okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUrftpdwtf -ukd tmjyK
oifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf
ok0b d wfaMumifh a&SUo& rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ykarokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
ykrm'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ykrm/ ykrmaem/
tm a[ ykrm/ a[ ykrmaem/
'k ykr/H ykrmaem/
w ykrmemç ykrek mç ykare/ ykrmae[dç ykrmaebd/
p ykrak emç ykró/ ykrmeH/
yOö ykrmemç ykrek mç ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç
ykro®mç ykrrSm/ ykar[dç ykarbd/
q ykrak emç ykró/ ykrmeH/
owå ykrmaeç ykarç ykro®çð ykrrS/d ykrmokç ykarok/
jrefrm ,k0o'´gponfwüYdk ]],k0 od}}[laom þjy,k*üf Þ
ygVd ,k0g'Dok ]],k0 od}} £wD"Þ
jrefrm ]]ykrEÅóm odrSd}}[laom þokwfü tEÅo'´gjzifh tm
tmtu©&monf
jzpf\/ ]][d0dbwådrSd p}}[laom þokwfü p o'´gjzifh tme
tmetjyK
onfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd ]]ykrEÅóm odrSD}}wd {w¬ tEÅ*¾[aPe tm tmuma&mç ]][d0dbwådrSd

pm}}wd okawå p oa'é tmemtmema'aom p/
ykpH H ,k0g/ jrefrm vkvifonf/
½ly ,k0ggum; ,k0vdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0bd wfouf? (,k0+
od) ykrEÅóm odrdS okwüf tEÅo'´gykjd zifh aemufo0d b d wfudk tmjyK? (,k0+tm) 0-
cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k 0 ggum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,k0gaem/ jrefrm vkvifonf/
½ly ,k0gaem
gaemum; ,k0vdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(,k0+od) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-
ukd tmejyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (,k0ge+od) aom [laomokwfjzifh od0dbwfukd
MojyK? e-cGi;f acs Mo[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? ,k0gaem
gaemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gem/ jrefrm vkvifwo Ydk nf/
½ly ,k0gem
gemum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(,k0+a,m) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf
t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh yXr
a,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? e-cGi;f acs? tm[k yuwdjyK? efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,k0gem
gemum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0g/ jrefrm vkvifwo Ydk nf/
½ly ,k 0 ggum; ,k0vdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(,k0+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh yXra,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? 0-cGi;f acs? tm[k
yuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k 0 ggum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ ,k0/ jrefrm [,f...vkvif/
½ly a[ ,k 0um; ,k0vdifwnf? [,f[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(,k0+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? ,k 0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ,k0g/ jrefrm [,f...vkvif/
½ly a[ ,k0ggum; ,k0vdifwnf? [,f[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(,k0+od) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? ykrEÅómodrdS okwüf tEÅo'´gykjd zifh aemufo0d b d wfudk
tmjyK? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k 0 ggum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ ,k0ge/ jrefrm [,f...vifv/k
2/ emru@ 319
½ly a[ ,k0ge geum; ,k0vdiw f nf? [,f[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf?

(,k0+od) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ ,k0gem/ jrefrm [,f...vkvif/
½ly ,k0gem
gemum; ,k0vdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (,k0+
od) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd
tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+od) osm p okwjf zifh od0b d wfudk tmjyK? e-cGi;f
acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? efAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k0gem gemum; NyD;\/
ykpH H b0aEÅm ,k0gem/ jrefrm [,f...vkvifw/Ydk
½ly b0aEÅm ,k0gem gemum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wk[ Yd ,f[í l --aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (,k0+a,m) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh
yXra,m0dbwfukd tmjyK? e-cGif; acs? tm[k yuwdjyK? efAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
,k0gem gemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0geH/ jrefrm vkvifu/dk
½ly ,k0geHum; ,k0vdiw f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (,k0+tH)
0-cGi;f t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f
tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+tH) e-cGi;f acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? efAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? ,k0geHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0/H jrefrm vkvifu/dk
½ly ,k0Hum; ,k0vdiw f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (,k0+tH)
0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? ,k 0 Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gae/ jrefrm vkvifwu Ydk /dk
½ly ,k 0 gae
gaeum; ,k0vdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(,k0+a,m) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf
t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwjf zifh 'kw, d m
a,m0dbwfud k {jyK? e-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku Y d yf? ,k0gae gaeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,ka0/ jrefrm vkvifwu Ydk /dk
½ly ,k a 00um; ,k0vdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(,k0+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? 0-cGif; t-
<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,k a 00um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]tur®EÅó p}}[laom þokwfü p o'´gjzifh em ok[laom þ

0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh ,k0 rC0 rC0o'´g tp&So d nfw\ Ydk tpdwf t-\ tm
tjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/ þy&dbmomaMumifh tm tmjyK/
ygVd ]]tur®Eó Å pm}}wd {w¬ poa'é ,k0 rC0g rC0g'DerEÅó tm a[mwd
0g em ok£apöawolwd tm tmwå/H
ykpH H ,k0gem/ jrefrm vkvifjzif/h
½ly ,k0gem
gemum; ,k0vdiw f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (,k0+
em) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? tur®Eó Å p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh ,k0
o'´gtpdwf t-ukd tmjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k 0 gem gemum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,ka0e/ jrefrm vkvifjzif/h
½ly ,ka0e0eum; ,k0vdiw f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (,k0+
em) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? tur®Eó Å p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh ,k0o'´g
tpdwf t-ukd tmjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? tawm aee
okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? (,k0+{e) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f
{oku Yd yf? ,ka0e0eum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gaee/ jrefrm vkvifjzif/h
½ly ,k0gaee
gaeeum; ,k0vdiw f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (,k0+
em) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? tur®EÅó p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh ,k0
o'´gtpdwf t-ukd tmjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? [d0b d wård dS
p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK? (,k0f+tme+em) 0fAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? e-cGi;f t-<uif;?
acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,k0gaee
gaeeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gae[d? ,k0gaebd/ jrefrm vkvifwjYdk zif/h
½ly ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebdum; ,k0vdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? (,k0+[d) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsnf; tmokYuyf? (,k0ge+[d) e-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG
uma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf aMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
,k0gae[dum; NyD;\/ ,k0gaebd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd
bdjyK? ,k0gaebdum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 321
ykpH H ,ka0[d? ,ka0bd/ jrefrm vkvifwjYdk zif/h

½ly ,ka0[dç ,ka0bdum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[ h íl --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (,k0+[d) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh
a&SU0ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,ka0[dum; Ny;D \/ ,ka0bd-ü o®m[doeð® H
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? ,ka0bdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,k0geó/ jrefrm vkviftm;/
½ly ,k 0 geó
geóum; ,k0vdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(,k0+o) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-
ukd tmejyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (,k0ge+o) om*armao okwfjzifh aemuf
o0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? ,k0geógeóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0ó/ jrefrm vkviftm;/
½ly ,k0ó óum; ,k0vdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (,k0
+o) om*armao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f
aemufooku Yd yf? ,k0ó óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gemeH/ jrefrm vkvifwkdYtm;/
½ly ,k0gemeHum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (,k0
+eH) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd
tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+eH) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemuf
eH0b d wfaMumifh a&SUeftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,k0gemeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0geH/ jrefrm vkvifwkdYtm;/
½ly ,k0geHum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (,k0
+eH) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf aMumifh a&SU0ftpdwf t-
ukd tm'DCjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k0geHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,k0gem/ jrefrm vkvifr/S
½ly ,k0gemgemum; ,k0vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (,k0+
o®m) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd
tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (,k0ge+o®m) o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK?
(,k0ge+tm) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs tm [kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,k0gem
gemum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0geo®m? ,k0gerSm/ jrefrm vkvifr/S
½ly ,k0geo®mç ,k0gerSmum; ,k0vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwf
ouf? (,k0+o®m) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,k0geo®mum; Ny;D \/ ,k0gerSm-ü o®m[d
o®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK? ,k0gerSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gae[d? ,k0gaebd/ jrefrm vkvifwrYdk /S
½ly ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebdum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (,k0+[d) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,ka0[d? ,ka0bd/ jrefrm vkvifwrYdk /S
½ly ,ka0[dç ,ka0bdum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wkrYd [S í l --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (,k0+[d) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,k0geó/ jrefrm vkvif\/
½ly ,k0geógeóum; ,k0vdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (,k0+
o) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,k0ó/ jrefrm vkvif\/
½ly ,k0ó óum; ,k0vdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (,k0+
ykpH H ,k0gemeH/ jrefrm vkvifw\ Ydk /
½ly ,k0gemeHum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wk\
Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (,k0+
eH) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,k0geH/ jrefrm vkvifw\ Ydk /
½ly ,k0geHum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wf ouf? (,k0+eH)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,k0gae/ jrefrm vkvifü/
½ly ,k0gaegaeum; ,k0vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (,k0+o®)ð
0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd tmejyK?
0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (,k0ge+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd {jyK? (,k0ge+{)
e-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs { [kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,k0gae
gaeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0geo®?ð ,k0gerS/d jrefrm vkvifü/
2/ emru@ 323
½ly ,k0geo®ðç ,k0gerSu d m; ,k0vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b

d wfouf?
(,k0+o®)ð 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0b d wård dS p okwüf po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-
ukd tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,k0geo®ðum; Ny;D \/ ,k0gerSm-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS
0g okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? ,k0gerSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,ka0? ,k0rSd? ,k0o®ð jrefrm vkvifü/
½ly ,ka0ç ,k0rSdç ,k0o®ðum; ,k0vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b
d wf
ouf? (,k 0o® ð) um; NyD;\/ o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd {jyK? 0-cGif; acs {[k
yuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,ka00um; Ny;D \/ ,k0rSd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? ,k0rSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gaeok/ jrefrm vkvifwüYdk /

½ly ,k0gaeokum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (,k0
+ok) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? [d0dbwådrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh ,k0o'´g\ tpdwf t-ukd
tmejyK? 0fAsn;f tmokuYd yf? (,k0ge+ok) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh
aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ,k0gaeokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,k0gok/ jrefrm vkvifwüYdk /

½ly ,k0gokum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0bd wfouf? (,k0
+ok) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b
d wf aMumifh 0ftpdwf t-
ukd tm'DCjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,k0gokum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,ka0ok/ jrefrm vkvifwüYdk /
½ly ,ka0okum; ,k0vdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0bd wfouf? (,k0
+ok) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k bd wfaMumifh 0ftpdwf
Yd yf? ,ka0okum; Ny;D \/
t-ukd {jyK? 0fAsn;f {oku
jrefrm þqkt d yfcNhJ y;D aomenf;jzifh odMum;onf odMum;wko

Yd nf þokt
Yd p
&Sad omykpH w
H üYdk ,k0o'´gESiw
hf \l /
ygVd {0H rC0g rC0gaemç rC0gem £pöm'd ,k 0o'órH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
,k0g'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ,k0gç ,k0gaem/ ,k0gemç ,k0g/
tm a[ ,k0ç a[ ,k0g/ b0aEÅm ,k0gem/
'k ,k0geHç ,k0/H ,k0gaeç ,ka0/
w ,k0gemç ,ka0eç ,k0gaee/ ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebdç
,ka0[dç ,ka0bd/
p ,k0geóç ,k0ó/ ,k0gemeHç ,k0geH/
yOö ,k0gemç ,k0geo®mç ,k0gerSm/ ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebdç
,ka0[dç ,ka0bd/
q ,k0geóç ,k0ó/ ,k0gemeHç ,k0geH/
owå ,k0gaeç ,k0geo®çð ,k0gerSçd ,ka0ç ,k0gaeokç
,k0rSçd ,k0o®/ð ,k0gokç ,ka0ok/
t um& EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
t um& EÅ/H
------------
tmum& EÅ ykv’dif
jrefrm tm
tmum& EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d u f m; om
omo'´gwnf;/
ygVd tm
tmum&aEÅm ykva’d *Fg om
omoa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm om
omo'´gwnf? od0dbwfouf? aooawm okwfjzifh odukdacs/
ygVd om od? odavmayg/
ykpH H om okeacg/
jrefrm ocifhtoHukd emcHwwfaom acG;onf/
½ly om
omum; omvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf? aoo
awm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? om
omum; NyD;\/
A[k0pk üfÞ A[k0paeÞ
----------
2/ emru@ 325
okwf 144/ taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p/

okwjf refrm {u0kp0f bd wf a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifv h nf; Cr[kwaf omo&onf
&ó
&ótjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukeaf om {u0kp0f b d wfwaYdk Mumif¤h if;? a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh
¤if;? Ctrnf&adS om tm tmtu©&monf Muiftyfaom vdi\ f tpdwf
jzpfaom o&onf &ó &ótjzpfoYdk a&muf\/ þokwjf zifh &ójyK/
0kwyd å gVd C onutm tm
tmum&0ZÆdawm vd*FóaEÅm oa&m &órmyZÆaw
{u0paeok a,m a,mok p ya&olwd &ówå/H
tydo'´g tydo'´gonf od0b d wfaESmif;&mü &ótjyKwu Ydk dk epfapjcif;tusK;d
&S\
d / <uif;aom½kyu f dk odEidk af umif;onf/
ygVd tyd*[ ¾ PH odrdS ed0wåew¬/H aooH ae,s/H
ykpH H om wd|EÅd/ jrefrm acG;wkdYonf wnfukef\/
½ly om
omum; omvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(om+a,m) o-cGif; tm-<uif;? oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh yXrma,m 0dbwfukd
tmjyK? o&avmayg-acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? om omum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ o/ jrefrm [,f...acG;/
½ly a[ o oum; omvdiw f nf? [,f[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (om+
od) o-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh tmvkyf
{u0kpf0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? ofAsnf; t-okdYuyf?
aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? o um; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ om/ jrefrm [,f...acG;/
½ly a[ om omum; omvdifwnf? [,f[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(om+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? om omum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ om/ jrefrm [,f...acG;wk/Yd
½ly a[ om omum; omvdiw f nf? wk[ Yd ,f[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(om+a,m) oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwjf zifh yXrma,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? o-cGi;f tm-
<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? om omum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oH/ jrefrm acG;uk/d
½ly oHum; omvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf? (om+tH)
o-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh {u0kpf0dbwf

aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? o&avmayg-acs? tH[kyuwdjyK?
ofAsnf; tHokdYuyf? oHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ao/ jrefrm acG;wku Yd /dk
½ly ao
aoum; omvdiw f nf? wku Yd [dk íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? (om+
a,m) o-cGif; tm-<uif;? oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh ykvd’if tum&EÅaemifrS
aESmif;aom 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? o&avmayg-acs? {[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf;
{okdYuyf? ao
aoum; NyD;\/
ykpH H aoe/ jrefrm acG;jzif/h
½ly aoe
aoeum; omvdiw f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (om+em)
o-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif;
aomaMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? (of+t+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwf
ukd {ejyK? o&avmayg-acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? aoe aoeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H om[d? ombd/ jrefrm acG;wkjYd zif/h
½ly om[dç ombdum; omvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
om[dum; NyD;\/ ombd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK?
ombdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oó/ jrefrm acG;tm;/
½ly oó
oóum; omvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (om+
o) tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif; aomaMumifh
a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? om*armao okwfjzifh aemufo 0dbwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? oó oóum; NyD;\/
ykpH H om,/ jrefrm acG;tusK;d iSg/
½ly om,
om,um; omvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (om+
o) tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? (o+o)pwkaw¬u 0peó wk okwjf zifh pwkw{D¬ u0kpf
o0dbwfukd tm,jyK? (o+tm,) o-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? ofAsn;f
tmokdYuyf? om,
om,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H omeH/ jrefrm acG;wkt Yd m;/
2/ emru@ 327
½ly omeHum; omvdiw f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? omeH

um; NyD;\/
ykpH H om/ jrefrm acG;rS/
½ly om
omum; omvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (om+o®m)
tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh {u0kpf0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? (o+o®m) o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? o-
cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? om omum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oo®m? orSm/ jrefrm acG;rS/
½ly oo®mç orSmum; omvdifwnf? rS[lí--aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?
(om+o®m) tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif;aom
aMumifh a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? oo®mum; Ny;D \/ orSm- ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g
okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? orSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H om[d? ombd/ jrefrm acG;wkrYd /S
½ly om[dç ombdum; omvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S íl --aMumifh [d0b d wfouf?
a&S;enf;rSwD uG /f
ykpH H oó/ jrefrm acG;\/
½ly oó
oóum; omvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (om+o)
a&S;enf;rSwD uG /f
ykpH H omeH/ jrefrm acG;wk\ Yd /
½ly omeHum; omvdiw f nf? wk\Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? omeHum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ao/ jrefrm acG;ü/
½ly ao
aoum; omvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? (om+o®ð)
tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh {u0kpf0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? (o+o®)ð o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk {jyK? o-cGi;f
acs? {[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf; {okdYuyf? ao aoum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oo®ð? orSd/ jrefrm acG;ü/
½ly ooð®ç orSdum; omvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (om+
o®)ð tmaCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh
a&SUtmo&ukd t-&ójyK? oo®ðum; Ny;D \/ orSd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh

o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? orS dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H omok/ jrefrm acG;wküYd /
½ly omokum; omvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b
d wfouf? (om+
ok) omokum; NyD;\/
jrefrm *g@D0"EGm tp&Su d ek af om jy,k*w f o
Ydk nf þ-omo'´gESihf tvm;wl
wkcYd sn;f wnf;/
ygVd {0H ypöuu © "© r®m *g@D0"EGmybkwa,m/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y om/ om/
tm a[ o/ a[ om/
'k oH/ ao/
w aoe/ om[dç ombd/
p oóç om,/ omeH/
yOö omç oo®mç orSm/ om[dç ombd/
q oó/ omeH/
owå aoç oo®ðç orSd/ omok/
tm
tmum&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
tm
tmum&EÅ/H
----------------
£um&EÅ ykvd’if
jrefrm £ um&EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d u f dk t*¾do'´g[lí jytyf\ ('óD,aw)/
ygVd £ um&aEÅm ykva’d *Fg t*¾doa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm odpaom0dbwfouf? t*¾d od [lí wnfonf&adS omf/
ygVd osm
osm'sKywÜ ?då t*¾d od?
jrefrm ]]EÅKóaEÅma,mok pokwfrS taEÅmyk'fç odrSdç 0g}}yk'fonf vkduf\/
2/ emru@ 329
ygVd ]]taEÅmç odrSdç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/

----------
okwf 145/ t*¾dóded/

okwjf refrm t*¾do'´g\ tpdwjf zpfaom £ o&\ £eDtjyKonfjzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh t*¾ do'´g\tpdwf £ onf £eDjyKonf
0kwyd å gVd t*¾ dó taEÅm £ed a[mwd 0g odrdS 0dbwård /dS
½kyf jrefrm ]]aooawm avmyH *odyd}}okwfjzifh od0dbwfonf ausonf
jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd ]]aooawm avmyH *odyD}}wd odavmayg/
ykpH H t*¾ed /d jrefrm rD;onf/
½ly t*¾dedum; t*¾v d id w
f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (t*¾+d
od) *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? t*¾ó d ed d okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh t*¾o d '´g\tpdwf
£ukd £edjyK? *¾fAsnf; £okdYuyf? aooawm--okwfjzifh *trnfr&Sdaom od0dbwf
ukad cs? t*¾dedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾/d jrefrm rD;onf/
½ly t*¾u d m; t*¾v d id w
f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (t*¾+d od)
t*¾ó d ed d okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh t*¾o d '´g\tpdwf £ukd £edjyKoifjh im;
aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnfr&Sad om
od0b d wfuadk cs? t*¾dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]£0PÖK0PÖm psvm}}okwjf zifh ps v trnfrn S ohf nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd A[k0pae ]]£0PÖK0PÖm psvm}}wd psv psvonm,HÞ
jrefrm ]]psvawmç 0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]psvawmç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 146/ Cyawm p a,meH avmayg/

okwjf refrm Cy S nf; a,m
CywkaYd emifrv a,m0dbwfw\
Ydk ausjcif;onfjzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Cy
Cytrnf&Sdukefaom £w¬dvdifukd a[mukefaom tm tmtu©&m
£0Pf O0PfwrYdk ¤S if;? psvpsvtrnf&udS ek af om £0Pf O0PfwrYdk ¤S if;?
aemufüjzpfuek af om a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk ausjcif;onf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd Cy
Cyoan[d £w¬0d gpau[d tmum&d0PÖK0aPÖ[çd psv oan[d
p ya&oH a,m a,m0pemeH avmayg a[mwd 0g/
0go'´g þ0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS /
ygVd 00w¬w
d 0dbmom,H/
---------------
okwf 147/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/

okwjf refrm jyKtyfNy;D aom edtu©&m ausjcif;&Su d ek af om a,ma,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh
'D CtjyKoYdk a&mufuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm jyKtyfNy;D aom edtu©&m? jyKtyfNy;D aom ausjcif;&Su d ek af om a,m
a,m0d
bwfwkdYaMumifh vdif\ tpdwfjzpfíjzpfukefaom tvkH;pkHukefaom
&óo&wko Yd nf 'D CtjzpfoYdk a&mufuek \ f /
0kwyd å gVd vd*ó F EÅbw l m oaAÁ &óo&m a,m a,mok uwed edum&avm ayok
'DCrmyZÆaEÅ/
pwkw¬DwyÜK&dof ormof
jrefrm tMuifa,m0dbwfwt Ydk m; jyKtyfNy;D aom edtu©&m jyKtyfNy;D aom
ausjcif;wko Yd nf &Su
d ek \ f (oEÅ)d / xkaYd Mumifh xkad ,m0dbwf wko Yd nf
uwedum&avmyrnfuek \ f /
ygVd uwm edum&avmyg a,oH aw uwedum&avmyg m&avmyg/
ykpH H t*¾/D jrefrm rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly t*¾ Dum; t*¾dvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(t*¾d+a,m) *¾-cGif; £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukd a[maom
£ukd psrSnfh? Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh psaemifrS aESmif;aom a,m0d
bwfukdacs? a,mokuwedum&avmayok 'DCH okwfjzifh jyKtyfNyD;aomausjcif;
&Sdaom a,m0dbwfaMumifh a&SU£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? *¾fAsnf; þokdYuyf? t*¾ Dum;
Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 331
jrefrm ]]yOöm'Derwå}H }[laom þokwrf S ]]twå}H }[laomyk'o

f nfvu
dk \
f /
ygVd ]]yOöm'Derwå}}EÅd £awm ]]twå}}rdwd 0wåaw/
-----------
okwf 148/ a,moG uw&aóm apsm/

okwjf refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfwkdYaMumifh rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sdaom pstrnf&Sdaom
£ o&onf t tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukefaom a,m
a,m0dbwfwkdYaMumifh rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sdaom
pstrnf&Sdaom £ onf t tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd a,m
a,mok ya&ok tuw&aóm apsm t twårmyZÆaw/
ykpH H t*¾a,m/ jrefrm rD;wkoYd nf/
½ly t*¾a,m,mum; t*¾v d id wf nf? wkoYd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
£ukd psrn S ?hf a,moG uw&aóm apsm okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh rjyKtyf
aom &ó&Sad om pstrnf&adS om £o&ukd t-jyK? *¾Af sn;f t-oku Yd yf? t*¾a,m
,mum;
Ny;D \/
ar; apsm
apsm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz &wåad ,m paomykpH w H üYdk t tjzpfoYdk wm;jrpf&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd apsm
apsmwd uð¿ &wåad ,m(wsm'Dok twåead o"ew¬)H /
jrefrm tmvkyfüvnf; þtwlwnf;/
ygVd tmvyaeay0H/
ykpH H a[ t*¾d/ jrefrm [,f...rD;/
½ly a[ t*¾dum; t*¾dvdifwnf? [,f[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(t*¾+d od) aooawm--okwjf zifh *trnfr&Sad om od0b d wfuadk cs? t*¾dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ t*¾D/ jrefrm [,f...rD;wk/Yd
½ly a[ t*¾u D m; t*¾v
d id wf nf? wk[
Yd ,f[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
£ukd psrn S ?hf Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwjf zifh psaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf
ukad cs? a,mokuwedum&avmayok 'DCH okwjf zifh jyKtyfNy;D aomausjcif;&Sad om
a,m0dbwfaMumifh a&SU£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? *¾Af sn;f þoku Yd yf? t*¾ Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ t*¾a,m/ jrefrm [,f...rD;wk/Yd
½ly a[ t*¾a,m ,mum; t*¾dvdifwnf? wkdY[,f[lí--aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (t*¾d+a,m) *¾-cGif; £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukd
a[maom £ukd psrSnfh? a,moG uw&aóm apsm okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aMumifh rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sdaom pstrnf&Sdaom £o&ukd t-jyK? *¾fAsnf; t-
oku Yd yf? t*¾a,m
,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm 'kw,
d m{u0kp0f b
d wfaMumifh a&SUo&ausjcif;okYd a&mufvvk wfaomf/
ygVd 'kwad ,u0pae ykAóÁ &avmay orÜawåÞ
------------
okwf 149/ tH arm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d/

okwjf refrm psvy
psvywkaYd emifrS tH0b d wf rtu©&monf ed*[ ¾ w d t
f jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm psvy
psvywkrYd S aemufjzpfaom tH0b d wf[al om r tu©&m\ ed*[ ¾ w d f
jzpfaom tma'oonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd psvy
psvy£apöaw[d y&ó t 0peóç r um&ó p ed*¾[DwH
tma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H t*¾ð jrefrm rD;uk/d
½ly t*¾ðum; t*¾v d id wf nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (t*¾+d tH)
*¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom £ukd psrn S ?hf tH
arm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d okwfjzifh psaemifrS aESmif;aom tH0dbwfukd pstxufü
ed*[ ¾ w
d jf y? *¾f £HouYdk yf? t*¾ ðum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾/D jrefrm rD;wku Yd /dk
½ly t*¾Dum; t*¾v d id wf nf? wku Yd [dk íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? (t*¾+d
a,m) a&S;enf;rSw D u G /f
ykpH H t*¾a,m/ jrefrm rD;wku Yd /dk
½ly t*¾a,m ,mum; t*¾v d id w
f nf? wku Yd [
dk íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(t*¾+d a,m) a&S;enf;rSw D u
G /f
ykpH H t*¾ed m/ jrefrm rD;jzif/h
2/ emru@ 333
½ly t*¾demmum; t*¾v d id wf nf? jzif[ h íl --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? t*¾dem

um; NyD;\/
ykpH H t*¾D[d? t*¾Dbd/ jrefrm rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdum; t*¾dvdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0dbwf
ouf? (t*¾+d [d) *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom
£ukd psrn S ?hf oke[H od k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf aMumifh £ukd þ'DCjyK? *¾Af sn;f
þoku Yd yf? t*¾D[dum; Ny;D \/ t*¾Dbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk
bdjyK? t*¾Dbdum;Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oke[H od k p}}okwüf p o'´gjzifh tcsKUd aomt&mü 'DCrjyKjcif;onf
jzpf\/
ygVd ]]okeH[dok pm}}wd {w¬ p *¾[aPe uw¬pd 'DCmbma0g/
ykpH H t*¾d[d? t*¾dbd/ jrefrm rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly t*¾d[dç t*¾dbdum; t*¾dvdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0dbwf
ouf? t*¾ d [ dum; NyD;\/ t*¾dbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd
bdjyK? t*¾dbdum;Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ]]psvawm oó aem0g}}okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd aemjyK/
ygVd ]]psvawm oó aem0g}}wd aem aem/
ykpH H t*¾ad em/ jrefrm rD;tm;/
½ly t*¾daem emum; t*¾v d id wf nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (t*¾+d
o) *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom £ukd psrn S ?hf
psvawm oó aem0g okwjf zifh psaemifraS ESmif; aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? *¾Af sn;f
£oku Yd yf? t*¾daem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾ód / jrefrm rD;tm;/
½ly t*¾dóum; t*¾v d id wf nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (t*¾+d
o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh of-vm ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf?
t*¾dóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾eD /H jrefrm rD;wkt Yd m;/
½ly t*¾DeHum; t*¾v d id wf nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (t*¾+d
eH) *¾-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f dk a[maom £ukd psrn S ?hf
okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh £ukd þ'DCjyK? *¾fAsnf; þokdYuyf?

t*¾DeHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ]]o®m em}}[laomokwo f nf vku d o f nf&adS omf ]]psvawm p}}okwjf zifh
tcsKUd ojzifh o®m0dbwfudk em emjyK/
ygVd ]]o®m em}}wd 0wårmae ]]psvawm pm}}wd 0duayÜe em em/
ykpH H t*¾ed m/ jrefrm rD;rS/
½ly t*¾demmum; t*¾v d id w
f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (t*¾+d
o®m) o®m em okwu f vdk udk af pí psvawm p okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? t*¾demmum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾do®m? t*¾drSm/ jrefrm rD;rS/
½ly t*¾do®mç t*¾drSmum; t*¾v d id w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?
t*¾do®mum; Ny;D \/ t*¾drSm-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK?
t*¾drSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾D[d? t*¾Dbd/ jrefrm rD;wkrYd /S
½ly t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbu d m; t*¾v d id w f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh [d0b d wfouf?
(t*¾+d [d) a&S;ESiehf nf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾d[d? t*¾dbd/ jrefrm rD;wkrYd /S
½ly t*¾d[dç t*¾dbu d m; t*¾v d id w f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh [d0b d wfouf?
t*¾d[dum;Ny;D \/ t*¾dbd-ü [dukd bdjyK/
ykpH H t*¾ad em/ jrefrm rD;\/
½ly t*¾ d a em emum; t*¾dvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(t*¾+d o) a&S;ESiehf nf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾ó d / jrefrm rD;\/
½ly t*¾ d ó um; t*¾dvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(t*¾+d o) a&S;ESiehf nf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾eD /H jrefrm rD;wk\ Yd /
½ly t*¾Deu H m; t*¾v d id w
f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (t*¾+d eH)
a&S;ESiehf nf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾ed /H jrefrm rD;wk\ Yd /
2/ emru@ 335
½ly t*¾deu H m; t*¾v d id wf nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (t*¾+d eH)
ykpH H t*¾drSd? t*¾do®ð/ jrefrm rD;ü/
½ly t*¾drSdç t*¾do®ðum; t*¾v d id wf nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wf ouf?
t*¾dou ®d m; Ny;D \/ t*¾drSd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? t*¾dru
Sd m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾o D /k jrefrm rD;wküYd /
½ly t*¾Dokum; t*¾v d id wf nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (t*¾+d
ok) *¾-cGif; £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm psvm okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukd a[maom £ukd
psrn S ?hf oke[H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh £ukd þ'DCjyK? *¾Af sn;f þoku Yd yf?
t*¾Dokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾o d /k jrefrm rD;wküYd /
½ly t*¾ d o kum; t*¾dvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
(t*¾+d ok)
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y t*¾d/ t*¾Dedç t*¾dç t*¾Dç t*¾a,m/
tm a[ t*¾d/ a[ t*¾Dç a[ t*¾a,m/
'k t*¾/ð t*Dç¾ t*¾a,m/
w t*¾ed m/ t*¾[ D çd t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd/
p t*¾ad emç t*¾ó d / t*¾eD /H
yOö t*¾demç t*¾do®mç t*¾drSm/ t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd
q t*¾ad emç t*¾ó d / t*¾eD /H
owå t*¾drSdç t*¾do®ð/ t*¾Dokç t*¾dok/
jrefrm t*¾do'´grSwpfyg;aom £ um&EÅyv k i’d üf vnf; þokYd t*¾o d '´g twlwnf;/
ygVd {0ranyd / Þ
ykpH H aZmwd/ jrefrm rD;/
ykpH H ygPd/ jrefrm vuf/
ykpH H *P²/d jrefrm ray:aom teuf&adS omo'´g/
ykpH H rk|/d jrefrm vufqkwf/
rSwcf suf &wåd rk|, d -H [k £w¬v d id Ef iS qhf \

dk /
ykpH H ukp/dä jrefrm 0rf;/
rSwcf suf ukp, dä H ukprdä -dS [k 'dv
G id jf zifh qk\ d /
ykpH H 0w¬/d jrefrm pnfarmif;/
ykpH H omvd/ jrefrm oav;eD/
ykpH H orÁE¨pdEÅmü omvda,m-[k £w¬dvdifESifh qkdonf/
ykpH H 0D[/d jrefrm aumuf/
ykpH H Asm"d/ jrefrm tem/
ykpH H Mo"d/ jrefrm tykid ;f tjcm; ta&;taMumif;/
ykpH H aAm"d/ jrefrm aAm"dyif/
ykpH H oE¨/d jrefrm o&oE¨d paomoE¨/d
ykpH H &mod/ jrefrm tpk/
ykpH H auod/ jrefrm auodrnfaom jrif;xde;f /
ykpH H omwd/ jrefrm omwdrnfaomol/
ykpH H 'Dy/d jrefrm opf/
ykpH H £od/ jrefrm &aoh/
ykpH H rke/d jrefrm &[ef;/
ykpH H rPd/ jrefrm ywåjrm;/
ykpH H "ed/ jrefrm toH/
ykpH H ,wd/ jrefrm &[ef;/
ykpH H *d&/d jrefrm awmif/
ykpH H &0d/ jrefrm ae/
ykpH H u0d/ jrefrm ynm&S/d
ykpH H uyd/ jrefrm arsmuf/
ykpH H tod/ jrefrm oefvsu/f
ykpH H rod/ jrefrm rD;aoG;? rSi/f
ykpH H ed"/d jrefrm Opöm/
ykpH H 0d"/d jrefrm tpDt&if/
ykpH H t[d/ jrefrm a>r/
2/ emru@ 337
ykpH H udr/d jrefrm yk;d avmuf/

ykpH H ywd/ jrefrm t&Si?f 0g-vif/
ykpH H [&d/ jrefrm jcaoF/h
ykpH H t&d/ jrefrm &efo/l
ykpH H wdr/d jrefrm wdrrd nfaomig;/
ykpH H uvd/ jrefrm jypfrmS ;jcif;/
ykpH H Avd/ jrefrm ylaZmfjcif;/
ykpH H Zv"d/ jrefrm ork'&´ m/
ykpH H *[ywd/ jrefrm ol<u,f/
ykpH H O½k"w d /d jrefrm BuD;aomvkHYv/
ykpH H 0&rwd/ jrefrm jrwfaomynm&S/d
ykpH H ed½yk wd/ jrefrm Oy"dr&S/d
ykpH H t"dywd/ jrefrm tBu;D trSL;/
ykpH H tOÆv/d jrefrm vuftyk /f
ykpH H om&xd/ jrefrm &xm;xde;f /
ykpH H twdxd/ jrefrm {nfo h nf/
ykpH H orm"d/ jrefrm wnfMunfjcif;/
ykpH H O'"d/ jrefrm ork'&´ m/
½ly O'"dum; O'"dwnf? od0b
d wfoufNy;D acs&ygrnf/
ybkwa,m tp&SdonfwkdYwnf;/
£ um&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
£ um&EÅ/H
---------------
þum&EÅ ykvd’if
jrefrm þum&EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d of '´gukd '@Do'´g[lí jytyf\/('óD,aw)/
ygVd þ um&aEÅm ykva’d *Fg '@Doa'´g/
jrefrm ]]'@D od}}[laom þyk'üf Þ
ygVd ]]'@D od}}£wD"Þ
jrefrm ]]taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p}}[laomokwfjzifh &ótjzpf

onf a&mufvkvwfaomf? þ taCm &ó okwfüyifvQif tyd
o'´gjzifh od0b d wfaESmif;&mü tcsKo Yd jzifh xk&d ótjyK\ rjzpfjcif;onf Ny;D Ny;D vQuf
jrjJ cif;tusK;d iSg qk\d /
ygVd ]]taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd pm}}wd &óawå orÜawå {aw¬0g-
yd*[ ¾ aPe odoð® w'bma0 oda'¨ ed,rw¬rm[/
jrefrm taCm&ó okwrf S ]]&óH}}[laomyk'o f nf vkud of nf&adS omfÞ
ygVd ]]&ó}}EÅd 0wårmaeÞ
-------------------
okwf 150/ e od o®dreykHoumed/

okwjf refrm od0dbwfaMumihf eykvd’ifr[kwfukefaom £w¬dvdif ykvd’ifwkdYonf
&ó
&ótjzpfoYdk ra&mufuek /f
0kwjdå refrm od0b d wfaMumifh eykvi’d o
f nfMuOftyfuek af om vdiw Ydk nf &ó
f o
tjzpfoYdk ra&mufuek \ f /
0kwyd å gVd odoð® e yko
H u0ZÆw d med vd*gF ed e &órmyZÆaEÅw/d
jrefrm þokwjf zifh &órjyKjcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd &ówåmbma0g/
½kyf jrefrm aooawm okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd odavmayg/
ykpH H '@D wd|wd/
jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sdaomolonf wnf\/
½ly '@Dum; '@Dvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? ('@D+
od) aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? '@Dum; Ny;D \/
ar; teykHoumed[al omyk'o f nf tb,fenf;¿/
ajz okcum&d 'geH paomyk'w f üYdk wm;jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd teykHoumeDwd uð¿ okcum&d 'geH(wsm'Dok edao"ew¬)H /
t"dygÜ ,f þokwüf vnf; oGm;jcif;ponfü oef&Y iS ;f aom tjcif;t&m roefY
&Si;f aom tjcif;t&mjzpfaom a0g[m& ESpyf g;pkrH S vGwaf om a0g[m&
2/ emru@ 339
wkdYukd a,mufsm; rdef;r eykH;ukd odjcif;ü taMumif;\ tjzpfaMumifh rdef;r eykH;ukd

odjcif;ü taMumif;\tjzpfaMumifh vdi[ f í
l qkt d yf\/
odpaom 0dbwftpOf oef&Y iS ;f aomtjcif;t&m&Sad om yk&o d paom
o'´g? odpaom 0dbwftpOf roef&Y iS ;f aom tjcif;t&m&Sad om unmpaomo'´g?
ESpyf g;pkrH S vGwaf omtjcif;t&m&Sad om pdwpå aom o'´gwku Yd dk odpaom0dbwftpOf\
oefY&Sif;aomtjcif;t&m[kqkdtyfaom ykvd’ifponfukd odjcif;ü? 0g- odjcif;\
taMumif;\tjzpfaMumifh vdi[ f í
l qkt d yfuek \
f / (#Dumenf;)/
ygVd {w¬ p Þ
0do'g0do'gum&-a0g[ma&mb,rkwu å m/
ykrm'dZmeae a[wk-bm0awm vd*rF &D w d m/
jrefrm Cyawm p paomokwjf zifh a,m a,m0dbwfaus&mü
ygVd a,m
a,mavmay/
ykpH H '@D wd|EÅ/d
jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolwo Ydk nf wnfuek \ f /
½ly '@Dum; '@Dvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
('@D+a,m) Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh aemuf a,m0dbwfukd acs?
'@Dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm a,m0dbwfraus&mü ]]taCm &ó}}paomokwjf zifh &ótjzpfudk
jyKtyfaomf ]]eHpsawm uw&óokwfrS psawmç uw&óm}}
Þ
ygVd £w&Mw ]]taCm &ó}}rdpöm'dem &óawå uaw
]]psawmç uw&óm}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 151/ a,meH aem/

okwjf refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk aem
aemtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jyKtyfNy;D aom &ó&Sad om psrS aESmif;ukeaf om tmvkyEf iS hf wuGjzpf
ukeaf om tvk;H pku H ek af om a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk aem tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oaAÁoH a,meH omvyemeH psawm uw&óm ya&oH aem aem£pöm-
a'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H '@daem wd|EÅ/d
jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolwo Ydk nf wnfuek \f /
½ly '@daememum; '@Dvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
('@D+a,m) taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf a,m0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? a,meH aem okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd aemjyK?
'@daem emum; Ny;D \/
ar; uw&óm
uw&óm[laomyk'o f nf tb,fenf;¿/
ajz t*¾a,m paomykpH w H üYdk wm;jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd uw&óm
uw&ómwd uð¿ t*¾a,m(wsm'Dok eda'"ew¬)H /
jrefrm ]]a,meH aem}}[k okwuf dk a0befaomtm;jzifh tcsKjYd y,k*üf rjyKtyf
aom &ó&Sdaom psaemifrSvnf; a,m\ aemjyKonf jzpf\?
ykHpHum;- o&rwdaem-wnf;? rjrwfaom rdpämw&m;ü tjrwf[k t,l&Sdukefaom
olwkdYonf/
ygVd t"dum&H 0dem ]]a,meH? aem}}wd a,m*0dbm*awm/
uGpd tuw&ómyd? aem om&rwdaem ,xm/
jrefrm tmvkyfü abma* wk okwfrS ]]a*}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd tmvyae ]]a*}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 152/ psvyg &óH/

okwjf refrm psvy
psvywko Yd nf &ótjzpfoYdk a&mufuek \f /
0kwjdå refrmaESmif;aom *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfaMumifh psvypsvywkdYonf &ó
tjzpfoYdk a&mufuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd psvy
psvy£apöaw &órmyZÆaEÅ a* ya&/
ykpH H abm '@d/ jrefrm tk.d ..awmifa0S;&Sad omol/
½ly abm '@dum; '@Dvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
('@D+od) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maom þukd
2/ emru@ 341
pstrnfrn S ?hf tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufü oufaom od0bd wf
ukd *trnfrn S ?hf taCm &ó--okwjf zifh aemuf* trnf&adS om od0bd wfaMumifh
pstrnf&adS om þukd £&ójyK? @fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? ('@d+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh
*rnfaom odukdacs? '@dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]taCm &ó}} þokdYtp&SdaomokwfjzifhvQif &ótjzpfonf

Ny;D vQuvf nf; &ówpfzef jyKjyefaom þokwo f nf jrjJ cif; tusK;d
&Sd\? xkdYaMumifh ]]abm a*g}}paomjy,k*fwkdYü rjzpf/
ygVd ]]taCm &ó}}EÅt d m'dem0 oda'ÿd &óawå ykem&arÇm ed,raw¬m/
awe ]]abm a*g}}wdtm'Dok e b0wd/
ykpH H '@D/
jrefrm tk.d ..awmifa0S;&Sad omolw/Ydk
½ly '@Dum; '@Dvid w f nf? wktYd [
dk í
l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? ('@D+
a,m) Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwjf zifh aemuf a,m0dbwfudk acs? '@Dum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@daem/
jrefrm tk.d ..awmifa0S;&Sad omolw/Ydk
½ly '@daem emum; '@Dvid w f nf? wkt Yd [dk í
('@D+a,m) taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf a,m0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? a,meH aem okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk aemjyK? '@daem
um; NyD;\/
jrefrm 'kwd,m0dbwfü &ótjzpfukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf tH,rDawm
okwrf S ]]tH}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f / ]]Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g}}[laom
þokwrf S r@Lu*wduenf;tm;jzifh ]]0g}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \ f /
ygVd 'kwd,m,H &óawå uaw ]]t}}rdwd 0wåaw? ]]Cyawm o®ð ,H
0g}}wd £awm r@Lu*wd,m ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 153/ eH psawm uw&óm/

okwjf refrm jyKtyfNy;D aom &ó&Sad om psaemifrS tH0b d wf\ eHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm jyKtyfNyD;aom &ó&Sdaom ps psaemifrS aemufjzpfaom tH0b d wf\
eHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd psawm uw&óm y&ó tH 0peó eH a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H '@de/H jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolu/dk
½ly '@deu H m; '@Dvid wf nf? uk[d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? ('@D+tH)
@-cGi;f þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ykvi’d u f adk [maom þukd pstrnfrn S ?hf
taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf tH0b d wfaMumifh '@Do'´g\
þukd £&ójyK? @fAsnf; £okdYuyf? ('@d+tH) eH psawm uw&óm okwfjzifh
jyKtyfNy;D aom &ó&Sad om psaemifraS ESmif;aom tH0b d wfudk eHjyK? '@deHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@ð/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolu/dk
½ly '@ðum; '@Dvid w f nf? uk[d íl --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? ('@D+tH)
taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf tH0b d wfaMumifh '@Do'´g\
þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+£+tH) tHarm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d okwfjzifh tH0dbwfukd
a&SUpstxufü ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK (£H) @fAsn;f £Hou Ydk yf? '@ðum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@D/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&SdaomolwkdYukd/
½ly '@Dum; '@Dvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H '@daem jrefrm awmifa0S;&SdaomolwkdYukd/
½ly '@daem emum; '@Dvid w f nf? wku Yd [dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf ouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H '@dem/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omoljzif/h
½ly '@d e mmum; '@Dvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
('@D+em) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maom þukd
pstrnfrn
S ?hf taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf em0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+£+em) @fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? '@demmum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 343
ykpH H '@D[d? '@Dbd/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&SdaomolwkdYjzifh/

½ly '@D[dç '@Dbdum; '@Dvid w f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh [d0b
d wf
ouf? '@D [ dum; NyD;\/ '@Dbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd
bdjyK? '@Dbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@daem/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly '@d a em
emum; '@Dvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
('@D+o) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maom þukd
pstrnfrn S ?hf taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf o0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? ('@d+o) psvawm oó aem 0g okwjf zifh psaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? '@daem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@dó jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sdaomoltm;/
½ly '@d óum; '@Dvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
('@D+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü of-
vm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? '@d óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H '@De/H jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolwt Ydk m;/
½ly '@D e Hum; '@Dvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
('@D+eH) '@DeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]psvawm p}}okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk em
emjyK/
ygVd ]]psvawm pm}}wd em/
ykpH H '@dem/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolr/S
½ly '@demmum; '@Dvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? ('@D+
o®m) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maom þukd
pstrnfrn S ?hf taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufom® 0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+ £+o®m) @fAsnf;£ okdYuyf? psvawm p
okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? '@demmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@do®m? '@drSm
jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolr/S
½ly '@do®mç '@drSmum; '@Dvdifwnf? rS[lí--aMumifh o®m 0dbwf
ouf? ('@D+o®m) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maom

þukd pstrnfrn S ?hf taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufom® 0dbwf
aMumifh '@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+£+o®m) @fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? '@do®mum;
NyD;\/ '@drSm-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK? '@d r S mum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@D[d? '@Dbd/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&SdaomolwkdYrS/
½ly '@D[dç '@Dbu d m; '@Dvid w f nf? wkrYd [
S í
'@D [ dum; NyD;\/ '@Dbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK?
'@Dbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@daem/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sdaomol\/
½ly '@daem emum; '@Dvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? ('@D+
ykpH H '@dó jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sdaomol\/
½ly '@dóum; '@Dvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? ('@D+
ykpH H '@De/H jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolw\ Ydk /
½ly '@Deu H m; '@Dvid w
f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? ('@D+eH)
'@DeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]psawmç uw&óm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/ a&S;okwfüuJhokdY
]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/ Cyawm o®ð,H 0g okwfrS 0gckefí
vkdufonfukd ykaAÁ0d,[k qkdonf/
ygVd ]]psawmç uw&óm}}wd p 0wåawç yka& 0d, ]]0g}}wd p/
-----------
okwf 154/ o®ð ed/

okwjf refrm o® ð0b
0kwjdå refrm jyKtyfNy;D aom &ó&Sad om psrS aemufjzpfaom o® ð0b
d wf\
edtjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd psawm uw&óm y&ó o®ð0peó ed£pöma'aom a[mwd 0g/
2/ emru@ 345
ykpH H '@ded /d jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolü/

½ly '@dedum; '@Dvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? ('@D+o®)ð
taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufoð® 0dbwfaMumifh '@Do'´g\
þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+ £+o®)ð @fAsn;f £ oku Yd yf? o®ð ed okwjf zifh jyKtyfNy;D aom
&ó&Sad om psraS emufjzpfaom o®0ð bd wfudk edjyK? '@dedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@do
d ?ð® '@dr/dS
jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omolü/
½ly '@do®ðç '@drSdum; '@Dvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf?
('@D+o®ð) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukd a[maom þukd
pstrnfrn S ?hf taCm &óaru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufoð® 0dbwfaMumifh
'@Do'´g\ þukd £&ójyK? ('@f+ £+o®ð) @fAsnf;£ okdYuyf? o®ð ed okwfjzifh
jyKtyfNy;D aom &ó&Sad om psraS emufjzpfaom o®0ð b d wfudk edjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? '@d o ® ðum; NyD;\/ '@drSd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g
okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? '@drSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@Do/k jrefrm awmifa0S;&SdaomolwkdYü/
½ly '@Dou k m; '@Dvid w f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? '@Dok
um; NyD;\/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y '@D/ '@Dç '@daem/
tm '@D/ '@daem/
'k '@deçH '@ð/ '@Dç '@daem/
w '@dem/ '@D[dç '@Dbd/
p '@daemç '@dó/ '@De/H
yOö '@demç '@do®mç '@drSm/ '@D[dç '@Dbd/
q '@daemç '@dó/ '@De/H
owå '@deçd '@doçð® '@dr/dS '@Do/k
jrefrm þrSwpfyg;vnf;jzpfuek af om þum&EÅ emrfy'k w f u Ydk dk þokYd odtyfuek \ f /

Þ
ygVd {0rnmedyd
ykpH H "r®/D jrefrm w&m;&So d nf/
ykpH H oHCD/ jrefrm oHCm&Sdonf/
ykpH H ÓPD/ jrefrm ÓPf&o dS nf/
ykpH H [w¬D/ jrefrm ESmarmif;[laomvuf&Sdaomqif/
ykpH H puú/D
jrefrm tmPmpuf&o dS nf? pufvufeuf&o dS nf/
ykpH H yu©/D jrefrm tawmif&adS omiSu/f
ykpH H 'gXD/ jrefrm tpG,&f adS omom;&J/
ykpH H &|D/ jrefrm wkid ;f Ekid if &H adS omrif;/
ykpH H qwåD/ jrefrm xD;&So d nf/
ykpH H rmvD/ jrefrm yef;&So d nf/
ykpH H 0r®/D jrefrm umcsuf rdeñ f &dk odS nf/
ykpH H a,m*D/ jrefrm bm0emü tm;xkwjf cif;&So d nf/
ykpH H bm*D/ jrefrm tzk;d &So d nf/
ykpH H abm*D/ jrefrm cHpm;ok;H aqmifavh&o dS nf/
ykpH H umrD/ jrefrm vkcd sicf si;f &So d nf/
ykpH H omrD/ jrefrm Opöm&So d nf/
ykpH H "ZD/ jrefrm wHceG &f o dS nf/
ykpH H *PD/ jrefrm *kP
d ;f &So d nf/
ykpH H ooD/ jrefrm ,kH&Sdaomv/
ykpH H uk|/D jrefrm Elem&So d nf/
ykpH H Z#D/ jrefrm qHusp&f adS om&aoh/
ykpH H ,meD/ jrefrm ,mOf&o dS nf/
ykpH H okc/D jrefrm csr;f omjcif;&So d nf/
ykpH H odc/D jrefrm OD;pGe;f &Sad omOa'gif;/
ykpH H 'EÅ/D jrefrm tpG,&f adS omqif/
ykpH H rEÅ/D jrefrm wkid yf ifavh&o dS nf/
2/ emru@ 347
ykpH H u&D/ jrefrm ESmarmif;[laomvuf&adS omqif/

ykpH H pm*D/ jrefrm pGeMYf ujJ cif;&So d nf/
ykpH H 0gpD/ jrefrm qkad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H ukovD/ jrefrm aumif;pGmjyKjcif;&So d nf/
ykpH H rkovD/ jrefrm usnaf yGU&So d nf/
ykpH H AvD/ jrefrm tm;&So d nf? Akv d yf g&Jruf&o dS nf/
ykpH H ygyum&D/ jrefrm raumif;rIujdk yKavh&o dS nf/
ykpH H owåKCmwD/ jrefrm &efou l o dk ufavh&o dS nf/
ykpH H rmvsum&D/ jrefrm yef;uk;H ukjd yKavh&o dS nf/
ykpH H 'DCZD0/D jrefrm &Snaf omtouf&o dS nf/
ykpH H "r®pm&D/ jrefrm w&m;uku d siahf vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H oDC,m,D/ jrefrm vQipf mG oGm;avh&o dS nf/
ykpH H oD[em'D/
jrefrm aMumuf&UHG rJvQi;f jcaoFrh if;okYd &J0phH mG pum;ukd qkad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H blrdom,D/ jrefrm ajrütdyaf vh&o dS nf/
jrefrm þoktYd p&Sad om emrfwo Ydk nf þum&EÅemrfwcYdk sn;f wnf;/

ygVd £pöm'Ded þ um&EÅemrmed/
rSwcf suf þ*kP
d ;f 0ify'k rf sm;ukd '@Do'´gjzifh *kP
d ;f ajy;í ½kywf u G yf g/
jrefrm *grPDo'´g\um; owår0D b d wfü xl;\/
ygVd *grPDo'´ó wk owår, D H aba'g/
ykpH H *grPD/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D onf/
ykpH H *grPD/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D wko Yd nf/
ykpH H *grPdaem/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D wko Yd nf/
ykpH H abm *grPd/ jrefrm tk.d ..&GmolBu;D /
ykpH H abmaEÅm *grPdaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..&GmolBu;D wk/Yd
ykpH H abmaEÅm *grPdaem/ jrefrm tk.d ..&GmolBu;D wk/Yd
ykpH H *grPde/H jrefrm &GmolBu;D uk/d
ykpH H *grPð/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D uk/d
ykpH H *grPD/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D wku

Yd /dk
ykpH H *grPdaem/ jrefrm &GmolBu;D wku
Yd /dk
jrefrm <uif;aom½kyo f nf '@Do'´g\ ½kyEf iS w
hf \
l /
ygVd aooH '@DorH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y *grPD/ *grPDç *grPdaem/
tm abm *grPd/ abmaEÅm *grPDç abmaEÅm
*grPdaem/
'k *grPDeçH *grPð/ *grPDç *grPdaem/
<uif; '@D*P
dk ;f ESiw
hf \
l /
jrefrm oð ed okwjf zifh edrjyK&jcif;onfomvQif xl;\/

*grPDo'´g\ txl;ukd odtyfouJhokdY þtwl aoemed ok"Dtp
&Sdaomo'´gwkdYukd odtyfukef\/
ygVd edtma'ombma0g0 0daoaom/
{0H aoemeD ok"Dybk Ü bw
k a,m/
ykpH H aoemed/ jrefrm ppfoBl u;D /
ykpH H ok"/D
jrefrm aumif;aomtrnf&Sdaomol? wifhw,faom ta&mif&Sdaomv/
rSwcf suf ½kyw
f uG u
f m; '@Do'´gESihf enf;wlwu G &f ygrnf/
þ um&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
þ um&EÅ/H
-----------------------------
Oum&EÅykvd’if
jrefrm O um&EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d u
f dk bduK© o'´g[lí jytyf\/
ygVd O um&aEÅm ykvd’a*Fg bdu©Koa'´g/
2/ emru@ 349
½kyf jrefrm xkad &S;twlomvQif bd u © Ko'´grS od0b d wfouf oduadk cs/

ygVd wax0 bdu©Ko'áwm od? odavmayg/
ykpH H aom bdu©K/ jrefrm xk&d [ef;onf/
½ly bd u © Kum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +od) aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? bd u © Kum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]Cyawm p a,meHavmayg}}[laomokwjf zifh a,m0dbwf
ukad cs? ]]a,mokuw}}paomokwjf zifh 'DCjyK/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]Cyawm p a,meH avmayg}}wd a,m a,mavmayg? ]]a,mok
uw}}£pöm'dem 'DaCm/
ykpH H aw bdu©L/ jrefrm xk&d [ef;wkoYd nf/
½ly bdu©Lum; bduK© vid w f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(bdu©K+a,m) u©-cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ykvd’ifukda[maomOukd
vtrnfrSnfh? Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfukdacs?
a,mokwu edum& avmayok'C D H okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfausNy;D onf&adS omf
a&SUOo&ukd OD'DCjyK? u©fAsnf; ODokdYuyf? bd u © Lum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ¤if;okwfjzifh rausonf&Sdaomf ]]psvawm oó aem 0g okwfrS
]]0g}}yk'f? Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwfrS ]]a,meH}} [laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd avmygba0 ]]0gç a,me}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 155/ vawm a0guma&m p/

okwjf refrm v aemifrS (a0guma&m {0) a0g a0gtjyKonfomvQif jzpf\/
wenf;um;- a0ga0gtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm vtrnf&adS om O0PfaemifrS aESmif;ukeaf om a,ma,m0dbwfw\ Ydk a0g
tjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0k wydå gVd vonawm ya&oH a,m a,m0peH a0g a0gum&ma'aom a[mwd 0g/
um&o'´g um&
um&o'´gjzifh a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk aem
aemtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd um&
um&*¾[aPe a,meH aem p a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´guk, d jl cif;onf a,ma,m0dbwfausaom tcsKaYd omjy,k*üf aem

tjyKudk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d / wenf;aomfum; po'´gonf psvawm
oó aem 0g okwrf S aem aemo'´gukd vku d af pjcif;tusK;d &d\S / xkaYd Mumifh aem
aemo'´gukd
vku d / xkaYd Mumifh ZEÅK oAÁñltp&Sad omyk'af emifrS a,m
d af pjcif;tusK;d &S\ a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk
aem
aemtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´*[ ¾ PH uw¬pd ed0wåew¬/H tx 0g p *¾[PH aem aem*¾ [PmEk-
0wåew¬?H awe ZEÅKoAÁñltm'dawm a,meH aem p a[mwd/
Þ
0go'´g 0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS / xkaYd Mumifh
ygVd 0g
0goa'´g 00w¬w d 0dbmoaw¬m/ aweÞ
*gxmjrefrm bduK© 'g´ ponfrS aemufjzpfuek af om a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk a0gtjyKonf
tjrjJ zpf\/ a[wko'´gponfrS aemufjzpfuek af om a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk
a0gtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/ trko'´gponfrS aemufjzpfuek af om a,m0dbwf
wk\Yd a0gtjyKonf¤if;? aemtjyKonf¤if;? rjzpf/
*gxmygVd bdu©KyÜbkwdawm edpöH? a0g a,meH a[wktm'dawm/
0dbmom e p a0g aem p? trkyÜbkwdawm ba0/
jrefrm yOöm'De rwåH okwfrS ]]twåH}}yk'f? a,moGuw &aóm apsmokwfrS
]]tuw&aóm}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]twåHç tuw&aóm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 156/ a0a0gokavm p/

okwjf refrm a0
a0tjyK a0ga0gtjyKwaYdk Mumifh v onfvnf; t tjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukefaom a0a0tjyK a0ga0gtjyKwkdYaMumifhvnf; rjyKtyfaom
&ó&Sdaom v onf t tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd a0a0g
a0a0g£apöawok p ya&ok tuw&aóm avm avmtwå rmyZÆaw/
ykpH H bdu©a0g/ jrefrm &[ef;wko Yd nf/
½ly bd u © a 0g
0gum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (bdu©K+a,m) u©-cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd vtrnfrSnfh?
vawm a0guma&m p okwfjzifh vaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukd a0gjyK?
2/ emru@ 351
(bdu+f© O+a0g) a0a0gokavm p okwjf zifh aemuf a,m0dbwf a0gtjyKaESmif;aom

aMumifh a&SU vtrnf&adS om Oukd t-jyK? u©Af sn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? bdu©a0g
0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm bdu©K/ jrefrm tk.d ..&[ef;/
½ly abm bdu©Kum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(bdu©K+od) tmvyae od *oanm okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd *trnfrSnfh? aoo
d wfuadk cs? bdu©Kum; Ny;D \/
awm--okwjf zifh od0b
ykpH H b0aEÅm bdu©L/ jrefrm tk.d ..&[ef;wk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm bdu©Lum; bduK© vid w f nf? wkt Yd [
dk í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (bdu©K+a,m) u©-cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd vtrnfrSnfh?
Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh vaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukdacs?
(bdu+f© O) a,mokuw edum&avmaygok 'DCH okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfausNy;D
onf&adS omf a&SUOo&ukd OD'CD jyK? u©Af sn;f ODou Ydk yf? bd u © Lum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm a,m0dbwf rausonf&adS omf Þ
ygVd avmygbma0Þ
-------------
okwf 157/ tuw&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g/

okwjf refrm rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sad om vaemifrS tmvkya,m fa,m bwf\ a0
a,m0d a0tjyK
a0g
a0gtjyKwoYdk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sad om vaemifrS aemufjzpfaom tmvkyüf pD&if
tyfaom a,m
a,m[laom þ0dbwf\ a0 a0tjyK a0g a0gtjyKwkdYonf
jzpfukef\/ a0a0gokavm p okwfjzifh v ukd t -jyK/
0kwydå gVd tuw&óm v awm tmvyae 0d[dwó a,m a,m£apö wó
a0a0g
a0a0gtma'om a[mEÅ/d t wå/H
ykpH H b0aEÅm bdu©a0/ jrefrm tk.d ..&[ef;wk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm bdu©a00um; bduK© vid w f nf? wkt
Yd [ dk í
l --aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (bduK© +a,m) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf
tuw&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g okwfjzifh rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sdaom
vaemifraS ESmif;aom tmvkyaf ,m0dbwfudk a0jyK? (bdu+f© O+a0) a0a0gokavm
p okwfjzifh vtrnf&Sdaom Oukd t-jyK?u©fAsnf; OokdYuyf? (bdu©f+t+a0) u©fAsnf;

t-oku Yd yf? bdu©a00um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©a0g/ jrefrm &[ef;wk/Yd
½ly bdu©a0g 0gum; bduK© vid w
f nf? wkt Yd [
dk í
(bduK© +a,m) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf tuw
&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g okwjf zifh rjyKtyfaom &ó&Sad om vaemifrS
aESmif;aom tmvkyaf ,m0dbwfudk a0gjyK? (bdu+f© O+a0g) a0a0gokavm p okwjf zifh
aemufa,m0dbwf a0gtjyKaESmif; aomaMumifh a&SU vtrnf&Sdaom Oukd t-jyK?
u©Af sn;f aemuft-oku Yd yf? bdu©a0g0gum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]tH arm ed*[ ¾ w
D H psvay[d}}[laomokwjf zifh tH0b d wfudk ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK/
ygVd ]]tH arm ed*¾[DwH psvay[D}}wd ed*¾[dwH/
ykpH H bdu©KH/ jrefrm &[ef;uk/d
½ly bdu©KHum; bduK© vid w f nf? uk[d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (bduK© +
tH) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? tH arm ed*[ ¾ w
D H psvay[d okwjf zifh tH0b d wfudk Otxufü
ed*[ d jf yK? bdu©KHum; Ny;D \/
¾ w
ykpH H bdu©L/ jrefrm &[ef;wku Yd /dk
½ly bd u © Lum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©a0g/ jrefrm &[ef;wku Yd /dk
½ly bdu©a0g 0gum; bduK© vid w
f nf? wku Yd [
dk í
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©Kem/ jrefrm &[ef;jzif/h
½ly bd u © K em
emum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +em) bdu©Kem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd/ jrefrm &[ef;wkjYd zif/h
½ly bdu©L[dç bdu©Lbdum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0d
bwfouf? (bduK© +[d) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b
d wfaMumifh
a&SUOukd OD'DCjyK? u©fAsnf; ODokdYuyf? bdu©L[dum; NyD;\/ bdu©Lbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfukd bdjyK? bdu©Lbdum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 353
ykpH H bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd/ jrefrm &[ef;wkjYd zif/h

½ly bdu©K[dç bdu©Kbdum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0d
bwfouf? (bduK© +[d) bdu©K[dum; Ny;D \/ bdu©Kbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
aemuf[0d bd wfudk bdjyK? bdu©Kbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© aem/ jrefrm &[ef;tm;/
½ly bdu©Kaem aemum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +o) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf psvawm
Y d yf? bduK© aem
oó aem 0g okwjfzifh aemufo0dbwfud k aemjyK? u©Af sn;f Ooku emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© ó/ jrefrm &[ef;tm;/
½ly bd u © K ó
óum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsn;f
aemufooku Yd yf? bdu©Kó óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©LeH/ jrefrm &[ef;wkt Yd m;/

½ly bdu©LeHum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +eH) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[
H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUOukd OD'C D jyK? u©Af sn;f ODouYdk yf? bdu©LeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© e/H jrefrm &[ef;wkt Yd m;/
½ly bdu©KeHum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +eH) bdu©KeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©Kem/ jrefrm &[ef;rS/
½ly bd u © K em
emum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? rS[lí--aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +o®m) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf psvawm
p okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? bdu©Kem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©Ko®m? bdu©KrSm/ jrefrm &[ef;rS/
½ly bdu©Ko®mç bdu©KrSmum; bduK© vid w f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwf
ouf? (bduK© +o®m) bdu©Ko®mum; Ny;D \/ bdu©KrSm-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
aemufom® 0dbwfudk rSmjyK? bdu©KrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd/ jrefrm &[ef;wkrYd /S
½ly bdu©L[dç bdu©Lbdum; bduK© vid w f nf? wkrYd [S íl --aMumifh [d0b d wf

ouf? (bdu©K+[d) a&SUenf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd/ jrefrm &[ef;wkrYd /S
½ly bdu©K[dç bdu©Kbdum; bduK© vid w f nf? wkrYd [S íl --aMumifh [d0b d wf
ouf? (bdu©K+[d) a&SUenf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H bduK© aem/ jrefrm &[ef;\/
½ly bdu©Kaem aemum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf ouf?
(bduK© +o) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bduK© ó/ jrefrm &[ef;\/
½ly bd u © K ó
óum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +o) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©LeH/ jrefrm &[ef;wk\ Yd /
½ly bd u © L eHum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +eH) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bduK© e/H jrefrm &[ef;wk\ Yd /
½ly bd u © K eHum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +eH) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdu©KrSd? bdu©Ko®ð/ jrefrm &[ef;ü/
½ly bdu©KrSdç bdu©Ko®u ð m; bduK© vid w
f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf?
(bduK© +o®)ð bdu©Ko®ðum; Ny;D \/ bdu©KrSd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh aemufoð®
0dbwfudk rSjd yK? bdu©KrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©Lok/ jrefrm &[ef;wküYd /

½ly bdu©Lokum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +ok) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b
d wf aMumifh a&SUOukd
OD'C Ydk yf? bdu©Lokum; Ny;D \/
D jyK? u©Af sn;f ODou
ykpH H bdu©Kok/ jrefrm &[ef;wküYd /
½ly bdu©Kokum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
(bduK© +ok) bdu©Kokum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 355
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y bdu©K/ bdu©Lç bdu©a0g/
tm abm bdu©K/ b0aEÅm bdu©Lç b0aEÅm
bdu©a0ç bdu©a0g/
'k bdu©KHç bdu©L/ bdu©a0g/
w bdu©Kem/ bdu©L[dç bdu©Lbdç bdu©K[dç
bdu©Kbd/
p bdu©Kaemç bdu©Kó/ bdu©LeHç bdu©KeH/
yOö bdu©Kemç bdu©Ko®mç bdu©L[dç bdu©Lbdç bdu©K[dç
bdu©KrSm/ bdu©Kbd/
q bdu©Kaemç bdu©Kó/ bdu©LeHç bdu©KeH/
owå bdu©KrSdç bdu©Ko®ð/ bdu©Lokç bdu©Kok/
ykpH H {0H aowk/ jrefrm þtwl wHwm;/

ykpH H auwk/ jrefrm rSeu
f if;/
ykpH H &m[k/ jrefrm tol&/ð
ykpH H bmEk/ jrefrm ae? 0g- ta&mif/
ykpH H y*F/k jrefrm iqHUG /
ykpH H OpäK/ jrefrm MuH/
ykpH H a0VK/ jrefrm 0g;/
ykpH H rpöK/ jrefrm eHeuf/
ykpH H odEK¨ / jrefrm ork'&¨ m/
ykpH H AE¨K/ jrefrm taqGcifyeG ;f /
ykpH H ae½k/
jrefrm ae½krnfaoma&Gawmif? 0g- jrifrh &dk /f
ykpH H ar½k/ jrefrm jrifrh &dk /f
ykpH H owåK/ jrefrm &efo/l
ykpH H um½k/
jrefrm jyKwwfaomtwwfonf/
ykpH H a[wk/ jrefrm taMumif;/
ykpH H ZEÅK/ jrefrm owå0g/
ykpH H ½k½/k jrefrm quf/
ykpH H y#K/ jrefrm vdr®mol/
½kyw f u
G f y#Kvid w f nf? od0b d wfouf aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wf ukad cs?
y#Kum; Ny;D \/ txufygykpH w H u
Ydk vdk nf; þtwkid ;f enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH w H u
Ydk dk odtyfuek \ f /
ygVd £pöm'a,m/
rSwcf suf bduK© o'´gESiehf nf;wl ½kyw f u G Nf y;D *kP
d ;f ajy;yg/
jrefrm a[wk ZEÅKo'´gwk\Yd yXrm 'kw,

d m0dbwfw\
Ydk ½kyf xl;\/
ygVd a[wkZEÅKo'´geH yXrm 'kw,
d mok 0daoaom/
ykpH H a[wk/ jrefrm [dwfonf/

ykpH H a[wl/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYonf/
ykpH H a[wa0g/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYonf/
ykpH H a[wka,m/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYonf/
ykpH H abm a[wk/ jrefrm tkd... [dwf/
ykpH H abmm a[wk/ jrefrm tk.d ..[dw/f
ykpH H abmaEÅm a[wl/ jrefrm tk.d ..[dww f /Ydk
ykpH H a[wa0ç a[wa0g/ jrefrm tk.d ..[dww f /Ydk
ykpH H a[wkH/ jrefrm [dwfukd/
ykpH H a[wl/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYukd/
ykpH H a[wa0g/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYukd/
ykpH H a[wka,m/ jrefrm [dwfwkdYukd/
jrefrm t<uif;onf bduK© o'´gESiw
hf \
l /
jrefrm aooH bdu©KorH/
2/ emru@ 357
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y a[wk/ a[wlç a[wa0gç a[wka,m/
tm abm a[wk/ abmaEÅm a[wlç a[wa0ç
a[wa0g/
'k a[wkH/ a[wlç a[wa0gç a[wka,m/
t<uif;onf bduK© o'´g*kP
d ;f pOfEiS w
hf \
l /
ykpH H ZEÅK/ jrefrm owå0gonf/

ykpH H ZEÅLç ZEÅa0g/ jrefrm owå0gwkdYonf/
jrefrm vawm a0guma&m p okwfü um& um&o'´gjzifh a,m
a,m0dbwf
Yd aem
wk\ aemtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd um&
um&*¾[aPe a,meH aem p a[mwd/
ykpH H ZEÅKaem? ZEÅKa,m/ jrefrm owå0gwkdYonf/
ykpH H abm ZEÅK/ jrefrm tk.d ..owå0g/
ykpH H ZEÅLç ZEÅa0ç ZEÅa0g/ jrefrm tk.d ..owå0gwk/Yd
ykpH H ZEÅK/H jrefrm owå0gukd/
ykpH H ZEÅLç ZEÅa0gç ZEÅKaem ZEÅKa,m/
jrefrm owå0gwkdYukd/
jrefrm þokdY tp&SdonfwkdYwnf;/
ygVd £pöm'd/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ZEÅK/ ZEÅLç ZEÅa0gç ZEÅKaemç ZEÅKa,m/
tm abm ZEÅK/ ZEÅLç ZEÅa0ç ZEÅa0g/
'k ZEÅK/H ZEÅLç ZEÅa0gç ZEÅKaem/
t<uif;onf bduK© o'´g*kP d ;f pOfEiS whf \
l /
jrefrm ow¬ Ko'´g\ txl;um; ]]okwK¬ od}}[laom þyk'üf Þ
ocEÅód aem okwfrS ]]taEÅm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ow¬ Ko'´ó aba'g/ ]]ow¬K od}}£wD"Þ

]]taEÅm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 158/ ow¬Kydwm'Derm odo®ð odavmayg p/

okwjf refrm od0bd wfaMumifh ow¬K ydwo k '´gESihf wluek af omo'´gwk\
Yd tpdwo
f nf
tm
tmtjyKonf jzpf\? od0b d wf\ausjcif;onf vnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ow¬K ydwktp&Sad omo'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f nf od0bd wfaMumifh tm
tjyKonf jzpf\/ od0b d wf\ausjcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ow¬K ydwk rmwk bmwk "Dwk uwåK£apö0rm'DeraEÅm tm tmwå-
rmyZÆaw odo ?ð ® odavmayg p a[mwd/
ykpH H ow¬m/ jrefrm q&monf/
½ly ow¬ mum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+od) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? ow¬Kyw d m'Derm odoð® odavmayg p okwjf zifh aemuf
od0dbwf aMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tmjyK? aemufod0d bwfukdvnf;acs?
w¬fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ow¬ mum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]ow¬K ydwm'DeH}}[laomo'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ow¬K ydwm'De}}EÅd t"duma&m/
-------------
okwf 159/ tanoGm&wåH/

okwjf refrm od0b
d wfrw S pfyg;ukeaf om 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh tm&
tm&tjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm ow¬K ydwk tp&Sad omo'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f nf od0bd wfrS wpfyg;aom
0dbwfwkYdaMumifh tm
tmtjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ow¬K ydwmm'DeraEÅm od0peawm tanok 0paeok tm& tm&wå-
rmyZÆaw/
jrefrm tm&wåH[al om bm0eda'ójzifh tcsKUd aom em o o®m eH o®ð 0dbwf
wkdYü tm&tjyK rjrJonfukd tcsKdUaom wwd,m pwkw¬D yOörD q|D
owår0D b
d wfwüYdk tm&tjyKrjro
J nfudk jy\/
2/ emru@ 359
ygVd tm&wårw
d b
d m0eda'áoe uw¬pd ted,rH 'aówd/
jrefrm tm&
tm&o'´gonf vku
d \f /
ygVd tm&
tm&*¾[PrEk0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 160/ wawm a,mearm wk/

okwjf refrm xktm&
tm&tj
dtm& yKaemifrv S nf; a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk Mo
MotjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm xktm&
tm&tj
d m& yKaemifrv
t H ek af om a,m
S nf; tvk;H pku a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk MoMo yK
Motj
onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wawm tm&mtm&ma'oawm oaAÁoH a,m a,meH Mo o
Moum&ma'aom a[mwd/
wko'´g wko'´gjzifh wyg;ukeaf om pwk Ob e'D *0 *0ponfwaYdk emifrS a,m
0dbwfw\ Ydk Mo
MotjyKonf jzpf\/ o&avmyponfjyK/
ygVd wk*[ ¾ aPe tan[dyd pwk Ob e'D *0g *0g'D[d a,m
a,me armarmuma&m
a[mwd? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H ow¬ma&m/ jrefrm q&mwkdYonf/
½ly ow¬ma&m a&mum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (ow¬K+a,m) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf
aMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+ a,m) w¬Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
(ow¬m&f+a,m) wawm a,mearm wk okwfjzifh tm&jyKaemifrSaESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfukd MojyK? &fAsnf; MookdYuyf? ow¬ma&m a&mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmvkyüf ]]tum&ydwm 'sEmÅ erm}}[laomokwjf zifh tm tmjyK? ]]abma*
wk okwrf S ]a*}yk'?f psvyg&óH okwrf S ]&óH}[laom yk'}f }ukd vku d af pí
]]tuma&m 0g}} okwfjzifh tcsKdUojzifh &ójyK? *ukd acs/
ygVd tmvyae ]]tum&ydwm'sEmÅ erm}}wd tm tmwå/H ]]a* &ó}}EÅd t"dupd ö
]]tmuma&m 0g}}wd 0duayÜe &ówåH? *avmayg/
ykpH H abm ow¬/ jrefrm tk.d ..q&m/
½ly abm ow¬um; ow¬Kvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+od) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfteufü
oufaom od0dbwfukd *trnfrSnfh? tmuma&m 0g okwfjzifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf
Oukd t-&ójyK? w¬Af sn;f t-oku Yd yf? (ow¬+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh *rnfaom
od0b d wfuadk cs? ow¬um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm ow¬m/ jrefrm tk.d ..q&m/
½ly abm ow¬mum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? tk[d íl --aMumifh od0b d wfouf?
(ow¬K+od) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? ow¬Kyw d m'Derm odoð® odavmayg p okwjf zifh aemufod
0dbwfaMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tmjyK? aemufo0d b d wfuv dk nf;acs? w¬Af sn;f
tmokdYuyf? ow¬ mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H b0aEÅm ow¬ma&m/ jrefrm tk.d ..q&mwk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm ow¬ma&m a&mum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wkt Yd [
dk í l --aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (ow¬K+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ow¬m&H/ jrefrm q&mukd/

½ly ow¬ m &Hum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+tH) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh ow¬K
o'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+tH) w¬Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? &fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf?
ow¬m&Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ow¬ma&/ jrefrm q&mwkdYukd/
½ly ow¬ma& a&um; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wku Yd [
dk í
(ow¬K+a,m) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh
ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+a,m) w¬Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ow¬m&f
+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,m a,m0dbwfukd {jyK? &fAsnf; {okdYuyf?
ow¬ma& a&um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ow¬ma&m/ jrefrm q&mwkdYukd/
½ly ow¬ma&ma&mum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (ow¬K+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm wawm a,mearm wk okwrf S ]]wawm}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]wawm}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
2/ emru@ 361
okwf 161/ em tm/
okwjf refrm em em0dbwf\ tmtmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tm&
tm&tjyKaemifrS emem0dbwf\ tm
tmtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wawm tm&m
tm&ma'oawm em em0peó tm tmum&ma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H ow¬m&m/ jrefrm q&monf? jzifh/
½ly ow¬m&m&mum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+em) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh
ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+ em) w¬Af sn;f tmoku
Yd yf? (ow¬m&f+
em) em tm okwfjzifh tm&tjyK aemifrSaESmif;aom em0dbwfukd tmjyK? &fAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? ow¬m&m
&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ow¬Kem/ jrefrm q&mjzif/h

½ly ow¬ K em
emum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh em0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+em) ow¬Kem
emum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tanoGm&wåHokwfü tm& tm&wåH[laom bm0eda'ójzifh ow¬Kem
[laomjy,k*f Ny;D \/
ygVd tm&
tm&wårw d b
d m0eda'áoe od'/H¨
ykpH H ow¬ma&[d? ow¬ma&bd/ jrefrm q&mwkjYd zif/h

½ly ow¬ma&[dç ow¬ma&bdum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? (ow¬K+[d) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh aemuf[d
0dbwfaMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+[d) w¬Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
(ow¬m&f+[d) ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b
d wfaMumifh &ftpdwf t-ukd
Yd yf? ow¬ma&[dum; Ny;D \/ ow¬ma&bd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g
{jyK? &fAsn;f {oku
okwjf zifh [d0bd wfudk bdjyK? ow¬ma&bdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]0g eHrSd}}[laomokwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/

ygVd ]]0g erSD}}wd £awm ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 162/ O oo®ð oavmayg p/

okwjf refrm o0dbwfaMumifh OtjyKonf¤if;? o0dbwf\ausjcif;onf¤if;? jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ow¬K ydwt k p&Sad om o'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f &\ OtjyKonf o0dbwf
aMumifh tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/ o 0dbwf\ ausjcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ow¬K ydwk£apö0rm'DerEÅó OwåH a[mwd 0g oo®?ð o avmayg p
a[mwd/
jrefrm þtpDt&ifonf tm& tm&tjyKudk jrpf\/
ygVd tm&m
tm&ma'omy0ga'g,H/
ykpH H ow¬K/ jrefrm q&mtm;/
½ly ow¬Kum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ow¬K
+o) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? O oo®ð oavmayg p okwfjzifh aemuf o0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUw¬ftpdwf Oukdacs? OxyfjyK? aemufo0dbwfukdvnf; acs? w¬fAsnf; OokdYuyf?
ow¬Kum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wpfyg;aomokwf\t&mü tanoGm&wåHü bm0eda'óaMumifh
tm&tjyK rjzpfjcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd tnw¬ bm0eda'áoem&mbma0g/
ykpH H ow¬Kó/ jrefrm q&mtm;/
½ly ow¬ K ó óum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
of-vm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? ow¬ K ó óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ow¬Kaem/ jrefrm q&mtm;/
½ly ow¬ K aem
aemum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd vrSnfh? psvawm oó aem 0g
okwjf zifh o0dbwfudk aemjyK? w¬Af sn;f Ooku Yd yf? ow¬Kaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]tm&wå}H }yk'o
f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]tm&wå}}EÅd 0wåaw/
-----------
okwf 163/ 0g eHrSd/

okwjf refrm eH0b
d wfaMumifh tcsKUd ojzifh tm&
tm&tjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
2/ emru@ 363
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh ow¬K ydwktp&Sad omo'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f nf

tcsKUd ojzifh tm&
tm&tjyKoYdk a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ow¬K ydwktm'DeraEÅm tm& tm&wårmyZÆaw 0g eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H ow¬m&meH/ jrefrm q&mwkdYtm;/
½ly ow¬m&meHum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf?
(ow¬K+eH) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? 0g eHrdS okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\tpdwf
Oukd tm&jyK? w¬Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ow¬m&+eH) okeH [dok p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf
aMumifh a&SU &tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ow¬m&meHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm 0g
0go'´gaMumifh tm&tm&tjyK rjzpf&mü 0geHrdS [laomokwo f nf vku
d \ f /
ygVd tm&m
tm&mbma0 ]]0g eHr}DS }wd 0wåaw/
-----------
okwf 164/ ow¬KewåO/ö

okwjf refrm ow¬ Ko'´gwk\ Yd tpdwjf zpfaom O onf t tjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh ow¬ Ko'´g\¤if;? yd w k p aom aomo'´gwkdY\
tpdw\ f ¤if;? t onf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ow¬Ko'Éó Å ç ydwmm'DerEÅó p t wåH a[mwd 0g eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
jrefrm wzef ow¬Ko'´gukd ,ljcif;onf ow¬Ko'´gukd tjrpJ &D ifjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd yke ow¬K*[ ¾ PH ow¬Kaem edp0ö "d mew¬/H
ykpH H ow¬meH/ jrefrm q&mwkdYtm;/
½ly ow¬ m eHum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(ow¬K+eH) w¬-cGi;f O-<uif;? ow¬KewåOö okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf aMumifh ow¬Ko'´g\
tpdwOf ukd t-jyK? (ow¬+f t+eH) oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh a&SUw¬f
tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? w¬fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ow¬ m eHum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]trSwrk ES KÅ &mZjA[®wo å cow¬Kyw d m'D[d o®m em0g}}okwjf zifh o® m
0dbwfudk em emjyK/
ygVd ]]trSwrk ES KÅ &mZjA[®wo å cow¬Kyw d m'D[d o®m em0g}}wd o®m 0peó
em
embma0g/
ykpH H ow¬m&m/ jrefrm q&mrS/
½ly &mum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? rS[lí--aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?

ow¬ m &m
(ow¬K+o®m) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemuf o®m0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUOo&ukd tm&fjyK? w¬fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (ow¬m&f+o®m) trSwkrSEÅK&mZjA[®wå
ocow¬Kydwm'D[d o®m em0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd emjyK? (ow¬m&f+em) em tm
okwfjzifh tm&tjyKaemifrSaESmif;aom em 0dbwfukd tmjyK? &fAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
ow¬m&m &mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ow¬ma&[d? ow¬ma&bd/ jrefrm q&mwkrYd /S
½ly ow¬ma&[dç ow¬ma&bdum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wkrYd [
S í
l --aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? (ow¬K+[d) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ow¬K/ jrefrm q&m\/

½ly ow¬Kum; ow¬Kvid w
f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (ow¬K+
ykpH H ow¬Kaem/ jrefrm q&m\/
½ly ow¬ K aem
aemum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? [lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf ?
a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ow¬Kó/ jrefrm q&m\/
½ly ow¬ K ó óum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? [lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf ?
a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ow¬m&meH/ jrefrm q&mwkdY\/

½ly ow¬m&meHum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b
d wfouf?
(ow¬K+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ow¬meH/ jrefrm q&mwkdY\/
½ly ow¬ m eHum; ow¬Kvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwf ouf?
(ow¬K+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm ]]tm&awm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tm&awm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
2/ emru@ 365
okwf 165/ wawm o®drd/

okwjf refrm xktm&
dtm& yKaemifrS o® ð0b
tm&tj d wf\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm xktm&
dt m& yKrS o® ð0b
tm&tj d wf\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wawm tm&mtm&ma'oawm o® ð0peó £ um&ma'aom a[mwd/
jrefrm wzef wawm S nf; o®0ð b
wawmo'ǵjzifh wyg;aomo'ǵaemifrv d wf\ £tjyK
onf jzpf\/ ykHpHum; Þ
ygVd wawm*¾[aPe tno®myd o® ð0peó £ uma&m/ ,xmÞ
yke wawm
ykpH H bk0/d jrefrm ajrü/
½ly bk 0 dum; blvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? (bl+o®ð)
wawm o®drd okwfü wawmo'´gjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd £jyK? b-cGif; OD-<uif;? £0PÖK
0PÖm--okwjf zifh OD;ukd v-rSn?hf psve rd,0k g oa& 0g okwjf zifh aemuf£o&aMumifh
vtrnf&Sdaom ODukd O0jyK? bfAsnf; OokdYuyf? 0fAsnf; £okdYuyf? bk 0 dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H 'd0/d jrefrm ewfjynfü/
½ly 'd 0 dum; 'd0vdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? ('d0+o®ð)
wawm o®drd okwfü wawmo'´gjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd £jyK? 0-cGif; t-<uif;? 0fAsnf;
£oku Yd yf? 'd0dum; Ny;D \/
--------------
okwf 166/ tma&m &órduma&/

okwjf refrm £tu©&maMumifh tm&
tm&tjyK\ tmonf &ó &ótjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwjdå refrm <uif;aom £ tu©&maMumifh tm&tm&tjyK\ tmonf &ó tjzpfoYdk
a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd tm&m
tm&ma'aom &órmyZÆaw £ uma& ya&/
ykpH H ow¬&/d jrefrm q&mü/
½ly ow¬&u d m; ow¬Kvid w
f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b
d wfouf? (ow¬K+
o®)ð w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemuf o®0ð b
d wfaMumifh a&SUOo&ukd
tm&fjyK? (ow¬+f tm&f+o®)ð wawm o®rd d okwjf zifh aemufo0ð® b
d wfudk £jyK? (ow¬+f
tm&f+£) tma&m &órduma& okwfjzifh aemuf£tu©&maMumifh tm&tjyK\
tmukd t&ó jyK? w¬fAsnf; tokdYuyf? &fAsnf; £okdYuyf? ow¬ & dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ow¬ma&ok/ jrefrm q&mwküYd /

½ly ow¬ma&okum; ow¬Kvid w f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b
d wfouf?
(ow¬K+ok) w¬-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUOo&ukd tm&jyK? (ow¬f+tm&+ok) w¬fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ok[doGuma&m {
d wfaMumifh &tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ow¬ma&okum; Ny;D \/
okwjf zifh aemufo0k b
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ow¬m/ ow¬ma&m/
tm abm ow¬ç abm ow¬m/ b0aEÅm ow¬ma&m/
'k ow¬m&H/ ow¬ma&ç ow¬ma&m/
w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem/ ow¬ma&[dç ow¬ma&bd/
p ow¬Kç ow¬Kóç ow¬Kaem/ ow¬m&meHç ow¬meH/
yOö ow¬m&m/ ow¬ma&[dç ow¬ma&bd/
q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó/ ow¬m&meHç ow¬meH/
owå ow¬&/d ow¬ma&ok/
ykpH H {0H uwåm/ jrefrm þtwl jyKwwfaomolonf/

ykpH H uwåma&m/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwkdYonf/
ykpH H abm uwå? abm uwåm/
jrefrm tk.d ..jyKwwfaomol/
ykpH H b0aEÅm uwåma&m/
jrefrm tk.d ..jyKwwfaomolw/Ydk
ykpH H uwåm&H/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolu/dk
ykpH H uwåma&? uwåma&m/
jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwkdYukd/
ykpH H uwåm&m/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomoljzif/h
ykpH H uwåma&[d? uwåma&bd/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwjYdk zif/h
jrefrm ]]Ooo®ð oavmayg p}}okwjf zifh O jyK? o 0dbwfuvdk nf;acs/
2/ emru@ 367
ygVd ]]Ooo®ð oavmayg pm}}wd O wåHç o avmayg p/

ykpH H uwåK? uwåKaem? uwåKó/ jrefrmjyKwwfaomoltm;/
ykpH H uwåm&meH? uwåmwH? uwåLeH? uwåKeH/
jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwkdYtm;/
ykpH H uwåm&m/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolr/S
ykpH H uwåma&[d? uwåma&bd/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwrYdk /S
ykpH H uwåK? uwåKaem? uwåKó/ jrefrmjyKwwfaomol\/
ykpH H uwåm&meH? uwåmwH? uwåLeH? uwåKeH/
jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwkdY\/
ykpH H uwå&/d jrefrm jyKwwfaomolü/
ykpH H uwåma&ok/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwüYdk /
jrefrm tm&
tm&tjyKrjzpf&mü/ ygVd tm&m
tm&mbma0/
ykpH H uwåLok? uwåKok/ jrefrm jyKwwfaomolwüYdk /
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y uwåm/ uwåma&m/
tm abm uwåç abm uwåm/ b0aEÅm uwåma&m/
'k uwåm&H/ uwåma&ç uwåma&m/
w uwåm&mç ow¬Kem/ uwåma&[dç uwåma&bd/
p uwåKç uwåKaemç uwåKó/ uwåm&meHç uwåmwHç uwåLeHç
uwåKe/H
yOö uwåm&m/ uwåma&[dç uwåma&bd/
q uwåKç uwåKaemç uwåKó/ uwåm&meHç uwåmwHç uwåLeHç
uwåKe/H
owå uwå&d/ uwåma&okç uwåLokç uwåKok/
ykpH H {0H bwåK/
jrefrm þtwl aqmifjcif;? arG;pm;jcif;? rS0D q
J ;D uyfjcif;?
("&"m&P aygoaPokypao0g,H)/
ykpH H 0wåK/ jrefrm qkjd cif;/
ykpH H aewk/ jrefrm aqmifjcif;/
ykpH H aomwk/ jrefrm emjcif;/
ykpH H Ówk/ jrefrm odjcif;/
ykpH H aZwk/ jrefrm atmifjcif;/
ykpH H aqwåK/ jrefrm jzwfjcif;/
ykpH H abwåL/ jrefrm cJjG cif;/
ykpH H 'gwk/ jrefrm ay;jcif;/
ykpH H "mwk/ jrefrm aqmifjcif;/
ykpH H ewåK/ jrefrm ajr;/
ykpH H aAm'¨K/ jrefrm odjcif;/
ykpH H 0dnmaywk/ jrefrm odapjcif;/
½ly 0dnmaywkum; 0dnmaywkvdifwnf? odouf acs/
jrefrm þodt Yk p&Sad omykpH wH u Ydk v dk nf; odyg/ (a0'dwAÁm)/

ygVd tm'a,myd/
rSwcf suf þjy,k*w f u Ydk dk ow¬m&d*P dk ;f ESit
hf wlajy;í ½kyw
f u
G yf g/
jrefrm ]]O oo®ð oavmaygp}}okwfonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]O oo®ð oavmaygpm}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 167/ ourE¨mwm'DeOö/

okwjf refrm ourE¨ m wktp&Sdukefaomo'´gwkdY\ tpdwfonfvnf; O jyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o0dbwfaMumifh ourE¨mwk þokt Yd p&Su
d ek af om o'´gwk\
Yd tpdwf
onfvnf; O tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ourE¨mwk£apö0rm'DeraEÅm p OwårmyZÆaEÅ oo®?ð oavmayg p/
jrefrm a&S;okwjf zifh Ny;D Ny;D vQif wzef pD&ifjcif;onf jr\ J /
ygVd edpHö ykeAÁ"d mem/
2-emru@ 369
jrefrm odMum;rE¨wrf if;\ pnf;pdru f o

hJ Ydk xkrd if;\ pnf;pdro f nfjzpf\/
ygVd ourE¨mwk 0d, tó &mZdaem 0dba0g/
ykpH H ourE¨mwk/ jrefrm odMum;rE¨wrf if;\/
½ly ourE¨mwkum; ourE¨mwkvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf
ouf? (ourE¨mwk+o) w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh tm&ftjyKa&muf
vkvwfaomf? þourE¨mwm'DeOö okwjf zifh xkt d jyKudk jrpfí o0dbwfaESmif;aom
aMumifh ourE¨mwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd OxyfjyK? aemufo0dbwfuv dk nf;acs? wfAsn;f
Ooku Yd yf? ourE¨mwkum; Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf bwåK "mwk ponfvnf; þenf;twlwGuf/
jrefrm t<uif;onf a&S;ESiw hf \l /
ygVd aooH orH/
jrefrm þtwl r[mrE¨mwk ponfwkdYukd odtyfukef\/
ygVd {0H r[mrE¨mwkyb Ü w k a,m/
ykpH H r[mrE¨mwk/ jrefrm r[mrE¨wrf if;/
½ly r[mrE¨mwkum; r[mrE¨mwkvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ydwko'´g\ ½kyt f xl;um; od0b d wfaMumifh tm tmjyK? od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd yd w ko'´ó aba'g/ odrdS tm tmwåH odavmayg/
ykpH H ydwm/ jrefrm tzonf/
½ly ydwmmum; ydwv k id wf nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (ydw+k
od) w-cGif; O-<uif;? ow¬Kyw d m'Derm odoð® odavmayg p okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wf
aMumifh ydw\ k tpdwf Oukd tmjyK? aemufo0d d bwfuv dk nf;acs? wfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
ydwmmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm a,m
a,m0dbwfü ]]tma&mç &óH}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
ygVd a,m
a,mrSd ]]tma&mç &ó}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 168/ ydwm'DerodrSd/

okwjf refrm od0b S pfyg;aom0dbwfaMumifh ydwko'´gESihf wluek af om o'´g
d wfrw
wkdY\ tm&
tm&tjyK\ &ótjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm od0b d wfrw S pfyg;aom odr[kwaf om0dbwfaMumifh ydwktp&Sad om

o'´gwk\ Yd tm&
tm&tjyK\ tmonf &ótjzpfoaYdk &muf\/
0kwydå gVd ydwmm'Derm&m rm&ma'aom &órmyZÆaw todrdS 0dbwård /dS
jrefrm od0b d wfaMumifh tm&
tm&tjyKr&Sad omfvnf; todr[ dS al om tvGeu
f dk
qkjd cif;onf teufx;l ukd odapjcif;tusK;d &S\d ? xkaYd Mumifh awm
awmypön;f
paomo'´gaMumifh ydwktp&Sad omo'´gwk\ Yd tpdw\ f (tEÅó) £ tjyKonfvnf;
jzpf\/ ykpH u
H m;Þ
ygVd odoð® tm&m
tm&ma'ombma0yd todrw SD d t"du0perw¬E&Å - 0dnmyew¬?H
awe awm awmtm'drdS ydwmm'Derduma&m p/ ,xm Þ
ykpH H ydwdawm/ jrefrm tzrS/
½ly yd w d a wm
wmum; ydwkvdifwnf? uGpdawm yOrsaw¬ okwfjzifh yOörD
teufü awmypönf;ouf? (ydwk+awm) wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh
awmypönf;ukd 0dbwftrnfrSnfh? w-cGif; O-<uif;? ydwm'De rodrSd okwfü todrSd
o'´gjzifh awmypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tpdwjf zpfaom Oo&ukd £jyK? wfAsn;f £okYd
uyf? ydwdawm wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwdawm/ jrefrm trdr/S

½ly rmwdawm wmum; rmwkvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bmwdawm/ jrefrm tpfurdk /S
½ly bmwdawm wmum; bmwkvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "Dwdawm/ jrefrm o®;D rS/
½ly "Dwdawm wmum; "Dwv k id w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ydwyd au©m/ jrefrm tz\tzk/Yd
½ly ydwdyau©mum; ydwyd u©vid w f nf? onf[í
l --od0b d wfouf? aom
d wfudk MojyK? u©-cGi;f acs uyf? ydwdyau©mNy;D \/
okwjf zifh od0b
ykpH H rmwdyau©m/ jrefrm trd\tzk/Yd
½ly rm wd y au© mum; rmwdyu©vdifwnf?
rmwd enf;wlwGuf/
þokt Yd p&So
d nfww Ydk nf;/
ykpH H ydwa&m/ jrefrm tzwko Yd nf/
2/ emru@ 371
½ly a&mum; ydwv

ydwa&m k id w
f nf? wko
Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(ydwk+a,m) w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh
ydwo k '´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ydw+f tm&f+a,m) ydwm'DerodrdS okwjf zifh aemuf
a,m0dbwfaMumifh tm&ftjyK\ tmukd t&ójyK? wfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (ydw&f+a,m)
wawm a,mearm wk okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk MojyK? &fAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? ydwa&m a&mum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm <uif;aom½kyo f nf uwåKo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd aooH uwåKorH/
ykpH H abm ydw? abm ydwm/ jrefrm tk.d ..tz/
ykpH H b0aEÅm ydwa&m/ jrefrm tk.d ..tzwk/Yd
ykpH H ydw&H/ jrefrm tzuk/d
ykpH H ydwa&? ydwa&m/ jrefrm tzwku Yd /dk
ykpH H ydw&m? ydwkem/ jrefrm tzjzif/h
ykpH H ydwa&[d? ydwa&bd/ jrefrm tzwkjYd zif/h
jrefrm tm&wå[al om bm0eda'óaMumifh tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh tm&

tjyK r&S&d mü/
ygVd bm0eda'áoe tm&mtm&ma'ombma0/
ykpH H ydwl[d? ydwlbd/ jrefrm tzwkjYd zif/h
ykpH H ydwk? ydwkaem? ydwkó/ jrefrm tztm;/
ykpH H ydw&meH? ydwmeH? ydwleH/ jrefrm tzwkt Yd m;/
jrefrm okeH[dok p okwfü po'´gjrpfí 'DCrjzpf&mü tcsKdUojzifh ydwkeH

[laomjy,k*u f dk rSwt f yf\/
ygVd 'DCmbma0 ydwkeH 0g/
ykpH H ydw&m/ jrefrm tzrS/
½ly ydw&m
&mum; ydwv k id w
f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (ydw+k
o®m) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemufom® 0dbwfaMumifh ydwo
k '´g\
tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? (ydwf+tm&f+o®m) ydwm'DerodrSd okwfjzifh aemufo®m0dbwf
aMumifh tm&ftjyK\ tmukd t&ójyK? wfAsn;f toku Yd yf? (ydw&f+o®m) o®mo®eð H 0g

okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? &fAsnf; tmokdY uyf? yd w &m &mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ydwa&[d? ydwa&bd? ydwl[d? ydwlbd? ydwk[d? ydwkbd/
jrefrm tzwkrYd /S
ykpH H ydwk? ydwkaem? ydwkó/ jrefrm tz\/
ykpH H ydw&meH? ydwmeH? ydwleH? ydwkeH/ jrefrm tzwk\ Yd /
ykpH H ydw&d/ jrefrm tzü/
½ly ydw&dum; ydwv k id w
f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (ydw+k o®)ð
w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemufo0ð® b d wfaMumifh ydwo k '´g\tpdwf
Oukd tm&fjyK? (ydwf+tm&f+o®ð) ydwm'DerodrSd okwfjzifh aemufo®ð0dbwfaMumifh
tm&ftjyK\ tmukd t&ójyK? wfAsn;f toku Yd yf? (ydw&f+o®)ð wawm o®rd d okwjf zifh
tm&tjyKraS emufjzpfaom o®0ð b d wfudk £jyK? &fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? ydw&dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ydwa&ok? ydwlok? ydwkok/ jrefrm tzwküYd /
jrefrm þtwl bmwmç bmwa&m paomjy,k*fukd odyg/
ygVd {0H bmwmç bmwa&m £pöm'd/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ydwm/ ydwa&m/
tm abm ydwç abm ydwm/ b0aEÅm ydwa&m/
'k ydw&H/ ydwa&ç ydwa&m/
w ydw&mç ydwek m/ ydwa&[dç ydwa&bdç ydw[ l çd
ydwb
l /d
p ydwçk ydwak emç ydwó
k / ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwel /H
yOö ydw&m/ ydwa&[dç ydwa&bdç ydw[ l çd
ydwlbdç ydwk[dç ydwkbd/
q ydwçk ydwak emç ydwó
k / ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwel /H
owå ydw&d/ ydwa&okç ydwlokç ydwkok/
O um&EÅykvd’if NyD;\/ O um&EÅH/
2/ emru@ 373
ODum&EÅykvd’if
jrefrm ODum&EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d u f dk tbdblo'´g[lí jytyf\/
ygVd ODum&aEÅm ykva’d *Fg tbdbloa'´g/ ('óD,aw)/
½kyf jrefrm a&S;twlomvQif odpaom0dbwfouf? od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd wax0 osmosm'sKyw Ü ?då odavmayg/
ykpH H aom tbdbl/
jrefrm xkdbk&m;onf xkdjA[®mrif;onf? xkdtonowfjA[®monf/
½ly tbdblum; tbdbv l id w
f nf? onf[íl --aMumifh od0bd wfouf?
d wfuadk cs? tbdblum; Ny;D \/
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b
jrefrm Cyawm p okwfjzifh a,m a,m0dbwf acsjcif;ukd jyKtyfonf &Sdaomf/
ygVd a,m
a,mavmay uaw/
ykpH H aw tbdbl/ jrefrm xkdbk&m;wkdYonf/

½ly tbd b lum; tbdbv l id w
f nf? wko
Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfuadk cs? tbdblum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]taCm &ó}}paomokwfjzifh &ójyK? vawm a0guma&m p
okwjf zifh a0g
a0gjyK? jyKtyfaom &ó&Sad omaMumifh a0a0g okavm p
okwjf zifh t tjyK rjzpf/
ygVd ]]taCm &ó}}EÅdtm'dem &ówåH? a0g a0guma&m/ uw&ówåm
t wåmbma0g/
ykpH H tbdbka0g/ jrefrm bk&m;wkdYonf/
½ly tbd b k a 0g
0gum; tbdblvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m
0dbwfouf? (tbdbl+a,m) b-cGif; OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ODukd v-
rSnfh? taCm &ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh
vtrnf&adS om ODudk O&ójyK? vawm a0guma&m p okwjf zifh vrSaemufjzpfaom
a,m0dbwfudk a0gjyK? bfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? tbdbka0g 0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm tbdbl/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;/
½ly abm tbdblum; tbdblvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwf
ouf? (tbdb+l od) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm
&ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh vtrnf&adS om ODudk

O&ójyK? aooawm--okwjf zifh od0bd wfudk acs? tbdblum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b0aEÅm tbdbl/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;wk/Yd
½ly b0aEÅm tbdblum; tbdbv l id wf nf? wktYd [
dk í
l --aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (tbdb+l a,m) Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfuadk cs?
tbdblum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbka0g/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;wk/Yd
½ly tbdbka0g
0gum; tbdbv l id w
f nf? wkt Yd [
dk í
ouf? (tbdbl+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm jyKtyfaom &ó&dSonf\tjzpfaMumifh a0 a0tjyKonf rjzpf?

t<uif;onf bdu©Ko'´gESifh wl\/ &ótjzpfonfomvQif xl;\/
ygVd uw&ówåm a0 a0tma'aom e a[mwd/ aooH bd u © K o'órH?
&ówåar0 0daoaom/
ykpH H tbdbkH/ jrefrm bk&m;uk/d
½ly tbd b H kum; tbdblvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwf ouf?
(tbdb+l tH) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm &ó
aru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh vtrnf&adS om ODudk O&ójyK?
tH arm ed*[ ¾ w
D H psvay[d okwjf zifh tH0bd wfudk a&SUvtxufü ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK? bfAsn;f
OHou Ydk yf? tbdbkHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbl/ jrefrm bk&m;wkdYukd/
½ly tbd b lum; tbdblvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ykpH H tbdbka0g/ jrefrm bk&m;wkdYukd/
½ly tbdbka0g 0gum; tbdbv l id wf nf? wkuYd [dk í
ykpH H tbdbkem/ jrefrm bk&m;jzif/h
½ly tbdbkemmum; tbdbv l id wf nf? jzif[
h í l --aMumifh em0dbwf ouf?
(tbdb+l em) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm &ó
2/ emru@ 375
aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwf aMumifh vtrnf&Sdaom ODukd

O&ójyK? bfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? tbdbkemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbl[d? tbdblbd/ jrefrm bk&m;wkjYd zif/h
½ly tbdbl[dç tbdblbdum; tbdbv l id w f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
l --aMumifh
[d0b d wfouf? tbdbl[dum; Ny;D \/ tbdblbd-ü o®m[d o®eð H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? tbdblbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbkaem/ jrefrm bk&m;tm;/
½ly tbdbkaem emum; tbdblvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf
ouf? (tbdb+l o) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm
&ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwf aMumifh vtrnf&Sdaom
ODukd O&ójyK? bfAsnf; OokdYuyf? psvawm oó aem 0g okwfjzifh vaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? tbd bkaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbkó/ jrefrm bk&m;tm;/
½ly tbd b k óum; tbdblvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf
ouf? (tbdbl+o) b-cGif; OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh ODukd v-rSnfh?
taCm &ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh vtrnf
&Sdaom ODukd O&ójyK? bfAsnf; OokdYuyf? (tbdbk+o) om*armao okwfjzifh
aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? tbdbkóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tbdbel /H jrefrm bk&m;wkdYtm;/
½ly tbdbleu H m; tbdbv l id wf nf? wkt dY m;[lí--aMumifh eH0d bwfouf?
tbdbleHum; Ny;D \/ þokdYto&Sdonfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
ykpH H {0H o,rÇL/
jrefrm þtwl q&mrvkd ukd,fawmfwkdifjzpfaom bk&m;/
ykpH H a0óbl/ jrefrm a0óblb&k m;/
ykpH H y&mbdb/l
jrefrm wpfyg;aomolwu Ydk dk vTr;f rk;d ESyd pf ufwwfaom bk&m;/
ykpH H o[bl tm'a,m/
jrefrm wuGjzpfwwfaombk&m;? þokdYtp&Sdaom ykHpHwkdYukd odtyfukef\
(a0'dwAÁm)/
jrefrm o[bl o'´g\ a,m a,m0dbwfwkdY\ vawm aem aemuma&m pokwüf

um&o'´gjzifh aemjyKonfomvQif xl;\/
ygVd o[blo'´ó a,meH aem aemtma'aom0 0daoaom/
ykpH H o[bl/
jrefrm pdwEf iS w
hf uGjzpfaombk&m;onf/
½ly o[blum; o[blvdifwnf? tbdbl-ESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H o[bl/
jrefrm pdwEf iS whf uGjzpfaombk&m;wko Yd nf/
½ly o[blum; o[blvdifwnf? tbdbl-ESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H o[bka0g/
½ly o[bka0g 0gum; o[blvid w f nf? tbdbak 0g-ESihf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H o[bkaem/
½ly o[bkaem emum; o[blvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (o[bl+a,m) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf
taCm &ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh v
trnf&adS om ODudk O&ójyK? bfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (o[bk+a,m) vawm a0guma&m
p okwfü um&o'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfukd aemjyK? tbdbkaem emum; NyD;\/
jrefrm xkdrSwyg; oAÁñko'´g\ a,m0dbwfwkdYüomvQif xl;\/
ygVd wxm oAÁñlo'´ó a,m a,maoG0 0daoaom/
ykpH H aom oAÁñl/ jrefrm xkdbk&m;onf/
½ly oAÁñlum; oAÁñv l id w
f nf? tbdb-l ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aw oAÁñl/ jrefrm xkdbk&m;wkdYonf/
½ly oAÁñlum; oAÁñv l id w
f nf? tbdb-l ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm Cyawm p okwjf zifh a,m

a,m0dbwfraus&mü taCm &óokwjf zifh
&ójyK? vawm a0guma&m p okwüf vnf; um&o'´gjzifh a,m
a,m0d
Ydk aem
bwfw\ aemjyKonf jzpf\/ psvawm oó aem 0g okwrf S vawm a0g uma&m
2/ emru@ 377
p okwfokdY vkdufaom 0go'´g\ 00w¬dw0dbmomteuf&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh

a0g
a0gtjyKum; rjzpf/
ygVd a,m
a,mavmygbma0 &ówåH ]]vawm a0guma&m pm}}wd {w¬
um&
um&*¾[aPe a,meH aem aemtma'aom/ 0g 0g"dum&ó 00w¬w d 0dbm owåm e p
a0g
a0guma&m/
ykpH H oAÁñak em/ jrefrm bk&m;wkdYonf/
½ly oAÁ ñ k a em
emum; oAÁñlvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0d
bwfouf? (oAÁñ+l a,m) n-cGi;f OD-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh ODudk v-rSn?hf
taCm &ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh vtrnf
&Sdaom ODukd O&ójyK? nfAsnf; OokdYuyf? (oAÁñk+a,m) vawm a0guma&m p
okwüf um&o'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfudk aemjyK? oAÁñkaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abm oAÁñk/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;/
½ly oAÁñkum; oAÁñv l id wf nf? tbdb-k ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmaEÅm oAÁñl/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;wk/Yd
½ly oAÁñlum; oAÁñv l id wf nf? tbdb-l ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁñak em/ jrefrm tk.d ..bk&m;wk/Yd
½ly oAÁñkaem emum; oAÁñv l id w
f nf? a&SUESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁñ/Hk jrefrm bk&m;uk/d
½ly oAÁñkHum; oAÁñv l id wf nf? tbdb-Hk ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁñ/l jrefrm bk&m;wkdYukd/
½ly oAÁñlum; oAÁñv l id wf nf? tbdb-l ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁñak em/ jrefrm bk&m;wkdYukd/
½ly oAÁñkaem emum; oAÁñv l id w
f nf? a&SUESihf enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&Sod nfww
Ydk nf;/ £pöm'd/
ykpH H {0H r*¾ñ/l jrefrm r*fuo dk ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H "r®ñ/l jrefrm w&m;uko d ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H tw¬ñl/ jrefrm teufuo dk ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H umvñl/ jrefrm tcguko d ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H &wåñ/l jrefrm nOfu h o dk ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H rwåñ/l jrefrm twkid ;f t&Snu f o dk ad vh&o dS nf/

ykpH H uwñl/ jrefrm jyKtyfaomaus;Zl;uko d ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H wxñl/ jrefrm trSeu f odk ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H 0dñ/l jrefrm txl;uko d ad vh&o dS nf/
ykpH H 0d'/l jrefrm odonf/
ykpH H a0'*l/ jrefrm ÓPfjzifo h od nf/
ykpH H yg&*l/ jrefrm edAmÁ efoaYdk &mufonf/
þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH w
H uYdk dk odtyfuek \ f / £pöm'd/
ODum&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
ODum&EÅ/H
-----------------------
{um&EÅykvd’if
jrefrm {um&EÅum; tyÜujzpfí rxif&mS ; upön;f okwjf zifh rNy;D ? wpfyg;aom
tEÅuohJ Ydk rjr/J
ygVd { um&aEÅm tyÜoad '¨g/
{ um&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
---------------
Moum&EÅykvd’if
jrefrm Mo
Moum&EÅjzpfaom ykvi’d u f dk a*g
a*go'´g[lí jytyf\/
ygVd Mo
Moum&aEÅm ykva’d *Fg a*g
a*goa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm xkad *go'´gaemifrS odponfouf? oduadk cs/
ygVd wawm osmosm'sKywÜ ?då odavmayg/
ykpH H a*g *päwd/ jrefrm EGm;onf oGm;\/
½ly a*g
a*gum; a*gvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (a*g+od)
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? a*g
a*gum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]*g0 ao}}[laomþokwfrS ]]a*g}}o'´gonfvnf; vkduf\/
]]tm0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
2/ emru@ 379
ygVd ]]*g0 ao}}wd£awm

]]a*g}}wd t"duma&m? ]]tm0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------
okwf 169/ a,mok p/

okwjf refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifv h nf; tm0
tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh a*g
a*go'´g\ a*g
a*g[laom þo'´g\ Motu©&m\
tm0
tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a*g
a*g£apöwó Moum&ó tm0g tm0ga'aom a[mwd a,m a,mok/
po'´g po'´gjzifh em
em0dbwf o®m0dbwf o®0ð b h nf; a*g
d wfwaYdk Mumifv a*g[laom
þo'´g\ Motu©&m\ tm0 tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/ ]]wawm a,mearm
wk}}[laomokwfü wko'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfwkdY\ Mo tjyKonf jzpf\/ o&avmy
ponfjyK/
ygVd poa'é em o®m o®ð ok£apöawok p ]]wawm a,mearm wl}}wd
{w¬ wk*[ ¾ aPe a,mearmuma&m? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H *ga0g wd|EÅ/d jrefrm EGm;wkdYonf wnfukef\/

½ly *ga0g
*ga0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwjfzifh a*go'ǵ\ tpdwf Moukd tm0jyK? *fAsn;f
tmokdYuyf? (*g0+a,m) wawm a,mearm wk okwfü wko'´gjzifh aemufa,m0d
bwfudk MojyK? 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? *ga0g
*ga0gum; Ny;D \/
--------------
okwf 170/ t0HrSd p/

okwjf refrm tH0bd wfaMumifv h nf; tm0
tm0tjyK t0t0tjyKwo
Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm tH0b d wfaMumifh a*g
a*g[laom þo'´g\ Mo Motu©&m\ tm0 tjyK
t0
t0tjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd a*g
a*g£apöwó Mo Moum&ó tm0t0 tm0t0£apöaw tma'om a[mEÅd
tHrdS 0dbwård /dS
po'´g p o'´gjzifh a,m

a,m0dbwf em em0dbwf o o0dbwf o®m0dbwf o®ð0b d wfwYdk
aMumifh t0
t0tjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd poa'é a,mem oo®mo®ðo£ k apöawok p t0g
t0ga'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H *a0g *pä EÅ/d jrefrm EGm;wkdYonf oGm;ukef\/
½ly *a0g
*a0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? t0HrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh
a*gtpdwf Moukd t0jyK? *fAsnf; t-okdYuyf? (*0+a,m) wawm a,mearm wk
okwüf wko'´gjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfudk MojyK? 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? *a0g
0fAsn;f Mooku *a0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ a*g/ jrefrm [,f...EGm;/
½ly a*g
a*gum; a*gvdifwnf? tkd[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf? (a*g+od)
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? a*g
a*gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ *ga0g/ jrefrm [,f...EGm;wk/Yd
½ly *ga0g
*ga0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYtkd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H a[ *a0g/ jrefrm [,f...EGm;wk/Yd
½ly *a0g
*a0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYtkd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
jrefrm 'kw, d m0dbwfü ]]trSd}}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd 'kw, d m,H ]]tHrSD}}}wd 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 171/ tm0ók 0g/

okwjf refrm tm0
tm0tjyK\ tcsKUd ojzifh O tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrmtH0b d wfaMumifh a*g
a*go'´g\ Mo\tjyKjzpfaom tm0
tm0[laom þ
tjyK\ tpdwjf zpfaom to&\ O tjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tm0
tm0£apöwó *g0g *g0ga'oó tEÅo&ó O um&ma'aom
a[mwd 0g tHrSd0dbwådrSd/
2/ emru@ 381
jrefrm tm0
tm0tjyK\ tpdwf t? wenf;- tm0
tm0tjyK\ tpdwf t? xktm0 dt m0
o'´g\ tpdwf t\ tHarmed*[
¾ w
D H paomokwjf zifh tHudk ed*[
¾ wd jf yK/
ygVd tm0ó t tm0? wó tm0 tm0o'ÉÅó/ ]]tHarm}}wd tm'dem
ed*¾[D wH/
ykpH H *g0k/H jrefrm EGm;uk/d
½ly *g0k Hum; a*gvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf? (a*g+tH)
*-cGif; Mo-<uif;? t0HrSd p okwfjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0 jyK? *fAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
(*g0+tH) tm0ók 0g okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh tm0tjyK\tpdwf t-
ukd OjyK? (*g0f+O+tH £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd vtrnfrn S ?hf tHarm ed*[
¾ w
d H
psvay[d okwfjzifh tH0dbwfukd vtrnf&Sdaom Otxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? 0fAsnf;
OHou Ydk yf? *g0kHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0H/ jrefrm EGm;uk/d
½ly *g0Hum; a*gvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf? (a*g+tH)
*-cGif; Mo-<uif;? t0HrSd p okwfjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0 jyK? *fAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
(*g+0+tH) 0-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? *g0Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0H/ jrefrm EGm;uk/d
½ly *0Hum; a*gvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh tH0dbwfouf? (a*g+tH)
*-cGif; Mo-<uif;? t0HrSd p okwfjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd t0 jyK? *fAsnf; tokdYuyf?
(*0+tH) 0-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? *0Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *ga0g/ jrefrm EGm;wku Yd /dk
½ly *ga0g
*ga0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *a0g/ jrefrm EGm;wku Yd /dk
½ly *a0g
*a0gum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]a*gP[laomyk'fç 0g[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]a*gPç 0g}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 172/ ok[demok p/
okwjf refrm ok0b
d wf [d0b d wf em
em0dbwfwaYdk Mumifv h nf; a*gP
a*gPtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ok0dbwf [d0dbwf em em0dbwfwkdYaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom a*g a*go'´g\
a*gP
a*gPtjyKonf tcsKo Yd jzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd em£apöawok oAÁó a*g
ok [d em a*go'´ó a*gPm a*gPma'aom a[mwd 0g/
po'´g po'´gjzifh ok [d em rS<uif;aom 0kpw f pfq,fw h pfv;Hk wkaYd Mumifv
h nf;
a*gP
a*gPtjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é aoaook p/
ykpH H a*gaPm jrefrm EGm;onf/
½ly a*gaPm
a*gaPmum; a*gvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf?
(a*g+od) ok[demok p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufod0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+od) aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? P-cGif; t-
<uif;? acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? PfAsnf; MookdYuyf? a*gaPm a*gaPmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a*gPm jrefrm EGm;wkdYonf/
½ly a*gPm
a*gPmum; a*gvdiw f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh yXrma,m0dbwfudk
tmjyK? P-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? PfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? a*gPm
a*gPmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ a*gP/ jrefrm [,f...EGm;/
½ly a*gP
a*gPum; a*gvdiw f nf? [,f[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? (a*g+
od) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om a*go'´gukd
a*gPjyK? (a*gP+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *-rSnfh?
aooawm--okwfjzifh *rnfaom od0dbwfukd acs? a*gP a*gPum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ a*gPm/ jrefrm [,f...EGm;wk/Yd
½ly a*gPm
a*gPmum; a*gvdiw f nf? wk[ Yd ,f[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a*gPH/ jrefrm EGm;uk/d
½ly a*gPHum; a*gvdiw f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh tH0b d wfouf? (a*g+tH)
ok[demok p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom a*go'´gukd
2/ emru@ 383
a*gPjyK? (a*gP+tH) P-cGi;f acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? PfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? a*gPHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gaP/ jrefrm EGm;wku Yd /dk
½ly a*gaP
a*gaPum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+a,m) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+a,m) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m
0dbwfudk {jyK? P-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK? PfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? a*gaP
a*gaPum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gaPe/ jrefrm EGm;jzif/h
½ly a*gaPe
a*gaPeum; a*gvdiw f nf? jzif[
h í
l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (a*g+
em) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om a*go'´gukd
a*gPjyK? (a*gP+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? P-cGif; acs?
{e[kyuwdjyK? PfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? a*gaPe
a*gaPeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gaP[d? a*gaPbd/ jrefrm EGm;wkjYd zif/h
½ly a*gaP[dç a*gaPbdum; a*gvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[h íl --aMumifh [d0d
bwfouf? (a*g+[d) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh tvk;H
pkHaom a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+[d) ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf
[d0dbwfaMumifh a&SUPtpdwf t-ukd {jyK? a*gaP[dum; NyD;\/ a*gaPbd-ü
o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? a*gaPbdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a*gPó/ jrefrm EGm;tm;/
½ly a*gPó
a*gPóum; a*gvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(a*g+o) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om a*g
o'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? a*gPó um; NyD;\/
------------
okwf 173/ a*gP eHrSd 0g/

okwjf refrm eH0bd wfaMumifh tcsKUd ojzifh a*gP
a*gPtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om a*g
a*go'´g\ a*gP
a*gPtjyKonf
0kwydå gVd oAÁó a*g a*go'´ó a*gPm
a*gPma'aom a[mwd 0g eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H a*gPmeH/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYtm;/

½ly a*gPmeHum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(a*g+eH) a*gPeHrSd 0g okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom a*go'´gukd
a*gPjyK? (a*gP+eH) P-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh
a&SUPftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? PfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? a*gPmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gPm/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly a*gPm
a*gPmum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (a*g+
o®m) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufom® 0dbwfaMumifh a*g o'´gukd a*gPjyK?
(a*gP+o®m) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? P-cGif; t-<uif;? acs?
tm[kyuwdjyK? PfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? a*gPm a*gPmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a*gPo®m? a*gPrSm/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly a*gPo®mç a*gPrSmum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwf
ouf? (a*g+o®m) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufom® 0dbwf aMumifh a*go'´gukd
a*gPjyK? a*gPo®mum; NyD;\/ a*gPrSm-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? a*gPrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gaP[d? a*gaPbd/ jrefrm EGm;wkrYd /S
½ly a*gaP[dç a*gaPbdum; a*gvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh [d0d
bwfouf? (a*g+[d) ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkH
aom a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+[d) ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wf
aMumifh a&SUPtpdwf t-ukd {jyK? a*gaP[dum; Ny;D \/ a*gaPbd-ü o®m[doeð® H
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? a*gaPbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gPó/ jrefrm EGm;\/

½ly a*gPó
a*gPóum; a*gvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf?
(a*g+o) a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H a*gPmeH/ jrefrm EGm;wk\Yd /
½ly a*gPmeHum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf?
(a*g+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H a*gaP/ jrefrm EGm;ü/
2/ emru@ 385
½ly a*gaPum; a*gvdiw

a*gaP f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (a*g+o®)ð
ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0ð® b d wfaMumifh a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP
+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd {jyK? P-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK?
PfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? a*gaP
a*gaPum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gPo®ð? a*gPrSd/ jrefrm EGm;ü/
½ly a*gPo®ðç a*gPrSu d m; a*gvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf?
(a*g+o®)ð ok[ed mok p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0ð® b d wf aMumifh a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK?
a*gPo®ðum; Ny;D \/ a*gPrSd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK?
a*gPrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gaPok/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd /
½ly a*gaPokum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
(a*g+ok) ok[demok p okwfü po'´gjzifh aemuf[d0dbwf aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
a*go'´gukd a*gPjyK? (a*gP+ok) ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh
a&SUPtpdwf t-ukd {jyK? a*gaPokum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm a*gP
a*gPtjyKrjzpf&mü/
ygVd a*gPm
a*gPma'ombma0/
ykpH H *ga0e/ jrefrm EGm;jzif/h
½ly *ga0e
*ga0eum; a*gvdiw f nf? jzif[
h í
l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (a*g+em)
a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\tpdwf MookdY tm0jyK? *fAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
(*g0+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? 0-cGif; acs? {e[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? *ga0e
0fAsn;f {oku *ga0eum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *a0e/ jrefrm EGm;jzif/h

½ly *a0eum; a*gvdiw
*a0e f nf? jzif[
h í
l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (a*g+em)
t0HrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\tpdwf MookYd t0jyK? *fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (*0+em)
tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? 0-cGi;f acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
*a0e
*a0eum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*g[d? a*gbd/ jrefrm EGm;wkjYd zif/h
½ly a*g[dç a*gbdum; a*gvdiw f nf? wkjYd zif[
h í
a*g[dum; Ny;D \/ a*gbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b

d wfudk bdjyK? a*gbd
um; NyD;\/
-------------
okwf 174/ *g0 ao/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwfaMumifh a*g
a*go'´g\tpdwfMo\ tm0
tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/
wenf;- o 0dbwfaMumifh a*g
a*go'´g\ tpdwMf o\ tm0
tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/
jrefrm ]]a*g tm0 ao}}[lí þokwfonf okH;yk'f&Sd\/
ygVd ]]a*g tm0 ao}}£wd wdy'rd'H/
0d*[
¾ a*go'´g\ Mownf;? a*go'´g\ Mo/
ygVd a*gó Mo a*g/
0kwjdå refrm o jzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh a*g

a*go'´g\ Mo\ tm0
tm0tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a*g
a*goa'´gum&ó tm0gtm0ga'aom a[mwd ao 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H *g0ó/ jrefrm EGm;tm;/
½ly *g0ó
*g0óum; a*gvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (a*g+
o) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? *g0 ao okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK?
*fAsn;f tmoduYk yf? (*g0+o) om*armao okwjf zifh of-vm? ofAsn;f aemufooku
Yd yf?
*g0ó
*g0óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0ó/ jrefrm EGm;tm;/

½ly *0ó
*0óum; a*gvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (a*g+
o) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? t0HrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh o0dbwfaMumifh a*go'´g\ Moukd
t0jyK? *fAsn;f t-odu Yk yf? (*0+o) om*armao okwjf zifh of-vm? ofAsn;f aemuf
ooku Yd yf? *0ó
*0óum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm eH0b
d wfü ]]a*gç t0g}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd eHrSd ]]a*gç t0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
2/ emru@ 387
okwf 175/ wawm erH ywdrSmvkawå p ormao/

okwjf refrm ywdo'´gaMumifh 0dbwfrausaomormofüvnf; xka*g a*go'´
da*g gaemifrS
eH0b
d wf\ tHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm 0dbwfrausaomormofüvnf; aESmif;aom ywdo'´gaMumifh xka*g ad *g
o'´grS aemufjzpfaom eH0b d wf\ tHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wawm a*g a*go'áwm y&ó eH0peó tHtma'aom a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh ormofr[kw&f müvnf; eH0b d wf\ tH MoMo\ t0 t0tjyK
onf jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é tormaoyd tH t0g t0ga'om/
ykpH H *0Hywdó ax&ó/ jrefrm *0Hywdrax&ftm;/
½ly *0Hywdum; a*go'´g ywdo'´gwnf? a*gaemif q|DA[k0pk f eH0b d wf
ouf? (a*g+eH) vd*aF w¬yXrmokwjf zifh vdit f eufudk a[mumrQ umvü vdit f eufü
yXrm{u0kpf od0dbwfouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? a*g+ywd+
eH[al om ormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
a*geH? EGm;wk\Yd / ywd? t&Siwf nf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ emrmeHormaom
,kwåaw¬m? Oab wyÜK&dom okwfwkdYukd vkdufapí? trm'a,m--okwfjzifh
tcsi;f csi;f ukjd yKí wyÜK&o d o
f rmofvnf;rSn?hf emrmeH--okwjf zifh ,kww å r¬ nS ?hf awoH
0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ eH0b d wfudk acsonf&adS omf xkb d w
k üf po'´gjrpfaom
aMumihf racs&? (a*g+ywd+eH) a*gPeHrSd 0g okwfjzifh eH0dbwfaMumifh a*go'´gukd
a*gPjyKonf&Sdaomf xkdokwfü 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? *-cGif; Mo-<uif;?
a,merSm ywdrSmvkawå p ormao okwfjzifh tvkwåormofü ywdo'´gaESmif;
aomaMumifh eH0b d wfudk tHjyK? a*gtpdwf Moukv d nf; t0jyK? *fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? 0-
cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? (*0H+ywd) w'¨wd -emrfi?hJ odouf
acs? *0Hywdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0H/ jrefrm EGm;wk\ Yd /
½ly *0Hum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh eH0dbwfouf? (a*g+eH)
*-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? t0HrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh eH0b d wfaMumifh a*go'´g\ Moukd t0jyK?
*fAsnf; t-odkYuyf? (*0+eH) wawm erH ywdrSmvkawå p ormao okwfjzifh eH
0dbwfukd tHjyK? 0-cGif; acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; tHokdYuyf? *0Hum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]ok[ed mok p}}okwüf po'´gjzifh eH0b d wfaMumifh *jk yKonfvnf; jzpf\/
]]aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd}}okwfü p o'´gjzifh e tu©&mvnf; vm/
ygVd ]]ok[ed mok pm}}wd {w¬ poa'é eHrdS *ktma'aom/ ]]aem p 'Gg'dawm
eHr}DS }wd okawå p oa'é e um&m*arm p/
ykpH H *kE/Hé jrefrm EGm;wkdYtm;/
½ly *kEéHum; a*gvdiw f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (a*g+eH)
ok[demok p okwfü po'´gjzifh eH0dbwfaMumifh a*go'´gukd *kjyK? aem p 'Gg'dawm
eHrdS okwüf po'´gjzifh eftu©&mvm? efAsn;f aemufeo H u Ydk yf? *k E é Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*geH 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; EGm;wkdYtm;/
½ly a*geHum; a*gvdiw f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (a*g+eH)
a*geHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0g/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly *g0g
*g0gum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (a*g+o®m)
*-cGif; Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK? *fAsnf;
tmokdYuyf? (*g0+o®m) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? 0-cGif; acs?
tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? *g0g *g0gum; NyD;\/
ykpH H *g0rSm? *g0o®m/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly *g0rSmç *g0o®mum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+o®m) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwüf po'´g jzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK?
*fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? *g0o® mum; NyD;\/ *g0rSm-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? *g0rSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0g/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly *0g
*0gum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? (a*g+o®m)
*-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? t0HrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd t0jyK? *fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
(*0+o®m) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? 0-cGif; acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? *0g
*0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0rSm? *g0o®m/ jrefrm EGm;rS/
½ly *g0rSmç *g0o®mum; a*gvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf?
(a*g+o®m) *-cGif; Mo-<uif;? t0HrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd t0jyK?
2/ emru@ 389
*fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? *0o® mum; NyD;\/ *0rSm-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh

o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? *0rSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*g[d? a*gbd/ jrefrm EGm;wkrYd /S
½ly a*g[dç a*gbdum; a*gvdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S íl --aMumifh [d0b d wfouf?
a*g[dum; NyD;\/ a*gbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK?
a*gbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0ó/ jrefrm EGm;\/
½ly *g0ó
*g0óum; a*gvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwf ouf? (a*g+o)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *0ó/ jrefrm EGm;\/
½ly *0ó
*0óum; a*gvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (a*g+o)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a*geH/ jrefrm wenf;um; EGm;wkdY\/
½ly a*geHum; a*gvdiw f nf? wk\ Yd [lí--aMumifh eH0b d wfouf? (a*g+eH)
a*geHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *ga0/ jrefrm EGm;ü/
½ly *ga0
*ga0um; a*gvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (a*g+o®)ð
*-cGif; Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK? *fAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? (*g0+o®)ð o®mo®eð H 0g okwjf zifh o®0ð b
d wfudk {jyK? 0-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK?
0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? *ga0
*ga0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0rS?d *g0o®/ð jrefrm EGm;ü/

½ly *g0rSdç *g0o®u ð m; a*gvdiw
f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b
d wfouf? (a*g+
o®ð) *-cGif; Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*g o'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK?
*fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? *g0o® ðum; NyD;\/ *g0rSd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
o®0ð b d wfudk rSjd yK? *g0rSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *a0/ jrefrm EGm;ü/
½ly *a0
*a0um; a*gvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? (a*g+o®ð)
(*0+o®ð) o®mo®ðeH 0g okwfjzifh o®ð0d bwfudk {jyK? 0-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f
{oku Yd yf? *a0
*a0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0rS?d *0o®/ð jrefrm EGm;ü/
½ly *0rSdç *0o®u ð m; a*gvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®0ð b d wfouf? (a*g+
o®ð) *-cGif; Mo-<uif;? t0HrSd p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*go'´g\ Moukd t0jyK? *fAsnf;
tmokdYuyf? *0o® ðum; NyD;\/ *0rSd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd
rSjd yK? *0rSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *ga0ok/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd /
½ly *ga0okum; a*gvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (a*g+
ok) *-cGif; Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh a*g o'´g\ Moukd tm0jyK?
*fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (*g0+ok) ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh ok0b d wfaMumifh 0tpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? *ga0okum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *a0ok/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd /
½ly *a0okum; a*gvdiw f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh ok0b d wfouf? (a*g+ok)
(*0+ok) ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh ok0b d wfaMumifh 0tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? *a0okum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gok/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd /
½ly a*gok um; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf?
a*gokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y a*g/ *ga0gç *a0g/
tm a[ a*g/ a[ *ga0gç a[ *a0g/
'k *g0Hç *0H/ *ga0gç *a0g/
w *ga0eç *a0e/ a*g[dç a*gbd/
p *g0óç *0ó/ *0Hç *kEçHé a*geH/
yOö *g0gç *g0rSmç *g0o®mç a*g[dç a*gbd/
*0gç *0rSmç *0o®m/
2/ emru@ 391
q *g0óç *0ó/ *0Hç *kEçHé a*geH/

owå *ga0ç *g0rSçd *g0o®çð *ga0okç *a0okç a*gok/
*a0ç *0rSçd *0o®/ð
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y a*gP/ a*gPm/
tm a[ a*gP/ a[ a*gPm/
'k a*gPH/ a*gaP/
w a*gaPe/ a*gaP[dç a*gaPbd/
p a*gPó/ a*gPmeH/
yOö a*gPmç a*gPo®mç a*gPrSm/ a*gaP[dç a*gaPbd/
q a*gPó/ a*gPmeH/
owå a*gaPç a*gPo®ðç a*gPrSd/ a*gaPok/
jrefrm yk&o
d paomo'´g? *kP0gpaomo'´g? &mZmpaomo'´g? om paom
o'´g? t*¾dpaomo'´g? bdu©Kpaomo'´g? ow¬mpaom o'´g?
tbdblpaomo'´g? oAÁñlpaomo'´g? a*gpaomo'´g? þtvkH; pkHaom o'´gukd
(£wd t,H oaAÁm) ykvd’ifü aygif;ü ,ltyf\/
ygVd yk&daom *kP0g &mZm? om}*¾d '@D p bdu©K p/
ow¬mç bdbl p oAÁñl/ a*gwd ykvd’*Fo*Fa[m/
ykvd’if NyD;\/
ykvd’*ø ed|dwH/
----------------------
tmum&EÅ £w¬dvd*F
jrefrm xkyd v
k i’d \
f tjcm;rJüh £w¬v
d id &f adS om o'´gwku
Yd dk qkt
d yfuek \
f /
ygVd tx £w¬dvd*Fged 0kpöaEÅ/
jrefrm t um&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v d id o
f nf rxif&mS ;/
ygVd t um&aEÅm £w¬dvd*Foa'´g tyÜoda'¨g/

jrefrm tm
tmum&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v f dk unm
d id u unmo'´g[lí jytyf\/
('óD,wd) ]]un}}[lí wnfonf &Sdaomf/
ygVd tm unmoa'´g/ ]]un}}£wd XdawÞ
tmum&aEÅm £w¬dvda*Fg unm
-----------
okwf 176/ £w¬d,rawm tmyÜpöa,m/

okwjf refrm £w¬v d id üf jzpfaom t um&EÅaemifrS tm
tmypön;f oufonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm £w¬vd id üf jzpfaom tum&EÅjzpfaom vdiaf emifrS aemufonf jzpfí
tm
tmypön;f oufonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd d H 0wårmem tum&EÅawm vd*rF mS ya&m tm
£w¬, tmyÜpaö ,m a[mwd/
*gxmjrefrm odpaom0dbwfwkdYonf yuwd[kqkdtyfaom vdifteufukd xGef;
wwfukefonf jzpfukefouJhokdY xkdYtwl (wxm) tmpaom £w¬d
vdifü oufaom ypönf;wkdYonf yuwd[kqkdtyfaom vdif\teufukd xGef;wwf
ukefonf jzpfukef\/ P-paomypönf;wkdYonf P-paomypönf;\ typö paom
teufu¤dk if;? outeufu¤dk if; a[mwwfuek \ f /
*gxmygVd yuwsw¬aZmwum £w¬d-yÜpö,m osm'a,m 0d,/
Pm'a,m ypö,w¬ó? ouw¬ómyd 0gpum/
jrefrm ]]o&avmayg}}paomokwjf zifh a&SUo&ukd acsNy;D aomf aemufo&okYd

aqmifjcif;ukvd nf; jyKNy;D aomf tMuiftcsi;f jzifh ]]"m wkypÜ , ö 0dbwåd
0ZÆw
d rw¬0H vd*}ø }[lí qkt d yfonf\tjzpfjzifv h Qif ypön;f tqk;H &Sad om yk'\
f vnf;
vdirf rnfjcif;aMumifh 0dbwfoufjcif;onf ra&muf vkvwfaomf ]]w'¨w d ormo
udwum emrH 0g} wa0wkem'Dok p}}okwfü p o'´gjzifh £w¬dvdifüoufaom
ypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'u
f v
dk nf; emrfudk uJo h iYdk jhJ cif;ukd jyKtyf\/ (umwaAÁm) a&S;üuJo h Ydk
odpaom0dbwfouf? ]]aooawm avmyH *ody}d }okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd ]]o&avmayg}}wdtm'dem ykAÁóa& vkawåç y&e,ae p uaw
]]"mwkyÜpö,0dbwåd0ZÆdwrw¬0H vd*F}}EÅd 0kwåwåm0 ypö,EÅómyd tvd*Fwåm
0dbwåKywÜ ,då rorÜwmå ,H ]]w'¨w d ormoudwum emrH 0g} wa0wkem 'Dok pm}}wd
2/ emru@ 393
{w¬ p *¾[aPe £w¬dyÜpö,EÅómyd emrAsya'aom/ yka& 0d, osm osm'sKyÜwåd?

]]aooawm avmyH *odyD}}wd odavmayg/
ykpH H om unm/ jrefrm xko
d wko Yd rD;onf/
½ly unm
unmum; unvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m okwfjzifh
un[laom £w¬dvdiftum&EÅaemif tmypönf;ouf? (un+tm) n-cGif; acs?
tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (unm) w'¨dwormo udwumemrH0g
wa0wkem'Dou k m okwüf po'´gjzifh unm[laom£w¬d vdiyf 'k u f dk emrfuu
dk o
hJ iYdk ?hJ
onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh *trnfr&Sdaom
od0dbwfukdacs? unm
unmum; NyD;\/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]tmvyae od *oanm}}[laom þokwrf S onm[laom
yk'o
f nf¤if;? ]]£w¬cd sm}}[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? vkud \f /
ygVd A[k0pae ]]tmvyae od *oanm}}wd £awm ]]oanm}}ç ]]aw
£w¬dcsmayg}}wd £awm ]]£w¬dcsm}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 177/ tm aCm/

okwjf refrm tm
tm[laomtu©&monf C trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm vdi\f tpdwjf zpfaom tm tmtu©&monf tMuiftcgü £w¬v d id u
f dk
a[m\/ xkdtcgü C trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd F aEÅm tm
vd*ó tmuma&m ,'g £w¬ad csm? w'g C oanm a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm þokwjf zifh CrSnNhf y;D aomf ]]Cyawm p a,meH avmayg}}okwjf zifh
tcsKUd ojzifh a,m
a,m0dbwfuadk cs/
ygVd £wd Conm,H ]Cyawm p a,meH avmayg}}wd 0duayÜe a,m a,mavmayg/
ykpH H wm unm/ jrefrm xkod wkoYd rD;wkoYd nf/
½ly unm
unmum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
(un+tm) n-cGi;f acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (unm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ
wko Yd nf[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? tm aCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id u
f adk [maom
tmukd CtrnfrSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh CrSaemufjzpfaom
a,m0dbwfukd acs? unm unmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H unma,m/ jrefrm xko

d wkoYd rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly unma,m
unma,mum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
ouf? (un+tm) n-cGi;f acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (unm) w'¨w d -
emrfiJh? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? tm aCm okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifukd
a[maom tmukd Ctrnfrn S ?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh CrSaemuf
jzpfaom a,m0dbwfukdacsoifh jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifhracs&?
unma,m
unma,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmvkyfü ]]ocawm *aó 0g}}[laom þokwfrS ]]*ó}}[laom
yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd tmvyae ]]ocawm *aó 0g}}wd £awm ]]*óm}}wd 0wåaw/
----------
okwf 178/ Caw p/

okwjf refrm C aemifrS { tjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm CrSaemufjzpfaom * trnf&adS om od0bd wf\ { tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd C awm y&ó * ó { uma&m a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif;ponfjyK/
ygVd o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H abmwd uan/ jrefrm tk.d ..owko Yd rD;/
½ly uan
uanum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬,d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
(un+tm) n-cGif; acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (unm) w'¨dw-
emrfi?hJ tk[
d í
l --aMumifh od0b
d wfouf? (unm+od) tmvyaeod--okwjf zifh tmvkyf
odukd *-rSnfh? Caw p okwfjzifh CrSaemufjzpfaom *trnf&Sdaom od0dbwfukd
{jyK? n-cGif; tm-<uif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; {okdYuyf? uan
uanum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abmwda,m unm/ jrefrm tk.d ..owko Yd rD;wk/Yd
½ly unm
unmum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬,d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H unma,m/ jrefrm tk.d ..owko Yd rD;wk/Yd
2/ emru@ 395
½ly unma,mum; unvdiw

unma,m f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
ouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm tH0bd wfü o&avmy yuwdjyK/
ygVd tHrdS o&avmyyuwdbm0g/
ykpH H unH/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;uk/d
½ly unHum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
(un+tm) n-cGif; acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (unm) w'¨dw-
emrfi?hJ uk[
d í
l --aMumifh tH0b
d wfouf? (unm+tH) n-cGi;f tm-<uif;? acs? tH[k
yuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? unHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H unm/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wkuYd /dk
½ly unm
unmum; unvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
ykpH H unma,m/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wkuYd /dk
½ly unma,m
unma,mum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
jrefrm wwd,m0dbwfponfwüYdk ]]tm, pwkaw¬u0peó wk}} [laom
þokwfrS ]]tma,mç {u0pemeH}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd wwd,m'dok ]]tm, pwkaw¬u0peó wl}}wd £awm ]]tma,mç
{u0peme}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
-----------
okwf 179/ Cawm em'DeH/

okwjf refrm CaemifrS em
em0dbwfEiS whf u
l ek af om {u0kp0f b Yd tm,
d wf ig;vk;H wk\
tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd C trnf&Sdaom vdif\tpdwf tm tmtu©&mrS aemufjzpfukefaom
em d ek af om o® ðtqk;H &Su
emtp&Su d ek af om {u0kpjf zpfuek af om 0dbwf
taygif;wk\ Yd tm,
tm,tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Conawm vd*ó F mum&m ya&oH em em'DeH o®yð &d,EÅmeH {u0pemeH
0dbwåd*PmeH tm,m
tm,ma'aom a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm o&avmyponfjyK? uyf/

ygVd o&avmyy&e,emed/
ykpH H unm,/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;jzif/h
½ly unm,
unm,um; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
emrfi?hJ jzif[h í
l --aMumifh em0dbwfouf? (unm+em) tm aCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id uf dk
a[maom tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk
tm,jyK? n-cGi;f tm-<uif;? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? nfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? unm,
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H unm[dç unmbd/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly unm[dç unmbdum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh
tmypönf;ouf? (un+tm) n-cGif; acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nf Asnf; tmokdYuyf?
(unm) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? wkdYjzifh[lí--aMumifh [d0dbwfouf? unm[dum; NyD;\/
unmbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? unmbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H unm,/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly unm,
unm,um; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
emrfi?hJ tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? (unm+o) tm aCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id f
ukd a[maom tmukd C-rSnfh? Cawm em'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom
o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? n-cGi;f tm-<uif;? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? nfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
unm, um; NyD;\/
ykpH H unmeH/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wkt
Yd m;/
½ly unmeHum; unvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
emrfi?hJ wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh eH0bd wfouf? unmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H unm,/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;rS/
½ly unm,
unm,um; unvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? (un+tm) n-cGi;f
acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (unm) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? rS[lí--aMumifh
o®m0dbwfouf? (unm+o®m) tm aCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cawm em'DeH
2/ emru@ 397
okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tm,jyK? n-cGif; tm-<uif;? acs?

tm,[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? unm, um; NyD;\/
ykpH H unm[dç unmbd/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wkrYd /S
½ly unm[dç unmbdum; unvdiw f nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh
tmypönf;ouf? (un+tm) n-cGif; acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nf Asnf; tmokdYuyf?
(unm) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh [d0dbwfouf? unm[dum; NyD;\/
unmbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0bd wfudk bdjyK? unmbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H unm,/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;\/
½ly unm,
unm,um; unvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H unmeH/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wk\
Yd /
½ly unmeHum; unvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm d wfüÞ
o®0ð b ygVd o®rð Þ
dS
-------------------
okwf 180/ Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g/

okwjf refrm Cy
CyrS o® ð0b
d wf\ tcsKo Yd jzifh ,HtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Cy
CyrS aemufjzpfaom o® ð0b d wfaMumifh ,HtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh
jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Cy
Cyawm y&ó o® ð0peó ,H a[mwd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm wpfyg;jy,k*f wpfyg;okwüf tm,vnf;jyK/
ygVd tnw¬m,ma'aom/
ykpH H unm,H/ jrefrm owkoYd rD;ü/
½ly unm,Hum; unvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? (un+tm) n-cGi;f
acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? nf Asnf; tmokdYuyf? (unm) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? ü[lí--aMumifh
o®ð0dbwfouf? (unm+o®ð) tm aCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm o®ð ,H
0g okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd ,HjyK? unm,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H unm,/ jrefrm owkoYd rD;ü/
½ly unm,
unm,um; unvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H unmok/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;wküdY /
½ly unmokum; unvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (unm)
w'd̈w-emrfiJh? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh ok0dbwfouf? unmok um; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
unm'd*P dk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y unm/ unmç unma,m/
tm abmwd uan/ abmwda,m unmç unma,m/
'k unH/ unmç unma,m/
w unm,/ unm[dç unmbd/
p unm,/ unmeH/
yOö unm,/ unm[dç unmbd/
q unm,/ unmeH/
owå unm,/ unmok/
jrefrm wpfyg;ukefaom o'¨g/y/ 0ok"m pomo'´gwkdYukd þtwl odtyf
uke\ f /
ygVd {0ranydÞ
ykpH H o'¨g/ jrefrm ,kMH unfjcif;/
ykpH H ar"m/ jrefrm ynm/
ykpH H ynm/ jrefrm tjym;tm;jzifo h jd cif;/
ykpH H 0dZmÆ / jrefrm 0dZÆmokH;yg;/ 0g-twwf/
ykpH H pdEmÅ / jrefrm MujH cif;/
ykpH H rEÅm/ jrefrm ynm/
ykpH H 0DPm/ jrefrm apmif;/
ykpH H wPSm/ jrefrm odyjf cif;/
ykpH H £päm/ jrefrm tvkd/
ykpH H rkpmä / jrefrm awGa0jcif;/
ykpH H {Zm/ jrefrm wkev f yI jf cif;/
ykpH H rm,m/ jrefrm vSnyhf wfjcif;/
ykpH H arwåm/ jrefrm cspjf cif;/
2/ emru@ 399
ykpH H rwåm/ jrefrm twkid ;f t&Sn/f

ykpH H odu©m/ jrefrm tusi/hf
ykpH H bdu©m/ jrefrm qGr;f /
ykpH H ZCFm/ jrefrm jrif;acgif;/
ykpH H *D0g/ jrefrm vnfrsK/d
ykpH H Zd0gS / jrefrm vQm/
ykpH H 0gpm/ jrefrm pum;/
ykpH H qm,m/ jrefrm t&dy/f
ykpH H tmom/ jrefrm tvkd/
ykpH H **Fg/ jrefrm jrpf/
ykpH H em0g/ jrefrm avS/
ykpH H *gxm/ jrefrm *gxm/
ykpH H aoem/ jrefrm ppfonf/
ykpH H avcg/ jrefrm ta&;/
ykpH H omvm/ jrefrm Z&yf/
ykpH H rmvm/ jrefrm yef;/
ykpH H a0vm/ jrefrm tcg? 0g- urf;/
ykpH H ylZm/ jrefrm ylaZmfjcif;/
ykpH H cd×m/ jrefrm jrL;wl;jcif;/
ykpH H ydygom/ jrefrm odyjf cif;/
ykpH H a0'em/ jrefrm cHpm;jcif;/
ykpH H onm/ jrefrm trSw/f
ykpH H apwem/ jrefrm aphaqmfjcif;/
ykpH H wodPm/ jrefrm odyjf cif;/
ykpH H yZm/ jrefrm owå0g/
ykpH H a'0wm/ jrefrm ewf/
ykpH H 0¥um/ jrefrm ik;H /
ykpH H a*g"m/ jrefrm zGw/f
ykpH H Avmum/ jrefrm AsKid ;f atmuf/
ykpH H y&dom/ jrefrm y&dowf/

ykpH H obm/ jrefrm obif/
ykpH H ODum/ jrefrm oef;/
ykpH H aozmvdum/ jrefrm qdwzf vl;yif/
ykpH H vuFm/ jrefrm oD[Vdk u f Re;f /
ykpH H ovmum/ jrefrm rsupf Of;wHponf/
ykpH H 0gvdum/ jrefrm oJ/
ykpH H odcg/ jrefrm OD;pGe;f /
ykpH H 0domcg/ jrefrm 0domcgeu©w/f
ykpH H 0docd g/ jrefrm vrf;c&D;/
ykpH H omcg/ jrefrm opfcuf/
ykpH H 0pm/ jrefrm raumif;aomteH/Y
ykpH H 0OÑm/ jrefrm rde;f rNrK/H
ykpH H Z#m/ jrefrm taygif;/
ykpH H C#m/ jrefrm taygif;/
ykpH H aZ|m/ jrefrm aZ|eu©w/f
ykpH H aom@m/ jrefrm ESmarmif;/
ykpH H 0dw@m/ jrefrm qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaompum;/
ykpH H u½kPm/ jrefrm oem;jcif;/
ykpH H 0edwm/ jrefrm rde;f r/
ykpH H vwm/ jrefrm EG,/f
ykpH H uxm/ jrefrm pum;/
ykpH H ed'g´ / jrefrm tdyjf cif;/
ykpH H ok"m/ jrefrm ewfMoZm? 0g- tuFaw/
ykpH H &m"m/ jrefrm &m"eu©w/f
ykpH H 0goem/ jrefrm xkjH cif;/
ykpH H oðoyg/ jrefrm xef;pOfyif? 0g- &if;wku d yf if/
ykpH H yyg/ jrefrm a&tk;d pOf/
2/ emru@ 401
ykpH H ybm/ jrefrm ta&mif/
ykpH H oDrm/ jrefrm tykid ;f tjcm;/
ykpH H crm/ jrefrm onf;cHjcif;/
ykpH H Zm,m/ jrefrm r,m;/
ykpH H cwåd,m/ jrefrm rif;o®/D
ykpH H ou©&m/ jrefrm ausmufqpf/
ykpH H ok&m/ jrefrm ao/
ykpH H a'gvm/ jrefrm {,Of? 0g- ykcuf/
ykpH H wkvm/ jrefrm csed ?f 0g- pOf;/
ykpH H odvm/ jrefrm ausmuf/
ykpH H vDvm/ jrefrm prÜg,fjcif;? jrL;wl;jcif;/
ykpH H vmvm/ jrefrm wHawG;/
ykpH H {vm/ jrefrm zmvmoD;? wHawG;/
ykpH H arcvm/ jrefrm cg;BuK;d /
ykpH H uvm/
jrefrm tqdy?f ujcif;? oDjcif;? wD;rIwjf cif;/
ykpH H 0V0g/ jrefrm jrnf;r/
ykpH H tvrÁKom/ jrefrm tvrÁKoewfo/D®
ykpH H rlom/ jrefrm rku
d cf u G /f
ykpH H rOÆLom/ jrefrm aowåm? wHoif;/
ykpH H okvom/ jrefrm okvomrnfaom rde;f r/
ykpH H 'dom/ jrefrm t&yfrsuEf mS /
ykpH H emom/ jrefrm ESmacgif;/
ykpH H ZkPmS /
jrefrm va&mif? 0g- va&mifESifh/ ,SOfaomnOfh/
ykpH H *k[m/ jrefrm vkdPf/
ykpH H þ[m/ jrefrm vkHUv/
ykpH H vodum/ jrefrm tap;/
ykpH H 0ok"m/ jrefrm ajrBu;D /

tp&So d nfwnf;/ tm'a,m/
½ly 0ok"mmum; 0ok"vdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (0ok"m)
onf[lí--od0dbwfouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd acs? 0ok " mmum;
NyD;\/ (txufygykHpHwkdYukdvnf; þenf;twkdif;wGufyg)/
jrefrm tr®o'´gponfw\ Ydk tmvkyüf omvQif ½kyt f xl;onf jzpf\/
ygVd tr®m'DeH tmvyae0 ½lyaba'g/
ykpH H tr®m/ jrefrm trdonf/
½ly tr® mum; tr®vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (tr®m)
w'¨dw-emrfiJh? onf[lí--aMumifh od0dbwfouf? *-rSnfh? aooawm--okwfjzifh
*trnf&adS om od0b d wfuadk cs? tr®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tr®m/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ wko
Yd nf[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? tm aCm okwjf zifh tmudk
C-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf
ukad cs? tr® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tr®ma,m/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
½ly tr®ma,m
a,mum; tr®vid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tr®m)
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ wko
Yd nf[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? tm aCm okwjf zifh tmudk
C-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfudk
acsoifah omfvnf; 0go'´gjrpf aomaMumifh racs&? tr®ma,m a,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm * trnf&adS om od0b d wf\ ]]*aw p}}okwjf zifh {jyKvwfaomfÞ
ygVd * ó ]]Caw pm}}wd { uma& orÜawåÞ
------------
okwf 181/ e tr®m'dawm/

okwjf refrm tr®o'´gESiw
hf al om o'´gaemifrS {tjyKonf rjzpf/
0kwjdå refrm tr® tEé þokt Yd p&Sad omo'´grS aemufjzpfaom tmvkyf {u0kpf
0dbwf\ { tjyKonf rjzpf/
2/ emru@ 403
0kwydå gVd tr®mtEém£apö0rm'dawm y&ó * ó tmvyaeu0peó e

{ um&wåH a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm ]]tmuma&m 0g}}okwjf zifh &ójyK/
ygVd ]]tmuma&m 0g}}wd &ówåH/
ykpH H abmwd tr®/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly tr®um; tr®vid w
f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tr®m) w'¨w d -
emrfiJh? tmvkyf od0dbwfouf? tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *-
rSnfh? tmuma&m 0g okwfjzifh tmvkyfod0dbwf aMumifh tr®mo'´g\ tmukd t-
&ójyK? (tr®+od) aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? tr®um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmwd tr®m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly tr®mum; tr®vid wf nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tr®m) w'¨d
w-emrfi?hJ tmvkyf od0b d wfouf? tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyo f ud dk
*-rSn?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? tr® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmwd,m tr®m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
w'¨dw-emrfiJh? tmvkyf a,m0dbwfouf? r®-cGif; tm-<uif;? tm aCm okwfjzifh
tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh Caemif a,m0dbwfuadk cs?
tr®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tr®ma,m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly tr®ma,m
a,mum; tr®vid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tr®m)
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ tmvkyf a,m0dbwfouf? tr®ma,m a,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H tEém/ jrefrm þtwl trdonf/
½ly tEé mum; tEévid wf nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEém/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
½ly tEé mum; tEévid wf nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEéma,m/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
½ly tEéma,m
a,mum; tEévid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwd tEé/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly tEéum; tEévid wf nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwd tEém/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/

½ly tEé mum; tEévid w
f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwda,m tEém/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly tEé mum; tEévid w
ykpH H tEéma,m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly tEéma,m
a,mum; tEévid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trÁm/ jrefrm trdonf/

½ly trÁ mum; trÁvid w
ykpH H trÁm/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
½ly trÁ mum; trÁvid w
ykpH H trÁma,m/ jrefrm trdwo Ydk nf/
½ly trÁma,m
a,mum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwd trÁm/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly trÁma,m
a,mum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwd trÁ/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/

½ly trÁum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwd trÁm/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly trÁ mum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwda,m trÁm/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly trÁ mum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trÁma,m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly trÁma,ma,mum; trÁvid w f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&So
d nfww Ydk nf;/ £pöm'd/
tm
tmum&EÅ£w¬v d id f Ny;D \/
tm
tmum&EÅ/H
-------------------
2/ emru@ 405
£um&EÅ £w¬dvdif
jrefrm £ um&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v f dk &wådo'´g[lí jytyfuek \
d id u f /
ygVd £ um&aEÅm £w¬v d ad *Fg &wådoa'´g/ ('óD,aw)/
½kyf jrefrm xkad &S;twlomvQif odponfouf? od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd wax0 osm osm'sKyw Ü ?då odavmayg/
ykpH H &wå/d jrefrm nOfo h nf/
½ly &wådum; &wåv d id wf nf? yXrm{u0kp-f od0b d wfouf? aoo awm-
d wfuadk cs? &wå dum; Ny;D \/
-okwjf zifh od0b
jrefrm A[k0kpfü ]]onmç £0PÖK0PÖm}}[lomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]onmç £0PÖK0PÖm}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 182/ aw £w¬dcsm ayg/

okwjf refrm £w¬v f adk [mukeaf om xk£
d id u d 0Pf O0Pfwo Ydk nf y[laomtrnf
&Sdukef\/ xk£ d 0Pf O 0PfwkdYonf tMuiftcgü £w¬dvdifukd
a[mukeo f nf jzpfuek \f / xkt d cgü y [laomtrnf&u dS ek o
f nf jzpfuek \ f /
0dN*Kd[f £w¬dvdifukd a[m\[laomtrnfrSnfhjcif;wnf;? £w¬dvdifukd
a[m\[laomtrnfrn S jhf cif;/
ygVd £w¬d,m tmcsm onm £w¬ d c smsm?
0kwjdå refrm vdif\tpdwfjzpfukefaom xk£ d 0Pf O 0PfwkdYonf tMuiftcgü
£w¬v d id uf adk [m\[k orkwt f yfuek \ f / xkt d cgü y [laom trnf
&Su d ek o
f nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd vd*ó F EÅm aw £0PÖK0PÖm ,'g £w¬cd sm? w'g y onm a[mEÅ/d
½kyf jrefrm þokwjf zifh yrSnNhf y;D aomf ]]Cyawm p}}paomokwjf zifh a,m a,m0dbwf
ukdacs? ]]a,mok uw}}paomokwfjzifh 'DCjyK/
ygVd £wd y onm,H ]]Cyawm pm}}wdtm'dem a,m a,mavmayg? ]]a,mok
ykpH H &wå/D jrefrm nOfw
h o
Ydk nf/
½ly &wåDum; &wåv d id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? wå-cGi;f £-

<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £w¬v d id u
f adk [maom £ukd ytrnfrn S ?hf Cyawm
p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif; aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? a,mokuw
edum& avmayok 'DCH okwjf zifh ytrnf&adS om £ukd þ'DCjyK? wåAf sn;f þoku Yd yf?
&wåDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåda,m/ jrefrm nOfw h o Ydk nf/
½ly &wå d a ,m
,mum; &wådvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
&wåda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &awsm 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; nOfhwkdYonf/
½ly &awsm
&awsmum; &wdvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (&wd+
a,m) w-cGif; £-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £w¬v d id u
f adk [maom £ukd
ytrnfrSnfh? yonó p okwfjzifh £0Pfukd ,jyK? (&wf+,+a,m) wawm
a,mearm wk okwfü wko'´gjzifh a,m 0dbwfudk MojyK? wfAsn;f ,oku Yd yf? wsAf sn;f
Mooku Yd yf? &awsm
&awsmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ &wåd/ jrefrm [,f...nOf/h
½ly &wåu d m; &wåvd id w f nf? tmvky{f u0kp-f od0b d wfouf? aooawm-
-okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? &wå dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ &wåD/ jrefrm [,f...nOfw h /Ydk
½ly &wå D u m; &wå d v d i f w nf ? tmvk y f A [k 0 k p f - a,m0d b wf o uf ?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ &wåda,m/ jrefrm [,f...nOfw h /Ydk
½ly &wå d a ,m
,mum; &wådvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]tHarmed*[ ¾ wd }H }paomokwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK/
ygVd ]]tHarm}}wdtm'dem ed*[ ¾ w D /H
ykpH H &wå/ð jrefrm nOfu h /dk
½ly &wå ðum; &wådvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf-tH0dbwfouf? (&wåd+tH)
wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf tHarmed*[ ¾ w D H psvay[d
okwfjzifh tH0dbwfukd ytxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? wåfAsnf; £HokdYuyf? &wå ðum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 407
ykpH H &wå/D jrefrm nOfw h u

Ydk /dk
½ly &wå D u m; &wå d v d i f w nf ? 'k w d , mA[k 0 k p f - a,m0d b wf o uf ?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåda,m/ jrefrm nOfw h u
Ydk /dk
½ly &wå d a ,m
,mum; &wådvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm wwd,m0dbwfponfwkdYü ]]tm,pwkaw¬u0peówk okwfrS
0kpjf yefí {u0pemeH [laomyk'çf Cawmem'Deo H wk rf S em'DeyH 'k }f }onf vku d \
f /
ygVd wwd,m'Dok ]]{u0pemeHç em'De}}EÅd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 183/ yawm ,m/

okwjf refrm y aemifrS ,m ,mtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm y trnf&u dS ek af om £ 0Pf OO0PfwrYdk S aemufjzpfuek af om em emtp
&Su d ek af om {u0kpjf zpfuek af om 0dbwftaygif;wk\ Yd ,m
,mtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd y onawm £0PÖ K 0aPÖ [ d ya&oH e mm'D e aru0pemeH
0dbwåd*PmeH ,m ,mtma'aom a[mwd/
ykpH H &wåd,m/ jrefrm nOfjh zif/h
½ly &wåd,mmum; &wåv d id w
f nf? wwd,m{u0kp-f em0dbwfouf? (&wå+d
em) wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zihf
yaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfukd ,mjyK? wåAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? &wåd,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåD[d? &wåDbd/ jrefrm nOfw h jYdk zif/h
½ly &wåD[dç &wåDbdum; &wåv d id wf nf? wwd,mA[k0pk -f [d0b d wfouf?
(&wå+d [d) wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d d bwfaMumifh wåt f pdwf
£ukd þ'DCjyK? wåAf sn;f þoku Yd yf? &wåD[dum; Ny;D \/ &wåDbd-ü o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS
0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? &wåDbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåd[d? &wådbd/ jrefrm nOfw h jYdk zif/h
½ly &wåd[dç &wådbdum; &wåv d id wf nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk -f [d0b d wf ouf?
(&wå+d [d) &wåd[dum; Ny;D \/ &wådbd-ü o®m[doeð® rH mS bdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk
bdjyK? &wådbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåd,m/ jrefrm nOft

h m;/
f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kp-f o0dbwfouf? (&wå+d o)
wå-cGif; £-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzihf
yaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfukd ,mjyK? wåAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? &wåd,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåeD /H jrefrm nOfhwkdYtm;/
½ly &wåDeHum; &wåv d id w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk -f eH0b
d wfouf? (&wå+d eH) wå-
cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh wåt f pdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK?
wåAf sn;f þoku Yd yf? &wåDeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåed /H jrefrm nOfhwkdYtm;/
½ly &wå d e Hum; &wådvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf-eH0dbwfouf? (&wåd+eH)
&wådeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm yOör0D bd wfüÞ ygVd yOör,d Þ H
--------------------
okwf 184/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/

okwjf refrm y aemifrS o® ð0dbwf o® m0dbwfwkdY\ tcsKdUojzifh tHtjyK tm tmtjyK
wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
0kwjdå refrm y[laomtrnf&adS om £0PfaemifrS aemufjzpfuek af om o®0ð b d wf
o® m0dbwfw\ Ydk tpOftwkid ;f tHtjyK tm tmtjyK wko Yd nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd y £apö w o® m ya&oH o® ð o® m £apö a woH ,xmuú r H tH
tm
tmtma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
jrefrm þ0g 0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS / xkaYd Mumifh O 0Pf tqk;H
&Sad om vdiaf emifrS rjzpfuek ?f £0Pftqk;H &Sad om vdif aemifrv S nf;
jy,k*t f m;avsmpf mG jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd 00w¬dw0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g? awe O 0PÖEÅawm e a[mEÅd?
£ 0PÖEaÅ wmyd ,xmya,m*H/
jrefrm ]]psvmerd,k 0g okwrf S oa&yk'çf ,0um&m p okwrf S ,um&yk'}f }
onf vku d \
f / a,mok p okwrf S [D[*wduenf;? oHomaoGu 0paeok p okwrf S
r@Lu*wduenf;jzifh a,m0peo'´g {u0peo'´gonfvnf; vku d \ f /
2/ emru@ 409
ygVd ]]oa&ç ,uma&m}}wd p 0wåawç oD[r@Lu*wD[d a,m0p-

aeu0pe
aeu0pe*¾[POö/
-----------
okwf 185/ yonó p/

okwjf refrm y trnf&adS om £ 0Pf\vnf; , tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm a,m
a,m0dbwf {u0kpf0dbwfwkdY\ wawma,mearm wk okwfrS wk
o'´gjzifh jyKtyfaom trmyawm okwjf zifh jyKtyfaom aESmif;aom
aemufo&aMumifh y trnf&adS om £ 0Pf\ , tjyKonfjzpf\/
0kwydå gVd y onó £ 0PÖó a,m a,m0paeu0pe0dbwåDerma'ao oa&
ya& , uma&m a[mwd/
jrefrm þokwüf vnf; ,tu©&m\omvQif vku d af omt&mjzpfaomaMumifh
yon
yono'´gjzifh £0Pfuo dk mvQif ,ltyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p , um&aó0g"dum&awm yon yon*¾[aPe £ 0aPÖm0
*,Sw/d
jrefrm p o'´gonf ]]&awåm}}paomykpH w H üYdk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd p *¾[PH ]]&awåm}}wd tm'Dok ed0wåew¬/H
ykpH H &wsm/ jrefrm nOfrh /S
½ly &wsm
&wsmum; &wåv d id w
f nf? yOör{D u0kp-f o®m0dbwfouf? (&wå+d o®m)
w-cGif; £-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? trm yawm o®o ð m® eH
0g okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? yonó p okwjf zifh o®m0dbwf
tmtjyKaMumifh ytrnf&adS om £0Pfudk ,fjyK? wfAsn;f ,fou Ydk yf? wsAf sn;f tmokYd
uyf? &wsm
&wsmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåd,m/ jrefrm nOfrh /S
f nf? yOör{D u0kp-f o®m0dbwfouf? (&wå+d o®m)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåD[d? &wåDbd/ jrefrm nOfw h rYdk /S
½ly &wåD[dç &wåDbdum; &wådvdifwnf? yOörDA[k0kpf-[d0dbwfouf?
(&wå+d [d) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåd[d? &wådbd/ jrefrm nOfw h rYdk /S

½ly &wåd[dç &wådbdum; &wådvdifwnf? yOörDA[k0kpf-[d0dbwfouf?
(&wå+d [d) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåd,m/ jrefrm nOf\ h /
½ly &wåd,mmum; &wåv d id wf nf? q|D{u0kp-f o0dbwfouf? (&wå+d o)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &wåeD /H jrefrm nOfw h \ Ydk /
½ly &wåDeHum; &wåv d id w
f nf? q|DA[k0pk -f eH0b
d wfouf? (&wå+d eH)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrm o® ð0bd wfudk tHjyKNy;D aomf þokwjf zifh £ ukd , jyK/
ygVd o® ð0pae trma'o, , um&ma'om/
ykpH H &ws/H jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &wsHum; &wdvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf-o®ð0dbwfouf? (&wd+ o®ð)
w-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf trm yawm o®o ð m® eH
0g okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk tHjyK? yonó p okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wf
tHtjyKaMumifh ytrnf&adS om £0Pfudk ,fjyK? wfAsn;f ,fou Ydk yf? wsAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf?
&wsHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g}}wd ,Htma'aom/
ykpH H &wå, d /H jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &wåd,Hum; &wåv d id wf nf? owår{D u0kp-f o®0ð b d wfouf? (&wå+d o®)ð
wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm o®, ð H 0g okwf
jzifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð bd wfudk ,HjyK? wåAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? &wåd,Hum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tHtjyKrw S pfyg;aom½kyüf trmyawm okwrf S ]]tHç o®çð 0g}} [laom
yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd tnw¬ ]]tHç o®ðç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------
okwf 186/ tm'dawm Mo p/

okwjf refrm tm'do'´gaemifrS tHtjyK Mo
MotjyKwo
Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \
f /
2/ emru@ 411
0kwjdå refrm tm'd[al om þo'´gaemifrS o® ð0b d wf\ tHtjyK Mo MotjyKwo Ydk nf

tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd tm'd£apöwo®m o®ð0peó tH Mo Motma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
po'´g po'´gjzifh tm'do'´grSwpfyg;aom o'´gaemifrv S nf; tHjyK Mo MotjyK
wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
ygVd p oa'é tno®myd tm tH Mo Motma'om/
ykpH H &wsm/ jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &wsm
&wsmum; &wdvid w f nf? owår{D u0kp-f o®0ð b d wfouf? (&wd+ o®)ð
w-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf yonó p okwjf zifh
ytrnf&adS om £0Pfudk ,fjyK? (&wf+,f+o®)ð tm'dawm Mo p okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk
tmjyK? wfAsnf; ,fokdYuyf? wsfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? &wsm &wsmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H &wå/ð jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &wå ðum; &wådvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf-o®ð0dbwfouf? (&wåd+ o®ð)
wå-cGif; £-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? tm'dawm Mo p
okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd tHjyK? (&wåf+£+tH) tHarm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d okwfjzifh
tH0b d wfudk a&SU£txufü ed*[ ¾ wd jf yK? wåAf sn;f £Hou Ydk yf? &wå ðum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &awåm/ jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &awåmum; &wåv d id w f nf? owår{D u0kp-f o®0ð b d wfouf? (&wå+d o®)ð
wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf tm'dawm Mo p okwjf zifh
o®ð0dbwfukd MojyK? (&wåf+£+Mo) o&avmayg--acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? wåfAsnf;
Mooku Yd yf? &awåmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåd,m/ jrefrm nOfüh /
½ly &wå d , mmum; &wådvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf-o®ð0dbwfouf? (&wåd+
o®)ð wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk ,mjyK? wåAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? &wåd,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåo D /k jrefrm nOfw h üYdk /
½ly &wåDokum; &wåv d id w f nf? owårAD [k0pk -f ok0b d wfouf? (&wå+d ok)
wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUwåt f pdwf £ukd
þ'DCjyK? &wåDokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &wåo
d /k jrefrm nOfw h üYdk /
½ly &wådokum; &wåv
d id w
f nf? owårAD [k0pk -f ok0b d wfouf? (&wå+d ok)
&wådokum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wpfyg;vnf;jzpfukefaom ywåd/y/ q0d tp&Sdukefaom £um&EÅ
trnf&Sdaom £w¬dvdifwkdYukd odtyfukef\/
ygVd {0rnmedyÞd
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y &wåd/ &wådç &wåda,mç &awsm/
tm a[ &wåd/ a[ &wåDç a[ &wåda,m/
'k &wåð/ &wåDç &wåda,m/
w &wåd,m/ &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd/
p &wå,
d m/ &wåeD çH &wåed /H
yOö &wsmç &wåd,m/ &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd/
q &wå,
d m/ &wåeD çH &wåed /H
owå &wsHç &wåd,Hç &wsmç &wåðç &wåDokç &wådok/
&awåmç &wåd,m/
ykpH H ywå/d jrefrm ajconf/

ykpH H ,kwåd/ jrefrm toif/h
ykpH H 0kw/då jrefrm okw\
f tzGi?hf toufarG;jcif;? qkjd cif;/
ykpH H udwåd/ jrefrm ausmaf Zmjcif;/
ykpH H rkw/då jrefrm vGwjf cif;? edAmÁ ef/
ykpH H wdwåd/ jrefrm a&mif&h jJ cif;/
ykpH H cEÅ/d jrefrm onf;cHjcif;/
ykpH H uEÅ/d jrefrm wifw
h ,fjcif;? xGe;f yjcif;/
ykpH H oEÅ/d jrefrm Nird ;f jcif;/
ykpH H wEÅ/d jrefrm ygVdawmftpOf/
ykpH H od'/d¨ jrefrm Ny;D jcif;/
2/ emru@ 413
ykpH H ok'/d¨ jrefrm pifMu,fjcif;? edAÁmef/

ykpH H £'¨/d jrefrm jynfph jHk cif;? wefc;dk /
ykpH H 0k'/d¨ jrefrm yGm;rsm;jcif;/
ykpH H Ak'/d¨ jrefrm odjcif;/
ykpH H aAm"d/ jrefrm r*fÓPf? oAÁñkwÓPf/
ykpH H blr/d jrefrm ajr/
ykpH H Zmwd/ jrefrm y#doaEäejcif;/
ykpH H yDw/d jrefrm ESpo f ufjcif;/
ykpH H olwd/ jrefrm om;zGm;jcif;? toH? aA'if/
ykpH H eE´/d jrefrm ESpo f ufjcif;/
ykpH H oE¨/d jrefrm y#doaE¨/
ykpH H omPd/ jrefrm wif;wdr/f
ykpH H aum#d/ jrefrm tuka#? tpGe;f /
ykpH H 'd|/d jrefrm rSm;aomtjrif/
ykpH H 0k¹/dk jrefrm t&G,Bf u;D jcif;/
ykpH H wk|/d jrefrm ESpo f ufjcif;/
ykpH H ,|d/ jrefrm awmifa0S;/
ykpH H ygVd/ jrefrm ygXf/
ykpH H tmVd/ jrefrm urf;yg;? urf;½k;d ? uefaygif/
ykpH H emVd/ jrefrm usnfawm/
ykpH H auVd/ jrefrm upm;jcif;? ysu&f ,fjyKjcif;/
ykpH H owd/ jrefrm atmufarhjcif;/
ykpH H rwd/ jrefrm ynm/
ykpH H *wd/ jrefrm vm;jcif;/
ykpH H pkw/d jrefrm aojcif;/
ykpH H "dw/d jrefrm vkHYv/
ykpH H ,k0wd/ jrefrm rde;f rysK/d
ykpH H 0duwd/ jrefrm azmufjyefjcif;/
ykpH H &wd/ jrefrm arGUavsmjf cif;/
ykpH H ½kp/d jrefrm ESpo f ufjcif;/

ykpH H &o®/d jrefrm ta&mif/
ykpH H toed/ jrefrm rk;d BuK;d /
ykpH H 0oed/ jrefrm t0wf/
ykpH H Moo"d/ jrefrm aomuf½SL;Mu,f/
ykpH H t*Fv k /d jrefrm vufacsmif;/
ykpH H "lv/d jrefrm jrL/
ykpH H 'kEK´ b/d jrefrm pnfBu;D /
ykpH H a'gPd/ jrefrm opfux
dk iG ;f aomusi;f /
ykpH H t#0d/ jrefrm awmtkyf/
ykpH H q0d/ jrefrm ta&/
jrefrm þokt d ek af om £ um&EÅjzpfaom emrfwu
dY p&Su Ydk dk odtyf\/
ygVd tm'Ded £ um&EÅemrmed/
£ um&EÅ £w¬dvdif NyD;\/
£ um&EÅ/H
-----------------
þum& EÅ £w¬dvdif
jrefrm þ um&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v f m; £w¬do'´gwnf;/
d id u
ygVd þ um&aEÅm £w¬v d ad *Fg £w¬ Doa'´g/
jrefrm ]]£w¬}}[laomþygXfü ]]£w¬, d çH ypöa,m}}[laomyk'o
f nf vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]£w¬}}£wD" ]]£w¬d,Hç ypöa,m}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------
okwf 187/ e'g'dawm 0g þ/

okwjf refrm {uEÅ e'Dtrnf&adS omo'´gç {uEÅ e'Dtrnfr&Sad omo'´g tp&So
d nf
wkaYd emifrS þ ypön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm £w¬v d id üf jzpfaom e'Dtp&So
d nfvnf;jzpfaom e'
e'paom o'´grS
wpfyg;vnf;jzpfaom vdiaf emifrS þ ypön;f onf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 415
0kwydå gVd e'g'dawm 0g te'g

e'g te'g'dawm 0g £w¬, d H 0wårmem vd*rF mS þyÜpaö ,m
a[mwd/
0go'´g 0g
0go'´gonf e' e'ponfrw S pfyg;aomo'´gukd aygif;jcif; tusK;d
d / xk0d go'´gjzifh ykxk *0 paomo'´gaemifrv
&S\ S nf; þ ypön;f onf jzpf\/
ygVd 0g
0g*¾[Pre'g e'g
e'g'dorÜ@ d ew¬?H awe ykxk*0g 0g'dawm p þ/
½kyf jrefrm o&ausNy;D aomf ]]uGpmo0PÖH vkawå}}[laomokwjf zifh to0Pf
tjzpfokdY a&mufvkvwfaomf yuwdjyK? emrfukduJhokdYiJh? od ponfouf/
ygVd o&avmay ]]uGpmo0PÖH vkawå}}wd to0aPÖ orÜawå yuwd-
bma0g emrAsya'aom? osm osm'sKyw Ü /då
ykpH H £w¬D/ jrefrm rde;f ronf/
½ly £w¬Dum; £w¬v D id w f nf? yXrm{u0kp-f od0b d wfouf? (£w¬+D od)
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? £w¬ Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬D/ jrefrm rde;f rwko
Yd nf/
½ly £w¬ Dum; £w¬v D id w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D
a,m) w¬-cGif; þ-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p
a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwf ukad cs? w¬Af sn;f þoku Yd yf?
£w¬Dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]taCm &ó}}paomokwjf zifh &ójyK/
ygVd ]]taCm &ó}}EÅt d m'dem &ówå/H
ykpH H £w¬da,m/ jrefrm rde;f rwko
Yd nf/
½ly £w¬ d a ,m,mum; £w¬Dvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
(£w¬+D a,m) w¬-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf taCm
&ó aru0pea,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh yrnfaom þukd
£&ójyK? £w¬da,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm tmvkyüf ]]psvyg &óH}}okwjf zifh &ójyK/
ygVd oarÁm"ae ]]psvyg &ó}}EÅd &ówå/H
ykpH H abmwd £w¬d/ jrefrm tk.d ..rde;f r/
½ly £w¬u d m; £w¬v D id w f nf? tmvky{f u0kp-f od0b d wfouf? (£w¬+D od)
w¬-cGif; þ-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? psvyg &óH okwfjzifh
yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? wåAf sn;f £oku Yd yf? aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b
d wfuadk cs?
£w¬dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmwda,m £w¬D/ jrefrm tk.d ..rde;f rwk/Yd
½ly £w¬Dum; £w¬v D id w
f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D
a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬da,m/ jrefrm td.k ..rde;f rwk/Yd
½ly £w¬ d a ,m
,mum; £w¬Dvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
(£w¬+D a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm 'kwd,m0dbwfü ]]Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g}}[laomokwfrS ]]0g}} [laom
yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd 'kwad ,u0pae ]]Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g}}wd £awm ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 188/ tH ,rDawm yonawm/

okwjf refrm y trnf&adS om þ um&EÅaemifrS tH0b d wf\ ,HtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm y trnf&Sdaom þ um&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom tH 0dbwf\ ,HtjyK
onf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd yonawm þum&awm y&ó tH0peó ,H a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H £w¬d,H/ jrefrm rde;f ruk/d
½ly £w¬d,Hum; £w¬v D id w
f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kp-f tH0bd wfouf? (£w¬+D
tH) w¬-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf tH ,rDawm yon
awm okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfudk ,HjyK? (£w¬+f þ+,H) taCm &ó aru 0pe
a,moGyd p okwjf zifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? w¬Af sn;f £oku Yd yf? £w¬d,u H m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬ð/ jrefrm rde;f ruk/d
½ly £w¬u ð m; £w¬v
D id wf nf? 'kw,d m{u0kp-f tH0b d wfouf? (£w¬+D tH)
w¬-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf taCm &ó aru0p
ea,moGyd p okwfjzifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? tHarm ed*¾[DwH psvay[d
okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom tH0dbwfukd a&SUytxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? w¬fAsnf; £H
oku Yd yf? £w¬ ðum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 417
ykpH H £w¬D/ jrefrm rde;f rwku Yd /dk

½ly £w¬Dum; £w¬v D id w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D
a,m)? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H £w¬da,m/ jrefrm rde;f rwku Yd /dk
½ly £w¬ d a ,m
,mum; £w¬Dvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf-a,m0dbwfouf?
(£w¬+D a,m)? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f rjzif/h
½ly £w¬ d , mmum; £w¬Dvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf-em0dbwfouf?
(£w¬+D em) w¬-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf yawm ,m
okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk ,mjyK? (£w¬+f þ+,m) taCm &ó
aru0pea,moGyd p okwfjzifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? w¬fAsnf; £okdYuyf?
£w¬d,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬D[d? £w¬Dbd/ jrefrm rde;f rwkjYd zif/h
½ly £w¬D[dç £w¬Dbdum; £w¬Dvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf-[d0dbwf
ouf? £w¬D[dum; NyD;\/ £w¬Dbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd
bdjyK? £w¬Dbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f rtm;/
½ly £w¬d,mmum; £w¬v D id w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kp-f o0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D
ykpH H £w¬eD /H jrefrm rde;f rwkt Yd m;/
½ly £w¬Deu H m; £w¬v D id wf nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk -f eH0bd wfouf? £w¬Deu H m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f rrS/
½ly £w¬d,mmum; £w¬v D id wf nf? yOör{D u0kp-f o®m0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D
o®m) a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H £w¬D[d? £w¬Dbd/ jrefrm rde;f rwkrYd /S
½ly £w¬D[dç £w¬Dbdum; £w¬v D id wf nf? yOörAD [k0pk -f [d0b d wfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f r\/
½ly £w¬d,mmum; £w¬v D id w f nf? q|D{u0kp-f o0dbwfouf? (£w¬+D o)

a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬eD /H jrefrm rde;f rwk\ Yd /
½ly £w¬eD u H m; £w¬v
D id w d wfouf? £w¬eD u
f nf? q|DA[k0pk -f eH0b H m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f rü/
½ly £w¬d,Hum; £w¬v D id w f nf? owår{D u0kp-f o®0ð b d wfouf? (£w¬+D
o®)ð w¬-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm o®ð ,H 0g
okwfjzifh o®ð0dbwfukd ,HjyK? (£w¬f+þ+,H) taCm &ó aru0pea,moGyd p
okwfjzifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? w¬fAsnf; £okdYuyf? £w¬ d , Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £w¬d,m/ jrefrm rde;f rü/
½ly £w¬d,mmum; £w¬v D id w f nf? owår{D u0kp-f o®0ð b d wfouf? (£w¬+D
o®)ð a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬Dok/ jrefrm rde;f rwküYd /
½ly £w¬Dokum; £w¬v D id w f nf? owårAD [k0pk -f ok0b d wfouf? £w¬Dok
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H {0H e'D/ jrefrm þtwl jrpfonf/
½ly e'Dum; e'Dvid wf nf? £w¬ED iS ehf nf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'D/ jrefrm jrpfwo Ydk nf/
½ly e'Dum; e'Dvid wf nf? £w¬ED iS ehf nf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm a,m
a,m0dbwfrausvwfaomf ]]wawm a,mearm wk}}okwüf wko'´g
jzifh a,m
a,m0dbwfwkdY\ MojyKonf¤if;? ]]yonó p}}okwfjzifh þ
tu©&mukd ,jyKí¤if;? ]],0wH wve}}paomokwfjzifh 's\ Z jyKonf¤if; jzpf\?
Z ukd a'GabmfjyK/
ygVd a,m
a,mavmygbma0 ]]wawm a,mearm wl}}wd {w¬ wk oa'é
a,mearmuma&m p? ]]yonó pm}}wd þ um&ó , uma&m? ]],0wH
wve}}£pöm'dem 'só ZZuma&mç'dw G /Hå
ykpH H eaZÆm oEÉ/dÅ jrefrm jrpfwo Ydk nf pD;uke\ f /
½ly eaZÆmum; e'Dvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (e'D+a,m)
wawm a,mearm wk okwfü wko'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfukd MojyK? (e'D+Mo) '-cGif;
2/ emru@ 419
þ<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjfzifh £ukd y-rSn?h f yonó p okwjfzifh yrnfaom þukd
,fjyK? 'fAsn;f ,foYdk uyf? (e's+f Mo) ,0wH wve--okwjf zifh 'su f dk ZfjyK? (eZf+Mo) y&a'G
bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Zfudk o'doa'Gabmf ZÆjf yK? ZÆAf sn;f Mooku Yd yf? eaZÆmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H e'da,m/ jrefrm jrpfwo Ydk nf/
½ly eaZÆmum; e'Dvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk -f a,m0dbwfouf? (e'D+a,m)
'-cGi;f þ<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf taCm &ó aru0pe
a,moGyd p okwjf zifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? 'fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? e'da,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm šþokwüf vnf; þokYd Ny;D ukeaf om eaZÆm ponfwu Ydk dk rmwkvm'De
okw\ f 0kwüdå tmewå paomo'´gjzifh Ny;D apjcif;onf tMwZ ok*w
ponfwu Ydk o
hJ Ydk yk'Nf y;D jcif;\ taMumif;txl;ukd jyKjcif; tusK;d &S\ d / þokrYd w S t
f yf\/
ygVd {w¬ ap0H odZÑEmÅ eH eaZÆmtm'DeH 0kw, då H tmewå*[ ¾ Pm'dem edygæ 'eH
tMwZ ok*wm wm'DeH 0d, edygæ 'Elyg,EÅ&'óew¬EdÅ '|AÁ/H
ykpH H a[ e'd/ jrefrm [,f...jrpf/
½ly e'dum; e'Dvid w f nf? abmwd £w¬Ed iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ e'D/ jrefrm [,f...jrpfw/Ydk
½ly e'Dum; e'Dvdifwnf? abmwda,m £w¬DESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H a[ eaZÆm/ jrefrm [,f...jrpfw/Ydk
½ly eaZÆmum; e'Dvid w f nf? a&SU eaZÆmESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ e'da,m/ jrefrm [,f...jrpfw/Ydk
½ly e'da,m ,mum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬ad ,mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'd,/H jrefrm jrpfu/dk
½ly e'd,Hum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬, d EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'ð/ jrefrm jrpfu/dk
½ly e'ðum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬Eð iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'D/ jrefrm jrpfwu Ydk /dk
½ly e'Dum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬ED iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eaZÆm/ jrefrm jrpfwu Ydk /dk
½ly eaZÆmum; e'Dvid w f nf? a&SUeaZÆmESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'da,m/ jrefrm jrpfwu Ydk /dk
½ly e'da,m,mum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬ad ,mESihf enf;wlwu G /f

jrefrm trm'd okwüf tm yawm yawm[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf
em0dbwf o0dbwfwkdY\vnf; tmtjyKonf jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh e
Zpöm/y/ {u&aZÆe tp&So d nfonfvnf; Ny;D \/
ygVd trm'doak wå tm yawm yawmwd a,m*0dbma*e uGpd emom eOömwå?H
awe e Zpöm 0oavm a[mwd/ yxAsm {u&aZÆemwd tm'd p odZÑwd/
ykpH H e Zpöm 0oavm a[mwd/
jrefrm trsK;d tm;jzifh ol,w k o f nf rjzpf/
ykpH H yxAsm {u&aZÆe/
jrefrm ajrtjyif\ wpfa,mufwnf;aom rif;tjzpfxuf aomwm
ywådzkdvfonf jrwf\/ (aomwmywådzvH 0&H)/
rSwcf suf Zpöm? yxAsmwku Yd m; yawm ,m okw?f t0aPÖma, avmyOö okwüf
po'´gwkjYd zifh Ny;D onfyif/
jrefrm a&S;eaZÆmuJo h Ydk , tjyK Z tjyK a'GabmftjyKwu Ydk dk jyKtyfuek \ f /
ygVd yka& 0d, ,um&ZZ um&ma'o'dw G må ed/
ykpH H eZÆm/ jrefrm jrpfonf/
½ly eZÆ mum; e'Dvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf-od0dbwfouf? (e'D+od) '-
cGi;f þ<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf yonó p okwjf zifh yrnf
aom þukd ,fjyK? 'fAsn;f ,foYdk uyf? (e's+f od) ,0wH wve--okwjf zifh 'su f dk ZfjyK?
(eZf+od) y&a'G bma0g Xmae okwjf zifh Zfudk o'doa'Gabmf ZÆjf yK? (eZÆ+f od) osm p
okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd tmjyK? ZÆfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? eZÆ mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H e'd,m uwH/ jrefrm jrpfonf jyKtyf\/
½ly e'Dum; e'Dvid w f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;teufü wwd,m
{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? £w¬d,mESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H e'D[?d e'Db/d jrefrm jrpfwo Ydk nf/
½ly e'D[dç e'Dbu d m; e'Dvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;teufü
wwd,mA[k0kpf [d0dbwfouf? £w¬D[dç £w¬DbdESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H eZÆm e'd,m/ jrefrm jrpftm;/
½ly e'd,mmum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬, d mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 421
ykpH H e'De/H jrefrm jrpfwt Ydk m;/

½ly e'DeHum; e'Dvid w
f nf? £w¬eD EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eZÆm e'd,m/ jrefrm jrpfr/S
½ly e'd,mmum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬d,mESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H e'D[?d e'Db/d jrefrm jrpfwrYdk /S
½ly e'D[dç e'Dbdum; e'Dvid w f nf? £w¬[ D çd £w¬b D Ed iS hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H eZÆm e'd,m/ jrefrm jrpf\/
ykpH H e'De/H jrefrm jrpfw\ Ydk /
½ly e'DeHum; e'Dvid w
f nf? £w¬eD EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eZÆH e'd,/H jrefrm jrpfü/
½ly e'd,Hum; e'Dvid wf nf? £w¬, d EH iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H e'd,m/ jrefrm jrpfü/
ykpH H e'Do/k jrefrm jrpfwüYdk /
½ly e'Dokum; e'Dvid wf nf? £w¬o D Ek iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þtwl wpfyg;aomjy,k*fwkdYukd odtyfukef\/
Þ
ygVd tanyd
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y e'D/ e'Dç eaZÆmç e'da,m/
tm a[ e'd/ a[ e'Dç a[ eaZÆmç a[e'da,m/
'k e'd,çH e'ð/ e'Dç eaZÆmç e'da,m/
w eZÆmç e'd,m/ e'D[çd e'Db/d
p eZÆmç e'd,m/ e'De/H
yOö eZÆmç e'd,m/ e'D[çd e'Db/d
q eZÆmç e'd,m/ e'De/H
owå eZÆçH e'd,çH e'd,m/ e'Do/k
ykpH H r[D/ jrefrm jrpf/

ykpH H a0w&PD/ jrefrm used ?f ykud af csmif;/
ykpH H 0gyD/ jrefrm uef? tkdif/
ykpH H yg#vD/ jrefrm ocGyyf if/
ykpH H u'vD/ jrefrm iSuaf ysm/
ykpH H C#D/
jrefrm aeYnOfjh zpfaom tpdwf em&D/
ykpH H em&D/ jrefrm rde;f r/
ykpH H ukrm&D/ jrefrm owko Yd rD;/
ykpH H w½kP/D jrefrm ysKad omrde;f r/
ykpH H 0g½kP/D
jrefrm 0½kPrnfaom ol\r,m;/
ykpH H jAm[®P/D jrefrm ykaPÖ;r/
ykpH H ocD/ jrefrm cifyeG ;f r/
ykpH H *EÄ/DÁ jrefrm *EÄeÁ wfo;D® /
ykpH H udE&é /D jrefrm udE&é mr/
ykpH H em*D/ jrefrm e*g;r/
ykpH H a'0D/ jrefrm rdz&k m;? ewfo;D® /
ykpH H ,u©D/ jrefrm bDv;l r/
ykpH H tZD/ jrefrm qdwrf /
ykpH H rd*/D jrefrm orifr/
ykpH H 0ge&D/ jrefrm arsmufr/
ykpH H olu&D/ jrefrm 0ufr/
ykpH H oD[D/ jrefrm jcaoFrh /
ykpH H [HoD/ jrefrm [oFmr/
ykpH H umuD/ jrefrm us;D r/
ykpH H ukuKú #/D jrefrm Muufr/
jrefrm þokdYtp&SdonfwkdYonf £w¬Do'´gESifh wlukef\/
ygVd £pöm'a,m £w¬Do'órm/
2/ emru@ 423
jrefrm xk£ d '´gESihf twlomvQif rmwkvo'´grS þypön;f ukd jyKtyfonf

d w¬o
&Sad omf/
ygVd wax0 rmwkvo'áwm þ yÜpaö , uawÞ
----------------
okwf 189/ rmwkvm'Dermewåru D ma&/

okwjf refrm þtu©&mjzpfaomypön;f aMumifh rmwkvo'´gESihf wluek af om o'´g
wkdY\ tpdwfonf tme
tmetjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom þtu©&mjzpfaomypön;f aMumifh rmwkv t,su 0½kP
paomo'´gwkdY\ tpdwfonf tme tmetjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd rmwk v t,su 0½k P£apö0rm'DeraEÅm tme tmewårmyZÆaw
þuma& ypöa, ya&/
jrefrm þrmwkvm'DeH[laomyk'fü q|D0dbwfonf tpdwfukd iJh\/o&-
avmy ponfjyK/
ygVd tEÅmayu©m,H q|D? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H rmwkvmeD/ jrefrm t&D;onf/
½ly rmwkvmeDum; rmwkvvdiw f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh rmwkv
aemif þypön;f ouf? v-cGi;f t-<uif;? o& avmayg--okwjf zifh þtu©&mjzpfaom
ypön;f aMumifh vtpdwf t-ukd acsí? aemufþypön;f ukd yuwdjyKvv k wfonf&adS omf?
þ rmwkvm'De rmewåru D ma& okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh rmwkvo'´g\
t-ukd tmejyK? vfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (rmwkvme+þ) e-cGif; t-<uif; acs? efAsnf;
þoku Yd yf? (rmwkvmeD) w'd̈w-emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? rmwkvmeDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H t,sumeD/ jrefrm tbGm;onf/
½ly t,sumeDum; t,suvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0½kPmeD/
jrefrm 0½kPrnfaomol\r,m;onf/
½ly 0½kPmeDum; 0½kPvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm <uif;aom½kyo f nf £w¬do'´gESiw hf \l /
ygVd aooH £w¬Do'órH/
½kyf jrefrm e'Do'´grS wpfyg;aomo'´gwkdYü yk x ko'´gaemifrS þ ypönf;ouf?

]]Mooa& p}}okwüf p o'´gjzifh O ukd t0 t0jyK/
ygVd e'g
e'g'Dok ykxo
te'g k 'áwm þyÜpaö ,m ]]Mooa& pm}}wd {w¬ poa'é
O um&ó t0g t0ga'aom/
ykpH H ykx0D/ jrefrm ajronf/
½ly ykx0Dum; ykxv k id wf nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh e'Do'´grS wpfyg;
aom o'´gwküYd þypön;f ouf? x-cGi;f O-<uif;? Mooa& p okwüf po'´gjzifh xftpdwf
Oukd t0jyK? (ykx+f t0+þ) xfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (ykx0+þ) 0-cGi;f acs uyf? (ykx0D)
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? ykx0Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykx0da,m/ jrefrm ajrwdoYk nf/
½ly ykx0da,m
,mum; ykxv k id w
f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh e'Do'´grS
wpfyg;aomo'´gwküYd þypön;f ouf? (ykx+k þ) x-cGi;f O-<uif;? Mooa& p okwüf
po'´gjzifh xftpdwf Oukd t0jyK? (ykxf+t0+þ) xfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? (ykx0+þ)
w'¨dw--emrfiJh? a,m0dbwfouf? (ykx0+ þ+a,m) taCm&ó aru0pe
a,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufa,m 0dbwfaMumifh a&SUþo&udk £&ójyK? 0-cGif;
acs uyf? ykx0da,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm o o®m o®ð0b d wfwüYdk / ygVd oo®mo®o ð /k
ykpH H ykxAsm/ jrefrm ajrtm;/
½ly ykxAsm
Asmum; ykx0Dvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh o0dbwfouf? aw
£w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh þukd y-rSn?hf trmyawm o®o ð m® eH 0g okwjf zifh yrnfaom
þ0PfaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tmjyK? (ykx0D+ tm) yonó p okwjf zifh
aemufo0dbwf tmtjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh yrnfaom þ0Pfudk ,fjyK? (ykx0s+
tm) a'g "ó p okwfü po'´gjzifh 0sukd AsjyK? (ykxAs+tm) As-cGif; t-<uif; acs?
tm[kyuwdjyK? AsAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykxAsm Asmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykx0d,m/ jrefrm ajrtm;/
½ly ykx0d,mmum; ykxv k id w
f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
(ykxk+þ) x-cGif; O-<uif;? þukd y-rSnfh? Mooa& p okwfü po'´gjzifh xftpdwf
Oukd t0jyK? (ykx+f t0+þ) xfAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (ykx0+þ) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ o0dbwf
ouf? (ykx0+þ+o) taCm&ó aru0pe a,moGyd p okwfjzifh aemufo0d
2/ emru@ 425
bwfaMumifh a&SUþo&udk £&ójyK? 0-cGif; acs uyf?(ykx0d+o) yawm ,m

okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk ,mjyK? ykx0d,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykxAsm/ jrefrm ajrrS/
½ly ykxAsm
Asmum; ykx0Dvid w f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh o®m0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H ykx0d,m/ jrefrm ajrrS/
½ly ykx0d,mmum; ykxv k id wf nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykxAs/H jrefrm ajrü/
½ly yk x AsHum; ykx0Dvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh o®ð0dbwfouf? aw
£w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh þukd y-rSn?hf trmyawm o®o ð m® eH 0g okwjf zifh yrnfaom
þ0PfaemifrSaESmif;aom o®ð0dbwfukd tHjyK? (ykx0D+ tH) yonó p okwfjzifh
aemufom® 0dbwf tmtjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh yrnfaom þ0Pfudk ,fjyK? (ykx0s+tH)
a'g "ó p okwfü po'´gjzifh 0sukd AsjyK? (ykxAs+tH) As-cGif; t-<uif; acs? tH[k
yuwdjyK? AsAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? ykxAsHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykx0d,/H jrefrm ajrü/
½ly ykx0d,u H m; ykxv
k id w
f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
(ykxk+þ) x-cGif; O-<uif;? þukd y-rSnfh? Mooa& p okwfü po'´gjzifh xftpdwf
Oukd t0jyK? (ykxf+t0+þ) xfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? (ykx0+þ) w'¨dw--emrfiJh? o®ð
0dbwfouf? (ykx0+þ+o®)ð taCm&ó aru0pe a,moGyd p okwjf zifh aemuf
o®ð0dbwfaMumifh a&SUþo&udk £&ójyK? 0-cGif; acs uyf?(ykx0d+o®ð) Cyawm
o®, ð H 0g okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®0ð b d wfudk ,HjyK? ykx0d,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykx0d,m/ jrefrm ajrü/
½ly ykx0d,mmum; ykxv k id wf nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
jrefrm a*g
a*go'´grS ]]e'g'dawm 0g þ}}okwjf zif¤h if;? okwBf u;D jzif¤h if;? þypön;f
ouf? ]]*g0 ao}}[laomokwüf *g0[laom a,m* 0dbm*jzif¤h if;?
Motu©&mukd t0
okwBf u;D jzif¤h if;? Mo t0jyK/
ygVd a*g
a*go'áwm ]]e'g'dawm 0g þ}}wd þ yÜpöa,m/ r[m 0kwådem 0g
]]*g0 ao}}wd {w¬ *g0 *g0£wd a,m*0dbma*e 0g Mo Moum&ó tm0g tm0ga'aom/
ykpH H *g0D/ jrefrm EGm;ronf/

½ly *g0Dum; a*gvdifwnf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwfjzifh þypönf;ouf?
onf[í l --aMumifh od0b d wfouf? *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? awok 0k'd¨ --okwBf u;D jzifh (wenf;)
*g0 ao okwüf *g0[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh Moukd tm0fjyK? (*f+tm0f+þ+od) *fAsn;f
tmoku Yd yf? 0fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? *g0Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0D/ jrefrm EGm;rwko Yd nf/
½ly *g0Dum; a*gvdifwnf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwfjzifh þypönf;ouf?
wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? awok 0k'd¨ --okwBf u;D jzifh
(wenf;) *g0 ao okwüf *g0[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh Moukd tm0fjyK? (*f+tm0f+þ+
a,m) *fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? 0fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? (*g0D+a,m) aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh
þukd y-rSn?hf Cyuawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0d
bwfukdacs? *g0Dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H *g0da,m/ jrefrm EGm;rwko Yd nf/
½ly *g0da,m ,mum; a*gvdiw f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
wko Yd nf[í l --aMumifh a,m0dbwfouf? *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? awok 0k'd¨ --okwBf u;D jzifh
(wenf;) *g0 ao okwüf *g0[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh Moukd tm0fjyK? (*f+tm0f+þ+
a,m) *fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? 0fAsn;f þoku Yd yf?(*g0D+a,m) aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh
þukd y-rSnfh? tmaCm &ó--okwfjzifh yrnfaom þukd £&ójyK? *g0da,m
um; NyD;\/
jrefrm þokYd tp&So d nfonf £w¬do'´gESiw hf \
l /
ygVd £pöm'd £w¬Do'órH/
jrefrm ]]rme0}}[laomyk'üf ]]£w¬, d [
H al omyk'çf 0g[laomyk'çf þ
[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]rme0}}£wD" ]]£w¬, d çH 0gçþ}}wd p 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 190/ P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d/

okwjf refrm P0
P0ypön;f Pd uypön;f aP,sypön;f PEÅ Kypön;f wkaYd emifrv
S nf;
þ ypön;f onf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 427
0kwjdå refrm P0
P0ypön;f Pduypön;f aP,sypön;f PEÅKypön;f tqk;H &Su d ek af om
£w¬v d id üf jzpfuek af om vdiw f aYdk emifrS þ ypön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅLyÜp, ö aEÅ[d £w¬, d H 0wårmae[d vda*F[d
þ yÜpöa,m a[mwd/
0go'´g vku d vf maom0g 0g
0go'´gonf tcsKaYd omjy,k*üf epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
o&avmyponfjyK/
ygVd 0g
0g"duma&m uw¬pd ed0wåeaw¬m? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H rme0D/ jrefrm rme0D(rEk)\ orD;onf/
½ly rme0Dum; rEko'´g typöo'´gwnf? rEkaemif q|D{u0kpf o0dbwf
ouf? e-cGif; O<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd v-rSnfh? psvawm oó aem
0g okwfjzifh vaemifrSaESmif;aom o0dbwfukd aemjyK? efAsnf; OokdYuyf? (rEkaem)
typöaemif odouf? tHjyK? pö-cGif; acs tH[kyuwdjyK? pöfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? (typöH)
rEkaem typöH[al om w'¨w d 0f gus½yk uf m; Ny;D \/
rEkaem? rEkrnfaomol\/ typöH? orD;wnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
"mwkvad *F[-d -aMumifh ea0gyuGm'D[d okwjf zifh typöteufü ESpyf 'k f wk\ Yd tv,fü
rEkvid af emif P0ypön;f ouf? (rEkaem+P0+typö)H y& ornm--okwjf zifh P0ukd
typöw'¨dwf-rSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfü awoHo'´gjzifh w'¨dwf\ o0dbwf
od0b d wfwu
Ydk adk cs? 0kww å m¬ e--aMumifh xko d w k üf awoHo'´gjzifh typöy'k u f dk acs? yuwd
pó--okwfü po'´gjzifh rEk P0-ukd rEk P0-[kyuwdjyK? awoH aPm avmyH
okwjf zihf P tEkAefuadk cs? ypön;f tpdwf t0<uif;ap? (rEk+t0) r-cGi;f t-<uif;?
0k'g¨ 'd o&ó 0g--okwjf zifh Ptu©&m&Sad om typön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh oH,w k f
tqk;H r&Sad om tpüwnfaom t-ukd tm0k'jd¨ yK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (rmEk+t0) e-
cGif; O-<uif;? acs? t0[kyuwdjyK? efAsnf; t-okdYuyf? (rme0) P0 Pdu aP,s
PEÅL[d okwfjzifh P0ypönf;tqkH;&Sdaom rme0Do'´gaemif þypönf;ouf? 0-cGif;
acs? uyf? (rme0D) w'd̈w-emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? rme0Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H em0du/D
jrefrm þtwl avSjzifu h ;l wwfaom rde;f ronf/
½ly em0duDum; em0o'´g w&wdo'´gwnf? em0aemif tmypön;f ouf?
0-cGi;f acs tm[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (em0g) w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ em0dbwfouf?
0-cGif; tm-<uif;? tm aCm okwfjzifh tmukd CrSnfh? Cawmem'DeH okwfjzifh em0d

bwfudk tm,jyK? acs tm,[k yuwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (em0g,) w&wdaemif
odouf? acs? (w&wd) em0g, w&wd[al om w'¨w d 0f gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
em0g,? avSjzifh/ w&wd? ul;wwfaom rdef;rwnf;/ £wd taw¬?
ü/ "mwkvda*F[d--aMumifh a,e 0g oHo|H--okwfjzifh w&wdteufü ESpfyk'fwkdY\
tv,fü Pm0vdiaf emif Pduypön;f ouf? (em0g,+Pdu+ w&wd) y& ornm-
-okwjf zifh Pduukd w&wdw'¨w d -f rSn?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwüf awoHo'´gjzifh w'¨w d f
\ em0dbwf od0b d wfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kwwå m¬ e--aMumifh xko
d w k üf awoHo'´gjzifh w&wd
yk'u f adk cs? yuwd pó--okwüf po'´gjzifh em0+Pdu-ukd em0+Pdu-[kyuwdjyK?
awoH aPm avmyH okwjf zihf PtEkAefuadk cs? ypön;f tpdwf £u<uif;ap? (em0+
£u) 0-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? £u[kyuwdjyK? 0fAsnf; £okdYuyf? (em0du) P0
Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh Pduypön;f tqk;H &Sad om em0duo D '´g aemif þypön;f
ouf? u-cGif; acs? uyf? (em0duD) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? odouf? acs? em0duDum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a0eaw,D/ jrefrm *VKerf onf/
½ly a0eaw,Dum; 0dewmo'´g typöo'´gwnf? 0dewmaemif q|D{u
0kpf o0dbwfouf? w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tm aCm okwjf zifh tmukd CrSn?hf Cawm
em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK?
wfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (0dewm,) typöaemif odouf? tHjyK? pö-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK?
pöAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? (typö)H 0dewm, typöH[al om w'¨w d 0f gus½yk u
f m; Ny;D \/
0dewm,? *VKefr\/ typöH? orD;wnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ "mwk
vda*F[d--aMumifh aPa,sm uwådum'D[d okwfjzifh typöteufü ESpfyk'fwkdY\
tv,fü 0dewmvdifaemif aP,sypönf;ouf? (0dewm,+aP, +typöH) y&
ornm--okwfjzifh aP,sukd typöw'¨dwf-rSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfü awoH
o'´gjzifh w'¨dwf\ o0dbwf od0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬me--aMumifh xkdokwfü
awoHo'´gjzifh typöyk'fukdacs? yuwd pó--okwfü po'´gjzifh 0dewm+aP,-
ukd-[kyuwdjyK? awoH aPm avmyH okwfjzihf PtEkAefukdacs? ypönf;tpdwf
{,<uif;ap? (0dewm+{,) 0-cGi;f £-<uif;? 0k'g¨ 'd o&ó 0g--okwjf zifh Ptu©&m
&Sdaom {ypönf;aESmif;aomaMumifh oH,kwftqkH;r&Sdaom tpüwnfaom £-ukd
{0k'jd¨ yK? 0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? (a0ewm+{,) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? acs? {,s[yk uwdjyK?
2/ emru@ 429
wfAsn;f {-oku Yd yf? (a0eaw,) P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh aP,ypön;f
tqk;H &Sad om a0eaw,o'´gaemif þypön;f ouf? ,-cGi;f acs? uyf? (a0eaw,D)
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? a0eaw,Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gwrD/
jrefrm a*gwrDrnfaomol\orD;/
½ly a*gwrDum; a*gwro'´g typöo'´gwnf? a*gwraemif q|D{u0kpf
o0dbwfouf? of-vm? ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? (a*gwró) typöaemif odouf?
tHjyK? pö-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? pöAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? (typö)H a*gwró typö[ H al om
w'¨w d 0f gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
a*gwró? *VKefr\/ typöH? orD;wnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ "mwk
vda*F[-d -aMumifh 0gPmyapö okwjf zifh typöteufü ESpyf 'k f wkdY\tv,fü a*gwr
vdifaemif Pypönf;ouf? (a*gwr+P+typöH) y& ornm--okwjf zifh Pukd typö
w'¨dwf-rSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfü awoHo'´gjzifh w'¨dwf\ o0dbwf od0dbwf
wku Yd adk cs? 0kww å m¬ e--aMumifh xko
d w
k üf awoHo'´gjzifh typöy'k u f adk cs? yuwd pó-
-okwüf po'´gjzifh a*gwr+P-uk-d [kyuwdjyK? awoH aPm avmyH okwjf zihf P
tEkAefuadk cs? ypön;f tpdwf t<uif;ap? (a*gwr+t) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? t-[kyuwdjyK?
rfAsnf; tokdYuyf? (a*gwr) P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwfjzifh Pypönf;tqkH;
&Sad om a*gwro'´gaemif þypön;f ouf? r-cGi;f acs? uyf? (a*gwrD) w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ
odouf? acs? a*gwrDum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]*kP0EÅK þ}}[laom þjy,k*üf ]]0g}}[laomyk'o f nf vkud \f /
ygVd ]]*kP0EÅK þ}}£wD" ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 191/ EÅKó wrDuma&/

okwjf refrm þ tu©&maMumifh EÅ Kypön;f \ w tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom þ ypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅ Kypön;f \ w tjyKonf
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 EÅKypÜ , ö ó wuma&m a[mwd 0g þum&yÜpaö , ya&/
½kyf jrefrm w rjyKaomt&mü o&avmyponfjyK/
ygVd tnw¬ o&avmyg'd/

ykpH H *kP0wD/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f ronf/
½ly *kP0wDum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh
EÅ Kypönf;tqkH;&Sdaomo'´gaemif þ ypönf;ouf? (*kP0EÅK+þ) EÅKó wrDuma&
okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd w-jyK? (*kP0w+þ)
w-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; þokdYuyf? w'¨dw-emrfiJh? odouf?
acs? *kP0wDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0wD/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f rwkoYd nf/
½ly *kP0wDum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh
okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd w-jyK? (*kP0w+þ)
w-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsn;f þoku Yd yf? w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ a,mouf?
(*kP0wD+a,m) aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh þukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH
avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? *kP0wDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0wda,m/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly *kP0wda,m ,mum; *kP0EÅKvdifwnf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d
okwjf zifh EÅ Kypön;f tqk;H &Sad omo'´gaemif þ ypön;f ouf? (*kP0EÅK+ þ) EÅKó wrD
uma& okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd w-jyK? (*kP
0w+þ) taCm &ó--okwfjzifh þukd £&ójyK? w-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? £[k
yuwdjyK? wfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ a,m0dbwfouf? *kP0wda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅ/D jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f ronf/
½ly *kP0EÅDum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh
okwfjzifh þypönf;aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅK ypönf;ukd w-jyKoifhjim;
aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+ þ) EÅK-cGif; O-<uif;? acs?
þ[kyuwdjyK? EÅAf sn;f þoku d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? *kP0EÅDum; Ny;D \/
Yd yf? w'¨w
ykpH H *kP0EÅ/D jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly *kP0EÅDum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwjf zifh
2/ emru@ 431
okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅK ypön;f ukd w-jyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+ þ) EÅK-cGi;f O-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK?
EÅAf sn;f þokuYd yf? w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh þukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm
p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? *kP0EÅu D m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅad ,m/ jrefrm *kP&f adS omrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly *kP0EÅda,m ,mum; *kP0EÅKvdifwnf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d
okwfjzifh EÅ Kypönf;tqkH;&Sdaomo'´gaemif þ ypönf;ouf? (*kP0EÅK+ þ) EÅKó
wrDuma& okwfjzifh þypönf;aESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅK ypönf;ukd w-
jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (*kP0EÅK+ þ) taCm &ó-
-okwfjzifh þukd £&ójyK? EÅK-cGif; O-<uif;? acs? £[kyuwdjyK? EÅfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ a,m0dbwfouf? *kP0EÅda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&So
d nfonf £w¬o d '´gESiwhf \
l /
ykpH H {0H ukv0wD/ jrefrm þtwl trsK;d &Sad omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H oDv0wD/ jrefrm oDv&Sad omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H ,o0wD/
jrefrm tjct H &Htausmt f apm&Sad omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H ½ly0wD/ jrefrm tqif;&Sad omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H owdrwD/ jrefrm owd&adS omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H a*gwårwD/ jrefrm tEG,&f adS omrde;f ronf/
½ly ¤if;½kyrf sm;ukd *kP0wD½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G yf g/
jrefrm r[EÅo'´grS ]]e'g'dawm 0g þ}}okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf? aoaook
EÅK0 okwjf zifh EÅ Kuo Yd jzifh w-
hJ iYdk ?hJ tcsKo w-jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd r[EÅo'áwm ]]e'g'dawm 0g þ}}wd þ yÜpöa,m? EÅ LAs ya'aom
0duayÜe w um&ma'aom/
ykpH H r[wD/ jrefrm jrwfaomrde;f ronf/
½ly r[wDum; r[EÅvdifwnf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwfjzifh
þ ypön;f ouf? (r[EÅ+þ) aoaook EÅK0 okwjf zifh EÅudk EÅK ypön;f uJo h iYdk ?hJ EÅKó
wrDuma& okwjf zifh þypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd w-jyK?
(r[w+þ) w-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; þokdYuyf? w'¨dw-

emrfiJh? odouf? acs? r[wDum; NyD;\/
ykpH H r[EÅ/D jrefrm jrwfaomrde;f ronf/
½ly r[EÅ Dum; r[EÅvdifwnf? P0 Pdu aP,s PEÅL[d okwfjzifh
þ ypön;f ouf? (r[EÅ+þ) EÅ-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsn;f þokuYd yf?
w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? r[EÅDum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]b0EÅ þ}}[laomjy,k*üf ]]þuma&}}[laomyk'o
f nf vkud \
f /
ygVd ]]b0EÅ þ}}wd £wD" ]]þuma&}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 192/ b0awm abmawm/

okwjf refrm b0EÅo'´g\ abmw
abmwtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm d id üf oufaom þtu©&maMumifh tvk;H pko
aESmif;aom £w¬v H mvQif
jzpfaom b0EÅo'´g\ abmwabmwtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd oAÁaó0 b0EÅo'´ó abmwm abmwma'aom a[mwd þuma& £w¬-d
*aw ya&/
ykpH H om abmwD/ jrefrm tk.d ..t&Sirf onf/
½ly abmwDum; b0EÅvid w f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
(b0EÅ+þ) b0awm abmawm okwjf zifh b0EÅo'´gukd abmwjyK? (abmw+þ)
w-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; þokdYuyf? w'¨dw-emrfiJh? odouf?
acs? abmwDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmwD/ jrefrm t&Sirf wkoYd nf/
½ly abmwDum; b0EÅvid w f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
w-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? þ[kyuwdjyK? wfAsn;f þokuYd yf? w'¨w
d -emrfi?hJ aw £w¬cd sm
ayg okwfjzifh þukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh yaemifrS
aESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukdacs? abmwDum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abmwda,m/ jrefrm t&Sirf wkoYd nf/
½ly abmwda,m ,mum; b0EÅvid w f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f
2/ emru@ 433
ouf? (b0EÅ+þ) b0awm abmawm okwjf zifh b0EÅo'´gukd abmwjyK? (abmw+

þ) taCm &ó--okwjf zifh þukd £&ójyK? w-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? £[kyuwdjyK?
wfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? w'd̈w-emrfi?hJ a,m0dbwfouf? abmwda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ abmwd/ jrefrm [,f...t&Sirf /
½ly abmwdum; b0EÅvid w f nf? e'g'dawm 0gþ okwjf zifh þypön;f ouf?
taCm &ó--okwfjzifh þukd £&ójyK? w-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? £[kyuwdjyK?
wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? w'¨dw-emrfiJh? a,m0dbwfouf? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh
þukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m
0dbwfuadk cs? abmwdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ abmwD/ jrefrm [,f...t&SifrwkdY/
½ly abmwDum; b0EÅvid w f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H abmwda,m/ jrefrm t&SifrwkdYonf/
½ly abmwda,m ,mum; b0EÅvid w f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sod nfww Ydk nf;/ ygVd £pöm'd/
jrefrm ]]bduK© }}[laomþyk'üf ]]£w¬, d }H }[laomyk'o
f nf¤if;? ]]0g}}[laom
yk'of nf¤if;? vku
d \f /
ygVd ]]bdu©K}}£wD" ]]£w¬d,}}EÅd 0wåaw ]]0g}}wd p/
-------------
okwf 193/ ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD/

okwjf refrm ywdo'´g bdu©Ko'´g &mZ &mZo'´g þum&EÅjzpfuek af omo'´gwkaYd emifrS
£eDypön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm ywdo'´g bdu©Ko'´g &mZ &mZo'´gwkaYd emifr¤S if;? þum&EÅjzpfuek af om
o'´gwkrYd ¤S if;? £w¬vd id üf jzpfuek af om vdiw f rYdk S £eD ypön;f onf jzpf\
0kwyd å gVd ywd bdu©K &mZ £apöaw[d þum&aEÅ[d p £w¬, d H 0wårmae[d
vda*F[d £eDypÜ aö ,m a[mwd/
jrefrm ]]o&avmayg}rma'o ypö,m'drSd}} þokdYtp&Sdaomokwfü wk
o'´gjzifh tcsKUd aomjy,k*üf a&SUo&acsjcif;ukd wm;jrpfaomaMumifh
]]0g ya&m to½lyg}} okwfjzifh aemufo&ukdacs/
ygVd ]]o&avmayg}rma'o}}£pöm'doak wå wk*[ ¾ aPe uGpd ykAÁ avmyó

edao"eawm ]]0g ya&m to½lyg}}wd o&avmayg/
ykpH H bduK© e/D jrefrm &[ef;rde;f ronf/
½ly bdu©KeDum; bduK© vid w f nf? ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD okwjf zifh
£eDypönf;ouf? (bdu©K+£eD) 0g ya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonf
r[kwaf om Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukd acs? (bduK© e)D w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf?
acs? bdu©KeDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© e/D jrefrm &[ef;rde;f rwko
Yd nf/
½ly bdu©KeDum; bduK© vid w f nf? ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD okwjf zifh
£eDypönf;ouf? (bdu©K+£eD) 0g ya&m to½lyg okwfjzifh wlaomokwd&Sdonf
r[kwfaom Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukd acs? (bdu©KeD) w'¨dw-emrfiJh?
a,m0dbwfouf? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh þukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH
avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0d bwfudk acs? bdu©KeDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© ead ,m/ jrefrm &[ef;rde;f rwko
Yd nf/
½ly bdu©Keda,m ,mum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? ywdbdu©K&mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwjf zifh £eDypön;f ouf? (bduK© +£eD) 0g ya&m to½lyg okwjf zifh wlaomokw&d dS
onf r[kwaf om Oo&rSaemufjzpfaom £o&ukd acs? (bduK© e)D e-cGi;f þ-<uif;?
taCm &ó--okwfjzifh þukd £&ójyK? efAsnf; £okdYuyf? w'¨dw-emrfiJh? a,m
0dbwfouf? bdu©Keda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
d nfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
jrefrm *[ywdo'´grS £eDypön;f ouf? yOöm'De rwåH [laomokwrf S ]]twå}H }
ygVd *[ywdo'áwm £eD? ]]twå}}rdwd 0wåaw/
-------------
okwf 194/ ywdódeDrSd/

okwjf refrm £eDypönf;aESmif;aomaMumifh ywdo'´g\tpdwfonf t tjzpfokdY
a&muf\/
2/ emru@ 435
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;aom £eDypön;f aMumifh ywdo'´g\tpdwo f nf t -tjzpfoYdk

a&muf\/
0kwyd å gVd ywdo'´ó taEÅm twårmyZÆaw £eDypÜ aö , ya&/
½kyf jrefrm xktYd wlomvQif aemufo&ukad csonf&adS omf ]]ykaAÁm p}}okwjf zif'h C
D jyK/
ygVd wax0 y&oa& vkawå ]]ykaAÁm pm}}wd 'DaCm/
ykpH H *[ywmeD/ jrefrm tdr&f iS rf onf/
½ly *[ywmeDum; *[ywdvdifwnf? ywdbdu©K&mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwfjzifh £eDypönf;ouf? (*[ywd+£eD) w-cGif; £-<uif;? ywdódedrSd okwfjzifh
£eDypönf;aESmif;aomaMumifh ywdo'´g\tpdwf £ukd t-jyK? (*[ywf+t+£eD)
0g ya&m to½lyg okwjf zifh wlaomokw&d o
dS nfr[kwaf om to&rSaemufjzpfaom
£o&ukd acs? (*[ywf+t+eD) ykaAÁm p okwjf zifh £o&ausNy;D onf&adS omf to&ukd
tm'DCjyK? wfAsn;f tmokuYd yf? (*[ywmeD) w'¨wd -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? *[ywmeD
um; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm a&S;twlomvQif &mZ&mZo'´grS £eDypön;f ouf? o&acsjcif;yuwdjyKjcif;

ponfjyK/
ygVd wax0 &mZ &mZo'áwm £eD? o&avmyyuwdbm0g/
ykpH H &mZde/D jrefrm rif;o®;D onf/
½ly &mZd e Dum; &mZvdifwnf? ywdbdu©K&mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD okwfjzifh
£eDypön;f ouf? (&mZ+£eD) Z-cGi;f £-<uif;? acs? £eD[k yuwdjyK? ZfAsn;f £oku Yd yf?
(&mZde)D w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? &mZdeDum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þum&EÅwüYdk '@Do'´grS £eDypön;f ouf? o&acsjcif;ponfjyK/
ygVd þ um&aEÅok '@Do'áwm £eD? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H '@de/D jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omrde;f ronf/
½ly '@d e Dum; '@Dvdifwnf? ywdbdu©K&mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD okwfjzifh
£eDypönf;ouf? ('@D+£eD) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? acs? £eD[k yuwdjyK? @fAsnf;
£oku Yd yf? ('@de)D w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? '@d e Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@de/D jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly '@deDum; '@Dvid w f nf? ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD okwjf zifh
£eDypönf;ouf? ('@D+£eD) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? acs? £eD[k yuwdjyK? @fAsnf;

£okdYuyf? ('@deD) w'¨dw-emrfiJh? a,m0dbwfouf? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh
þukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avm ayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0d
bwfuadk cs? '@deDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H '@dead ,m/ jrefrm awmifa0S;&Sad omrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly '@d e d a ,m
,mum; '@Dvdifwnf? ywdbdu©K&mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwfjzifh £eDypönf;ouf? ('@D+£eD) @-cGif; þ-<uif;? acs? £eD[k yuwdjyK?
@fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? ('@de)D e-cGi;f þ-<uif;? taCm &ó--okwjf zifh þukd £&ójyK?
efAsn;f £okuYd yf? w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ a,m0dbwfouf? '@deda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H [w¬ed /D jrefrm þtwl qifronf/
ykpH H ar"m0de/D jrefrm ynm&Sad omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H wyóde/D jrefrm tusi&hf adS omrde;f ronf/
ykpH H yd,bmPde/D jrefrm cspzf , G q f adk vh&adS omrde;f ronf/
½ly ¤if;½kyrf sm;ukd '@de½D yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G yf g/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
jrefrm ]]aygu©&P d }D }[laom þygXfü ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }paom okwjf zifh
£ tu©&m e tu©&mwk\ Yd t tjyK PtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd ]]aygu©&ed }D }£wD" ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wdtm'dem £um&eeum&meH t um-
&P P um&ma'om/
ykpH H aygu©&PD/ jrefrm a&uefonf/
½ly aygu© & PDum; aygu©&deDvdifwnf? onf[lí--od0dbwfouf?
awok 0k'¨d--okwfBuD;jzifh &\tpdwf £tu©&mukd t-jyK? Ptu©&mukd e-jyK?
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? aygu©&PDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aygu©&PD/ jrefrm a&uefwo Ydk nf/
½ly aygu©&PDum; aygu©&ed v D id w
f nf? wko Yd nf[í l --a,m0dbwf ouf?
awok 0k'¨d--okwfBuD;jzifh &tpdwf £tu©&mukd t-jyK? Ptu©&mukd e-jyK?
aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh þukd y-rSnfh?
Cyawm p a,meH avm ayg okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukdacs?
aygu©&PDum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 437
jrefrm ]]wawm a,mearm wk}}okwüf wko'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk MojyK

onf¤if;? þ tu©&m\ , tjyKonf¤if;? ]],0wH}}okwfü um&
o'´gjzifh Psypön;f ukd Ú jyKonf¤if; tcsKYd jzpf\? a'GabmfjyK/
ygVd ]]wawm a,mearm wl}}wd okawå wk*[ ¾ aPe a,mearm uma&m
p? þum&ó ,uma&m? ]],0w}}rdpmö 'doak wå um& um&*¾[aPe Psó Úuma&mç
'dw G /Hå
ykpH H aygu©&anm/ jrefrm a&uefwo Ydk nf/
½ly aygu©&anmanmum; aygu©&PDvid w f nf? wkoYd nf[í l --a,m0dbwf
ouf? (aygu©&PD+a,m) P-cGif; þ-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh þukd y-
rSnfh? wawm a,mearm wk okwfü wko'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfukd MojyK? Pftpdwf
þukd ,-jyK? (aygu©&Pf+,+Mo) PfAsnf; ,okdYuyf? (aygu©&Ps+Mo) ,0wH--
okwüf um&o'´gjzifh Psudk Ú-jyK? (aygu©&+Úf+Mo? y&a'Gbma0g--okwjf zifh Úfudk
o'doa'Gabmf nf-jyK? nfAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? aygu©&anm anmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aygu©&Pda,m 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; a&uefwo Ydk nf/
½ly aygu© & Pd a ,m ,mum; aygu©&PDvdifwnf? wkdYonf[lí--a,m
0dbwfouf? (aygu©&PD+a,m) P-cGif; þ-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh
þukd y-rSn?hf taCm &ó--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh þukd £&ójyK? PfAsn;f
£oku Yd yf? aygu©&Pda,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&So d nfww Ydk nf;/ £pöm'd/
jrefrm vku f maom 0g
d v 0go'´gonf okwüf rqkt d yfonfudk qnf;jcif; teuf
&S\ d ? xkaYd Mumifh 0d'l ,u©m tp&Sad omo'´gaemifrv S nf; £eDypön;f ouf/
ygVd 0g 0g"duma&m tEkwo å rkp, ö aw¬m? awe 0d'l ,u©m'dawmyd £eD/
ykpH H y&pdw0å 'd ek /D
jrefrm olwpfyg;pdwu f dk odaomrde;f ronf/
½ly y&pdwå0d'keDum; y&pdw0å 'd v l id wf nf? ywdbu d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwfjzifh £eDypönf;ouf? (y&pdwå0d'l+£eD) '-cGif; OD<uif;? acs? £eD[kyuwdjyK?
'fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (y&pdw0å 'd ek )D w'¨w d -emrfi?hJ odouf? acs? y&pdwå0d'keDum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm o&ausjcif; &ójyKjcif;wko Yd nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd o&avmy&ówåmed/
ykpH H y&pdw0å 'd ek /D
jrefrm olwpfyg;pdwu f dk odaomrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly y&pdwå0d'keDum; y&pdw0å 'd v l id w
f nf? ywdbu
d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwfjzifh £eDypönf;ouf? (y&pdwå0d'l+£eD) '-cGif; OD<uif;? acs? £eD[yk uwdjyK?
'fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? (y&pdw0å 'd ek )D w'¨wd -emrfi?hJ a,m0dbwfouf? aw £w¬cd sm ayg
okwjf zifh þukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom
a,m0dbwfuadk cs? y&pdwå0d'keDum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y&pdw0å 'd ek ad ,m/
jrefrm olwpfyg;pdwu f dk odaomrde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly y&pdwå0d'keDum; y&pdw0å 'd v l id w
f nf? ywdbu
d K© &mZDum&aEÅ[d £eD
okwfjzifh £eDypönf;ouf? (y&pdwå0d'l+£eD) '-cGif; OD<uif;? acs? £eD[kyuwdjyK?
'fAsn;f OokuYd yf? (y&pdw0å 'd ek )D e-cGi;f þ-<uif;? taCm &ó--okwjf zifh þukd £
&ójyK? efAsn;f £oku d -emrfi?h J a,m0dbwfouf? y&pdw0å 'd ek ad ,m
Y d yf? w'¨w ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,u©ed /D jrefrm bDv;l ronf/

½ly ,u©deDum; ,u©vid w f nf? y&pdw0å 'd ek ED iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,u©deda,m/ jrefrm bDv;l rwkoYd nf/
½ly ,u©deda,m
,mum; ,u©vid w f nf? y&pdw0å 'd ek ad ,mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oD[ed /D jrefrm jcaoFrh onf/
½ly oD[deDum; oD[vdiw f nf? y&pdw0å 'd ek ED iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oD[deda,m/ jrefrm jcaoFrh wko Yd nf/
½ly oD[deda,m
,mum; oD[vdiw f nf? y&pdw0å 'd ek ad ,mESihf enf;wlwu G /f
d nfww Ydk nf;/
ygVd £pöm'd/
þ um&EÅ£w¬v d id f Ny;D \/
þ um&EÅ/H
--------------------------------
2/ emru@ 439
Oum&EÅ £w¬dvdif
jrefrm O um&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v d id of nf ,m*ko'´gwnf;/ xk, d m*ko'´g\
&wå do'´guJhokdY ½kyfenf;onf jzpf\/ trmyawm okwfjzifh tH tm
rjyK&jcif;ponfomvQif xl;\/
ygVd O um&aEÅm £w¬dvda*Fg ,m*k oa'´g/ wó &wå d o'áó0
½lyea,m/ trma'om'dtbma0g0 0daoaom/
ykpH H ,m*k/ jrefrm ,m*konf/
½ly ,m*kum; ,m*kvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf od0b d wfouf aoo awm-
d wfuadk cs? ,m*kum; Ny;D \/
-okwjf zifh od0b
ykpH H ,m*l/ jrefrm ,m*kwkYdonf/
½ly ,m*l u m; ,m*k v d i f w nf ? yXrmA[k 0 k p f a,m0d b wf o uf ?
(,m*k+a,m) *-cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh Oukd yrSn?hf Cyawm p
a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukdacs? a,mokuw--okwfjzifh a,m0dbwf
ausaomf yrnfaomOukd OD'C D jyK? *fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? ,m*lum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*ka,m jrefrm ,m*kwkYdonf/
½ly ,m*ka,m,mum; ,m*kvid w f nf? wko Yd nf[íl --aMumifh a,m0dbwf
ouf? (,m*k+a,m) ,m*ka,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ,m*k/ jrefrm [,f...,m*k/
½ly ,m*kum; ,m*kvid w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf od0b d wfouf? a&S;enf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H a[ ,m*l/ jrefrm [,f...,m*kw/Ydk
½ly ,m*k um; ,m*kvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*ka,m/ jrefrm ,m*kwkdY/
½ly ,m*ka,m ,mum; ,m*kvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*kH/ jrefrm ,m*kukd/
½ly ,m*kuH m; ,m*kvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tH0b d wfouf? (,m*k+tH)
*-cGif; O-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh Oukd yrSnfh? tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d

okwjf zifh tH0b
d wfudk Otxufü ed*[ ¾ w d jf yK? *fAsn;f OHou Ydk yf? ,m*kHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*l/ jrefrm ,m*kwkdYukd/
½ly ,m*k um; ,m*kvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*ka,m/ jrefrm ,m*kwkdYukd/
½ly ,m*ka,m,mum; ,m*kvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,m0dbwf ouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*k,m/ jrefrm ,m*kjzif/h
½ly ,m*k , mmum; ,m*kvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf?
(,m*k+em) *-cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh Oukd yrSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk ,mjyK? *fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? ,m*k,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*l[d? ,m*lbd/ jrefrm ,m*kwjYdk zif/h
½ly ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdum; ,m*kvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [d0dbwf
ouf? (,m*k+[d) *-cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh Oukd yrSn?hf oke[ H o
d k
p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d bd wfaMumifh a&SUOukd OD'C D jyK? *fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? ,m*l[dum;
NyD;\/ ,m*lbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? ,m*lbdum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*k[d? ,m*kbd/ jrefrm ,m*kwjYdk zif/h
½ly ,m*k[dç ,m*kbdum; ,m*kvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [d0dbwf
ouf? ,m*k[dum; Ny;D \/ ,m*kbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk
bdjyK? ,m*kbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*k,m/ jrefrm ,m*ktm;/
½ly ,m*k,mmum; ,m*kvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,m*leH? ,m*keH/ jrefrm ,m*kwkdYtm;/
½ly ,m*leHç ,m*keHum; ,m*kvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eH0b d wf ouf?
(,m*keH)Ny;D \/ ,m*leH-ü *-cGi;f O-<uif;? Oukd yrSn?hf oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufeH
0dbwfaMumifh a&SUOukd OD'C D jyK? *fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? ,m*leHum;Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 441
ykpH H ,m*k,m/ jrefrm ,m*kr/S

½ly ,m*k,mmum; ,m*kvid w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*l[d? ,m*lbd? ,m*k[d? ,m*kbd/
jrefrm ,m*kwrYdk /S
½ly ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbu d m; ,m*kvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f
[d0b d wfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*k,m/ jrefrm ,m*k\/
½ly ,m*k,mmum; ,m*kvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf o0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*leH? ,m*keH/ jrefrm ,m*kwkdY\/
½ly ,m*leçH ,m*keu H m; ,m*kvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eH0b d wfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*k,H/ jrefrm ,m*kü/
½ly ,m*k,Hum; ,m*kvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®0ð b d wfouf? (,m*k+
o®)ð *-cGi;f O-<uif;? Oukd yrSn?hf Cyawm o®, ð H 0g okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®ð
0dbwfudk ,HjyK? *fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? ,m*k,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m*k,m/ jrefrm ,m*kü/
½ly ,m*k,mmum; ,m*kvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®0ð b d wfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,m*lokç ,m*kok/ jrefrm ,m*kwüYkd /
½ly ,m*lokç ,m*kokum; ,m*kvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f ok0b d wfouf?
,m*k o kum; NyD;\/ ,m*lok-ü *-cGif; O-<uif;? Oukd yrSnfh? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh
aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUOukd OD'C D jyK? *fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? ,m*lokum;Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ,m*k/ ,m*lç ,m*ka,m/
tm a[ ,m*k/ a[ ,m*lç ,m*ka,m/
'k ,m*kH/ ,m*lç ,m*ka,m/
w ,m*k,m/ ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd/
p ,m*k,m/ ,m*leçH ,m*ke/H
yOö ,m*k,m/ ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd/
q ,m*k,m/ ,m*leçH ,m*ke/H

owå ,m*k,Hç ,m*k,m/ ,m*lok? ,m*kok/
ykpH H {0H "mwk/ jrefrm þtwl "mwf/

ykpH H a"Ek/ jrefrm EGm;r/
ykpH H umok/ jrefrm wGi;f /
ykpH H ''´K/ jrefrm ayG;ñSi;f /
ykpH H upäK/ jrefrm ayG;em/
ykpH H u@K/ jrefrm ,m;em/
ykpH H &ZÆK/ jrefrm BuK;d /
ykpH H ua&Pk/ jrefrm qifr/
ykpH H yd,*F/k jrefrm Oygoum/
ykpH H oók/ jrefrm a,mu©r/
tm'De/d þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH w
H u
Ydk dk odtyfuek \ f (a0'dwAÁmed)/
rSwcf suf ½kyw
f u G rf sm;ukd "mwkum; "mwkwnf/y/ oókum; oókwnf od
0dbwfouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh acs? NyD;\/
jrefrm rmwko'´g\ ½kyt f xl;um; xkrd mwko'´g\ ydwko'´guJo h Ydk
½kyef nf;onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd rmwko'´ó aba'g/ wó ydwko'áó0 ½lyea,m/
jrefrm ]]tm&wå}H }[laom bm0eda'ójzifh tm&
tm&tjyKr&S&d mü ]]yawm ,m}}
[laomokwjf zifh , tjyKonfomvQif ½kyx f ;l \/
ygVd ]]tm&wå}}rdwd bm0eda'áoe tm&m
tm&ma'ombma0 ]]yawm ,m}}wd
,m
,ma'aom0 0daoaom/
ykpH H rmwm/ jrefrm trdonf/
½ly rmwm
rmwmum; rmwkvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf od0dbwfouf? w-cGif;
O-<uif;? ydwm'De rmodoð® odavmayg p okwjf zifh aemufo0d d bwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tmjyK? aemufo0d b d wf ukv d nf; acs? wfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
rmwm
rmwmum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 443
ykpH H rmwa&m/ jrefrm trdwo dYk nf/
½ly rmwa&m
rmwa&mum; rmwkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+a,m) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK?
(rmwf+tm&f) ydwm'DerodrdS okwjf zifh tm&fjyK\ tmukd tç&ójyK? wfAsn;f toku Yd yf?
(rmw&) wawm a,mearm wk okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk MojyK? &fAsn;f Mooku Yd yf?
rmwa&m
rmwa&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H abmwd rmw/ jrefrm tk.d ..trd/
½ly rmw
rmwum; rmwkvid w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (rmwk+od)
w-cGi;f O-<uif;? awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh rmwko'´g\ Oukd t-jyK? wfAsn;f toku Yd yf?
(rmw+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *rSnfh? aooawm--
okwfjzifh *rnfaom od0dbwfukdacs? rmw rmwum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abmwd rmwm/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly rmwm
rmwmum; rmwkvid w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+a,m) w-cGif; O-<uif;? ydwm'De rmodo®ð odavmayg p okwfjzifh aemufod0d
bwfaESmif;aomaMumifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tmjyK? aemufa,m0dbwfuv dk nf;
acs? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? rmwm
rmwmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H abmwda,m rmwa&m/ jrefrm tk.d ..trdw/Ydk
½ly rmwa&m
rmwa&mum; rmwkvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
(rmwk+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmw&H/ jrefrm trdu/dk

½ly rmw&H um; rmwkvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tH0dbwfouf?
(rmwk+tH) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK?
(rmwf+tm&f) ydwm'DerodrSd okwfjzifh tm&fjyK\ tmukd tç &ójyK? wfAsnf;
t-oku Yd yf? (rmw&) &fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? rmw&Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwa&m/ jrefrm trdwu Ydk /dk
½ly rmwa&m
rmwa&mum; rmwkvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
(rmwk+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmw&m/ jrefrm trdjzif/h
½ly rmw&mum; rmwkvid w

rmw&m f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+em) w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK?
(rmw&f+em) emtm okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk tmjyK? &fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? rmw&m
rmw&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rwsm/ jrefrm trdjzif/h
½ly rwsm
rwsmum; rmwkvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+em) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? emtm okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk tmjyK? (rmwf+O+tm) awok 0k'd¨
--okwjf zifh rmwk\ Oukd ,fjyK? ,fAsn;f tm oku
Yd yf? wfAsn;f smokuYd yf? rwsm
rwsmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]awok 0k'¨d}}paomokwfBuD;jzifh O tu©&mausjcif;onf¤if;? &ó
jyKjcif;onf¤if;? jzpf\/
ygVd ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wdtm'dem O um&avmaygç &ówåO/ö
ykpH H rmwa&[d? rmwa&bd/ jrefrm trdwjYdk zif/h

½ly rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdum; rmwkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [d0d
bwfouf? (rmwk+[d) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf
Oukd tm&jyK? (rmwf+tm&) ydwm'DerodrSd okwfjzifh tm&jyK\ tmukd tç&ójyK?
wfAsnf; tokdYuyf? (rmw&+[d) ok[doG uma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh &-
tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? &fAsn;f {okYd uyf? (rmwa&[d)um; Ny;D \/ rmwa&bd-ü o®m[doeð® H
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [dukd bdjyK? rmwa&bdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwl[d? rmwlbd/ jrefrm trdwjYdk zif/h
½ly rmwl[dç rmwlbu d m; rmwkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf?
(rmwk+[d) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemuf [daMumifh a&SUwftpdwf Oukd
OD'DCjyK? (rmwl[d)um; NyD;\/ rmwlbd-ü o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [dukd
bdjyK? rmwlbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwk[d? rmwkbd/ jrefrm trdwjYdk zif/h
½ly rmwk[dç rmwkbu d m; rmwkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf?
(rmwk[)d um; Ny;D \/ rmwkbd-ü o®m[doeð® H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [dudk bdjyK? rmwkbd
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H rmwk/ jrefrm trdtm;/
2/ emru@ 445
½ly rmwkum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk+o)

w-cGi;f O-<uif;? Ooo®ð oavmayg p okwjf zifh rmwk\ Oukd OxyfjyK? o0dbwfudk
vnf;acs? wfAsnf; OokdYuyf? rmwkum; NyD;\/
ykpH H rmwkó/ jrefrm trdtm;/
½ly rmwkóum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&m vm? ofAsn;f
aemufooku Yd yf? rmwkóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwk,m/ jrefrm trdtm;/
½ly rmwk,mmum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+o) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh Oukd yrSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk ,mjyK? wfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? rmwk,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmw&meH/ jrefrm trdwt
Ydk m;/
½ly rmw&meHum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (rmwk+eH)
w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&jyK? (rmwf
+tm&+eH) ydwm'DerodrdS okwjf zifh tm&jyK\ tmukd tç&ójyK? wfAsn;f toku Yd yf?
(rmw&+eH) oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H bd wfaMumifh a&SU&ftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
&fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? rmw&meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwmeH/ jrefrm trdwt
Ydk m;/
½ly rmwmeHum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (rmwk+eH)
w-cGif; O-<uif;? ow¬KewåOö okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh rmwk\ Oukd t-jyK?
oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh a&SUwf tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? wfAsn;f
tmoku Yd yf? rmwmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwle/H jrefrm trdwt
Ydk m;/
½ly rmwleHum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (rmwk+eH)
w-cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SUwf tpdwf O-ukd
OD'C D jyK? wfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? rmwleHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwke/H jrefrm trdwt
Ydk m;/
½ly rmwkeHum; rmwkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (rmwk+eH)
rmwkeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmw&m/ jrefrm trdr/S

½ly rmw&m
rmw&mum; rmwkvid w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (rmwk+
o®m) w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK?
(rmw&f+o®m) trSwrk ES KÅ --okwjf zifh o®m 0dbwfudk em0dbwfuu dk o
hJ iYdk ?hJ emtm okwjf zifh
em0dbwfukd tmjyK? &fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? rmw&m rmw&mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H rmwk,m/ jrefrm trdr/S
½ly rmwk,mmum; rmwkvid w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (rmwk
+o®m) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh Oukd yrSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk ,mjyK? wfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? rmwk,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwa&[d? rmwa&bd/ jrefrm trdwrYdk /S
½ly rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdum; rmwkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [d0b d wf
ouf? (rmwk+[d) a&SUenf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H rmwl[d? rmwlbd/ jrefrm trdwrYdk /S
½ly rmwl[dç rmwlbdum; rmwkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [d0b d wfouf?
(rmwk+[d) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmwk/ jrefrm trd\/
½ly rmwkum; rmwkvdifwnf? q|D{u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk+o)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmwkó/ jrefrm trd\/
½ly rmwkóum; rmwkvid w f nf? q|D{D u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk+o)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmwk,m/ jrefrm trd\/
½ly rmwk,mmum; rmwkvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (rmwk+o)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmw&meH? rmwmeH? rmwleH? rmwkeH/ jrefrm trdw\Ydk /
½ly rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleHç rmwkeu H m; rmwkvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f
eH0b d wfouf? (rmwk+eH) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmw&d/ jrefrm trdü/
2/ emru@ 447
½ly rmw&dum; rmwkvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®0ð b

d wfouf? (rmwk+o®)ð
w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK?
(rmw&f+o®)ð wawmo®rd d okwjf zifh o®0ð b d wfudk £jyK? &fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? rmw&dum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwa&ok/ jrefrm trdwüYdk /
½ly rmwa&okum; rmwkvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f ok0b
d wfouf? (rmwk
+ok) w-cGif; O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwfjzifh rmwko'´g\tpdwf Oukd tm&jyK?
(rmwf+tm&) ydwm'DerodrSd okwfjzifh tm&jyK\ tmukd tç&ójyK? wfAsnf;
toku Yd yf? (rmw&+ok) ok[o d G uma&m { okwjf zifh ok0b d wfaMumifh &tpdwf t-
ukd {jyK? &fAsn;f {okYd uyf? rmwa&okum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwlok/ jrefrm trdwüYdk /
½ly rmwlou k m; rmwkvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f ok0b
d wfouf? (rmwk+ok)
w-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufokaMumifh a&SUwf tpdwf Oukd OD'DCjyK?
rmwlokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwkok/ jrefrm trdwüYdk /
½ly rmwkou k m; rmwkvid wf nf? owårAD [k0pk f ok0b d wfouf? rmwkou k m; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y rmwm/ rmwa&m/
tm abmwdç rmw/ abmwd rmwmç abmwd
rmwa&m/
'k rmw&H/ rmwa&ç rmwa&m/
w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rwsm/ rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç
rmwlbdç rmwk[dç rmwkbd/
p rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,m/ rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleçH rmwke/H
yOö rmw&mç rmwk,m/ rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç
rmwlbd/
q rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,m/ rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleçH rmwke/H

owå rmw&d/ rmwa&okç rmwlokç rmwkok/
ykpH H {0H "Dwm/ jrefrm þtwl o®D;onf/

½ly "Dwkum; "Dwkwnf? od0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "Dwa&m/ jrefrm o®D;wkdYonf/
½ly "Dwa&mum; "Dwkwnf? a,m0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H 'k[dwm/ jrefrm o®D;onf/
½ly 'k[dwkum; 'k[dwkwnf? od0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k[wd a&m/ jrefrm o®D;wkdYonf/
½ly 'k[dwa&mum; 'k[dwkwnf? a,m0dbwfouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
þokt Yd p&So
d nfwwYdk nf;/ £pöm'd/
O um&EÅyv k i’d f Ny;D \/
Oum&EÅ/H
------------------
ODum&EÅ £w¬dvdif
jrefrm ODum&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v f nf ZrÁKo'´gwnf;/
d id o
ygVd ODum&aEÅm £w¬v d ad *Fg ZrÁLoa'´g/
ykpH H ZrÁL/ jrefrm oajyyifonf/
½ly ZrÁ Lum; ZrÁLvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf od0b d wfouf? aooawm--
okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? ZrÁ Lum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ZrÁL/ jrefrm oajyyifwo Ydk nf/
½ly ZrÁ Lum; ZrÁLvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? rÁ-cGif; OD-
<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifukda[maom ODukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p
a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfukdacs? ZrÁ Lum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ZrÁKa,m/ jrefrm oajyyifwo Ydk nf/
½ly ZrÁKa,m
a,mum; ZrÁLvdiw f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (ZrÁL+
a,m) rÁ-cGif; OD-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh ODukd y-rSnfh? taCm &ó--
2/ emru@ 449
okwjf zifh yrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? rÁAf sn;f Ooku Yd yf? ZrÁa,m
,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ZrÁK/ jrefrm [,f...oajyyif/
½ly ZrÁKum; ZrÁLvdiw f nf? tmvkyf {u0kpf od0b d wfouf? (ZrÁL+od) rÁ-
cGif; OD-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh ODukd y-rSnfh? taCm &ó--okwfjzifh
yrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? rÁAf sn;f Ooku Yd yf? (ZrÁK+od) tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh
tmvkyf odudk *-rSn?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh *rnfaom oduadk cs? ZrÁ Kum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ZrÁL/ jrefrm [,f...oajyyifw/Ydk
½ly ZrÁLum; ZrÁLvdiw f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (ZrÁL+a,m)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZrÁKa,m/ jrefrm oajyyifwo Ydk nf/
½ly ZrÁ K a,m
a,mum; ZrÁLvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
(ZrÁL+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZrÁK/H jrefrm oajyyifu/dk
½ly ZrÁKHum; ZrÁLvdiw f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tH0b d wfouf? (ZrÁL+tH) rÁ-
cGif; OD-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh ODukd y-rSnfh? taCm &ó--okwfjzifh
yrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? (ZrÁ+f O+tH) tHarmed*[ ¾ w
d H psvay[d okwjf zifh tH0bd wf
ukd a&SUOtxufü ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK? rÁAf sn;f OHou Ydk yf? ZrÁKHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ZrÁL/ jrefrm oajyyifwu Ydk /dk
½ly ZrÁLum; ZrÁLvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (ZrÁL+a,m)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZrÁKa,m/ jrefrm oajyyifwu Ydk /dk
½ly ZrÁ K a,m
a,mum; ZrÁLvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf?
(ZrÁL+a,m) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokdYtp&Sdonfonf £w¬do'´gESifh wl\/
0"lyk'f¤if;? o&blyk'f¤if;/y/ em*emol½kyk'f¤if;? þyk'fwkdYonf
ZrÁLo'´gESihf pifppf wluek \f /
ykpH H {0H 0"l/ jrefrm þtwl rde;f r acR;r r,m;/
ykpH H o&bl/ jrefrm o&bljrpf/
ykpH H o&Al/ jrefrm wufwl/

ykpH H okwEk/ jrefrm wifhw,faomukd,f/
ykpH H prl/ jrefrm ppfonf/
ykpH H 0grl½/l jrefrm wifhw,faom aygif/
ykpH H em*emol½/l jrefrm qifEmS armif;ESiw hf al om aygif/
ODum&EÅ £w¬v d id f Ny;D \/
ODum&EÅ/H
----------------------
Moum&EÅ £w¬dvdif
jrefrm Mo
Moum&EÅjzpfaom £w¬v f nf a*g
d id o a*go'´gwnf;/
ygVd Mo
Moum&aEÅm £w¬v d ad *Fg a*g
a*goa'´g/
jrefrm xkda*go'´g\ ykvd’if a*go'úJhokdY ½kyfenf;onf jzpf\/
ygVd wó ykv*’d a*go
a*go'´
Fa*go aó0 ½lyea,m/
jrefrm unmo'´g¤if;? &wåo d '´g¤if;/y/ a*go'´g¤if;? þo'´gukd £w¬v
d id üf
oN*K[
Ø t
f yf\/
£w¬v d id o
f nfonf Ny;D Ny/D
£w¬dvd*ø ed|dwH/
------------------------
tum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm £w¬v
d id \f tjcm;rJüh eykv H id w
f u
Ydk dk qkt
d yfuek \
f /
ygVd tx eyko H uvd*gF ed 0kpaö EÅ/
jrefrm tum&EÅjzpfaom eykv H id of nf pdwåo'´gwnf;? a&S;üuJo h Ydk odponf
ouf? ]]pdwå}}[laom þjy,k*fü ]]eykHoau[d[laomyk'fç tawm
edpöH [laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd tum&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg pdwåoa'´g/ yka& 0d, osm osm'sKyw Ü ?då ]]pdwå
od}} £wD"- ]]eykHoau[dç tawm edpö}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
------------------
2/ emru@ 451
okwf 195/ oð/

okwjf refrm od0b d wf\ tHtjyKonf jzpf\/
yk'cf GJ odç tH[í l þokwo f nf ESpyf 'k &f \ dS /
ygVd odç tH£wd 'dyG 'rd'/H
0kwjdå refrm tum&EÅjzpfuek af om eykv f rYdk S aemufjzpfaom od0b
H id w d wf\ tjrJ
tHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd t um&aEÅ[d eyko H uvda*F[d y&ó od0peó tH a[mwd edp/Hö
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif; yuwdjyKjcif; ponfjyK/
ygVd o&avmyyuwdbm0g'd/
ykpH H pdw/Hå jrefrm pdwo f nf/
½ly pdwåHum; pdwv å id wf nf? yXrm{u0kpf od0b d wfouf? od H okwjf zifh
od0b d wfudk tHjyK? wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? wåAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? pdwåHNy;D \/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]a,meH ed eykaH u[d}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \ f /
ygVd A[k0pae ]]a,meH ed eyko H au[D}}wd 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 196/ tawm edpöH/

okwjf refrm t um&EÅ&adS om eykv H id w J Qif edtjyKonf jzpf\/
f aYdk emifrS tjrv
0kwjdå refrm t um&EÅjzpfukefaom eykHvdifwkdYaemifrS a,m a,m0dbwfwkdY\ tjrJ ed
tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd t um&aEÅ [d eykHouvda*F[d a,m a,meH edpöH ed a[mwd/
½kyf jrefrm ]]oAÁa,meDerm{}}[laomokwfjzifh ed\ tm tmtu©&monf jzpf\/
edukd tmrjyK&mü ]]a,mok uw}}paomokwfjzifh 'DCjyK/
ygVd ]]oAÁa,meDerm{}}wd edó 0g tm tmuma&m/ tnw¬ ]]a,mok
ykpH H pdwåm/ jrefrm pdww
f o
Ydk nf/
½ly pd w å mum; pdwåvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? wå-cGif;
t-<uif;? tawm edpöH okwfjzifh eykHvdiftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dwfukd
edjyK? (pdw+få t+ed) oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh edudk tmjyK? wåt f pdwf t-ukad cs? tm[k
452 vufa&G;pOf ½lyod'¨d (yxr)
yuwdjyK? wåfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? pd w å mum; NyD;\/

ykpH H pdwmå ed/ jrefrm pdww
f o
Ydk nf/
½ly pdwåmedum; pdwvå id w
f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? wå-cGi;f
t-<uif;? tawm edpöH okwfjzifh eykHvdiftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dwfukd
edjyK? (pdw+få t+ed) a,mok uw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUwåtf pdwf
t-ukd tm'DCjyK? wåAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? pdwåmedum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm a,meHed eykHoau[d[laom omrntpOfjzifh a,m0dbwfwkdY\

edtjzpfonf¤if;? jyKtyfNyD;aom edukd oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh
tmtjzpf {tjzpfonf¤if;? Ny;D Ny;D vQuvf nf; ]]tawm edp}Hö }[k tm;xkwjf cif;aMumifh
þoAÁa,meDerm{okwüf tm {tjyKonf tcsKUd aomemrfüomvQif jzpf\/
ygVd a,meH edbma0 pm{awå? oda'ÿd t0daooawm/
]]tawm edpö}}EÅd tm& rÇm? tm{wåH uGpda'0d"/
½kyf jrefrm tmvkyüf * ukad cs/
ygVd tmvyae *avmayg/
ykpH H a[ pdwå/ jrefrm [,f...pdw/f
½ly pd w åum; pdwåvdifwnf? tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwfouf? (pdwå+od)
tmvyaeod *oanm okwjf zifh tmvkyo f ud dk *-rSn?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh *rnf
aom od0dbwfukdacs? pd w åum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ pdwåm/ jrefrm [,f...pdww f /Ydk
½ly pdwåmum; pdwv å id w
f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (pdw+å
ykpH H pdwmå ed/ jrefrm pdww
f /Ydk
½ly pdwåmedum; pdwv å id w
f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (pdw+å
½kyf jrefrm 'kw, d m0dbwfü ed\ tcsKUd ojzifh { tjyKonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd 'kw, d m,H edó 0duayÜaeuma&m/
ykpH H pdw/Hå jrefrm pdwu
f /dk
½ly pdwåHum; pdwv å id w f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kpf tH0b d wfouf? (pdw+å tH)
2/ emru@ 453
wå-cGif; t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? wåfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? pd w å Hum; NyD;\/

ykpH H pdawå/ jrefrm pdwwf u
Ydk /dk
½ly pdawåum; pdwv å id w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (pdw+å
a,m) wå-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk {jyK? wåt f pdwf
t-ukad cs? {[kyuwdjyK? wåAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? pd a wåum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pdwmå ed/ jrefrm pdwwf u
Ydk /dk
½ly pdwåmedum; pdwv å id w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (pdw+å
tñTe;f t<uif;onf yk&doo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd aooH yk&dooa'é orH/
jrefrm wpfyg;vnf;jzpfukefaom ykn/y/ qda'´g}'u tp&Sdaomo'´gwkdY-
onf þtwlwnf;/ {0rnmedyÞ d
*kP
d ;f pOf
pdwmå 'd*Pdk ;f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y pdwåH/ pdwåmç pdwåmed/
tm a[ pdwå/ a[ pdwåm? pdwåmed/
'k pdwåH/ pdawå? pdwåmed/
w pdawåe/ pdawå[d? pdawåbd/
p pdwó
å ? pdwmå eH/
yOö pdwåo®m? pdwårSm? pdwåm/ pdawå[d? pdawåbd/
q pdwó
å ? pdwmå eH/
owå pdwåo®d H? pdwårSd? pdawå/ pdawåok
pdwmå 'd*P
dk ;f 0ify'k rf sm;
ykpH H ykn/ jrefrm aumif;rI/
ykpH H ygy/ jrefrm raumif;rI/
ykpH H zv/ jrefrm zkv
d /f
ykpH H ½ly/ jrefrm ½ky/f

ykpH H om"eH/ jrefrm Ny;D apjcif;/
ykpH H aomw/ jrefrm em;/
ykpH H Cme/ jrefrm ESmacgif;/
ykpH H okc/ jrefrm csr;f om/
ykpH H 'ku/© jrefrm qif;&J/
ykpH H um&PH/ jrefrm taMumif;/
ykpH H 'ge/ jrefrm ay;jcif;/
ykpH H oDv/ jrefrm aqmufwnfjcif;/
ykpH H "e/ jrefrm Opöm/
ykpH H psme/ jrefrm psmef/
ykpH H avmpeH/ jrefrm rsupf /d
ykpH H rlv/ jrefrm tjrpf/
ykpH H ukv/ jrefrm trsK;d /
ykpH H Av/ jrefrm tm;/
ykpH H Zv/ jrefrm uGe&f uf/
ykpH H r*Fv/H jrefrm r*Fvm/
ykpH H eVde/ jrefrm Mum/
ykpH H vd*/F jrefrm vdi/f
ykpH H rkc/ jrefrm cHwiG ;f /
ykpH H t*F/ jrefrm tpdw/f
ykpH H Zv/ jrefrm a&/
ykpH H trÁKZ/ jrefrm Mum/
ykpH H ykved / jrefrm oJ/
ykpH H "n/ jrefrm pyg;/
ykpH H [d&n/ jrefrm tojym/
ykpH H y'/ jrefrm yk'/f
ykpH H trwH/ jrefrm edAÁmef? 0g- ol"mbkwf/
ykpH H y'kr/ jrefrm Mum/
2/ emru@ 455
ykpH H yPÖ/ jrefrm opf&u G /f

ykpH H okome/ jrefrm okómef? ocsKiØ ;f /
ykpH H 0e/ jrefrm awm/
ykpH H t,k"/ jrefrm vufeuf/
ykpH H [',/ jrefrm ESvkH;? pdwf/
ykpH H pD0&/ jrefrm ouFe;f /
ykpH H 0w¬/ jrefrm ykq;dk /
ykpH H ukv/ jrefrm trsK;d /
ykpH H £È, d´ / jrefrm £aÈ/´
ykpH H e,e/ jrefrm rsupf /d
ykpH H 0'e/ jrefrm cHwiG ;f /
ykpH H ,me/ jrefrm ,mOf/
ykpH H O'ge/ jrefrm O'gef;/
ykpH H aomyge/ jrefrm apmif;wef;/
ykpH H yge/ jrefrm tazsm/f
ykpH H b0e/ jrefrm tdr/f
ykpH H bk0e/ jrefrm avmu/
ykpH H avm[/ jrefrm a<u;/
ykpH H tmvmw/ jrefrm rD;p/
ykpH H wk@/ jrefrm EIwo f ;D /
ykpH H t@/ jrefrm tO? a0S;aph/
ykpH H yDX/ jrefrm tif;ysO/f
ykpH H u&PH/ jrefrm u½kP d ;f /
ykpH H r&P/ jrefrm aojcif;/
ykpH H ÓP/ jrefrm ÓPf/
ykpH H tm&r®P/ jrefrm tm½kH/
ykpH H &n/ jrefrm awm/
ykpH H wmPH/ jrefrm apmifah &Smufjcif;/
ykpH H p&P/ jrefrm ajc/
ykpH H e*&/ jrefrm NrKUd /

ykpH H wD&/ jrefrm urf;/
ykpH H qwå/ jrefrm xD;/
ykpH H qd'/´ jrefrm tayguf/
ykpH H O'umed/ jrefrm a&wk/Yd
jrefrm ur®o'´g\ wwd,m{u0kpf ponfwüYdk ½kyt f xl;onf jzpf\/
ygVd ur®o'´ó wwda,u0pem'Dok ½lyaba'g/
ykpH H ur®/H jrefrm trIonf/
½ly ur® Hum; ur®vid w f nf? y-odouf? tHjyK? cGi;f acs uyf? ur® H/ ykpH H
ykpH H ur®m/ jrefrm trIwo Ydk nf/
½ly ur®mum; ur®vid w f nf? y-a,mouf? tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,mukd
edjyK? oAÁa,meDe-okwfjzifh a,m-edukd tmjyK? cGif; acs uyf? ur® mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ur®med/ jrefrm trIwo Ydk nf/
½ly ur®medum; ur®vid w f nf? y-a,mouf? pdwmå edEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ ur®/ jrefrm [,f...trI/
½ly ur®um; ur®vid w f nf? tmvky-f a,mouf? pdwEå iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ ur®m/ jrefrm [,f...trIw/Ydk
½ly ur®mum; ur®vid w f nf? tmvky-f a,mouf? pdwmå ESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®med/ jrefrm trIw/Ydk
½ly ur®medum; ur®vid w f nf? tmvky-f a,mouf? pdwmå edEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®/H jrefrm trIu/dk
½ly ur® Hum; ur®vid w f nf? 'k-tHouf? pdwEHå iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uar®/ jrefrm trIwu Ydk /dk
½ly uar®um; ur®vid w f nf? 'k-a,mouf? pdawåEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®med/ jrefrm trIwu Ydk /dk
½ly ur®medum; ur®vid w f nf? 'k-a,mouf? pdwmå edEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]oko®drm 0gç OemrSd p}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
jrefrm ]]0gç Oç emrSdç pm}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
2/ emru@ 457
okwf 197/ tur®EÅó p/

okwjf refrm ur®o'´g\ tpdw\ f O tjyK t tjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdå refrm em
emjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh ur®o'´g\ tpdw\ f O tjyK t tjyKw-Ydk
onf tcsKdU jzpfukef\/
0kwyd å gVd ur®o'Éó Å O um& t um&ma'om a[mEÅd 0g em emrSd 0dbwård /dS
tEÅo'´g tEÅo'´gjzifh xmr t'¨ ponfw\ Ydk tpdw\ f vnf; OtjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd tE
tEÅÅ *¾[aPe xmr'¨g'DerEÅóyd O wå/H
po'´g p o'´gjzifh em ok 0dbwfwkdYaMumifh ,l0 rC0 rC0o'´gwkdY\ tpdwf\
tm
tmtjyKonf tcsKUd aomjy,k*üf jzpf\/
ygVd po'´*[ ¾ aPe ,k0 rC0grC0gerEÅó tm a[mwd uGpd em ok £apöawok/
ykpH H ur®Kem/ jrefrm trIjzif/h
½ly ur®Kem
emum; ur®vid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? r®-cGi;f
t-<uif;? tur®EÅó okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh ur®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
Yd yf? ur®Kem
OjyK? r®Af sn;f Ooku emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®em/ jrefrm trIjzif/h
½ly ur®emmum; ur®vid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? r®-cGi;f
t-<uif;? tur®EÅó okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh ur®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
txyfjyK? r®Af sn;f toku Yd yf? ur®emmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uar®e 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; trIjzif/h
½ly uar®eum; ur®vid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? tawm
aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejy? r®-cGi;f acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? uyf? uar®e Ny;D \/
ykpH H uar®[d? uar®bd/ jrefrm trIwjYdk zif/h
½ly uar®[dç uar®bdum; ur®vdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(ur®+[d) r®-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh
ur®o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? r®fAsnf; {okdYuyf? uar® [ dum; NyD;\? uar®bd-ü
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [dukd bdjyK? uar® b dum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm o 0dbwf o® m0dbwfwkdYü ]]O emrSd p}}okwfü p o'´gjzifh yk r ur ur®®
xmr
xmro'´g\ tpdwf\vnf; O tjyKonf tcsKdU jzpf\/ o o® m
[laom y&dbmom jzifh O jyK/
ygVd oo®mok ]]O emrSd pm}}wd {w¬ poa'é ykr ur® xmr xmrEÅó pkuma&m
0g o o® molwd O wåH/
ykpH H ur®Kaem/ jrefrm trItm;/
½ly ur®Kaem
aemum; ur®vid w f nf? pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (ur®+
o) r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? OemrSd p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh ur®o'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? (ur®f+O+o) £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd v-rSnfh? psvawm
oó aem 0g okwjf zifh o0dbwfudk aemjyK? r®Af sn;f Ooku Yd yf? ur®Kaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®ó/ jrefrm trItm;/
½ly ur® óum; ur®vdifwnf? pwkw¬D {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (ur®+
o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf;
aemufooku Yd yf? ur®óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®meH/ jrefrm trIwt Ydk m;/
½ly ur®meHum; ur®vid w f nf? pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH0bd wfouf? (ur®+eH)
r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh r®t
f pdwf tukd tm'DCjyK?
r®Af sn;f tmoku Yd yf? ur®meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®Kem/ jrefrm trIr/S
½ly ur® K em
emum; ur®vdifwnf? yOörD {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (ur®+
o®m) r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? OemrSd p okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufom® 0dbwfaMumifh ur®o'´g\
tpdwf t-ukd OjyK? (ur®+f O+o®m) o®m em okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? r®Af sn;f OokYd
uyf? ur®Kem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®m/ jrefrm trIr/S
½ly ur®mum; ur®vid w f nf? yOörD {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (ur®+ o®m)
o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? r®-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? r®Af sn;f tm
okdYuyf? ur® mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ur®rmS / jrefrm trIr/S
½ly ur®rSmum; ur®vid w f nf? yOörD {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (ur®+ o®m)
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK? ur® r S mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ur®o®m/ jrefrm trIr/S
2/ emru@ 459
½ly ur® o ® mum; ur®vdifwnf? yOörD {u0kpf o®m0dbwfouf? (ur®+

o®m) ur®o®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uar®[d? uar®bd/ jrefrm trIwrYdk /S
½ly uar®[dç uar®bdum; ur®vid w f nf? yOörD A[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf?
(ur®+[d) r®-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[daMumifh r®ftpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? rfA® sn;f {oku Yd yf? uar®[dum; Ny;D \/ uar®bd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g
okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? uar®bdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®Kaem/ jrefrm trI\/
½ly ur®Kaemaemum; ur®vid w f nf? q|D {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (ur®+o)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®ó/ jrefrm trI\/
½ly ur® óum; ur®vid w f nf? q|D {u0kpf o0dbwfouf? (ur®+o)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®meH/ jrefrm trIw\ Ydk /
½ly ur® m eHum; ur®vdifwnf? q|D A[k0kpf eH0dbwfouf? (ur®+eH)
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm o® d H0dbwfü ]]jA[®awm wk o®d Hed}}[laomokwfü wko'´gjzifh tcsKdU
jy,k*üf edtjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd o®d H0pae ]]jA[®awm wk o®d eH }D }wd {w¬ wkoa'é uGpd ed a[mwd/
ykpH H ur®e/d jrefrm trIü/S
½ly ur®edum; ur®vid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d 0H b d wfouf? (ur®+o®d )H
jA[®awm wk o®d Hed okwfü wko'´gjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd edjyK? ur® e dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H uar®/ jrefrm trIü/S
½ly uar®um; ur®vid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d 0H b d wfouf? (ur®+o®d )H
o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H b
d wfudk {jyK? r®-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK? r®Af sn;f {oku Yd yf?
uar®um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®r/dS jrefrm trIü/
½ly ur®rSdum; ur®vid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d 0H b d wfouf? (ur®+ o®d
H) o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd rSdjyK? ur® r S dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ur®o®d H/ jrefrm trIü/

½ly ur®o®d Hum; ur®vdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d H0dbwfouf? (ur®+
o®d )H ur®o®d Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uar®o/k jrefrm trIwüYdk /S
½ly uar®okum; ur®vid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f ok0b
d wfouf? (ur®+ok)
r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufoak Mumifh r®t
f pdwf t-ukd {jyK?
Yd yf? uar®okum; Ny;D \/
rfA® sn;f {oku
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ur®H/ ur®m? ur®med/
tm a[ ur®/ a[ ur®m? ur®med/
'k ur®H/ uar®? ur®med/
w ur®Kem? ur®em? uar®e/ uar®[d? uar®bd/
p ur®Kaem? ur®ó/ ur®meH/
yOö ur®Kem? ur®m? ur®rSm? ur®o®m/ uar®[d? uar®bd/
q ur®Kaem? ur®ó/ ur®meH/
owå ur®ed? uar®? ur®rSd? ur®od® /H uar®o/k
ykpH H {0H xmrkem/ jrefrm þtwl tpGr;f jzif/h

½ly xmrkemmum; xmrvdiw f nf? emouf? ur®KemESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xmare/ jrefrm tpGr;f jzif/h
½ly xmare
xmareum; xmrvdiw f nf? emouf? uar®eESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xmrom 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; tpGr;f jzif/h
½ly xmrom
xmromum; xmrvdifwnf? emouf? (xmr+em) raem*Pm
'dawm o®d eH merdtm okwjf zifh raem*kP
d ;f xmro'´grSaemufjzpfaom em0dbwfudk
tmjyK? (xmr+tm) o oa& 0g *arm okwjf zifh aemuf0b d wftjyKjzpfaom tmo&
aESmif;aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? xmrom
xmromum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H xmrkaem/ jrefrm tpGr;f tm;/
½ly xmrkaem
emum; xmrvdiw f nf? oouf? ur®KaemESihf enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 461
ykpH H xmrkaem/ jrefrm tpGr;f tm;/

½ly xmrkaem emum; xmrvdiw f nf? oouf? ur®KaemESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xmró/ jrefrm tpGr;f tm;/
½ly xmró
xmróum; xmrvdifwnf? oouf? ur®óESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H xmrkem/ jrefrm tpGr;f rS/
½ly xmrkemmum; xmrvdiw f nf? oouf? ur®óESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H xmrm/ jrefrm tpGr;f rS/
½ly xmrm
xmrmum; xmrvdifwnf? o®mouf? ur®mESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H t'¨Kem/ jrefrm t"GejYf zif/h
½ly t'¨Kememum; t'¨vid w f nf? emouf? ur®KemESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t'¨Kaem/ jrefrm t"Get Yf m;/
½ly t'¨Kaem
aemum; t'¨vid w f nf? oouf? ur®KaemESihf enf;wlwu G /f
£pöm'd yk&rd orH/ þokt Yd p&So
d nfonf a&S;ESiw hf \
l /
jrefrm *kP0EÅK od[al omyk'üf ]]o0dbwåó d [laomyk'çf EÅKó [laomyk'çf
odrSd [laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd *kP0EÅK od? ]]o0dbwåó d çEÅKóçodr}DS }wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 198/ tH eykHoau/

okwjf refrm eykvH id üf tHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh eykv H id üf jzpfaom vdiEf iS phf yfaom 0dbwfEiS hf
wuGaom EÅ Kypön;f \ tHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd eyko
H au 0wårmeó vd*ó F orÁEad¨ em EÅKypÜ , ö ó o0dbwåó d
tH a[mwd odrSd 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H *kP0H pdw/Hå jrefrm *kPf&Sdaom pdwfonf/
½ly *kP0Hum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (*kP0EÅK+od)
tH eykHoau okwfjzifh aemufod0dbwfaMumifh eykHvdifüjzpfaom vdifESifhpyfaom
0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom EÅKypön;f ukd tHjyK? 0-cGi;f ? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf?
*kP0Hum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm a,m

a,m0dbwfü ]]EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p}}okwjf zifh Oukd tjyK? a,m0dbwf
ukdvnf; £ jyK/
ygVd a,m
a,mrSd ]]EÅKóaEÅm a,mok pm}}wd t wåHç £ uma&m p /
ykpH H *kP0EÅ/d jrefrm *kPf&Sdaom pdwfwkdYonf/
½ly *kP0EÅdum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (*kP0EÅK+
a,m) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p owfjzifh *kP0EÅKo'´g\tpdwf Oukd
t-jyK? a,m0dbwfukdvnf; £jyK? EÅftpdwf t-ukdacs? £[kyuwdjyK? EÅfAsnf; OokdY
uyf? *kP0EÅdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *kP0EÅmed/ jrefrm *kPf&Sdaom pdwfwkdYonf/
½ly *kP0EÅmedum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (*kP0EÅK+
a,m) EÅ-cGif; O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p owfjzifh *kP0EÅKo'´g\tpdwf Oukd
t-jyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+a,m) tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? (*kP0EÅ+f t+ed)
a,mokuwedum& avmayok 'DCH okwfjzifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUEÅf
tpdwf tukd tm'DCjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmedum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm t<uif;ukd odaumif;Ny/D
ygVd aooH aÚ,sH/
½kyf jrefrm *päEÅ od yk'üf ]]odrdS *päEmÅ 'DeH EÅoa'´g tH}}okwjf zifh tHjyK/
ygVd *päEÅ od? ]]odrdS *päEmÅ 'DeH EÅoa'´g t}}rdwd tH/
ykpH H *pä/H jrefrm oGm;aom pdwfonf/
½ly *päu H m; *päEvÅ id w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (*päE+Å od) odrdS *päEmÅ 'DeH
EÅoa'´g tH okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh EÅo'´gukd tHjyK? pä-cGi;f ? acs? tH[yk uwd
Ydk yf? *pä Hum; Ny;D \/
jyK? päAf sn;f tHou
ykpH H *päE/HÅ jrefrm oGm;aom pdwfonf/
½ly *päEÅHum; *päEv Å id w
f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (*päE+Å od) od H okwf
jzifh od0b d wfudk tHjyK? EÅ-cGi;f ? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? EÅ-f tHou Ydk yf? *päEÅHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *päEmÅ / jrefrm oGm;aom pdwfwkdYonf/
½ly *pä E Å mum; *päEÅvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (*päEÅ+a,m)
oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh y-a,mukd tmjyK? cGif; acs uyf? *päEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *päEmÅ ed/ jrefrm oGm;aom pdwfwkdYonf/
2/ emru@ 463
½ly *päEÅmedum; *päEvÅ id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (*päE+Å a,m)

EÅ-cGi;f t-<uif;? tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK?? a,mok uw--okwjf zifh
a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUEÅtpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? *päEÅmed
um; NyD;\/
t um&EÅ eykv H id f Ny;D \/
t um&EÅ/H
-----------------------
tmum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm tm
tmum&EÅjzpfaom eykv f nf tó'¨go'´gwnf;/
H id o
ygVd tm
tmum&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg tó'¨goa'´g/
jrefrm ]]tó'¨g}}[lí wnfvwfaomfÞ
ygVd ]]tó'¨g}}£wd XdawÞ
jrefrm uGpo d roEÅy'k rf S ]]ormo}}yk'u f dk vku
d af pí ]]oa&m &aóm eykH
oau}}[laomokwjf zifh ormoftqk;H ü &ójyKonfjzpf\? ormof
jzpfaomaMumifh emrfuJhokdYiJh? odponfouf? t<uif;onf pdwåo'´gESifh wl\/
ygVd ]]ormoótaEÅm}}wd t"dudpö ]]oa&m &aóm eykHoau}}wd
ormoEÅó &ówå?H ormowåm emrAsya'aom? osm Ü /då aooH pd w åorH/
osm'sKyw
ykpH H tó'¨H ukvH/ jrefrm o'¨gw&m;r&Sad om trsK;d onf/

½ly tó'¨ Hum; tó'¨gvdifwnf? '¨-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa&m &aóm
eykHoau okwfjzifh ormof\tqkH;üwnfaom tmukd t&ójyK? (tó'¨g+t)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? odouf? tHjyK? '¨ftpdwf t-ukdacs? tH[kyuwdjyK? '¨fAsnf; tHokdYuyf?
tó'¨Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tó'¨ged ukvmed £pöm'd/
jrefrm o'¨gw&m;r&Sad om trsK;d wko Yd nf? þokt
Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly tó'¨gedum; tó'¨vid w f nf? a,m0dbwfouf? (tó'¨+a,m)
'¨-cGi;f t-<uif;? tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? (tó'¨+f t+ed) a,mok
uw--okwjf zifh '¨tf pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? 'Äf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? tó'¨gedum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm rkcemodummo'´gonf xkt

Yd wlwnf;/ xkrd ck emoduo'´g\ 'Geüf
{uyfio
hJ nf\tjzpfaMumifh 0dbwfcEk pS o
f ,
G üf {u0kpo
f mwnf;/
ygVd wxm rkcemodummoa'´g/ wó 'GaEúwåm oAÁaw¬u0pear0/
ykpH H rkcemodu/H jrefrm cHwiG ;f ESmacgif;onf/

½ly rkcemoduHum; rkcemodumvdifwnf? u-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa&m
&aóm eykHoau okwfjzifh ormof\tqkH;üwnfaom tmukd t&ójyK?
(rkcemoduf+t) w'd̈wemrfiJh? odouf? tHjyK? uftpdwf t-ukdacs? tH[kyuwdjyK?
ufAsn;f tHouYdk yf? rkcemoduHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ rkcemodu/ jrefrm [,f...cHwiG ;f ESmacgif;/
½ly rkcemoduum; rkcemodumvdifwnf? u-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa&m
(rkcemodu+f t) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ odouf? odudk *-rSn?hf acs? rkcemoduum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rkcemodu/H jrefrm cHwiG ;f ESmacgif;uk/d

½ly rkcemoduHum; rkcemodumvdifwnf? u-cGif; tm-<uif;? oa&m
(rkcemodu+f t) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ tHouf? uftpdwt f ukad cs? tH[yk uwdjyK? ufAsn;f
tHoYdk rkcemoduHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rkcemodaue/ jrefrm cHwiG ;f ESmacgif;jzif/h
½ly rkcemodaue ueum; rkcemodumvdiw f nf? u-cGi;f tm-<uif;? oa&m
(rkcemodu+f t) w'¨wd emrfi?hJ emouf? tawm aee okwjf zifh emukd {ejyK? uftpdwf
tukad cs? {e[kyuwdjyK? ufAsn;f {oku Yd yf? rkcemodaue ueum; Ny;D \/
£pöm'd/ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
tm
tmum&EÅ eykv H id f Ny;D \/
tm
tmum&EÅ/H
------------------------------------
2/ emru@ 465
£um&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm £ um&EÅjzpfaom eykv f nf t|do'´gwnf;/
H id o
ygVd £ um&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg t|d oa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm odponfouf? od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd osm
osm'sKyw Ü ?då odavmayg t|d/
ykpH H t|d jrefrm t½k;d onf/
½ly t|dum; t|dvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? acs? t|dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm Cyawm o®d H,H 0g okwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
----------------
okwf 199/ a,meH ed eykHoau[d/

okwjf refrm eykv H id üf jzpfaom vdiw f aYdk emifrS a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk edtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm eykv H id wf aYdk emifrS aemufjzpfuek af om tvk;H pku H ek af om a,m
a,m0dbwf
wk\ Yd edtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd eykHouvda*F[d ya&oH oaAÁoH a,meH ed a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H t|De/d jrefrm t½k;d wko Yd nf/
½ly t|Dedum; t|dvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) |-
cGif; £-<uif;? a,meHed eykHoau[d okwfjzifh t|d[laom eykHvdifaemifrSaESmif;
aom a,mukd edjyK? a,mok uw--okwjf zifh a,m-edaMumifh a&SU£o&ukd þ'DCjyK?
|fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? t|Dedum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm edrjyK&mü tjrJ a,m a,m0dbwfausonf jzpf\? 'DCvnf;jyK/
ygVd tnw¬ edpöH a,m a,mavmaygç 'DaCm p/
ykpH H t|D/ jrefrm t½k;d wko Yd nf/
½ly t|Dum; t|dvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) |-
cGif; £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh £udk psrSnfh? Cyawm p a,meHavmayg
okwfjzifh psaemif a,m0dbwfukdacs? (t|f+£) a,mok uw--okwfjzifh a,m-
edaMumifh a&SU£o&ukd þ'DCjyK? |fAsnf; þokdYuyf? t|Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ t|d/ jrefrm xkt
Yd wl [,f...t½k;d /
½ly t|dum; t|dvdifwnf? tmvkyf {u0kpf odouf? (t|d+od)

tmvyaeod--okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *-rSnfh? aooawm--okwfjzifh *rnfaom
od0b d wfuadk cs? t|dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ t|D/ jrefrm [,f...t½k;d wk/Yd
½ly t|Dum; t|dvid w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t|De/d jrefrm t½k;d wk/Yd
½ly t|Deu d m; t|dvid w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t|d H/ jrefrm t½k;d uk/d
½ly t|d Hum; t|dvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (t|d+tH) |-cGi;f
£-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh £ukd psrn S ?hf tHarmed*[
¾ w
D -H -okwjf zifh tH0b
d wfudk
a&SUpstxufü ed*[ ¾ w d jf yK? |fAsn;f £Hou Ydk yf? t|d Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t|D/ jrefrm t½k;d wku Yd /dk

½ly t|Dum; t|dvid wf nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t|De/d jrefrm t½k;d wku Yd /dk
½ly t|Deu
d m; t|dvid w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (t|d+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t|dem/ jrefrm t½k;d jzif/h
½ly t|demmum; t|dvid wf nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (t|d+em) t|demmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sod nfonf t*¾do'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd t*¾do'órH/
ykpH H {0H ow¬d/ jrefrm þtwl aygif/
ykpH H '"d/ jrefrm Ek"Yd rf;/
ykpH H 0g&d/ jrefrm a&/
ykpH H tu©d/ jrefrm rsuaf ph/
ykpH H tpä/d jrefrm rD;vQ/H
£pöm'd/ þokdYponfwkdYukd odtyfukef\/
£ um&EÅeykv H id o
f nf Ny;D Ny/D
£ um&EÅ/H
--------------------------
2/ emru@ 467
þum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm þ um&EÅjzpfaom eykvH id o f nf okcum&Do'´gwnf;/
ygVd þ um&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg okcum&Doa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm ]]okcum&D od}} [laomyk'fonf eykHvdif\tjzpfaMumifh od0dbwf
aMumifvh nf; ]]taCm &ó}} paomokwjf zifh &ójyK? od0b d wfacs/
ygVd ]]okcum&D od}} £wD" teyko H uwåmbm0g odor®d dÜ ]]taCm &ó}}
rdpmö 'dem &ówå?H odavmayg/
ykpH H okcum&d 'geH/ jrefrm 'geonf csr;f omukd jyKavh&o dS nf/
½ly okcum&dum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (okc
um&D+od) &-cGi;f þ-<uif;? taCm &ó--okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh &ftpdwf
þukd £&ójyK? &fAsnf; £okdYuyf? aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs?
okcum&dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H okcum&D/ jrefrm csr;f omukd jyKavh&u dS ek o
f nf/
½ly okcum&Dum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (okc
um&D+a,m) &-cGif; þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm-- okwfjzifh þukd psrSnfh? Cyawm p
a,meH avmayg okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfuadk cs? &fAsn;f þoku Yd yf? okcum&Dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H okcum&De/d jrefrm csr;f omukd jyKavh&u dS ek o
f nf/
½ly okcum&Dedum; okcum&Dvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (okc
um&D+a,m) a,meHed eyko H au[d okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? okcum&Dedeu d m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ okcum&d/
jrefrm [,f...csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS om 'ge/
½ly okcum&dum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? tmvkyf{u0kpf odouf? (okc
um&D+od) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ okcum&D/
jrefrm [,f...csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS omolw/Ydk
½ly okcum&Dum; okcum&Dvid w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? (okc
ykpH H a[ okcum&Ded/
jrefrm [,f...csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS omolw/Ydk
½ly okcum&Dedum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,mouf?

(okcum&D+od) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H okcum&deH? okcum&d H/
jrefrm csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS omolu/dk
½ly ok c um&d Hum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf?
(okcum&D+tH) &-cGi;f þ-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh þukd psrn S ?hf tHarmed*[
¾ wD -H
-okwjf zifh tH0b
d wfudk a&SUpstxufü ed*[ ¾ wd jf yK? &fAsn;f þ oH u Ydk yf? okcum&d u H m;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H okcum&D/
jrefrm csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS omolwu Ydk /dk
½ly okcum&Dum; okcum&Dvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (okc
ykpH H okcum&De/d
jrefrm csr;f omukd jyKavh&adS omolwu Ydk /dk
½ly okcum&Dedum; okcum&Dvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf?
(okcum&D+od) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
t<uif;onf '@Do'´gESihf wl\? oDC,m,Dponfwo Ydk nf þtwlwnf;/
aooH '@Do'órH/ {0H oDC,m,Dtm'De/d
þum&EÅeykv H id f Ny;D \/
þ um&EÅ/H
-----------------------
Oum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm O um&EÅjzpfaom eykv f nf tm,ko'´gwnf;/
H id o
ygVd O um&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg tm,koa'´g/
jrefrm d m,ko'´g\ t|do'´guJo
xkt h Ydk ½kyef nf;onf jzpf\/
ygVd wó t|do'áó0 ½lyea,m/
ykpH H tm,k/ jrefrm toufonf/
½ly tm,kum; tm,kvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (tm,k+od)
d wfuadk cs? tm,kum; Ny;D \/
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b
2/ emru@ 469
ykpH H tm,l/ jrefrm toufwkdYonf/

½ly tm,lum; tm,kvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (tm,k+
a,m) ,-cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd v-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH
avmayg okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh
aemufa,m0dbwfausonf&adS omf a&SUOukd OD'C Ydk yf? tm,l Ny;D \/
D jyK? ,fAsn;f ODou
ykpH H tm,led/ jrefrm toufwkdYonf/
½ly tm,l e dum; tm,kvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (tm,k+
a,m) ,-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf tawm edpHö okwjf zifh
a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUOukd
OD'C Ydk yf? tm,ledum; Ny;D \/
D jyK? ,fAsn;f ODou
ykpH H a[ tm,k/ jrefrm [,f...touf/f
½ly tm,kum; tm,kvid w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf odouf? (tm,k+od)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ tm,l/ jrefrm [,f...toufw f /Ydk
½ly tm,lum; tm,kvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,mouf? (tm,k+
a,m) a&SUenf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H a[ tm,led/ jrefrm [,f...toufw f /Ydk
½ly tm,ledum; tm,kvid w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? (tm,k+
ykpH H tm,kH/ jrefrm toufukd/
½ly tm,k Hum; tm,kvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (tm,k+tH)
,-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf tHarm ed*[ ¾ wd -H - okwjf zifh
tH0dbwfukd a&SUvtxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? ,fAsnf; OHokdYuyf? tm,k Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tm,l/ jrefrm touffwkdYukd/
½ly tm,lum; tm,kvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? (tm,k+
ykpH H tm,led/ jrefrm touffwkdYukd/
½ly tm,ledum; tm,kvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (tm,k+
ykpH H tm,kem/ jrefrm toufjf zif/h

½ly tm,kemmum; tm,kvid w
f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (tm,k+
em) tm,kemmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm raem*kP d ;f jzpfaomaMumifh tm,kom[lívnf; Ny;D \/

ygVd tm,komwd raem*Pm'dwåm od'¨H/
ykpH H tm,l[d? tm,lbd/ jrefrm toufw f jYdk zif/h
½ly tm,l[dç tm,lbdum; tm,kvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf?
(tm,k+ [d) ,-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh a&SUOukd
OD'C D jyK? ,fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? tm,l[dum; Ny;D \/ tm,lbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g
okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? tm,lbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm,kaem/ jrefrm touftm;/
½ly tm,kaem emum; tm,kvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (tm,k+
o) ,-cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf psvawm oóaem 0g
okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? ,f-Ooku Yd yf? tm,kem Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm,kó/ jrefrm touftm;/
½ly tm,k óum; tm,kvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (tm,k+
o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f
aemufooku Yd yf? tm,kóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm,leH/ jrefrm toufwkdYtm;/
½ly tm,leHum; tm,kvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (tm,k+eH) ,-
cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeHaMumifh a&SU Oukd OD'DCjyK? ,fAsnf;
ODou Ydk yf? tm,leHum; Ny;D \/
£pöm'd/ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
ykpH H {0H pu©K/ jrefrm þtwl rsufpd/
ykpH H 0ok/ jrefrm Opöm/
ykpH H "Ek/ jrefrm av;/
ykpH H 'g½k/ jrefrm opf/
ykpH H wdy/k jrefrm ovGJ/
2/ emru@ 471
ykpH H r"k/ jrefrm ysm;/

ykpH H [d*/kF jrefrm &Sed ;f ck/d
ykpH H od*K¾ / jrefrm csi;f /
ykpH H 0w¬K/ jrefrm wnf&m/
ykpH H rw¬K/ jrefrm Ek"Yd rf;/
ykpH H Zwk/ jrefrm csw d /f
ykpH H trÁK/ jrefrm a&/
ykpH H tók/ jrefrm rsu&f nf/
tm'Ded/ þokdYtp&SdonfwkdYukd odtyfukef\ (a0'dwAÁmed)/
O um&EÅ eykvH id f Ny;D \/
O um&EÅ/H
---------------------------
ODum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm ODum&EÅjzpfaom eykv f nf a*gMwbko'´gwnf;/
H id o
ygVd ODum&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg a*gMwa*gMwbloa'´g/
½kyf jrefrm a*gMwbko'´gonf odouf? e ykv H id jf zpfaomaMumifh &ójyK? od0d
bwfuadk cs/
ygVd a*gMwbl od? eeyko H uwåm &ówå?H odavmayg/
ykpH H a*gMwbk pdwåH/ jrefrm a*gMwblpw
d o f nf/
½ly a*gMwbkum; a*gMwblvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (a*gMwbl
+od) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm&ó-- okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh
vrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? aooawm--okwjf zifh oduadk cs? a*gMwbkum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gMwbl/ jrefrm a*gMwblpw d w

f o
Ydk nf/
½ly a*gMwblum; a*gMwblvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (a*gMw
bl+a,m) b-cGif; OD-<uif;? ODukd v-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh
vaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? bfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? a*gMwblum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gMwble/d jrefrm a*gMwblpw d w
f o
Ydk nf/
½ly a*gMwbleu d m; a*gMwblvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (a*gMw

bl+a,m) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? ODudk v-rSn?hf tawm edpHö okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfudk
edjyK? bfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? a*gMwbledum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ a*gMwbk/ jrefrm [,f...a*gMwblpw d /f
½ly a*gMwbkum; a*gMwblvid w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf odouf? (a*gMwbl
+od) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ a*gMwbl/ jrefrm [,f...a*gMwblpw d wf /Ydk
½ly a*gMwblum; a*gMwblvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,mouf?
(a*gMwbl+a,m) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ a*gMwbled/ jrefrm [,f...a*gMwblpw d wf /Ydk
½ly a*gMwbl e dum; a*gMwblvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,mouf?
ykpH H a*gMwbk/H jrefrm a*gMwblpw d uf /dk
½ly a*gMwbkHum; a*gMwblvid w f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kpf tHouf? (a*gMwbl
+tH) b-cGif; OD-<uif;? ODukd v-rSnfh? taCm &ó--okwfjzifh vrnfaom ODukd
O&ójyK? (a*gMwbf+O+tH) tHarmed*¾[dwH--okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfukd a&SUv
txufü ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK? bfAsn;f OHouYdk yf? a*gMwbkHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gMwbl/ jrefrm a*gMwblpw d wf u Ydk /dk
½ly a*gMwbl um; a*gMwblvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf?
ykpH H a*gMwble/d jrefrm a*gMwblpw d wf u Ydk /dk
½ly a*gMwbl e dum; a*gMwblvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf?
ykpH H a*gMwbkem/ jrefrm a*gMwblpw d jf zif/h
½ly a*gMwbk e mmum; a*gMwblvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf?
(a*gMwbl+em) b-cGif; OD-<uif;? ODukd v-rSnfh? taCm&ó-- okwfjzifh aemufem
0dbwfaMumifh vrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? bfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? a*gMwbkemmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokYd tp&So d nfonf ykvi’d üf tbdblo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd ykvi’d af *F tbdblo'órH/
2/ emru@ 473
ykpH H {0H tbdbl/

jrefrm þtwl olwyg;ukd ESdyfpufwwfaompdwfonf/
ykpH H o,rÇL/ jrefrm tvkdvkdjzpfwwfaom pdwfonf/
ykpH H "r®ñ/l jrefrm w&m;ukdodwwfaom pdwfonf/
tm'Ded/ þokdYtp&SdaomykHpHwkdYukd odtyfukef\/ (a0'dwaAÁm)/
ODum&EÅ eykv
OOD H id f Ny;D \/
ODum&EÅ/H
--------------------
Moum&EÅ eykHvdif
jrefrm Mo
Moum&EÅjzpfaom eykv f nf pdwåa*g
H id o *go'´gwnf;/
ygVd Mo
Moum&aEÅm eyko H uvda*Fg pdwåa*go *goa'´g/
jrefrm ]]xkt
d rsK;d tm; ajymufusm;wwfuek af om EGm;wko Yd nf &Sud ek \f }} þ
teufü A[kAÁD[dormofukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf ]]oa&m &aóm
eykHoau}}[laom okwfjzifh Mo Motu©&m\ Otu©&mESifh Xmefç y,ufç eD;onf\
tjzpfaMumifh &ótjzpf[k qkt d yfaom OtjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]pdwmå *ga0g tó ukvóm}}wd taw¬ A[kA[ DÁ o d rmao uaw
]]oa&m &aóm eyko H au}}wd Mo Moum&ó XmeyÜ,wemoEéwmå &ówåru k ma&m/
ykpH H a*gMwbk pdwåH/ jrefrm a*gMwblpw d of nf/
½ly a*gMwbkum; a*gMwblvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (a*gMwbl
+od) b-cGi;f OD-<uif;? ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm&ó-- okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh
vrnfaom ODudk O&ójyK? aooawm--okwjf zifh oduadk cs? a*gMwbkum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm odponfouf? od0b d wfuadk cs/
ygVd osm
osm'sKyw Ü ?då odavmayg/
ykpH H pdwå*k ukvH/
jrefrm qef;Mu,faom EGm;&Sdaom trsKd;onf/
½ly pd w å * kum; pdwå*lvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (pdwå*l+od) *-
cGi;f OD-<uif;? ODudk v-rSn?hf taCm&ó--okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh vrnf
aom ODudk O&ójyK? *fAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? pdwå*kum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pdw*å /l
jrefrm qef;Mu,faom EGm;&Sdaom trsKd;wkdYonf/
½ly pdwå*lum; pdw*å v l id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (pdw*å +l a,m)
*-cGif; OD-<uif;? ODukd v-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh aemufa,m
0dbwfudk acs? *fAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? pdwå*lum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pdw*å el /d
jrefrm qef;Mu,faom EGm;&Sdaom trsKd;wkdYonf/
½ly pdwå*ledum; pdw*å v l id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (pdw*å +l a,m)
*-cGif; OD-<uif;? ODukd v-rSnfh? tawm edpöH okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd edjyK? *fAsnf;
ODou Ydk yf? pdwå*ledum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH o H nf tm,ko'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd tm,ko'órH/
Mo
Moum&EÅ eykv H id f Ny;D Ny/D
Mo
Moum&EÅ/H
-----------------------
jrefrm pdwo
å '´g¤if;? ur®o'´g¤if;? tó'¨go'´g¤if;? xkrd w S yg; t|do'´g¤if;?
okcum&do'´g¤if;? tm,ko'´g¤if;? a*gMwblo'´g¤if;? "r®ño l '´g¤if;?
pdw*å o
l '´g¤if;? þo'´gwko Yd nf eykv H id üf jzpfuek \
f / (od,)Hk /
*gxm ygVd pdwHå ur®Oö tó'¨-rx|d okcum&d p/
tm,k a*gMwbl "r®ñl? pdwå*lwd eykHoau/
eyko
H uvd*ø ed|w d /H
--------------------------
oAÁemrf
jrefrm xked ykv
H id \
f tjcm;rJüh oAÁemrfwu
Ydk dk qkt
d yfuek \
f /
ygVd tx oAÁemrmed 0kpaö EÅ/
2/ emru@ 475
oAÁemrfy'k f (27)yk'f
jrefrm oAÁo'´g? uw&o'´g? uwro'´g? Ob,o'´g? £w&o'´g? tn
o'´g? tnw&o'´g? tnwro'´g? ykAÁo'´g? y&o'´g? ty&o'´g?
'u©P d o'´g? Owå&o'´g? t"&o'´g? ,o'´g? wo'´g? {wo'´g? £ro'´g? trko'´g?
ud Ho'´g? {uo'´g? Obo'´g? 'dGo'´g? wdo'´g? pwko'´g? wkrSo'´g? trSo'´g? þokdY
ESpq f ,fch Ek pS yf 'k u
f ek af om oAÁemrfwüYdk jzpfuek \ f / xkEd pS q f ,fch Ek pS yf 'k w
f oYdk nf oAÁemrf
wkdY\tjzpfaMumifh wdvdifwkdY rnfukef\/
ygVd oAÁç uw&ç uwrç Ob,ç £w&ç tnç tn&wç tnwrç
ykAçÁ y&ç ty&ç 'u©P d ç Owå&ç t"&ç ,ç wç {wç £rç trkç ud çH {uç 'dçG wdç pwkç
wkrSç trSç £wd owå0Dowd oAÁemrmed? wmed oAÁemrwåm wd vd*Fged/
jrefrm xkoAÁ
doAÁemrfü 0g- xko d AÁpaomo'´gwkw Yd iG f oAÁo'´gonf t<uif;rJh
[laom teufudk a[m\/ xko d AÁo'´gonf tMuiftcgü ykvi’d jf zifh
tokH;jyKtyfaom teufukd a[m\/ xkdtcgü 0dbwfckESpfoG,ftqkH;&Sdaom
½kyef nf;ukd jytyf\/
ygVd ww¬ oAÁoa'´g ed&0aooaw¬m? aom ,'g ykv*’d 0F o d |d w¬mbd"m,D?
w'g ½lyea,m/
½kyf jrefrm a&S;üuJo h Ydk odponfouf? ]]aom}}[laomokwjf zifh od0b d wfudk Mo
tjyKonf jzpf\/ oukad csjcif; uyfjcif;wku Yd dk jyK/
ygVd yka& 0d, osmosm'sKyw Ü ?då ]]aom}}wd odó Mo Mouma&m? o&avmyy&
e,emed/
ykpH H oaAÁm Zaem/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolonf/
½ly oaAÁmum; oAÁvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (oAÁ+od) AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? AÁftpdwf t-ukdacs? Mo[kyuwdjyK?
AÁAf sn;f Mooku Yd yf? oaAÁmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]oAÁ a,m}}[laom þjy,k*üf ]]y&ornm ya,ma*}}
okwjfzifh oAÁponfw\ Y d k oAÁemrf[al omtrnfud k jyKtyf\? rSnt h f yf\/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]oAÁ a,m}} £wD" ]]y&ornm ya,ma*}}wd oAÁm'DeH
oAÁemronm/
jrefrm 0g,GyÜ|arm [laomokwfrS ]]a,m}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]a,m}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------------
okwf 200/ oAÁemrum&aw yXarm/

okwjf refrm oAÁemrf tum&EÅaemifrS yXrma,m0dbwfonf {tjyKonf jzpf\/
0dN*Kd[f tvkH;pkHukefaom £w¬dvdif ykvd’if eykHvdifwkdY\ emrfwkdYwnf;?
tvkH;pkHukefaom £w¬dvdif ykvd’if eykHvdifwkdY\ emrfwkdY/
ygVd oaAÁoH £w¬yd rk eyko H umeH emrmed oAÁemrmed/
0kwjdå refrm tvk;H pku H ek af om oAÁemrftrnf&u dS ek af om xkv d id w Ydk t tu©&m
f \
aemifrS aemufjzpfaom yXrmjzpfaom a,m a,m0dbwfonf { tjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd awoH oaAÁoH oAÁemronmeH vd*gF eH tum&awm ya&m yXarm
a,m {{wårmyZÆaw/
ykpH H oaAÁ yk&dom/ jrefrm tvk;H pku H ek af om a,mufsm;wko Yd nf/
½ly oaAÁum; oAÁvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (oAÁ+a,m) AÁ-
cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwjf zifh oAÁ[al om oAÁemrf tum&EÅ
aemifraS ESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfudk {jyK? acs? AÁf {oku Yd yf? oaAÁum; Ny;D \/
ar; tum&awm
tum&awm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz oAÁm trl paomykpH w H üYdk jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd tum&awm
tum&awmwd ud ¿H oAÁm trl (edao"ew¬)H /
ykpH H oAÁm trl/ jrefrm þtrnf&SdaomolwkdYonf/
ykpH H a[ oAÁ jrefrm [,f...cyfodrf;aomol/
½ly oAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyf{u0kpf odouf? (oAÁ+od) AÁ-cGif;
t-<uif;? tmvyaeod--okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *-rSnfh? aooawm-- okwfjzifh
od0b d wfuadk cs? AÁAf sn;f t-oku Yd yf? oAÁum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ oAÁ jrefrm [,f...cyfodrf;aomol/
½ly oAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyf{u0kpf odouf? (oAÁ+od) AÁ-cGif;
t-<uif;? tmvyaeod--okwfjzifh tmvkyfodukd *-rSnfh? aooawm-- okwfjzifh
od0b d wfuadk cs? AÁAf sn;f t-oku Yd yf? oAÁum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomol/
½ly oAÁmum; oAÁvid w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf odouf? (oAÁ+od) AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? tmvyaeod--okwjf zifh tmvkyo f u
d dk *-rSn?hf od0b d wfudk tmjyK? AÁtf pdwf
t-ukdacs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? oAÁ mum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 477
ykpH H a[ oaAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...cyfodrf;aomolwkdY/

½ly oaAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyfA[k0kpf a,mouf? (oAÁ+a,m)
a,m0dbwfukd {jyK? cGif; acs? {[kyuwdjyK? uyf? oaAÁum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁ/H jrefrm cyford ;f aomolu/dk
½ly oAÁ Hum; oAÁvid w f nf? 'kw,
d m{u0kpf tHouf? (oAÁ+tH) AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? uyf? oAÁ Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oaAÁ/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwu Ydk /kd
½ly oaAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? (oAÁ+a,m)
oAÁa,mederm { okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? AÁfcGif;? acs? {[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? oaAÁum; Ny;D \/
AÁAf sn;f {oku
ykpH H oaAÁe/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomoljzif/h
½ly oaAÁ eum; oAÁvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (oAÁ+em)
tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? AÁcf iG ;f ? acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f {okYd
uyf? oaAÁeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwjYdk zif/h

½ly oaAÁ[d[çd oaAÁbdum; oAÁvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(oAÁ+[d) AÁfcGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh AÁftpdwf
Yd yf? oaAÁ[dum; Ny;D \/ oaAÁbd-ü o®m[dod® eH rH mS bdr0dS g
t-ukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku
okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? oaAÁbdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm pwkw¬D {u0kpf o0dbwfü tm, tm,tjyKonf a&mufvv k wfaomf-

ygVd pwkaw¬u0pae tm,m tm,ma'ao orÜawå Þ
jrefrm ]]tawm aee okwrf S tawmyk'çf oAÁa,mede rm{ okwrf S tm {
yk'fç o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfrS o®m o®d Hyk'fç tm, pwkaw¬u0peó
[laomyk'fonf}} vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tawmç tm {ç o®m o®d HeHç tm, pwkaw¬u0peóm}}wd p
0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 201/ wa,m ae0 p oAÁemar[d/

okwjf refrm oAÁemrfy'k w f aYdk emifrS ok;H yg;ukeaf om tm tmtjyK { tjyK tm,tm,tjyK
wkdYonf rjzpfukef/ wenf;um;- okH;yg;ukefaom tm tmtjyK { tjyK
tm,
tm,tjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd aomjy,k*w f üYdk omvQif jzpfuek \ f / (uxm uw¬pd {0)/
cyford ;f aomjy,k*w f üYdk (oAÁ'g oAÁw)¬ rjzpfuek /f
0kwjdå refrm tum&EÅjzpfuek af om oAÁemrfwaYdk emifrS aESmif;ukeaf om o®m0dbwf
od ® H0dbwfwkdY\¤if;? pwkw¬D{u0kpf0dbwf\¤if;? tm tmtjyK { tjyK
tm,
tm,tjyKwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f þy#dao"okwjf zifh (£wd y#daoa"e) tm, tm,tjyK
r&Sjd cif;onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t m&aEÅ[d oAÁemar[d ya&oH o®m o®d H£apöawoHç pwkaw¬u
0peó p tm { tm, tm,£apöaw tma'om ae0 a[mEÅw D d tm,m
tm,ma'om bma0g/
po'´g p o'´gonf tcsKUd aomoAÁemrfü jrpfjcif;ukd epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
xkpd o'´gjzifh ykApÁ aomyk'w f aYdk emifrS o®m0dbwf o®d H0bd wf eH0bd wf
wk\ Yd tm
tmtjyK {{tjyKwo Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd p *¾[PH uw¬pd y#dao"ed0wåew¬?H awe ykAmÁ 'D[d o®m o®d HeH tm
{ p a[mEÅd/
ykpH H oAÁó/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomoltm;/
½ly oAÁ ó um; oAÁvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (oAÁ+o)
om*arm ao okwfjzifh of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? oAÁ óum; NyD;\/
rSwcf suf {0
{0o'´gjzifh uefo Y nfudk p o'´gjzifh ,ljyefonf/ þonfudk &nfí
]]{0vnf;qkd pvnf;qkd? zkd;tkd zsm,ufenf;}}[k rdefYMuonf/
jrefrm ok[o d u G ma&m { okwrf S ]]tuma&mç {}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
ygVd ]]tuma&mç {}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 202/ oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p/

okwjf refrm eH0bd wfaMumifvh nf; oAÁemrfy'k wf \ Ydk tpdwjf zpfaom t onf {
tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm eHjzpfaom 0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pku
H ek af om oAÁemrfw\ Ydk tm
tmtu©&m
onf { tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
2/ emru@ 479
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH oAÁemrmeH t uma&m { wårmyZÆaw eHrdS 0dbwård /dS

jrefrm oAÁemrum&aw yXarm [laomokwrf S ]]oAÁemrawm}}[laom
yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oAÁemrawm}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 203/ oAÁawm eH oHomeH/

okwjf refrm oAÁemrfy'k af emifrS eH0b
d wf\ oHtjyK omeHtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdå refrm oAÁemrfy'k af emifrS aemufjzpfaom eH0b d wf\ oHtjyK omeHtjyK
wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁawm oAÁemrawm y&ó eH 0peó oH o meH £apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd/
ykpH H oaAÁo/H jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwt Ydk m;/
½ly oaAÁoHou H m; oAÁvdifwnf? pwkwAD¬ [k0kpf eHouf? (oAÁ+eH) AÁcf iG ;f
t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrdS p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh oAÁ[al om oAÁmemrf
yk'f\ tpdwf tukd {jyK? AÁfAsnf; {okdYuyf? (oaAÁ+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh
eH0b d wfudk oHjyK? oaAÁoHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oaAÁomeH/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwt Ydk m;/
½ly oaAÁomeH
o meHum; oAÁvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (oAÁ+eH)
AÁfcGif; t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh oAÁ[laom
oAÁmemrf yk'\ f tpdwf tukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? (oaAÁ+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH
okwjf zifh eH0bd wfudk omeHjyK? oaAÁomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁo®m? oAÁrSm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolr/S
½ly oAÁo®o ®m ç oAÁ r S mum; oAÁvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf?
(oAÁ+o®m) oAÁ o ® mum; NyD;\/ oAÁrSm-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? oAÁrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwrYdk /S
½ly o a AÁ[d
[ dç oaAÁ b dum; oAÁvdifwnf? yOörDA[k0kpf [douf?
(oAÁ+[d) AÁ-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[daMumifh a&SU AÁf
tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? AÁfAsnf; {okdYuyf? oaAÁ [ dum; NyD;\/ oaAÁbd-ü o®m[do®d HeH
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? oaAÁbdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁó/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomol\/
½ly oAÁóum; oAÁvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (oAÁ+o) om*arm
ao okwfjzifh of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? oAÁ óum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oaAÁo/H jrefrm cyford ;f aomolw\ Ydk /
½ly oaAÁ oH o Hu m; oAÁ v d i f w nf ? q|DA[k0 k p f eHo uf ? (oAÁ + eH)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oaAÁomeH/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolw\ Ydk /
½ly oaAÁomeH o meHum; oAÁvdifwnf? q|DA[k0kpf eHouf? (oAÁ+eH)
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁo®d H? oAÁrSd/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomolü/
½ly oAÁo® od ® çH oAÁrudS m; oAÁvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o
H uf? (oAÁ+o®d )H
oAÁo®d Hum; NyD;\/ oAÁrSd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0d bwfukd rSdjyK?
oAÁrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oaAÁo/k jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwüYdk /S
½ly oaAÁok ou k m; oAÁvdifwnf? owårAD [k0kpf okouf? (oAÁ+ok) AÁ-
cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemufokaMumifh a&SU AÁf tpdwf t-ukd
{jyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? oaAÁokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y oaAÁ/ oAÁm/
tm a[ oAÁ? oAÁm/ a[ oaAÁ/
'k oAÁ/H oaAÁ/
w oaAÁe/ oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/
p oAÁó/ oaAÁoH? oaAÁomeH/
yOö oAÁo®m? oAÁrSm/ oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/
q oAÁó/ oaAÁoH? oaAÁomeH/
owå oAÁo®d H? oAÁr/dS oaAÁo/k
2/ emru@ 481
jrefrm £w¬v d id uf dk a[mvwfaomf (tbd"m,H) £w¬, d rawm tmypöa,m

[laomokwjf zifh tm tmypön;f ouf? o0dbwf eH0b d wf o®d H0b
d wfwu Ydk kd
MuOfí wyg;aom½kyfonf unm unmo'´gESifh wl\/
ygVd £w¬, d H ]]£w¬, d rawm tmyÜpaö ,m}}wd tm tmyÜpaö ,m/ tnH unm
o'órH tnMw oeHo®d H0pae[d/
ykpH H oAÁm yZm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gonf/
½ly oAÁmum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yXrm{u0kpf
od0b d wfouf? aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? oAÁ mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁm/ jrefrm cyfodrf;aomowå0gwkdYonf/
½ly oAÁmum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yXrmA[k0pk f
a,m0dbwfouf? AÁ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm
p a,meHavmayg okwfjzifh CaemifrSaemufjzpfaom a,m0dbwfukdacs? AÁfAsnf;
tmokdYuyf? oAÁ mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁma,m/ jrefrm cyfodrf;aomowå0gwkdYonf/
½ly oAÁma,m
ma,mum;
ma,m oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
ouf? AÁ-cGif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (oAÁm) w'd̈wemrfiJh? yXrm
A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? oAÁma,m a,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ oaAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...cyford ;f aomowå0g/
½ly oaAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?
AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmokuYd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ tmvky{f u0kpf
od0b d wfouf? (oAÁm+od) tmvyaeod--okwjf zifh tmvkyo f u d dk C-rSn?hf Caw
p okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom odukd {jyK? AÁ-cGif;? acs? uyf? oaAÁum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ oAÁm/ jrefrm [,f...cyford ;f aomowå0gwk/Yd
½ly oAÁm um; oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁma,m/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwk/Yd
½ly oAÁma,m
ma,mum;
ma,m oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁ/H jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0guk/d
½ly oAÁH um; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f ouf?

AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku
Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ 'kw,
d m{u0kpf
tH0dbwfouf? (oAÁm+tH) AÁ-cGif;? acs? uyf? oAÁ Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwku Yd /dk
½ly oAÁm um; oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁma,m/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwku Yd /dk
½ly oAÁma,m
ma,mum;
ma,m oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁm,/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gjzif/h
½ly oAÁm,m,um;
m, oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
ouf? AÁ-cGif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? (oAÁm) w'¨dwemrfiJh?
wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? (oAÁm+em) AÁ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh
tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk tm,jyK? AÁt f pdwf tmukad cs?
tm,[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? oAÁm, ,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁm[d? oAÁmbd/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwkjYd zif/h
½ly oAÁm[d
m[dç oAÁmbdum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh
tmypön;f ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ
wwd,mA[k0pk f [d0b d wfouf? oAÁm[dum; Ny;D \/ oAÁmbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS
0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? oAÁmbdum; NyD;\/
jrefrm pwkw{D¬ u0kpüf oAÁemrum&aw yXarm [laomokwrf S ]]oAÁemr

awm}} [laomyk'o f nf¤if? wó0gewåH oAÁw¬ okwrf S ]]0g}}[laom
yk'o
f nf¤if;? oAÁawm aum [laomokwrf S ]]oAÁawm}}[laomyk'of nf¤if; vku d \
f /
ygVd pwkaw¬u0pae ]]oAÁemrawmç 0g}}ç oAÁawmaum
wmaumwd £awm
]]oAÁawm}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------------
okwf 204/ Cyawm o®ðomeH oHom/

okwjf refrm Cy
CyaemifrS o® d H0dbwf o 0dbwfwkdY\ oH tjyK om
omtjyKwkdYonf
jzpfuek \
f /
2/ emru@ 483
0kwjdå refrm tvkH;pkHaom CyCytrnf&Sdaom oAÁemrfwkdYaemifrS o® d H0dbwf o

0dbwfw\ Ydk tpOftwkid ;f oHtjyK om
omtjyKwo Ydk nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oAÁawm oAÁemrawm Cy Cyonawm o®d Ho£apöawoH ,xmuúrH
oH o mmtma'om a[mEÅd 0g/
jrefrm ]]oHomaoGu0paeok p}}[laomokwfonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oHomaoGu0paeok pm}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------------
okwf 205/ aCm &óH/

okwjf refrm C trnf&adS om tm tmonf &ó &ótjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukeaf om {u0kpjf zpfuek af om 0dbwftjyKjzpfuek af om oHtjyK
om
omtjyKwaYdk Mumifh Cy
Cytrnf&adS om tm tmtu©&monf &ó tjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd C oanm tm tmuma&m &órmyZÆaw oH o mmaoGu0paeok
0dbwåma'aook ya&ok/
jrefrm ]]om*arm}}[laomokwfonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]om*arm}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------------
okwf 206/ oHomaoGu0paeok p/

okwjf refrm {u0kpjf zpfuek af om oH o mmwkaYd Mumifh o [laom tu©&mvmonf
vnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm aESmif;ukeaf om {u0kpt f &müjzpfuek af om 0dbwftjyKjzpfuek af om
oHtjyK tm
tmtjyKwaYdk Mumifh vdiaf emifrS o tu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oH omom£apöawok {u0pe|me orÇLawok 0dbwåma'aook
ya&ok vd*FrSm o um&m*arm a[mwd/
ykpH H oAÁóm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gtm;/
½ly oAÁómómum;
óm oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tmypön;f
ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ pwkwD¬
{u0kpf oouf? (oAÁm+o) AÁ-cGif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm
o®d o H meH oHom okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o0dbwfukd omjyK? oHomaoGu

--okwfjzifh omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf? (oAÁf+tm+
óm) aCm&óH okwfjzifh Crnfaom tmukd t&ójyK? AÁfAsnf; tokdYuyf?
oAÁómmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁm,/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gtm;/
½ly oAÁm,
m,um;
ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ pwkwD¬
{u0kpf oouf? (oAÁm+o) AÁ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf
Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? AÁt f pdwf tmukd
acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? oAÁ m , ,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁmoH? oAÁmomeH/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwkt Yd m;/
½ly oAÁmoH
moHç oAÁmomeHum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh
pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (oAÁm+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh eH0dbwfukd oHjyK?
omeHjyK? oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁm,/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gjzif/h
½ly oAÁm,
m,um;
ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ wwd,m
{u0kpf emouf? (oAÁm+em) AÁ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf
Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk tm,jyK? AÁt f pdwf tmukd
acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? oAÁ m , ,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁm[d? oAÁmbd/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwkjYd zif/h
½ly oAÁm[d
m[dç oAÁmbdum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh
wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? oAÁ m [dum; NyD;\/ oAÁmbd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g
okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? oAÁmbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁóm/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0g\/
½ly oAÁóm
ómum;
óm oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 485
ykpH H oAÁm,/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0g\/

½ly oAÁm, m,um;
m, oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁmoH? oAÁmomeH/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwk\ Yd /
½ly oAÁmoH
moHç oAÁmomeHum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmypön;f ouf a&SUenf; wlwu G /f
jrefrm o®d 0H b
d wfü ]]oAÁemrawmç Cyawm}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vku
d \ f /
ygVd o® d HrSd ]]oAÁemrawmç Cyawm}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 207/ aewm[d o®drm, ,m/

okwjf refrm Cy
Cytrnf&u dS ek af om xko d AÁemrfy'k wf aYdk emifrS o®d H0bd wf\ tm,
tjyK ,m,mtjyKwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
0kwjdrå efrm Cy
Cytrnf&u dS ek af om xko d AÁemrfy'k wf aYdk emifrS aemufjzpfaom o®d H
0dbwf\ tm, tm,tjyK ,m ,mtjyKwkdYonf rjzpfukef/ þy#dao"jzifh
tm,
tm,tjyK\r&Sjd cif;onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd {aw[d oAÁemar[d Cy Cyoan[d y&ó o®d 0H peó ae0 tm,
,m
,ma'om a[mEÅDwd tm,m tm,mbma0g/
0go'´g 0g
0go'´gvku d v
f maomaMumifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpf\/ ykpH u H m; tb,f
enf; (,xm)? 'u©dPm, Owå&m,tp&Sdonfwnf;/
ygVd 0g
0g"dum&awm uGpd a[mwd 'u©dPm, Owå&m,mwd tm'd/
½kyf jrefrm Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh oHjyK? Cyawm o®d , H H 0g okwf
jzifh ,HtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd oH,rma'om/
ykpH H oAÁó/H jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gü/
½ly oAÁóH óu H m; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (oAÁm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ owårD
{u0kpf o®d Houf? (oAÁm+o®d H) Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd
oHjyK? (oAÁm+oH) om*arm ao okwjf zifh a&SUüoftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f aemufoo H Ydk
uyf? (oAÁm+óH) AÁ-cGif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? aCm&óH okwfjzifh
Crnfaom tmukd t-&ójyK? AÁfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? oAÁ ó Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁm,H/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gü/

½ly oAÁm,H
m ,Hum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
{u0kpf o®d Houf? (oAÁm+o®d )H AÁ-cGi;f ? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm
o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd ,HjyK? AÁf-tmokdYuyf? oAÁ m ,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁmok/ jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwküYd /
½ly oAÁmok
m okum; oAÁvdifwnf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh tmypönf;
A[k0kpf okouf?oAÁmokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
ykvi’d f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y oaAÁm/ oaAÁ/
tm a[ oAÁ? oAÁm/ a[ oaAÁ/
'k oAÁ/H oaAÁ/
w oaAÁe/ oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/
p oAÁó/ oaAÁoH? oaAÁomeH/
yOö oAÁo®m? oAÁrSm/ oaAÁ[d? oaAÁbd/
q oAÁó/ oaAÁoH? oaAÁomeH/
owå oAÁo®d H? oAÁr/dS oaAÁo/k
*kP
d ;f pOf
£w¬v d id f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y oAÁm/ oAÁm? oAÁma,m/
tm a[ oaAÁ/ a[ oAÁm? oAÁma,m/
'k oAÁ/H oAÁm? oAÁma,m/
w oAÁm,/ oAÁm[d? oAÁmbd/
p oAÁóm? oAÁm,/ oAÁmoH? oAÁmomeH/
2/ emru@ 487
yOö oAÁm,/ oAÁm[d? oAÁmbd/

q oAÁóm? oAÁm,/ oAÁmoH? oAÁmomeH/
owå oAÁóH? oAÁm,H/ oAÁmok/
eykv
H id üf - eyko
H au-
ykpH H oAÁH pdwåH/ jrefrm cyford ;f aompdwo f nf/
½ly oAÁH um; oAÁvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? od H okwfjzifh od0d
bwfukd tHjyK? AÁ-cGif; acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? oAÁ Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H oAÁmed/ jrefrm cyford ;f aompdww f o
Ydk nf/
½ly oAÁmed
m edum; oAÁvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? AÁ-cGif; t-
<uif;? tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf
edtjyKaMumifh AÁt
f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? oAÁmedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ oAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...cyfodrf;aompdwf/
½ly oAÁum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyf{u0kpf odouf? tmvyaeod--
okwfjzifh tmvkyfodudk *-rSnfh? aooawm--okwfjzifh odacs? oAÁum; NyD;\/
ykpH H a[ oAÁmed/ jrefrm [,f...cyford ;f aompdww f /Ydk
½ly oAÁmed
medum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁ/H jrefrm cyford ;f aompdwuf /dk
½ly oAÁH um; oAÁvdifwnf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf odouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁmed/ jrefrm cyford ;f aompdww f uYdk /dk
½ly oAÁmed
medum; oAÁvdifwnf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm t<uif;ukd ykvd’ifüuJhokdY odvG,f\/
ygVd aooH ykvd’a*F 0d, aÚ,sH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
eykvH id f
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y oAÁ/H oAÁmed/
tm a[ oAÁ/ a[ oAÁmed/
'k oAÁ/H oAÁmed/
<uif; ykvi’d t
f wkid ;f *kP
d ;f pOfyg/
jrefrm uw&
uw&o'´gtp&Su d ek af om tnwr tnwro'´gtqk;H &Su d ek af omo'´gwk\
Yd
vdio f ;Hk yg;wküYd vnf; ½kyw f uG ef nf;onf þtwlwnf;/
ygVd {0H uw&m
uw&m'DeH tnwr tnwro'ý&d,EÅmeH wDoyk d vda*Fok ½lyea,m/
jrefrm xkud w&ponfww Ydk iG f uw& uwr uwro'´gwko Yd nf ar;jcif;teuf&dS
uke\ f /
ygVd ww¬ uw& uwr uwro'´g ykpeä w¬m/
Ob,o'´g Ob,
Ob,o'´gonf ESpcf \ k tpdwjf zpfaom taygif;ukd a[m\/
ygVd Ob,
Ob,oa'´g 'dt G 0,0ork'g,0paem/
£w&o'´g £w&
£w&o'´gonf qkt d yfNy;D onfEiS hf ,SOjf cif;ukd a[m\/
ygVd £w&
£w&oa'´g 0kwyå #Ü ad ,m*0paem/
tno'´g tn
tno'´gonf pJGíjzpfonfrS wyg;aomteufukd a[m\/
ygVd tn
tnoa'´g t"duwm0&0paem/
tnw& tnwro'´g tnw& tnwr tnwro'´gwko Yd nf rjraJ om teuf
&Su
d ek \ f /
ygVd tnw& tnwr tnwro'´g ted,rw¬m/
jrefrm ]]0g,Gy|Ü arm okwrf S a,m[laomyk'o f nf¤if;ç oAÁemrum&aw
yXarmyk'}f }onf¤if; vku d \f /
ygVd ]]a,mç oAÁemrum&aw yXarm}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 208/ 'GE´|m 0g/

okwjf refrm 'Ge\f tjzpftm;jzifh wnfaom oAÁemrf tum&EÅaemifrS tcsKUd ojzifh
yXrma,ma,m
a,monf { tjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdrå efrm 'Geo f rmofüwnfaom oAÁemrftum&EÅraS emufjzpfaom yXrm
a,m
a,m0dbwfonf { tjzpfoYdk tcsKUd oI jzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd ´ rmo|m oAÁemrum&awm ya&m yXarm a,m {{w¬ rmyZÆaw 0g/
'GEo
ykpH H uwa&m p uwarm pmwd uw&uwar/
jrefrm tb,fvnf; tb,fvnf;? b,fonf b,fonfwkdYenf;/
2/ emru@ 489
½ly uw&uwarum; uw&o'´g po'´g uwro'´g po'´gwnf?

uw&uwar
uw&aemif odouf? paemif odouf? uwraemif odouf? paemif odouf? &-
cGi;f ç r-cGi;f t-<uif;? aomokwjf zifh od0b d wfEpS v f ;Hk ukd MojyK? acs uyf? (uwa&m+p+
od+uwarm+p+od) oAÁmrm0kaom--okwjf zifh p-ESpv f ;Hk aemifoufaom od0b d wf
ESpv f ;Hk ukad cs? uwa&m p uwarm pp[laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
uwa&m p? tb,fvnf;/ uwarm p? tb,fvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
emrmeHormaom ,kwåaw¬m okwfjzifh ,kwåw¬rSnfh? emrmeH orkpöa,m 'GaE´m
okwjf zifh 'Gerf n S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ odav;vk;H ukad cs? 0kww å m¬ e-
-aMumif-h -awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfEpS v f ;Hk ukad cs? yuwdpó--okwjf zifh uw&+uwr
ukd uw&+uwr[k yuwdjyK? w'¨w d emrfi?hJ a,mouf? 'GE|´ m 0g okwjf zifh 'Ge\ f
tjzpftm;jzifw h nfaom oAÁemrftum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfudk
{jyK r-cGi;f acs {[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? uw&uwar
uw&uwarum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uw&uwrm 0g £pöm'd/

jrefrm wenf;um; b,fonf b,fonfwkdYenf;? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly uw&uwrm
uw&uwrmum; uw&o'´g po'´g uwro'´g po'´gwnf?
uw&aemif odouf? paemif odouf? uwraemif odouf? paemif odouf? &-
cGi;f ç r-cGi;f t-<uif;? aomokwjf zifh od0b d wfEpS v f ;Hk ukd MojyK? acs uyf? (uwa&m+p+
od+uwarm+p+od) oAÁmrm0kaom--okwjf zifh p-ESpv f ;Hk aemifoufaom od0b d wf
ESpv f ;Hk ukad cs? uwa&m p uwarm pp[laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
uwa&m p? tb,fvnf;/ uwarm p? tb,fvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
emrmeHormaom ,kwåaw¬m okwfjzifh ,kwåw¬rSnfh? emrmeH orkpöa,m 'GaE´m
okwjf zifh 'Gerf n S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ odav;vk;H ukad cs? 0kww å m¬ e-
-aMumif-h -awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfEpS v f ;Hk ukad cs? yuwdpó--okwjf zifh uw&+uwr
ukd uw&+uwr[k yuwdjyK? w'¨w d emrfi?hJ a,mouf? 'GE|´ m 0g okwjf zifh 'Ge\ f
tjzpftm;jzifw h nfaom oAÁemrftum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfudk
{jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? oAÁa,mederm{ okwfjzifh
yXrma,m0dbwfudk tmjyK? r-cGi;f acs tm[kyuwdjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? uw&
uwrm
uwrmum; Ny;D \/
ykAo
Á '´g ykAÁpaomo'´gwko Yd nf t&yfrsuEf mS ponfukd rSwo f m;ykid ;f jcm;jcif;
teufukd a[m\/
ygVd ykAÁm'a,m 'dom'd00w¬me0pem/
ykpH H ykaAÁm umavm/ jrefrm a&SUumvonf/
½ly ykaAÁmum; ykAv Á id w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? MojyK? cGi;f acs Mo[k
yuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f Mooku Yd yf? ykaAÁmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]"mwkvad *F[d y&m ypö,m}}[laomokwüf y&m y&m[k ñTejf y
jcif;aMumifh ykAÁpaomo'´gwkdYaemifrS a,m a,m0dbwf\ tcsKdUojzifh
{tjyKonf jzpf\/
½ly A[k0pae ]]"mwkvad *F[d y&m ypö,m}}wd {w¬ y&m y&mwd eda'óawm
ykAmÁ 'D[d a,m
a,m0peó 0duayÜaeuma&m/
ykpH H ykaAÁ/ jrefrm a&S;tcgwko Yd nf/
½ly yk a AÁum; ykAÁvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? AÁ-cGif; t-<uif;?
"mwkvad *F[d y&mypö,m okwüf y&m[kñeT jf yaomaMumifh ykApÁ aomo'´gaemifrS
aESmif;aom a,m0dbwfudk {jyK? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? ykaAÁum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAmÁ / jrefrm a&S;tcgwko Yd nf/
½ly ykAÁmum; ykAv Á id w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (ykA+Á a,m) AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? oAÁa,mederm{ okwjf zifh y-a,mukd tmjyK? acs uyf? ykAÁ mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ykAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...a&S;tcg/
½ly ykAÁum; ykAv Á id w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf odouf? tmvyaeod--okwf
jzifh odudk *-rSn?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? yk A Áum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ykaAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...a&S;tcgwk/Yd
½ly ykaAÁum; ykAv Á id w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[ ykAÁm/ jrefrm [,fa&S;tcgwk/Yd
½ly ykAÁmum; ykAv Á id w f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykA/HÁ jrefrm a&S;tcguk/d
½ly ykAÁHum; ykAv Á id w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (ykA+Á tH) AÁ-cGi;f t-
<uif;? acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? AÁfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? ykAÁH um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁ/ jrefrm a&S;tcgwku Yd /dk
2/ emru@ 491
½ly ykaAÁum; ykAv Á id wf nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? oAÁa,mede rm{

okwjf zifh 'k-a,mukd {jyK? AÁ-cGi;f ? acs? {[kyuwdjyK? uyf? ykaAÁum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁe/ jrefrm a&S;tcgjzif/h
½ly ykaAÁeum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? em0dbwfudk {e
jyK? AÁ-cGi;f acs {e[kyuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? ykaAÁeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁ[?d ykaAÁb/d jrefrm a&S;tcgwkjYd zif/h
½ly ykaAÁ[dç ykaAÁbdum; ykAv Á id wf nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[daMumifh a&SUAÁftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
AÁAf sn;f {okuYd yf? ykaAÁ[u d m; Ny;D \/ ykaAÁbd-ü [dudk bdjyK? ykaAÁbu d m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAóÁ / jrefrm a&S;tcgtm;/
½ly yk A Á óum; ykAÁvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? om*arm ao
okwjf zifh aemufoaMumifh a&SUüofvm? ofAsn;f aemufooku Yd yf? ykAÁóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁo?H ykaAÁomeH/ jrefrm a&S;tcgwkt Yd m;/
½ly ykaAÁoHç ykaAÁomeHum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? AÁ-cGi;f
t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh oAÁ[laom oAÁemrf
yk'\ f tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? (oaAÁ+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh
eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? ykaAÁoHç ykaAÁomeHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ]]o®mo®d HeH 0g}}okwfjzifh tcsKdUojzifh tmjyK {jyK/

ygVd ]]o®mo®d HeH 0g}}wd 0duayÜemuma&um&m/
ykpH H ykAmÁ / jrefrm a&S;tcgrS/
½ly ykAÁmum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®mouf? AÁ-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®m
o®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs? AÁfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? yk A Á mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAo Á m® ç ykArÁ mS / jrefrm a&S;tcgrS/
½ly ykAÁo®mç ykAÁrSmum; ykAv f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®mouf? ykAÁo®m um;
Á id w
Ny;D \/ ykAÁrSm-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdr0dS g okwjf zifh o®mukd rSmjyK? ykAÁrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁ[?d ykaAÁb/d jrefrm a&S;tcgwkrYd /S
½ly ykaAÁ[dç ykaAÁbdum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? AÁ-cGi;f t-
<uif;? ok[o d G uma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[ad Mumifh a&SUAÁt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f
{oku Yd yf? ykaAÁ[d um; Ny;D \/ ykaAÁbd b-ü d-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdr0dS g okwjf zifh [d0b
d wfudk
bdjyK? ykaAÁbd bud m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAóÁ / jrefrm a&S;tcg\/
½ly ykAÁóum; ykAv Á id wf nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykaAÁo?H ykaAÁomeH/ jrefrm a&S;tcgwk\ Yd /
½ly ykaAÁoHç ykaAÁomeHum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H ykaAÁ/ jrefrm a&S;tcgü/
½ly ykaAÁum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (ykA+Á o®d )H o®mo®d eH H
0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? AÁf-cGif; acs? {[kyuwdjyK? uyf? ykaAÁum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAo Á d® çH ykArÁ /dS jrefrm a&S;tcgü/
½ly ykAÁo®d Hç ykAÁrSd u H m; ykAv Á id w
f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? ykAÁo®d H um;
Ny;D \/ ykAÁrdS-ü -ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdr0dS g okwjf zifh o®d Hudk rSjd yK? ykAÁrdSum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykaAÁo/k jrefrm a&S;tcgwküYd /
½ly ykaAÁokum; ykAv Á id wf nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? AÁ-cGi;f t-<uif;?
ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUAÁtf pdwf t-ukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f
{oku Yd yf? ykaAÁokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y ykaAÁm/ ykaAÁ? ykAmÁ /
tm a[ ykAÁ/ a[ ykaAÁ? a[ ykAÁm/
'k ykA/HÁ ykaAÁ/
w ykaAÁe/ ykaAÁ[?d ykaAÁb/d
p ykAóÁ / ykaAÁo?H ykaAÁomeH/
yOö ykAmÁ ? ykAo
Á m® ? ykArÁ mS / ykaAÁ[?d ykaAÁb/d
q ykAóÁ / ykaAÁo?H ykaAÁomeH/
owå ykaAÁ? ykAÁo®d H? ykAÁrSd/ ykaAÁo/k
2/ emru@ 493
£w¬v d id üf - £w¬, d -H
ykpH H ykAÁm 'dom/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfonf/
½ly yk A Á mum; ykAÁvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif;? acs? tm[kyuwdjyK?
AÁAf sn;f tmokuYd yf? (ykAmÁ ) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yXrm{u0kpf odouf? acs? ykAÁmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAmÁ a,m/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfwo Ydk nf/
½ly yk A Á m a,m
a,mum; ykAÁvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif;? acs? tm[k
yuwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ykAmÁ ) w'¨wd emrfi?hJ yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ykAÁma,m
um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokdYtp&Sdonfonf oAÁo'´gESifh wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd oAÁmo'órH/
eykv H id üf - eyko H au-

ykpH H ykAHÁ XmeH/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfonf/
½ly ykAÁu H m; ykAv Á id w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? od H okwjf zifh od0b d wfudk
tHjyK? AÁcf iG ;f ? acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? yk A Á Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAmÁ ed/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfwo Ydk nf/
½ly yk A Á m edum; ykAÁvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (ykAÁ+a,m)
tawm edpHö okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? (ykA+Á ed) AÁ-cGi;f t-<uif;? a,mokuw-
-okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh AÁt f pdwf tukd tm'DCjyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
ykAÁmedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ykAÁ/ jrefrm [,f...ta&SUt&yf/
½ly ykAÁum; ykAv Á id w f nf? tmvky{f u0kpf odouf? tmvyaeod--okwf
jzifh tmvkyo f u
d dk *-rSn?hf aooawm--okwjf zifh tmvkyo f ud adk cs? yk A Áum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a[ ykAÁmed/ jrefrm [,f...ta&SUt&yfw/Ydk
½ly ykAÁmedum; ykAv Á id w
f nf? tmvkyAf [k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykA/HÁ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfu/dk
½ly ykAÁHum; ykAv Á id w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? AÁ-f cGi;f t-<uif;? acs?
tH[yk uwdjyK? AÁAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? ykAÁHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAmÁ ed/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfwu Ydk /dk
½ly ykAÁmedum; ykAv

Á id w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu
G /f
t<uif;onf ykvi’d Ef iS hf wl\/ aooH ykv*’d o F rH/
tñTe;f y&my&'u©dPkwå&m"& m"&o'´gwko Yd nf þtwlwnf;/
ygVd {0H y&my&'u©dPkwå&m"& m"&o'´g/
jrefrm ]]oAÁemrawmç 'GE|´ m}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vkud \f /
ygVd ]]oAÁemrawmç 'GE|´ m}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 209/ emnH oAÁemrduH/

okwjf refrm oAÁemrfw\ Ydk wenf;- oAÁemrfwjYdk zifh tpDt&ifjzpfaom wyg;aom
um&d,onf rjzpf/
0kwjdrå efrm 'Geüf jzpfaom oAÁemrfrS aemufjzpfaom a,m a,m0dbwf\ {tjzpfudk
xm;í wyg;aom oAÁemrfü ,SOfí pD&iftyfaom um&d,onf
rjzpf/ þy#dao"jzifh oHtjyK om omtjyKw\ Ydk tma'ombm0onf rjzpf/
0kwydå gVd 'GE|´ m oAÁemrawm y&ó a,m a,m0peó XaywGm {wåH tnH oAÁ
emrduH um&d,H e a[mwDwd oH o me merma'ombma0g/
ykpH H ykAmÁ y&meH/
jrefrm ta&SUt&yf taemuft&yfwt Ydk m;/
½ly ykAÁmy&meHum; ykAÁo'´g po'´g y&o'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? ykAüÁ AÁ-cGi;f ç y&ü &-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁa,mederm{ okwjf zifh
ykvd’if tum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom yXrma,m0dbwfESpfvkH;ukd tmjyK? AÁftpdwfç
&ftpdwf t-ukad cs? AÁAf sn;f ç &fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (ykAmÁ +y&m) oAÁmrm0kaom--okwjf zifh
p-ESpfvkH;aemifoufaom od0dbwfESpfvkH;ukdacs? ykAÁm p y&m p [laomormof
0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
ykAmÁ p? ta&SUt&yfwv Ydk nf;/ y&m p? taemuft&yfwv Ydk nf;/ £wd taw¬?
ü/ emrmeHormaom ,kwåaw¬m okwfjzifh ,kwåw¬rSnfh? emrmeH orkpöa,m 'GaE´m
okwjf zifh 'Gerf n
S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ a,mav;vk;H ukad cs? 0kww å m¬ e-
-aMumifh--awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfESpfvkH;ukdacs? yuwdpó--okwfjzifh ykAÁ+y&ukd
ykA+Á y&[k yuwdjyK? AÁ-cGi;f t-<uif;? o&m oa& avmyH okwjf zifh aemufo&aMumifh
2/ emru@ 495
a&SUo&ukad cs? 'DCH okwjf zifh a&SUto&ausaomf aemufto&ukd tm'DCjyK? AÁAf sn;f
tmokdYuyf? (ykAÁm+y&) w'¨dw emrfiJh? eHouf? (ykAÁm+y&+eH) &-cGif; oAÁemrmeH
eHrdS p okwjf zifh oAÁemrf\tpdwf t-ukd {jyKvwfaomf oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh
eH0b d wfudk oH omeH jyKvwfaomf xko d aYdk omtpDt&ifudk þokwjf zifh 'Ge\ f tjzpf
tm;jzifhwnfaom oAÁemrfüjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH
0dbwfaMumifh &ftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? &fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykAÁmy&meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykAKÁ w&å meH/
jrefrm ta&SUt&yf ajrmuft&yfwt Ydk m;/
½ly ykAÁKwå&meHum; ykAÁo'´g po'´g Owå&o'´g po'´gwnf? od0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? AÁ-cGi;f ç &-cGi;f t-<uif;? aom okwjf zifh od0b d wfEpS vf ;Hk ukd
MojyK? acs uyf? (ykaAÁm+Owåa&m) oAÁmrm0kaom--okwjf zifh p-ESpv f ;Hk aemifoufaom
od0b f ;Hk ukad cs? ykaAÁm p Owåa&m p [laomormof 0gus½yk u
d wfEpS v f m; Ny;D \/
ykaAÁm p? ta&SUt&yfvnf;/ Owåa&m p? ajrmuft&yfvnf;/ £wd taw¬?

ü/ emrmeHormaom ,kwåaw¬m okwfjzifh ,kwåw¬rSnfh? emrmeH orkpöa,m 'GaE´m
okwjf zifh 'Gerf n
S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ odav;vk;H ukad cs? 0kww å m¬ e-
-aMumif-h -awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfEpS v f ;Hk ukad cs? yuwdpó--okwjf zifh ykA+Á Owå&ukd
yk A Á + Owå & [k yuwd j yK? AÁ - cG i f ; t-<uif ; ? o&m oa& avmyH ok w f j zif h
aemufOo&aMumifh a&SUo& AÁftpdwf tukdacs? AÁfAsnf; OokdYuyf? (ykAÁKwå&) w'¨dw
emrfi?hJ eHouf? (ykAKÁ w&å +eH) &-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrdS p okwjf zifh oAÁemrf\
tpdwf t-ukd {jyKvwfaomf oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh eH0dbwfukd oH omeH
jyKvwfaomf xkdokdYaomtpDt&ifukd þokwfjzifh 'Gef\ tjzpftm;jzifhwnfaom
oAÁemrfü jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufeH 0dbwfaMumifh &ftpdwf
t-ukd tm'DCjyK? &fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ykAÁKwå&meHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t"½kw&å meH/

jrefrm atmuft&yf ajrmuft&yfwt Ydk m;/
½ly t"½k w å & meH u m; t"&o'´g po'´g Owå&o'´g po'´gwnf?
od0b d wfav;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? ykAKÁ w&å meH½yk tf wkid ;f enf;wlwu
G yf g/
jrefrm ]]emnH oAÁemrdu}H }[laom 0dem"dum&a,m*0dbm*jzifh wwd,m

wyÜK&o
d of rmofüvnf; wyg;aomoAÁemrftpDt&ifonf rjzpf/
ygVd ]]emnH oAÁemrdu}}EÅd 0dem"duma&e wwd,mormaoyd/
ykpH H rmoykAmÁ ,/
jrefrm wpfvjzifh a&S;jzpfvifah om rde;f rtm;? \/
ykpH H rmoykAmÁ eH/
jrefrm wpfvjzifh a&S;jzpfvifah om rde;f ra,mufsm;wdt
Yk m;? wk\
Yd /
jrefrm ]]emnH oAÁemrduH}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]emnH oAÁemrdu}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
--------------------
okwf 210/ A[kA[ DÁ rd dS p/

okwjf refrm A[kAoDÁ rmofuv dk nf; jyKtyfonf&adS omf (uawm owd) wyg;aom
um&d,onf rjzpf/ (e)/
0kwjdrå efrm A[kA[ DÁ o
d rmofüvnf; oAÁemrftpDt&ifjzpfaom wyg;aom
um&d,onf rjzpf/
0kwydå gVd A[kAÁD[drSd p ormao oAÁemrdu0d"meH emnH a[mwd/
ykpH H yd,ykAmÁ ,/
jrefrm a&S;ücspt f yfaom vif&adS om rde;f rtm;? \/
½ly yd,ykAÁm, ,um; yd,o'´g ykAo Á '´g ,mo'´gwnf? yd,aemif odouf?
ykAaÁ emif odouf? ,-cGi;f ç AÁ-cGi;f t-<uif;? aom okwjf zifh od0b d wfEpS v
f ;Hk ukd MojyK?
acs uyf? (yda,m+ykaAÁm) ,maemif oouf? ,-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm tmukd
C-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o0dbwfukd
omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wf omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsn;f
ooku Yd yf? aCm &óH okwjf zifh {u0kp0f b d wf omtjyKaMumifh Crnfaom tmukd
t&ójyK? ,fAsn;f t-oku Yd yf? (,ó) yda,m+ykaAÁm+,óm [laomormof
0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
,óm? tMuifrdef;rtm;/ ykaAÁm? a&S;jzpfaom/ yda,m? cspftyfaom
vifonf/ tw¬d? &Sd\/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kwåw¬rSnfh? tny'aw¬ok A[kAÁD[d
2/ emru@ 497
okwjf zifh A[kA[ DÁ -d rSn?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ odEpS v f ;Hk o0dbwfuadk cs?
0kww å m¬ e--aMumif-h -awoHo'´gjzifh oftm*krf ,yk'u f adk cs? yuwdpó--okwjf zifh
yd,+ykAÁ[k yuwdjyK? £w¬d,rawm-- tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (yd,ykAmÁ )
w'¨dwemrfiJh? oouf? AÁ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmukd C-rSnfh? Cawm em'DeH okwfjzifh
AÁaemif o0dbwfudk ,jyK? AÁAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? yd,ykAÁm, ,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yd,ykAmÁ eH/
jrefrm a&S;ücspftyfaom r,m;&Sdaom olwkdYtm;? wkdY\/
½ly yd,ykAÁmeHum; yd,o'´g ykAo Á '´g ,mo'´gwnf? yd,aemif odouf?
ykAÁaemif odouf? ,maemif oouf? yd,ykAÁm,½kyftwkdif; enf;wlwGuf/
,óm? tMuifow l tYdk m;/ ykaAÁm? a&S;jzpfaom/ yda,m? cspt f yfaom
r,m;onf/ tw¬d? &Sd\/y/ emrfiJh eH0dbwfouf? (yd,ykAÁ+eH) tmypönf;ouf? AÁ-
cGi;f acs uyf? yd,ykAÁmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yd,ykaAÁ/
jrefrm a&S;ücspt f yfaom r,m;&Sad omolü/
½ly yd,ykaAÁum; yd,o'´g ykAo Á '´g ,mo'´gwnf? yd,aemif odouf?
ykAÁaemif odouf? ,maemif oouf? yd,ykAÁm,½kyftwkdif; enf;wlwGuf/
,óm? tMuifot l m;/ ykaAÁm? a&S;jzpfaom/ yda,m? cspt f yfaom
r,m;onf/ tw¬d? &Sd\/y/ emrfiJh o®d H0dbwfouf? (yd,ykAÁ+o®d H) tmypönf;ouf
cGif; acs uyf? (yd,ykAÁm+o®d H) AÁ-cGif;? tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom
okwfjzifh od® H0dbwfukd oHjyKvkdvwfaomf A[kAÁD[d HrSd p okwfjzifh jrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? uGpo d rmoEÅ*wme rum&aEÅm okwjf zifh ormof\tqk;H ü wnfaomtmukd
t&ójyK? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? acs uyf? yd,ykaAÁum; NyD;\/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh 'domteuf&adS om oAÁemrfy'k w f \ Ydk A[kA[ DÁ o d rmofü
wyg;aom oAÁemrftpDt&ifonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´*¾[aPe 'dow¬oAÁemrmeH A[kAÁD[drSd oAÁemrdu0d"meH0
a[mwd/
0dN*Kd[f tMuift&yfonf awmift&yf\¤if;? ta&SUt&yf\¤if;? tMum;ü
jzpf\/ (0g- tEÅ&mVH? tMum;wnf;) þteufü A[kAo DÁ rmofonf
jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh 'u©dPykAÁóH rnf\/
ygVd 'u©P
d óm p ykAó Á m p ,'EÅ&mVEÅd taw¬ A[kA[ DÁ ?d 'u©P
d ykAóÁ /H
ykpH H 'u©Pd ykAó
Á /H
jrefrm ta&SUawmifaxmift h &yfü/
½ly 'u©dPykAÁóHum; 'u©P d o'´g po'´g ykAo Á '´g po'´gwnf? 'u©P d
aemif ykAÁaemif tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? ('u©dPm+ykAÁm) od0dbwfav;vkH;
toD;oD;ouf? aooawm--okwfjzifh 'u©dPmaemif od? ykAÁmaemif odwkdYukdacs?
oAÁmo--okwjf zifh pESpv f ;Hk aemif odwu Ydk adk cs? 'u©dPm p ykAÁm p ormof½yk Nf y;D \/
'u©Pd m p? awmift&yfvnf;/ ykAmÁ p? ta&SUt&yfvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
,kwåw¬rSnfh? 'Gef-rSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ odav;vkH;ukdacs?
0kwåw¬me--aMumifh--awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? yuwdpó--okwfjzifh
'u©P d m+ykAmÁ [k yuwdjyK? P-cGi;f ? uGpm'drZÑKw&å meH--okwjf zifh tv,füwnfaom
tmukd t&ójyK? PfAsn;f toku Yd yf? ('u©P d +ykAmÁ ) w'¨wd emrfi?hJ o®d o
H uf? AÁ-cGi;f
tm-<uif;? tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meHoo H m okwjf zifh Caemif od® 0H b
d wfudk
oHjyK? oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh ofvm? uyf? ('u©P d ykA+fÁ tm+ó) aCm &óH okwjf zifh
Crnfaom tmukd t&ójyK? AÁAf sn;f toku Yd yf? 'u©dPykAÁHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'u©Pd ykAó Á m/

jrefrm ta&SUawmifaxmift h &yftm;? \/
½ly 'u© d P yk A Á ó mmum; 'u©dPo'´g po'´g ykAÁo'´g po'´gwnf?
enf;wlwu G /f
'u©P d m p? awmift&yfvnf;/ ykAmÁ p? ta&SUt&yfvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
y/ emrfi?hJ oouf? ('u©P d +ykAmÁ +o) AÁ-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm
o®d o H meHoo H m okwjf zifh Caemif o0dbwfudk omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh ofvm?
uyf? ('u©dPykAÁf+tm+óm) aCm &óH okwfjzifh Crnfaom tmukd t&ójyK?
AÁAf sn;f toku Yd yf? 'u©dPykAÁómmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H Owå&ykAó Á /H
jrefrm þtwl ta&SUajrmufaxmift h &yfü/
½ly Owå&ykAÁóHum; Owå&o'´g po'´g ykAÁo'´g po'´gwnf? 'u©dP
ykAó Á ½H yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 499
ykpH H Owå&ykAó
Á m £pöm'd/
jrefrm ta&SUajrmufaxmifht&yftm;? \/ þokdYponfwnf;/
½ly Owå&ykAÁómmum; Owå&o'´g po'´g ykAo Á '´g po'´gwnf? 'u©P d
ykAó Á m½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm , o'´g wo'´g {w{wo'´gwkt Yd m; tmvkyüf ½kyo f nf rjzpf/ , o'´g
onf þonfyifwnf;[k trSwrf ahJ omteuf&\ dS /
ygVd ,aww
,awwo'´g'Dermvyae ½lyH e orÇ0wd/ ,oa'´g ted,raw¬m/
ykpH H a,m yk&daom/ jrefrm tMuifa,mufsm;onf/
½ly a,m
a,mum; ,vdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? MojyK? cGi;f acs uyf?
a,m
a,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a, yk&dom/ jrefrm tMuifa,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly a,
a,um; ,vdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? ,cGif; t-<uif;?
oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwfjzifh ,[laomoAÁemrfrS aemufjzpfaom yXrm
a,m0dbwfukd {jyK? acs uyf? a, a,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,H/ jrefrm tMuifa,mufsm;ukd/
½ly ,u
H m; ,vdiw d m{u0kpf tHouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ,u
f nf? 'kw, H m;Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,/ jrefrm tMuifa,mufsm;wkdYukd/
½ly a,
a,um; ,vdiw f nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? ,cGi;f t-<uif;?
oAÁa,meDerm{ okwjf zifh ,[laomoAÁemrfrS aemufjzpfaom 'kw, d ma,m0dbwf
ukd {jyK? acs uyf? a, a,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,m unm/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;onf/

½ly ,m
,mum; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (,m) w'd̈w
emrfiJh yXrm{u0kpf odouf? acs? ,m
,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,m/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;wkdYonf/
½ly ,m
,mum; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (,m) w'd̈w
emrfihJ yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ,-cGi;f tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meHavmayg
okwfjzifh Caemif a,m0dbwfukdacs? ,fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ,m,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,ma,m/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;wkdYonf/
½ly ,ma,mum; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (,m)

,ma,m
w'd̈w emrfihJ yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ,ma,m
,ma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,H/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;ukd/
½ly ,u H m; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (,m) w'¨dw
emrfiJh yXrm{u0kpf tHouf? ,-cGif; acs uyf? ,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ,m/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;wkdYukd/
½ly ,m
,mum; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,ma,m/ jrefrm tMuifowkdYorD;wkdYukd/
½ly ,ma,m
,ma,mum; ,vdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,H pdwåH/ jrefrm tMuifpdwfonf/
½ly ,Hum; ,vdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? tHjyK? cGif; acs uyf?
,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,med/ jrefrm tMuifpdwfwkdYonf/
½ly ,medum; ,vdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (,+a,m) ,-
cGif; t-<uif;? tawm edpöH okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd edjyK? a,mokuw--okwfjzifh
a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUtukd tm'DCjyK? ,fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,medum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,H/ jrefrm tMuifpdwfukd/
½ly ,Hum; ,vdiw f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kpf tHouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,med/ jrefrm tMuifpdwfwkdYukd/
½ly ,medum; ,vdiw f nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm t<uif;onf 0dbwfcEk pS o f , G üf oAÁo'´gESihf wl\/
ygVd aooH oAÁw¬ oAÁo'órH/
jrefrm w {w £r trk ud H [luek af om þo'´gwko Yd nf rsuu f ,
G t
f euf
eD ; aomteuf tvG e f e D ; aomteuf a0;aomteuf
ar;jcif;teufudk tpOftwkid ;f a[muke\ f /
ygVd w {w £r trkud H£apöaw y&r®Kc orDy tpöEo Å rDy'l& ykpeä w¬0pem/
w o'´g\tjym;um;/ w o'´ó aba'g/
jrefrm ]]w od}}[laom þyk'fü ]]teykHouóm odrSd okwfonf¤if;?
trkóarmoH okwfrS oH[laomyk'fonf¤if;}} vkduf\/
2/ emru@ 501
ygVd ]]w od}} £wD"- ]]teykHouóç odrSDwdç o}}rdwd p 0wåaw/

-----------------
okwf 211/ {wawoH awm/

okwjf refrm {w
{wo'´g w o'´gwkdY\ w onf o tjyKokdY a&muf\/
0kwjdrå efrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh eykv f ek af om {w
H id rf [kwu {wo'´g w o'´g
wkdY\ w tu©&monf o tjyKokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd {w w w£apöawoH teykHoumeH w uma&m o um&rmyZÆaw
odrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H aom yk&daom/ jrefrm xkda,mufsm;onf/
½ly aom
aomum; wçvdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (w+od) {w awoH
awm okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh eykv
H id rf [kwaf om wçvdi\
f wtu©&mukd
oçjyK? aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? o-cGif; acs uyf? aom aomum;NyD;\/
jrefrm oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwfrS oAÁ e mr mro'´gonf¤if;? þ {w
awoHawm okwfrS w o'´gonf¤if;? vkduf\/
jrefrm oAÁemr
mr*¾[POöç £awm w *¾[POö 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 212/ wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬/

okwjf refrm f üYdk wo'´g\ tcsKUd ojzifh etjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
cyford ;f ukeaf om vdiw
0kwjdrå efrm cyford ;f ukeaf om vdiwf üYdk w[kqt
dk yfaom oAÁemrf\ wtu©&m\
etjzpfonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd w £apöwó oAÁemró w um&ó ewåH a[mwd 0g oAÁw¬
vda*Fo/k
ykpH H ae/ jrefrm xkdolwkdYonf/
½ly ae
aeum; wçvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (w+a,m) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyK? (e+a,m) oAÁemr
um&aw yXarm okwfjzifh w[laomoAÁemrfyk'faemifrSaESmif;aom yXrm a,m
Yd yf? ae
0dbwfudk {jyK? e-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku aeum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H aw/ jrefrm xkdolwkdYonf/

½ly aw
awum; wçvdiw f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (w+a,m) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (w+a,m) oAÁemr um&aw yXarm okwfjzifh
w[laomoAÁemrfyk'faemifrSaESmif;aom yXrm a,m0dbwfukd {jyK? w-cGif; acs?
{[kyuwdjyK? wfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? aw
awum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H eH/ jrefrm xkdolukd/
½ly eHum; wçvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (w+tH) wó 0g
ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyK? (e+tH) e-cGi;f acs?
tH[yk uwdjyK? efAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? eHum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH/ jrefrm xkdolukd/
½ly wHum; wçvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (w+tH) wó 0g
ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0g
o'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? w-cGi;f acs? tH[yk uwdjyK? wfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? wHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ae/ jrefrm xkdolwkdYudk/
½ly ae
aeum; wçvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (w+a,m) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyK? (e+a,m) oAÁa,m
ederm{ okwjf zifh 'kw,
d ma,m0dbwfudk {jyK? e-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
ae
aeum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H aw/ jrefrm xkdolwkdYudk/
½ly aw
awum; wçvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (w+a,m) wó
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (e+a,m) oAÁa,m ederm{ okwjf zifh 'kw, d ma,m
0dbwfukd {jyK? w-cGif; acs? {[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; {okdYuyf? aw awum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H aee/ jrefrm xko
d jl zif/h
½ly aee
aeeum; wçvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (w+em) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyK? (e+em) tawm
aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? e-cGi;f acs uyf? aee aeeum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H awe/ jrefrm xko
d jl zif/h
2/ emru@ 503
½ly aweum; wçvdiw

awe f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (w+em) wó
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (w+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK?
e-cGi;f acs uyf? aweaweum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H ae[d? aebd/ jrefrm xko
d w l jYdk zif/h
½ly ae[dç aebdum; wçvdiw f nf? wwd,m,mA[k0pk f [douf? (w+[d)
wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh vdiüf oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-jyK? e-cGi;f t-
<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh a&SU eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f
{okdYuyf? ae[dum; NyD;\/ aebd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd
bdjyK? aebdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aw[d? awbd/ jrefrm xko
d w l jYdk zif/h
½ly aw[dç awbdum; wçvdifwnf? wwd,m,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(w+[d) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh vdifü oAÁemrfjzpfaom wo'´gukd e-
jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? w-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m
{ okwjf zifh [d0bd wfaMumifh a&SU wftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? wfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? aw[dum;
Ny;D \/ awbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b
d wfudk bdjyK? awbdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oAÁód raó 0g okwfrS oAÁóyk'fonf¤if;? wó 0g ewåH
oAÁwy¬ 'k }f }onf¤if; vku
d \ f /
ygVd ]]oAÁóç wó 0g oAÁw¬m}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 213/ oo®mo®ðoHomoGwåH/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwf o® m0dbwf o® d H0dbwf oHtjyK om omtjyKwkdYaMumifh t-
tjzpfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm f üYdk o o®m o®d H0b
cyford ;f aom vdiw d wf oHtjyK om
omtjyKwaYdk Mumifh
tvkH;pkHomvQifjzpfaom oAÁemrfjzpfaom w [laom þo'´g\
t tjzpfonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd w£apöwó oAÁemró oAÁaó0 twåH a[mwd 0g o o®m o®d H
oHomm£apöawok 0paeok oAÁw¬ vda*Fo/k
ykpH H tó/ jrefrm xkdoltm;/

½ly tó
tóum; wçvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (w+o) oo®m
o®d o H o H m oGwHå okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wo'´gukd t-jyK? om*arm
ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? of-ooku Yd yf? tó
tóum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H eó/ jrefrm xkdoltm;/
½ly eóum; wçvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (w+o) oo®m o®d H
oHom oGwHå okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wo'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh oAÁemrf
wo'´gudk e-jyK? om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? of-
ooku Yd yf? eó
eóum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H wó/ jrefrm xkdoltm;/
½ly wóum; wçvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (w+o) oo®m o®d H
oHom oGwHå okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wo'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUü of-vm? of-ookdYuyf? wó wóum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H aeoH? aeomeH/ jrefrm xkdolwkdYtm;/
½ly aeoHç aeomeHum; wçvdiw f nf? pwkwAD ¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (w+eH) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh oAÁemrf wo'´gudk e-jyK? (e+eH) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁ emrmeH
eHrdS p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh a&SU etpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {okYd uyf? (ae+
eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? aeoHç aeomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H awoH? awomeH jrefrm xkdolwkdYtm;/
½ly awoHç awomeHum; wçvdiw f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (w+eH)
wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh oAÁemrf wo'´gudk e-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g
jrpfaom aMumifh rjyK&? (w+eH) w-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrdS p okwjf zifh aemufeH
0dbwf aMumifh a&SUwtpdwf t-ukd {jyK? wfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? (aw+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH
okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? awoHç awomeHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g}}okwf¤if;? ]]o®mo®d HeH 0g yk'fonf¤if;ç rSmrSd}}
[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g}}wd £awm ]]o®mo®d eH çH rSm rS}D }wdp 0wåaw/
-----------------
2/ emru@ 505
okwf 214/ e wdar[d uwmuma&[d/

okwjf refrm jyKtyfNyD;aom t tu©&m&Sdukefaom w o'´g £r £ro'´gwkdYaemifrS
rSmtjyK rSdtjyKwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
0kwjdrå efrm jyKtyfNyD;aom t tu©&m&Sdukefaom w o'´g £r £ro'´gwkdYaemifrS
aESmif;ukefaom 0g- aemufüjzpfukefaom o® m0dbwf o®d H0dbwf
eH0b d wfw\Ydk rSmtjyK rS dtjyKwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
0kwydå gVd w £r
£r£apöaw[d uwmuma&[d ya&oH o®mo®d HeH rSm rSd£aapö
aw tma'om e a[mEÅd/
ykpH H to®m/ jrefrm xkod rl /S
½ly to® mum; £rvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (£r+o®m) £r
o'ó p okwjf zifh aemufom® 0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd t-jyK? (t+
o®m) o®m[dod® HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®mukd rSmjyKoifhaomfvnf; þ e wdar[d
uwmuma&[d okwfjzifh jyKtyfNyD;aom ttu©&m&Sdaom £ro'´gaemifrS
aESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? to® mum; NyD;\/
½ly to® mum; wçvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (w+o®m) oo®m
o®d o H oH m oGwHå okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wo'´gukd t-jyK? (t+o®m)
o®m[dod® HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®mukd rSmjyKoifhaomfvnf; þ e wdar[d
uwmuma&[d okwjf zifh jyKtyfNy;D aom ttu©&m&Sad om wo'´gaemifrS aESmif;aom
o®m0dbwfukd jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? to® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H eo®m? wo®m/ jrefrm xkod rl /S
½ly eo®mç wo®mum; wçvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (w+o®m)
wo®m--twGuf Ny;D \/ eo®m-ü wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh w[laomoAÁemrf
yk'fukd e-jyK? (e+o®m) o®m[dod® HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®mukd rSmjyKoifhaomfvnf;
þ e wdar[d uwmuma&[d okwfjzifh jyKtyfNyD;aom ttu©&m&Sdaom wo'´g
aemifrS aESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? eo® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H erSm? wrSm/ jrefrm xkod rl /S
½lys erSmç wrSmum; wçvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (w+o®m)
(w+o®m) o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk rSmjyK? wrSmtwGuf Ny;D \/
erSm-ü wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh w[laomoAÁemrf yk'u f dk e-jyK? erSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ae[d? aebd/ jrefrm xkod wl rYdk /S

½ly ae[dç aebdum; wçvdiw f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (w+[d) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh w[laomoAÁemrf yk'fukd e-jyK? (e+[d) e-cGif; t-<uif;?
ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0bd wfaMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? ae[d
um; Ny;D \/ aebd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK? aebdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aw[d? awbd/ jrefrm xkod wl rYdk /S
½ly aw[dç awbdum; wçvdifwnf? yOörDA[k0kpf [douf? (w+[d)
w-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh wftpdwf t-ukd
{jyK? wfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? aw[dum; Ny;D \/ awbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? awbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tó/ jrefrm xkdol\/
½ly tó
tóum; wçvdiw f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (w+o) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H eó/ jrefrm xkdol\/
½ly eóum; wçvdiw f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (w+o) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wó/ jrefrm xkdol\/
½ly wóum; wçvid w f nf? pwkw{D ¬ u0kpf oouf? (w+o) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aeoH? aeomeH/ jrefrm xkdolwkdY\/
½ly aeoHç aeomeHum; wçvdiw f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? (w+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awoH? awomeH jrefrm xkdolwkdY\/
½ly awoHç awomeHum; wçvid w f nf? pwkwAD ¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (w+eH) a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H to®d H? eo®d H? wo®d H/ jrefrm xko
d ül /
½ly to®d Hç eo®d Hç wo®d Hum; wçvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf?
(w+o®d )H wo®d Hum; Ny;D \/ to®d H-ü oo®m o®d o H oH m oGwHå okwjf zifh o®m0dbwf
aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wo'´gukd t-jyK? to® d Hum; NyD;\/ eo®d H-ü wó 0g ewåH
oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh w[laomoAÁemrf yk'u f dk e-jyK? eo®d Hum; Ny;D \/
wenf; ½ly to®d Hum; £rvdiw f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (£r+o®d )H £r
o'ó p okwjf zifh aemufod® 0H b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd t-jyK? (t+
o®d H) to® d Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H erSd? wrSd/ jrefrm xko
d ül /
2/ emru@ 507
½ly erSdç wrSu d m; wçvdiw f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (w+o®d )H o®m[dod® H
eHrmS bdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H bd wfudk rSjd yK? wrSdum; Ny;D \/ erSd-ü wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬
okwjf zifh w[laomoAÁemrf yk'u f dk e-jyK? erSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aeok? awok/ jrefrm xko d w
l üYdk /
½ly aeokç awokum; wçvdiw f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (eç w+ok)
e-cGif;ç w-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh w-tpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? wAsnf; {okdYuyf? awokum; NyD;\/ aeok-ü wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬
okwjf zifh w[laomoAÁemrf yk'u f dk e-jyK? aeokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y aom/ ae? aw/
'k eH? wH/ ae? aw/
w aee? awe/ ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd/
p eó? tó? wó/ aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH/
yOö eo®m? to®m? wo®m? erSm? wrSm/ ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd/
q eó? tó? wó/ aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH/
owå eo®d H? to®d H? wo®d H? erSd? wrSd/ aeok? awok/
½kyf jrefrm £w¬vd id üf ]]wm od}}[laom þjy,k*üf wukd o jyK? od0bd wfuadk cs/
ygVd £w¬d,H ]]wm od}} £wD" om oma'ood odavmayg/
ykpH H om unm/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;onf/
½ly om
omum; wmvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (wm+od) w-cGif;
tm-<uif;? {wawoHawm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id üf jzpfaom wo'´gukd ojyK? ofAsn;f
tmokdYuyf? (om+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? om omum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm wukd ejyK/ ygVd ewå/H
ykpH H em/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;onf/
½ly em
emum; wmvdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (wm+od) w-cGi;f tm-
<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifü wo'´gukd ejyK? efAsnf; tm
okdYuyf? (em+od) aooawm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? em emum; NyD;\/

ykpH H wm/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;onf/
½ly wm
wmum; wmvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (wm+od) aoo
awm--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? wmwmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ema,m/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYonf/
½ly ema,m
ema,mum; wmvdiw f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wm+a,m)
w-cGif; tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifü wo'´gukd ejyK?
efAsnf; tm okdYuyf? ema,m
ema,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wma,m/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYonf/
½ly wma,m
wma,mum; wmvdiw f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wm+a,m)
wma,m
wma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H eH/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;ukd/
½ly eHum; wmvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (wm+tH) w-cGif;
tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifü wo'´gukd ejyK? efAsnf; tm
okdYuyf? (em+tH) e-cGif; acs tH[kyuwdjyK? efAsnf; tHokdYuyf? eHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wH/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;ukd/
½ly wHum; wmvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (wm+tH) w-cGif;
acs tH[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H em? wm/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYukd/
½ly emç wm
wmum; wmvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? a&SUenf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H ema,m? wma,m/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYukd/
½ly ema,mç wma,m
wma,mum; wmvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf?
a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H em,/ jrefrm xko
d wkoYd ;D® jzif/h
½ly em,
em,um; wmvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wm+em) w-
cGi;f tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh wo'´gukd ejyK? tm aCm okwjf zifh
tmukd CrSnfh? Cawm em'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom em0dbwfukd tm,
jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? efAsnf; tmokdYuyf? em,
em,um; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 509
ykpH H wm,/ jrefrm xko d wko

Yd ;D® jzif/h
½ly wm,
wm,um; wmvdiw f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wm+em) w-
cGi;f tm-<uif;? tm aCm okwjf zifh tmukd CrSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifrS
aESmif;aom em0dbwfukd tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
wm,
wm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H em[d? embd/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYjzifh/
½ly em[dç embdum; wmvdiw f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (wm+[d)
w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh wo'´gukd ejyK? efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
em[dum; Ny;D \/ embd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [dudk bdjyK? embdNy;D \/
ykpH H wm[d? wmbd/ jrefrm xkdowkdYo®D;wkdYjzifh/
½ly wm[dç wmbdum; wmvdiw f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? wm[d
um; Ny;D \/ wmbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [dudk bdjyK? wmbdum;Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]{wdrmord}}okwfrS {wd o'´gonf¤if;? ]]wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬}}
okwfrS w o'´gonf¤if;? yOörD0dbwftpkH&Sdonf\tpGrf;jzifh ]]0g}}
[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? vkud \
f /
ygVd ]]{wdrmorD}}wd £awm {wd r mm*¾[POö ]]wóm 0g}}wd £awm
w *¾[POö yOör, d EÅ0aoe 0wåaw ]]0g}}wd p/
--------------------
okwf 215/ wawm oó óm,/

okwjf refrm wmo'´g {wm
xkd wm {wmo'´g £rm
£rmo'´gwkrYd S o 0dbwf\ óm,óm,tjyK
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm xkd wm
wmo'´g {wm £rmo'´gwkaYd emifrS o jzpfaom0dbwf\
{wmo'´g £rm
óm,
óm,tjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wawm wm {wm £rm £rmawm y&ó o ó 0dbwådó óm,m
a'aom a[mwd 0g/
jrefrm ]]oHomaoGu0paeok p yk'of nf¤if;ç £[laomyk'}f }onf¤if;? vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]oHomaoGu0paeok pç £}}£wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 216/ wóm 0g/

okwjf refrm wm
wmo'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom tm tmtu©&m\ tcsKUd ojzifh £ tjyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm {u0kpjf zpfuek af om 0dbwftjyKjzpfuek af om o o'´g om omo'´gwk-Yd
aMumifh £w¬v d id üf jzpfaom wm
wmo'´g\ tpdw\ f £ tjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wm
wm£apöwó £w¬d,H 0wårmeó tEÅó £ uma&m a[mwd
0g oHommaoGu0paeok 0dbwåma'aook/
ykpH H wdóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly wd ó m, m,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (wm+o) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh
£w¬v d id u
f adk [maom tmukd CrSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfukd omjyKoifhaomfvnf; wawm oó óm, okwfjzifh
wmo'´gaemifrSaESmif;aom o0dbwfukd óm,jyK? (wf+tm+óm,) wóm 0g
okwjf zifh {u0kpf óm,tjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh wmo'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom tmukd
£jyK? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? wd ó m, m,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H wóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/

½ly wóm,
wóm,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬dvdifukda[maom tmukd CrSnfh? wawm oó óm, okwfjzifh wmo'´g
aemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk óm,jyK? (wf+tm+óm,) aCm&óH okwjf zifh
Crnfaom tmukd t-&ójyK? wfAsnf; tokdYuyf? wóm, wóm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H tóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly tóm,
tóm,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
aemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk óm,jyK? wfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (wm+óm,) awok
0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh wmo'´gukd t-jyK? tóm,
tóm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H eóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
2/ emru@ 511
½ly eóm,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)

eóm,
aemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk óm,jyK? (wf+tmóm,) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬
okwfjzifh £w¬dvdif woAÁemrfukd ejyK? (ef+tmóm,) aCm&óH okwfjzifh
Crnfaom tmukd t-&ójyK? efAsnf; tokdYuyf? eóm, eóm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H tóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly tóm
tómum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id u
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk omjyK? (wm+om) oHomaoGu0paeokp okwjf zifh aemuf
o0dbwf omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf? (wm+óm) awok
0k'-d̈ -okwjf zifh wmo'´gukd t-jyK? tóm
tómum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H eóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly eóm
eómum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id u
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk omjyK? (wm+om) oHomaoGu0paeokp okwjf zifh aemuf
o0dbwf omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsn;f omoku Yd yf? (wf+tm+óm) wó
0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh £w¬v d id f woAÁemrfudk ejyK? (ef+tm+óm) efAsn;f tokYd
uyf? eóm eómum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wdóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly wd ó mmum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id u
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk omjyK oHomaoGu0paeokp okwjf zifh aemuf o0dbwf
omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf? (wf+tm+óm) wóm 0g
okwjf zifh {u0kpf 0dbwftjyK omaESmif;aomaMumifh wmo'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom tmukd
£jyK? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? wd ó mmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly wóm
wómum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id uf adk [maom tmukd CrSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfukd omjyK oHomaoGu0paeokp okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwf
omtjyKaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf? (wf+tm+óm) aCm&óH
okwfjzifh Crnfaom tmukd t-&ójyK? wfAsnf; tokdYuyf? wóm wómum; NyD;\/
ykpH H em,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly em,
em,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id uf adk [maom tmukd CrSn?hf Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom
o0dbwfukd tm,jyK? (wm+tm,) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬
okwjf zifh £w¬v d id f woAÁemrfudk ejyK? (ef+tm+tm,) acs uyf? em, em,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/

½ly wm,
wm,um; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
£w¬v d id u
f adk [maom tmukd CrSn?hf Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom
o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? (wm+tm,) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? acs uyf? wm, wm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H emoH? wmoH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwkt Yd m;/
½ly emoHç wmoHum; wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (wm+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh
wm[laomoAÁemrfy'k rf S aemufjzpfaom eH0b d wfudk oHjyK? wmoHum; Ny;D \/ emoH-
ü w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh £w¬v d id f woAÁemrfudk ejyK?
efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? emoHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm yOörD0dbwf q|D0dbwfwkdYü wwd,m pwkw¬D0dbwfwkdYESifh wl\/
ygVd yOörqD |Dok wwd,mpwkwo D¬ rH/
jrefrm owår0D bd wfü/ ygVd owår, d /H
ykpH H tóH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
2/ emru@ 513
½ly tóHum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)

w'¨dwemrfiJh? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (wm+o®d H) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd CrSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom
o®d H0dbwfukd oHjyK oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh aemufod® H0dbwf oHtjyKaMumifh a&SUü
of-vm? ofAsn;f oHou Ydk yf? (wf+tm+óH) aCm&óH okwjf zifh Crnfaom tmukd
t-&ójyK? oo®mo®d HoHomoGwåH okwfjzifh wfAsnf;ukd tjyK? o&m oa& avmyH
okwjf zifh aemufto&aMumifh a&SUto&ukad cs? tóHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H eóH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly eóHum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
t-&ójyK? wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh £w¬dvdif wfoAÁemrfukd efjyK? efAsnf;
toku Yd yf? eóHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wdó/H jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly wd ó Hum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
of-vm? ofAsnf; oHokdYuyf? (wf+tm+óH) wóm 0g okwfjzifh {u0kpf 0dbwf oH
tjyKaESmif;aomaMumifh wmo'´g\tpdwjf zpfaom tmukd £jyK? wfAsn;f £oku Yd yf?
wdóHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wóH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly wóHum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
t-&ójyK? wfAsnf; tokdYuyf? wóHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H em,H/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly em,Hum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (wm+o®d )H w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh
tmukd CrSnfh? Cyawm o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom o®d H0dbwfukd
,HjyK? (wf+tm+,H) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh £w¬dvdif wfoAÁemrfukd efjyK?
efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? em,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wm,H/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly em,Hum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (wm+o®d )H w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh
tmukd CrSnfh? Cyawm o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom o®d H0dbwfukd
,HjyK? (wf+tm+,H) wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? wm,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H emok/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwküYd /
½ly emokum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (wm+ok) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? wó 0g ewåH
oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh £w¬v Yd yf? emokum; Ny;D \/
d id f wfoAÁemrfudk efjyK? efAsn;f tmoku
ykpH H wmok/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwküYd /
½ly wmokum; wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ owårAD [k0pk f okouf? wmokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y om/ em? ema,m? wm? wma,m/
'k eH? wH/ em? ema,m? wm? wma,m/
w em,? wm,/ em[d? embd? wm[d? wmbd/
p wdóm? wóm? eóm? emoH? emomoH? wmoH? wmomeH/
tóm? wdóm,? wóm,?
eóm,? tóm,? em,? tm,/
yOö em,? wm,/ em[d? embd? wm[d? wmbd/
q wdóm? wóm? eóm? emoH? emomoH? wmoH? wmomeH/
tóm? wdóm,? wóm,?
eóm,? tóm,? em,? tm,/
2/ emru@ 515
owå wdóH? wóH? eóH? tóH?

em,H? wm,H/ emok? wmok/
jrefrm eykvH id üf od0b
d wfü o tjyK r&Sjd cif;aMumifh e jyK/
ygVd eyko H au odrSd om oma'ombm0g e wå/H
ykpH H eH/ jrefrm xkpd w d o f nf/
½ly eHum; wçvdiw f nf? yxrm{u0kpf odouf? (w+od) od H okwjf zifh
od0dbwfukd tHjyK? (w+tH) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwfjzifh wfoAÁemrfukd efjyK? e-
cGif; acs tH[kyuwdjyK? efAsnf; tHokdYuyf? eHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wH/ jrefrm xkpd w d o f nf/
½ly wHum; wçvdiw f nf? yxrm{u0kpf odouf? (w+od) od H okwjf zifh
od0b d wfudk tHjyK? (w+tH) w-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? wfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? wHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H emed/ jrefrm xkpd w d w f oYdk nf/
½ly emedum; wçvdifwnf? yxrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (w+a,m) w-
cGi;f t-<uif;? a,meH ed eyko H au[d okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mok
uw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? (wf+tm+
ed) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh wfoAÁemrfudk efjyK? ef-Asn;f tmoku Yd yf? emedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wmed/ jrefrm xkpd w d w f oYdk nf/
½ly wmedum; wçvdiw f nf? yxrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (w+a,m) w-
cGi;f t-<uif;? a,meH ed eyko H au[d okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mok
uw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh a&SUwftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? (wf+tm+
ed) wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? wmedum; NyD;\/
ykpH H eH/ jrefrm xkpd w d u f /dk
½ly eHum; wçvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (w+tH) wó 0g
ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh wfoAÁemrfudk efjyK? e-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? efAsn;f tHou Ydk yf?
eHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH/ jrefrm xkpd w d u f /dk
½ly wHum; wçvdiw f nf? 'kw,
d m{u0kpf tHouf? (w+tH) w-cGi;f acs
tH[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H emed/ jrefrm xkpd w d wf uYdk /dk

½ly emedum; wçvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wmed/ jrefrm xkpd w d w f o Ydk nf/
½ly wmedum; wçvdiw f nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aee/ jrefrm xkpd wd jf zif/h
½ly aee
aeeum; wçvdiw f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (w+em) tawm
aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? (w+{e) wó 0g ewåH oAÁw¬ okwjf zifh woAÁemrf
ukd ejyK? e-cGif; acs {e[k yuwdjyK? efAsnf; {okdYuyf? aee aeeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H awe/ jrefrm xkpd wd jf zif/h
½ly awe
aweum; wçvdiw f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (w+em) tawm
aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? (w+{e) w-cGif; acs {e[k yuwdjyK? wfAsnf;
{oku Yd yf? awe
aweum; Ny;D \/
þokt Yd p&So
d nfonf ykvi’d Ef iS w
hf \l /
£pöm'd ykv*’d o
F rH/
½kyf jrefrm {wwnf odouf? ]]{wawoH awm}}okwjf zifh o jyK/

{w
ygVd {w od/ ]]{wawoH awm}}wd o um&ma'aom/
ykpH H {aom yk&daom/ jrefrm xkda,mufsm;onf/
½ly {aom
{aomum; {wçvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? ({w+od) {w
awoH awm okwjf zifh {wo'´g\ w-ukd o-jyK? ({o+od) aom okwjf zifh od0b d wf
ukd MojyK? o-cGif; acs Mo[kyuwdjyK? ofAsnf; MookdYuyf? {aom
{aomum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {aw/ jrefrm xkda,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly {aw
{awum; {wçvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? ({w+a,m)
oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk {jyK? w-cGi;f acs? {[kyuwdjyK?
wfAsn;f {okuYd yf? {aw
{awum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH/ jrefrm xkda,mufsm;ukd/
½ly {wHum; {wçvdiw f nf? 'kw,
d m{u0kpf tHouf? ({w+tH) w-cGi;f
acs tH[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? {wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {aw/ jrefrm xkda,mufsm;wkdYukd/
2/ emru@ 517
½ly {aw
{awum; {wçvdiw f nf? 'kw,
d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? ({w+a,m)
oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? w-cGif; acs {[kyuwdjyK?
Yd yf? {aw
wfAsn;f {oku {awum; Ny;D \/
þokt d nfonf oAÁo'´gESiw
Yd p&So hf \
l /
£pöm'd oAÁo'órH/
½kyf jrefrm £w¬dvdifü {w{wo'´gwnf? odouf? o jyK/

ygVd £w¬, d H {wm od? om
oma'aom/
ykpH H {om unm/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;onf/
½ly {om
{omum; {wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yXrm{u0kpf odouf? ({wm+od) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? {wawoHawm
okwfjzifh {wo'´g\ w-ukd o-jyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? aooawm-- okwfjzifh
od0b d wfuadk cs? {om
{omum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wm/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly {wm
{wmum; {wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? ({wm+a,m) tm aCm okwfjzifh tmukd
C-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukdacs? {wm NyD;\/
ykpH H {wma,m/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly {wma,m
{wma,mum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ({wm+a,m) {wma,m
{wma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;uk/d
½ly {wHum; {wçvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? ({wm+tH) w-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? wfAsn;f
tHou Ydk yf? {wHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wm/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;wku
Yd /dk
½ly {wm
{wmum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wma,m/ jrefrm xko d wko Yd rD;wku
Yd /dk
½ly {wma,m
{wma,mum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wm,/ jrefrm xkod wkoYd rD;jzif/h
½ly {wm,um; {wçvdiw

{wm, f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? ({wm+em) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh
tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk tm,jyK?
wftpdwf tmukdacs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? {wm, {wm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wm[d? {wmbd/ jrefrm xko
d wko
Yd rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly {wm[dç {wmbdum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf?
({wm) w'¨dwemrfiJh? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? {wm[dum; NyD;\/ {wmbd-ü
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? {wmbdum; NyD;\/
jrefrm o 0dbwf o®d H0bd wfwüYdk um; ]]oHomaoGu0paeok p}}okwo f nf
vkduf\/
ygVd oo® d Hok ye ]]oHomaoGu0paeok pm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 217/ {wdrmord/

okwjf refrm{wm
{wmo'´g £rm£rmo'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f nf £ tjyK jzpf\/
t"dygÜ ,f þq|D0dbwfonf tpdwfukd iJh\/
ygVd tEÅmayu©m,H q|D/
{u0kpjf zpfuek af om 0dbwftjyKjzpfuek af om oHo'´g om
0kwjdå refrm omo'´gwk-Yd
aMumifh {wm
{wmo'´g £rm £rmo'´gwk\
Yd tpdwo f nf £tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd {wm£rm£apöaworaEÅm oa&m £ uma&m a[mwd oH o m
{wm£rm
aoGu0paeok 0dbwåma'aook/
t"dygÜ ,f om óm,jyK&müvnf; £
omtjyKEiS hf tvm;wlonf\tjzpfaMumifh óm,
jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd om
oma'o*wduwåm óm,m óm,ma'aoyd/
jrefrm p o'´gvkdufjcif;aMumifh tn
tno'´g {u
{uo'´gwkdY\ tpdwf\vnf;
£ tjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´g"dum&awm tanum
tanumo'´g'DerEÅó p/
ykpH H {wdóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
2/ emru@ 519
½ly {wdóm, m,um; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? ({wm+o) w-cGi;f tm-<uif;? wawm oó
óm, okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd óm,jyK? ({wm+óm,) {wdrmord okwfjzifh
o0dbwf óm,tjyKaMumifh {wm\ tpdwf tmukd £jyK? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
{wdóm, m,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wdóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly {wdómmum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? ({wm+o) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom
o0dbwfukd omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf?
({wf+tm+óm) {wdrmord okwfjzifh o0dbwf omtjyKaMumifh {wm\ tpdwf
tmukd £jyK? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? {wd ó mmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rtm;/
½ly {wm,
{wm,um; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? ({wm+o) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk
tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? {wm, {wm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wmoH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwkt Yd m;/
½ly {wmoHum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? ({wm+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh eH0d
bwfukd oHjyK? {wmoHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wmomeH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwkt Yd m;/
½ly {wmomeHum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? ({wm+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh eH0d
bwfudk omeHjyK? {wmomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rrS/
½ly {wm,
{wm,um; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? ({wm+o®m) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk
tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? {wm, {wm,um; NyD;\/

ykpH H {wm[d? {wmbd/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwkrYd /S
½ly {wm[dç {wmbdum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf?
({wm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? {wm[dum; Ny;D \/ {wmbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? {wmbdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wdóm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f r\/
½ly {wdóm, m,um; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wdóm/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f r\/
½ly {wdómmum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wm,/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f r\/
½ly {wm,
{wm,um; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wmoH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwk\ Yd /
½ly {wmoHum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wmomeH/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwk\ Yd /
½ly {wmomeHum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {wdó/H jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly {wd ó Hum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? ({wm+o®d H) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom
o®d 0H b
d wfudk oHjyK? oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsn;f oHou Ydk yf? ({wf+
tm+óH) {wdrmord okwjf zifh oHtjyKaMumifh a&SU{wmo'´g\ tpdwf tmukd £jyK?
wfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? {wdóHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wm,H/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rü/
½ly {wm,Hum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? ({wm+o®d H) w-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d , H H 0g okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o®d 0H d
bwfukd,HjyK? wfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? {wm,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wmok/ jrefrm xkrd ed ;f rwküYd /
2/ emru@ 521
½ly {wmokum; {wçvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? ({wm)
w'¨wd emrfi?hJ owårAD [k0pk f okouf? {wmokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y {om/ {wm? {wma,m/
'k {wH/ {wm? {wma,m/
w {wm,/ {wm[d? {wmbd/
p {wdóm,? {wdóm? {wm,/ {wmoH? {wmomeH/
yOö {wm,/ {wm[d? {wmbd/
q {wdóm,? {wdóm? {wm,/ {wmoH? {wmomeH/
owå {wdóH? {wm,H/ {wmok/
po'´g p o'´gaMumif/h ygVd p o'áwm/

ykpH H tndóm/ jrefrm wyg;aomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly tndómmum; tnvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tnm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (tnm+o) n-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d o
H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom
o0dbwfukd omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf?
(tnf+tm+óm) {wdrmord okwüf po'´gjzifh o0dbwf omtjyKaMumifh tnm\
tpdwf tmukd £jyK? nfAsnf; £okdYuyf? tnd ó mmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tnm,/ jrefrm wyg;aomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly tnm,
tnm,um; tnvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tnm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (tnm+o) n-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk
tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? tnm, tnm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H tndó/H jrefrm wyg;aomrde;f rü/
½ly tndóHum; tnvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tnm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (tnm+o®d H) n-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d o
H meH oHom okwjf zifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom
o®d 0H b
d wfudk oHjyK? oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsn;f ooku Yd yf? (tnf+
tm+óH) {wdrmord okwüf po'´gjzifh o®d 0H b d wf oHtjyKaMumifh tnm\ tpdwf
tmukd £jyK? nfAsnf; £okdYuyf? tnd ó Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tnm,H/ jrefrm wyg;aomrde;f rü/
½ly tnm,Hum; tnvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (tnm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (tnm+o®d H) n-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm
okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm o®d , H H 0g okwjf zifh CaemifrS aESmif;aom o®d 0H d
bwfukd ,HjyK? nfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? tnm,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {udóm/ jrefrm wa,mufaomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly {udómmum; {uvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {um,/ jrefrm wa,mufaomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly {um,
{um,um; {uvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {udó/H jrefrm wa,mufaomrde;f rü/
½ly {udóHum; {uvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {um,H/ jrefrm wa,mufaomrde;f rü/
½ly {um,Hum; {uvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&dóm/ jrefrm þrSwyg;aomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly £w&dómmum; £w&vdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&m,/ jrefrm þrSwyg;aomrdef;rtm;? \/
½ly £w&m,
£w&m,um; £w&vdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&dó/H jrefrm þrSwyg;aomrde;f rü/
½ly £w&dóHum; £w&vdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&m,H/ jrefrm þrSwyg;aomrde;f rü/
½ly £w&m,Hum; £w&vdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokdY tp&Sdonfonf NyD;\/ ygVd £pöm'd/
eykv H id üf - eyko
H au-
ykpH H {wH/ jrefrm xkpd w
d o f nf/
½ly {wHum; {wvdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? od H okwjf zifh od0b d wf
ukd tHjyK? ({w+tH) w-cGi;f acs tH[yk uwdjyK? wfAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? {wHum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 523
ykpH H {wmed/ jrefrm xkpd wd w f o Ydk nf/
½ly {wmedum; {wvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? ({w+a,m)
w-cGi;f t-<uif;? a,meHed eykoH au[d okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mokuw-
- okwfjzifh a,m 0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh {w\tpdwf tukd tm'DCjyK? wfAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? {wmedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {wH/ jrefrm xkpd w
d uf /dk
½ly {wHum; {wvdiw f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kpf tHouf? ({w+tH) w-cGi;f
acs tH[kyuwdjyK? wfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? {wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {wmed/ jrefrm xkpd wd wf u Ydk /dk
½ly {wmedum; {wvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
t<uif;ukd odaumif;Ny/D aooH aÚ,s/H
jrefrm £r
£ro'´g\ txl;um; £r £ronf odouf/
ygVd £ro'´ó aba'g/ £r odÞ
£r
jrefrm ]]oAÁórd óm}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]oAÁórd óm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 218/ te ykHouóm,H odrSd/

okwjf refrm od0b H id rf [kwaf om £r
d wfaMumifh eykv £ro'´g\ t,HjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh eykv H id rf [kwaf om tvk;H pko
H mvQijf zpfaom
£r
£ro'´g\ t,HtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'´ó oAÁaó0 teykHouó t,Htma'aom a[mwd
odrdS 0dbwård /dS
½kyf jrefrm od0b
d wfuadk cs/ ygVd odavmayg/
ykpH H t,H yk&daom/ jrefrm þa,mufsm;onf/
½ly t,Hum; £rvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (£r+od) teykH
ouóm ,Hord dS okwjf zifh aemufo0d b
d wfaMumifh eykv
H id rf [kwaf om £rukd t,H
jyK? (t,H+od) aooawm okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? t,Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £ar/ jrefrm þa,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly £ar
£arum; £rvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (£r+a,m)
oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwfjzifh yXrma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? r-cGif;? acs? {[k
Yd yf? £ar
yuwdjyK? rfAsn;f {oku £arum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rH/ jrefrm þa,mufsm;ukd/
½ly £rHum; £rvdiw f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (£r+tH) r-cGi;f ?
acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? £rHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £ar/ jrefrm þa,mufsm;wkdYukd/
½ly £ar
£arum; £rvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? (£r+a,m)
oAÁa,mederm{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? r-cGif;? acs? {[k yuwdjyK?
Yd yf? £ar
rfAsn;f {oku £arum; Ny;D \/
----------------
okwf 219/ tedrd emrSd p/

okwjf refrm em
emjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifv h nf; te
tetjyK £rdtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm em
emjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom £r
£ro'´g\ te
tjyK £rdtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'´ó oAÁaó0 te £rd tma'om a[mEÅd em emrSd 0dbwård /dS
t"dygÜ ,f ykvi’d f eykv H id u
f odk mvQif þokwüf ,ljcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd tedwv d¬ *d aF óa0wH *[PH/
ykpH H taee/ jrefrm þoljzifh/
½ly taee
taeeum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (£r+em)
tedrd emrSd p okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh £ro'´gukd tejyK? (te+em?) tawm
aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? cGi;f acs uyf? taee taeeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rdem/ jrefrm þoljzifh/
½ly £rdemmum; £rvdiw f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (£r+em) tedrd
emrSd p okwjf zifh aemufem0dbwfaMumifh £ro'´gukd £rdjyK? (£rd+em?) £rdemmum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm &mZó&mZk okeH[dokp okwfrS ]]okeH[d}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oke[ H o d }l }wd 0wåaw/
--------------------
2/ emru@ 525
okwf 220/ oAÁódraó 0g/

okwjf refrm tvk;H pkaH om £r
£ro'´g\ tcsKUd ojzifh { tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm ok eH [d [luek af om þ0dbwfwaYdk Mumihf tvk;H pkaH om £r
£ro'´g\
{ tjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁó £r £ro'´ó { uma&m a[mwd 0g ok eH [d£apöawok
0paeok/
jrefrm {wdrmord ponfuo hJ Ydk tmypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'jf zifh rjyjcif;aMumifh
¤if;? wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬ ponfuo hJ Ydk oAÁw[
¬ k rqkjd cif;aMumif¤h if;?
£ró [laomyk'jf zifh ykvi’d f eykv
H id u f o dk mvQif ,ljcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd tmyÜpö,EÅmeda'óm? oAÁw¬mwd t0kwåawm/
tedw¬dvd*Faóa0w¬? *[PH [d £ródwd/
ykpH H {[d? {bd/ jrefrm þtrnf&u dS ek af omolwjYdk zif?h wkrYd /S

½ly {[dç {bdum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? (£r+[d)
oAÁód raó 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd {jyK? {[d
um; NyD;\/ {bd - ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [dukd bdjyK? {bdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £ar[d? £arbd/ jrefrm þolwkdYjzifh/

½ly £ar[dç £arbdum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(£r+[d) oAÁód raó 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd
{jyKoifah omfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? r-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u
G ma&m
{ okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsnf; {okdYuyf? £ar[dum;
Ny;D \/ £arbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [dudk bdjyK? £arbdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oAÁó[laomyk'çf 0g[laomyk'çf oAÁw[ ¬ al omyk'çf oo®mod® o
H o
H m
oGwåH[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oAÁóç 0gç oAÁw¬ç oo®mod® HoHomoGwå}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 221/ £ro'´ó p/

okwjf refrm tvk;H pkaH om £r £ro'´g\vnf; t tjzpfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm o o®m o®d H oH om om[lukefaom 0dbwfwkdYaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
vdiw f aYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om £r
£ro'´g\vnf; t tjzpfonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'´ó p oAÁaó0 t wåH a[mwd 0g o o®m o®d H oHom
£apöawok 0paeok oAÁw¬ vda*Fok/
ykpH H tó/ jrefrm þoltm;/
½ly tó
tóum; £rvdifwnf? pwkw¬D {u0kpf oouf? (£r+o) £r
o'´ó p okwfjzifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd t-jyK? (t+o)
om*arm ao okwfjzifh oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? tó tóum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £ró/ jrefrm þoltm;/
½ly £ró
£róum; £rvdiw f nf? pwkwD¬ {u0kpf oouf? (£r+o) £r
o'´ó p okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomf
vnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (£r+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh oftu©&m
vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? £ró £róum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {oH? {omeH/ jrefrm þolwkdYtm;/

½ly {oHç {omeHum; £rvdifwnf? pwkw¬D A[k0kpf eHouf? (£r+eH)
£r o'´ó p okwjf zifh £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (£r+eH) £ród raó 0g okwfjzifh eH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £r
d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? {oHç {omeH
o'´gukd {jyK? oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £aroH? £aromeH/ jrefrm þolwkdYtm;/
½ly £aroHç £aromeHum; £rvdifwnf? pwkw¬D A[k0kpf eHouf?
(£r+eH) £r o'´ó p okwfjzifh £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (£r+eH) r-cGif; t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p okwfjzifh
eH0dbwfaMumifh rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? (£rf+{+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh
eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? £aroHç £aromeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H to®m/ jrefrm þolr/S
2/ emru@ 527
½ly to® mum; £rvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (£r+o®m) £r

o'´ó p okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd t-jyK? to®mum;Ny;D \/
ykpH H £ro®m? £rrSm/ jrefrm þolr/S
½ly £ro®mç £rrSmum; £rvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? £r
o® mum; NyD;\/ £rrSm-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK?
£rrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {[d? {bd/ jrefrm þolwrYdk /S
½ly {[dç {bdum; £rvdiw f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (£r+[d) £r
o'´ó p okwfjzifh £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (£r+[d) £ród raó 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £r
o'´gukd {jyK? {[d um; Ny;D \/ {bd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk
bdjyK? {bdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £ar[d? £arbd/ jrefrm þolwrYdk /S
½ly £ar[dç £arbdum; £rvdiw f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (£r+[d)
£r o'´ó p okwjf zifh £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (£r+[d) r-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh
rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {okuYd yf? £ar[d um; Ny;D \/ £arbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? £arbdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H tó? £ró/ jrefrm þol\/
½ly tóç £ró £róum; £rvdiw f nf? yOör{D u0kpf oouf? enf;wl/
ykpH H {oH? {omeH? £aroH? £aromeH/ jrefrm þolwkdY\/
½ly {oHç {omeHç £aroHç £aromeHum; £rvdiw f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f
eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H to®d H/ jrefrm þolü/
½ly to® d Hum; £rvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? £r o'´ó p
okwfjzifh £ro'´gukd t-jyK? to® d Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rod® H? £rrSd/ jrefrm þolü/
½ly £ro®d Hç £rrSdum; £rvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? £r
o'´ó p okwjf zifh £ro'´gukd t-jyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? £ro®d Hum; Ny;D \/ £rrSd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd
rdjS yK? £rrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {ok/ jrefrm þolwüYdk /
½ly {okum; £rvdifwnf? owårDA[k0kpf okouf? (£r+ok) £r
rjyK&? (£r+[d) £ród raó 0g okwfjzifh ok0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £r
o'´gukd {jyK? {okum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £arok/ jrefrm þolwüYdk /
½ly £arokum; £rvdiw f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (£r+ok) £r
rjyK&? (£r+ok) r-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh ok0dbwfaMumifh
Yd yf? £arokum; Ny;D \/
rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {oku
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y t,H/ £ar/
'k £rH/ £ar/
w taee? £rdem/ {[d? {bd? £ar[d? £arbd/
p tó? £ró/ {oH? {omeH? £aroH? £aromeH/
yOö to®m? £ro®m? £rrSm/ {[d? {bd? £ar[d? £arbd/
q tó? £ró/ {oH? {omeH? £aroH? £aromeH/
owå to®d H? £ro®d H? £rrSd/ {ok? £arok/
½kyf jrefrm £w¬dvdifü £rm
£rmwnf? odouf? £ro'´gukd t,HjyK oduadk cs/
ygVd £w¬,d H £rm od? t,
t,rma'ood odavmayg/
ykpH H t,H unm/ jrefrm þowko
Yd rD;onf/
½ly t,Hum; £rmvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? teykHouóm
,Hord dS okwjf zifh od0bd wfaMumifh £w¬v
d id f £rmukd t,HjyK? aooawm okwjf zifh
od0b d wfuadk cs? t,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rm/ jrefrm þowkdYorD;wkdYonf/
2/ emru@ 529
½ly £rmum; £rmvdiw

£rm f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (£rm+a,m)
r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meH avmayg
okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfukdacs? rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? £rm £rmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rma,m/ jrefrm þowkdYorD;wkdYonf/
½ly £rma,m
£rma,mum; £rmvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (£rm+
a,m) £rma,m
£rma,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rH/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;uk/d
½ly £rHum; £rmvdiw f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? r-cGi;f tm-<uif;?
acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? £rHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rm/ jrefrm þowkdYorD;wkdYukd/
½ly £rm
£rmum; £rmvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wl/
ykpH H £rma,m/ jrefrm þowkdYorD;wkdYukd/
½ly £rma,m
£rma,mum; £rmvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wl/
ykpH H £rm, jrefrm þowko Yd rD;jzif/h
½ly £rm,
£rm,um; £rmvdiw f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (£rm+em)
r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CrS
aemufjzpfaom em0dbwfukd ,jyK? rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? £rm, £rm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rm[d? £rmbd/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly £rm[dç £rmbdum; £rmvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
£rm[dum; Ny;D \/ £rmbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0bd wfudk bdjyK?
£rmbdum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm d wfü tjyK? tmukv
pwkw0D¬ b d nf; £jyK? o0dbwfuv dk nf; óm,
óm,jyK/
ygVd pwkw¬d,H t wåHç £ um& óm,m
óm,ma'om p/
ykpH H tóm, jrefrm þowko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly tóm,
tóm,um; £rmvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (£rm+o)
awok 0k'¨d--jzifh £rmo'´gukd t-jyK? (t+o) wawm oóóm, okwfjzifh
o0dbwfukd óm,jyK? tóm, tóm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rdóm, jrefrm þowko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly £rdóm, m,um; £rmvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (£rm+o)

r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? {wdrmord okwjf zifh rftpdwf tmukd £jyK? rfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? (£rd+
o) wawm oóóm, okwjf zifh o0dbwfudk óm,jyK? £rdóm, m,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tóm/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly tóm
tómum; £rmvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (£rm+o)
r-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom
okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh ofvm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf?
(£rm+óm) awok 0k'd̈--jzifh £rmo'´gukd t-jyK? tóm tómum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rdóm/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly £rdómmum; £rmvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (£rm+o)
r-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom
okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd omjyK? oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh ofvm? ofAsnf; omokdYuyf?
(£rf+tm+óm) {wdrmord okwfjzifh rftpdwf tmukd £jyK? rfAsnf; £okdYuyf?
£rdómmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rm,/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;tm;/
½ly £rm,
£rm,um; £rmvdiw f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (£rm+o)
r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawmem'DeH okwjf zifh o0dbwf
ukd tm,jyK? acs? tm,[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? £rm, £rm,um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rmoH? £rmomeH/ jrefrm þowkdYorD;wkdYtm;/
½ly £rmoHç £rmomeHum; £rmvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf?
(£rm+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh eH0dbwfukd oHjyKç omeHjyK? £rmoHç
£rmomeHum; Ny;D \/
owår0D b
d wfü- owår, d /H
ykpH H tóH/ jrefrm þrde;f rü/
½ly tóHum; £rmvdiw f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d oH uf? (£rm+o®d )H r
-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? aCm&óH okwfjzifh rftpdwf
tmukd t-&ójyK? (£rf+t+o®d )H Cyawm o®d o H meH oHom okwjf zifh o®d 0H b
d wfudk
oHjyK? (£rf+t+oH) oHomaoGu--okwfjzifh ofvm? rfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? ofAsnf;
oHou Ydk yf? (£r+óH) £ro'´ó p okwjf zifh £ro'´gukd t-jyK? tóHum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 531
ykpH H £rdó/H jrefrm þrde;f rü/

½ly £rd ó Hum; £rmvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (£rm+o®d H)
r-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf (£rf+tm+o®d )H Cyawm o®d HomeH
oHom okwjf zifh o®d 0H b d wfudk oHjyK? (£rf+tm+oH) oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh ofvm?
ofAsnf; oHokdYuyf? (£rf+tm+óH) {wdrmord okwfjzifh rftpdwf tmukd £jyK?
rfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? £rdóHum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ]]awok 0k'ad¨ vmyg}}paomokwjf zifh o®d H0b d wfudk om omjyK/
ygVd ]]awok 0k'ad¨ vmyg}}'dem o®d H0peó 0g om oma'aom/
ykpH H £rm,H/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;ü/
½ly £rm,Hum; £rmvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (£rm+o®d H)
r-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? (£rf+tm+o®d )H Cyawm
o®d , H H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H bd wfudk ,HjyK? (£rf+tm+,H) rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? £rm,H
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rmok/ jrefrm þowko Yd rD;wküYd /
½ly £rmokum; £rmvdifwnf? owårDA[k0kpf okouf? £rmokum;
Ny;D \/ t<uif; odavmufNyD/ aooH aÚ,sH/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y t,H/ £rm? £rma,m/
'k £rH/ £rm? £rma,m/
w £rm,/ £rm[d? £rmbd/
p tóm,? £rdóm,? tóm?
£rdóm? tóm,/ £rmoH? £rmomeH/
owå tóH? £rdóH? £rdóm? £rm,H/ £rmok/
½kyf jrefrm eykv H id üf £r
£rwnf? odouf/
ygVd eyko H au £r od/
jrefrm ]]trSó rrH o0dbwåó d okwrf S o0dbwåó d yH 'k çf eHrdS wH 0g okwrf S
0g[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]o0dbwådóç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
okwf 222/ £ród'rH odok eykHoau/

okwjf refrm H id üf tH0b
eykv d wf od0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh £r
£ro'´g\ £'HtjyK jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukefaom tH0dbwf od0dbwfwkdYaMumifh eykHvdifüjzpfaom
tvkH;pkHomvQifjzpfaom 0dbwfESifhwuGaom £r £ro'´g\ £'H
0kwydå gVd eykHoau 0wårmeó oAÁaó0 £r £ro'´ó o0dbwådó £'H
a[mwd 0g tH odok ya&ok/
ykpH H £'H pdwåH 0da&mpwd/
jrefrm þpdwfonf wifhw,f\? ESpfouf\/
½ly £'Hum; £rvdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (£r+od) £ród'rH
odok eyko H au okwjf zifh eykvH id üf jzpfaom od0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG £'HjyK? £'Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rH/ jrefrm þpdwo f nf/
½ly £rHum; £rvdiw f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (£r+od) £ród'rH
odok eyko H au okwjf zifh eykvH id üf jzpfaom od0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd
0dbwfESifhwuG £'HjyKoifhaomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? od H okwfjzifh
od0dbwfukd tHjyK? r-cGif; acs? tH[kyuwdjyK? rfAsnf; tHokdYuyf? £rHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £rmed/ jrefrm þpdww f o Ydk nf/
½ly £rmedum; £rvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (£r+a,m)
r-cGi;f t-<uif;? a,meHed eyko H au[d okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mokuw
--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyKaMumifh rftpdwf tukd tm'DCjyK? rfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf?
£rmedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £'H ykyæH yóod/ jrefrm þyef;ukd ½Iavmh/
½ly £'Hum; £rvdiw f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £rH/ jrefrm þyef;uk/d
½ly £rHum; £rvdiw f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £rmed/ jrefrm þyef;wku Yd /dk
½ly £rmedum; £rvdiw f nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H taee/ jrefrm þyef;jzif/h
2/ emru@ 533
½ly taee
taeeum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (£r+em)
£ród'rH odok eykHoau okwfjzifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
£'HjyKoifhaomfvnf; od0dbwfr[kwfaomaMumifh rjyK&? tedrSd emrSd p okwfjzifh
em0dbwfaMumifh £ro'´gukd tejyK? tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? e-
cGi;f acs uyf? taee
taeeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rdem/ jrefrm þyef;jzif/h
½ly £rd e mmum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (£r+em)
£ród'rH odok eyko H au okwjf zifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG £'HjyK
oifah omfvnf; od0b d wfr[kwaf omaMumifh rjyK&? tedrdS emrSd p okwjf zifh em0dbwf
aMumifh £ro'´gukd £rdjyK? £rdemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {[d? {bd/ jrefrm þyef;wkjYd zif/h
½ly {[dç {bdum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? (£r+[d)
£ród'rH odok eyko H au okwjf zifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG £'HjyK
oifhaomfvnf; od0dbwfr[kwfaomaMumifh rjyK&? oAÁód raó 0g okwfjzifh
[d0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £rukd {jyK? {[dum; NyD;\/ {bd - ü o®m[do®d HeH
rSmbdrdS 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? {bdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H £ar[d? £arbd/ jrefrm þyef;wkjYd zif/h
½ly £ar[dç £arbdum; £rvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(£r+[d) £ród'rH odok eyko H au okwjf zifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG £'HjyK oifah omfvnf; od0b d wfr[kwaf omaMumifh rjyK&? r-cGi;f t-<uif;?
ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
£ar[dum; Ny;D \/ £arbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrSd 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK?
£arbdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokdY tp&SdaomykHpHukd ykvd’ifüuJhokdY odtyf\/
ygVd £pöm'd ykvd’a*F 0d, aÚ,sH/
½kyf jrefrm trko'´g\ ½kyt f xl;um; trkwnf? odouf/
ygVd trko'´ó aba'g/ trk odÞ
jrefrm ]]0g[laomyk'çf teyko H uóyk'çf odr[ dS al omyk'}f }onf vku
d \ f /
ygVd ]]0gç teykHouóç odrSD}}wd p 0wåaw/
okwf 223/ trkó arm oH/

okwjf refrm trko'´g\ r onf o tjyKoYdk a&muf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom od0b d wfaMumifh eykv H id rf [kwaf om £w¬v d id f ykv
H id üf
jzpfaom trko'´g\ r tu©&monf o tjzpfoYdk tcsKUd ojzifh a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd teykHouó trko'´ó r uma&m o um&rmyZÆaw 0g odrSd
ya&/
ykpH H tok &mZm/ jrefrm þrnfaom rif;onf/
½ly tokum; trkvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) r-cGif;
O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwjf zifh aemufo0d b d wfaMumifh ykvi’d üf jzpfaom trko'´g\
Yk yf? aooawm--okwjf zifh odacs? tokum; Ny;D \/
rtu©&mukd o-jyK? ofAsn;f Oodu
jrefrm ]]oAÁemrawm[laomyk'çf 0g[laomyk'}f }onfvnf; vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]oAÁemrawmç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 224/ oAÁawm aum/

okwjf refrm oAÁpaomo'´gaemifrS u tu©&m vm\/
0kwjdrå efrm cyford ;f aom oAÁemrfrS aESmif;onfjzpfí ([kwmG ) u [lí qkt d yf
aom þvmjcif;onf tcsKdUojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁawm oAÁemrawm ya&m u £pö,rm*arm a[mwd 0g/
jrefrm oAÁawm eH oHomeH okwfrS oAÁawmo'´gvkdufvQif wzef oAÁ -
o'´gukd qkdjcif;aMumifh [D epaomyk'faemifrSvnf; u tu©&mvm
onf jzpf\/ teyko H uom ,Hord dS [laomyk'f vku d jf cif;uif;aom trkó armoH
[laom 0dem"dum& a,m*0dbm*jzifh utu©&maESmif;&müvnf; o-jyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd yke oAÁawm wm*¾[aPe [Demm'dawmyd aum aum/ ]]trkó arm o}}EÅd
0dem"duma&e a,ma*e u uma&yd om oma'aom/
ykpH H tokaum/ jrefrm þrnfaomolonf/
½ly tokaum umum; trkvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) r-
cGi;f O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwjf zifh ykvi’d üf jzpfaom trko'´g\ rtu©&mukd o-
jyK? ofAsnf; OodkYuyf? (tok+od) oAÁawm aum okwfjzifh trk[laom oAÁemrf
2/ emru@ 535
aemif uftu©&mvm? odukd MojyK? ufAsnf; MookdYuyf? tokaum aumum;

a um Ny;D \/
ykpH H tokum/ jrefrm þrnfaomolwkdYonf/
½ly tokummum; trkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trk+a,m)
r-cGi;f O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwjf zifh ykvi’d üf jzpfaom trko'´g\ rtu©&mukd
o-jyK? ofAsn;f OoduY k yf? (tok+a,m) oAÁawm aum okwjfzifh trk[al om oAÁemrfaemif
uftu©&mvm? oAÁa,meDe okwfjzifh a,mukd tmjyK? uyf? tokum umum;
u m Ny;D \/
ykpH H tokuH/ jrefrm þrnfaomolu/dk
½ly tokuHum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (trk+tH) r-
cGi;f O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwjf zifh ykvi’d üf jzpfaom trko'´g\ rtu©&mukd o-
jyK? ofAsn;f OoduYk yf? (tok+tH) oAÁawm aum okwfjzifh trk[laom oAÁemrf
aemif uftu©&mvm? ufAsnf; tHokdYuyf? tokuH uu H m; Ny;D \/
jrefrm orjyK&müum;- ygVd om oma'ombma0-
ykpH H trkaum/ jrefrm þrnfaomolonf/
½ly trk a um umum; trkvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od)
oAÁawm aum okwjf zifh trk[al om oAÁemrfaemif uftu©&mvm? (trk+uf+od)
aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? ufAsnf; MookdYuyf? trk a um umum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trkum/ jrefrm þrnfaomolwkdYonf/

½ly trkummum; trkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trk+a,m)
oAÁawm aum okwjf zifh trk[al om oAÁemrfaemif uftu©&mvm? (trk+uf+a,m)
oAÁa,meDerm { okwjf zifh y-a,mukd tmjyK? ufAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? trkummum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trku/H jrefrm þrnfaomolu/dk
½ly trk u Hum; trkvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf odouf? (trk+tH)
oAÁawm aum okwjf zifh trk[al om oAÁemrfaemif uftu©&mvm? (trk+uf+tH)
Ydk yf? trkuHum; Ny;D \/
ufAsn;f tHou
þokdY tp&Sdonfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]vawm a0guma&m p}}okwüf psvawm oó aem 0g
okwrf S vku f maom 0g
d v 0go'´gaMumifh a0g
a0gjyKonf rjzpf/ tjrJ a,m
0dbwfausonf jzpf\/ 'DCjyK/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]vawm a0guma&m pm}}wd okawå tEk0wårme0g 0g

0g*¾[
aPe a0g a0guma&m e a[mwd? edpöH a,m a,mavmaygç 'DaCm p/
ykpH H trl yk&dom/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly trlum; trkvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (trk+a,m) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oukd v-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg
okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfuadk cs? a,mokuw-- okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfausNy;D aomf Oukd
OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? tr
trll um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk/H jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;ukd/
½ly trk Hum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (trk+tH) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf tHarm ed*[ ¾ w
d H psvay[d okwjf zifh
tH0dbwfukd a&SU vtxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? rfAsnf; OHokdYuyf? tr trkk Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYukd/
½ly trlum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trkem/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;jzifh/
½ly trkemmum; trkvid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? trkemmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl[d? trlbd/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYjzifh/
½ly trl[dç trlbdum; trkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (trk+
[d) r-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh a&SU rftpdwf Oukd
OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? trl[dum; Ny;D \/ trlbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? trlbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk[d? trkbd/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYjzifh/
½ly trk[dç trkbdum; trkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (trk+
[d) trk[dum; Ny;D \/ trkbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b d wfudk bdjyK?
trkbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trkó/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;tm;/
½ly trk óum; trkvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? om*arm ao
okwfjzifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? trk óum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm ]]trkóm'k}H }[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh t'kHjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]trkóm'k}}EÅd 0dem"duma&e a,ma*e t'kHtma'aom/
2/ emru@ 537
ykpH H t'kó/ jrefrm þrnfaomoltm;/

½ly t'k óum; trkvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? trkóm'kH
[laom 0dem"dum& a,m*0dbm*jzifh trko'´gukd t'kHjyK? awok 0k'¨d okwfjzifh
'ktxufü&Sdaom ed*¾[dwfukdacs? om*arm ao okwfjzifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm?
ofAsn;f ooku Yd yf? t'k óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trloH? trlomeH/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
½ly trloHç trlomeHum; trkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (trk+
eH) oAÁ awmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? (trk+oHçomeH) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SU rftpdwf Oukd OD'DCjyK?
rfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? trloHç trlomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trkoH? trkomeH/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
½ly trkoHç trkomeHum; trkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (trk+
eH) oAÁ awmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? trkoçH trkomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trko®m? trkrSm/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;rS/
½ly trko®mç trkrSmum; trkvid w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®mouf? trko®m
um; Ny;D \/ trkrmS -ü o®m[dod ® eH H rSmbdrd S 0g okwjfzifh o®m0dbwfud k rSmjyK? trkrmS um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl[d? trlbd/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYrS/
½ly trl[çd trlbu d m; trkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (trk+ [d) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trk[d? trkbd/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYrS/
½ly trk[çd trkbu d m; trkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (trk+ [d) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trkó/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;\/
½ly trkóum; trkvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t'kó/ jrefrm þrnfaomol\/
½ly t'kóum; trkvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trloH? trlomeH/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
eH) oAÁ awmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç omeHjyK? (trk+oHçomeH) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SU rftpdwf Oukd OD'DCjyK?
rfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? trloHç trlomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trloH? trlomeH? trkoH? trkomeH/

jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdY\/
½ly trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeHum; trkvid w f nf? q|D A[k0pk f
eHouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trko®d H? trkrSd/ jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;ü/
½ly trkod® çH trkru dS m; trkvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d oH uf? trkod® H um;
Ny;D \/ trkrSd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H bd wfudk rSjd yK? trkrSdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trlo/k jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly trlokum; trkvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (trk+ok) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh rftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f
ODou Ydk yf? trlokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trko/k jrefrm þrnfaoma,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly trkokum; trkvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (trk+ok) trkok
um; NyD;\/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y trkaum? trl/ trkum/
'k trku?H trk/H trl/
w trkem/ trl[d? trlbd? trk[d? trkbd/
p trkó/ trlo?H trlomeH? trko?H trkomeH/
yOö trko®m? trkrSm/ trl[d? trlbd? trk[d? trkbd/
q trkó/ trlo?H trlomeH? trko?H trkomeH/
owå trko®d H? trkrSd/ trlok? trkok/
½kyf jrefrm £w¬v d id üf od0b d wfaMumifh o ponfjyK/
ygVd £w¬d,H odrSd om oma'om'd/
ykpH H tok unm/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;onf/
½ly tokum; trkvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) r-cGif;
O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwfjzifh trko'´g\ rf-ukd of-jyK? ofAsnf; OokdYuyf?
aooawm--okwjf zifh od0b d wfuadk cs? tokum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 539
ykpH H tokum/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;onf/

½ly tok u mmum; trkvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwfjzifh trko'´g\ rf-ukd of-jyK? ofAsnf; OokdYuyf?
(tok+od) oAÁawm aum okwjf zifh uftu©&mvm? awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh od0b d wf
ukd tmjyK? ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf? tok u mmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H trkum 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; þrnfaomowkdYorD;onf/
½ly trkummum; trkvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? trkó armoH okwfjzifh trko'´g\ rf-ukd of-jyKoifhaomfvnf; 0g
o'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? rfAsnf; OokdYuyf? (trk+od) oAÁawm aum okwfjzifh
uftu©&mvm? awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd tmjyK? ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
trkummum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly trlum; trkvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (trk+a,m) r-
cGi;f O-<uif;? aw £w¬d csmayg okwjf zifh Oukd y-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meHavmayg
okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfuadk cs? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh vrnfaom Oukd OD'C D
jyK? rfAsnf; ODokdYuyf? trlum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trka,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wko
Yd nf/
½ly trka,m,mum; trkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trk+a,m)
trka,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk/H jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;uk/d
½ly trk Hum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (trk+tH) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? aw £w¬d csmayg okwjf zifh Oukd y-rSn?hf tHarm ed*[ ¾ wd -H -okwjf zifh tH0b d wf
ukd a&SUytxufü ed*[ ¾ w
d jf yK? rfAsn;f OHou Ydk yf? trkHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wku
Yd /dk
½ly trlum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trka,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wku
Yd /dk
½ly trk a ,m
,mum; trkvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? a&SUenf;
wlwGuf/
ykpH H trk,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;jzif/h

½ly trk , mmum; trkvdifwnf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (trk+em)
r-cGif; O-<uif;? aw £w¬d csmayg okwfjzifh Oukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk ,mjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? trk,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl[d? trlbd/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wkjYd zif/h
½ly trl[dç trlbdum; trkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (trk+
[d) r-cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh rftpdwf Oukd
OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? trl[u d m; Ny;D \/ trlbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? trlbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trkóm/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;tm;/
½ly trkómmum; trkvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (trk+o) o-
cGif; t-<uif;? awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh oftpdwf t-ukd tmjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
(trk+om) om*arm ao okwjf zifh of-vm? ofAsn;f omoku Yd yf? trkómmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;tm;/
½ly trk , mmum; trkvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (trk+o) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? Oukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd omjyK?
oHomaoGu--okwjf zifh a&SUüofvm? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? ofAsn;f omoku Yd yf? trkóm
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H trloH? trlomeH/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;wkdYtm;/
eH) r-cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SUrftpdwf Oukd
OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f ODou Ydk yf? (trl+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk oHjyKç
omeHjyK? trloHç trlomeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;rS
½ly trk , mmum; trkvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (trk+o®m) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? aw £w¬d csmayg okwfjzifh Oukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh
yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk ,mjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? trk,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl[d? trlbd/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wkrYd /S
½ly trl[dç trlbdum; trkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? enf;wl/
2/ emru@ 541
ykpH H trkóm/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;\/

½ly trkómmum; trkvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trk,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowkdYorD;\/
½ly trk,mmum; trkvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trloH? trlomeH/
jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wk\ Yd /
½ly trloHç trlomeHum; trkvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&SUenf;twlwu G /f
ykpH H trkó/H jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;ü/
½ly trkóHum; trkvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (trk+o®d )H r-
cGif; O-<uif;? Oukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d HomeH oHom okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd oHjyK?
oHomaoGu--okwjfzifh a&SUüofvm? rfAsn;f Ooku Y d yf? ofAsn;f oHouY d k yf? trkóu H m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk,/H jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;ü/
½ly trk , Hum; trkvdifwnf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (trk+o®d H) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? Oukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd ,HjyK? rfAsnf;
Ooku Yd yf? trk,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trk,m/ jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;ü/
½ly trk,mmum; trkvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (trk+o®d )H r-
cGi;f O-<uif;? Oukd y-rSn?hf yawm ,m okwjf zifh yaemifraS ESmif;aom o®d 0H b d wfudk
,mjyK? rfAsn;f Ooku Yd yf? trk,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trlo/k jrefrm þrnfaomowko Yd rD;wküYd /
½ly trlokum; trkvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (trk+ok) r-cGi;f
O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh rftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK? rfAsn;f
ODou Ydk yf? trlokum; Ny;D \/
*kP d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y trl/ trka,m/
'k trk/H trl? trka,m/
w trk,m/ trl[d? trlbd/
p trkóm trk,m/ trloH? trlomeH/
yOö trk,m/ trl[d? trlbd/

q trkóm trk,m/ trloH? trlomeH/
owå trkóH? trk,H? trk,m/ trlok/
jrefrm eykv H id üf trkwnf? odouf/
ygVd eykoH au trk od/
jrefrm ]]o0dbwåó f nf¤if;? £ród'paomokwrf S ]]tHoo
d }}yk'o d k eykH
oau}}[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? vkud \f /
ygVd ]]o0dbwåód }}ç £ród'rdpmö 'dawm ]]tHoo d k eyko
H au}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 225/ trkóm'Hk/

okwjf refrm trko'´g\ t'kHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukefaom tH0dbwf od0dbwfwkdYaMumifh eykHvdifüjzpfaom
0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom tvk;H pkaH om trko'´g\ t'kHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd eykHoau 0wårmeó oAÁaó0 trko'´ó o0dbwådó t'k H
a[mwd tHod oo d k ya&ok/
ykpH H t'kH yky/Hæ jrefrm þrnfaomyef;onf/
½ly t'ku H m; trkvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trk+od) trkóm'kH
okwjfzifh eykv h f uG t'kjHyK? t'ku
H id üf jzpfaom tvk;H pkaH omtrko'ǵud k 0dbwfEiS w H m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trl/ jrefrm þrnfaomyef;wko Yd nf/
½ly trlum; trkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trk+a,m) r-
cGif; O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwfjzifh Oudk v-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meH avmayg
okwfjzifh aemufa,m0dbwfukdacs? (trf+O) a,mokuwedum& avmayok 'DCH
okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfausaomf? a&SUvrnfaom Oukd OD'DCjyK? rfAsnf; ODokdYuyf?
trlum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trle/d jrefrm þrnfaomyef;wko Yd nf/
½ly trledum; trkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trk+a,m) r-
cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oudk v-rSn?hf a,meHed eyko H au[d okwjf zifh
eykv H id üf jzpfaom a,m0dbwfudk edjyK? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwf edtjyK
2/ emru@ 543
aMumifh a&SUvrnfaom Oukd OD'DCjyK? rfAsnf; ODokdYuyf? trl e dum; Ny;D \/

ykpH H t'k/H jrefrm þrnfaomyef;uk/d
½ly t'kHum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (trk+tH) a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trl/ jrefrm þrnfaomyef;wku Yd /dk
½ly trlum; trkvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trle/d jrefrm þrnfaomyef;wku Yd /dk
½ly trleu d m; trkvid wf nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&SUenf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trkem/ jrefrm þrnfaomyef;jzif/h
½ly trkemmum; trkvid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? trkem Ny;D \/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sod nfonf ykvi’d Ef iS w
hf \
l /
ygVd £pöm'd ykv*’d o F rH/
jrefrm ud Ho'´g\ txl;um; 0g- tjym;um;/
ygVd ud Ho'´ó aba'g/
½kyf jrefrm ]]ud Ho'´gwnf? odouf}} þjy,k*füÞ
ygVd ]]ud H od}} £wD"Þ
jrefrm ]]udó u a0 p}}okwfrS ]]udóç u}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]udó u a0 pm}}wd £awm ]]udóç u}}£wd p 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 226/ aoaook p/

okwjf refrm [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f wkrYd S <uif;ukeaf om 0dbwfypön;f wkaYd Mumifv
h nf;
u tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm 0ypön;f rS <uif;ukeaf om 0dbwftxl;wkaYd Mumifh ud o
H '´g\ u[laom
tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd udrad pöwó uoa'´g tma'aom a[mwd 0yÜp, ö awm aoaook
0dbwåad ba'ok/
po'´g þokwüf vnf; ]]udó u a0 p}}[laomokwüf po'´gjzifh 0ypön;f rS
<uif;aom xHpaomypön;f wk\ Yd ,ltyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh aoo
o'´gjzifh 0dbwfwu
Ydk o
dk mvQif ,ltyfuek \ f /
ygVd {w¬ p ]]udó u a0 pm}}wd okawå p oa'é 0 yÜp, ö m0od| x rm

'dypÜ ,ö meH *[dwwåm aoo
aoo*¾[aPe 0dbwåad ,m0 *,SaEÅ/
jrefrm p o'´gonf tcsKUd aom0dbwfü u tjyKudk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
xkdYaMumifh udóç udo®d H}}ponfvnf; NyD;\/
ygVd p *¾[PH uw¬pd ed0wåew¬?H awe ]]udóç udod® }H }EÅt d m'd p odZÑw/d
½kyf jrefrm ]]aom}}[laomokwjf zifh od0b d wfudk Mo
MojyK? o&acsjcif;ponfjyK/
ygVd ]]aom}}wd odó Mo Mo? o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H aum {aom/ jrefrm þolonf tb,foel nf;/
½ly aum
aumum; ud v H id w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (ud +H od) udó u
a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+od) aom okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd
MojyK? u-cGif; acs? Mo[kyuwdjyK? ufAsnf; MookdYuyf? aum aumum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H au/ jrefrm tb,fow l eYdk nf;/
½ly au
auum; ud v H id w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (ud +H a,m) udó
u a0 p okwüf po'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+a,m) u-cGi;f t-<uif;? oAÁemr
um&aw yXarm okwfjzifh oAÁemrf tum&EÅaemif yXrma,m0dbwfukd {jyK?
uftpdwf t-ukdacs? {[kyuwdjyK? ufAsnf; {okdYuyf? au auum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uH/ jrefrm tb,folukd/
½ly uHum; ud v H id w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (ud +H tH) udó u
a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+tH) cGif; acs uyf? uHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H au/ jrefrm tb,folwkdYukd/
½ly au
auum; ud Hvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? (ud H+a,m)
udó u a0 p okwüf po'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+a,m) u-cGi;f t-<uif;?
oAÁa,mederm{ okwfjzifh oAÁemrf tum&EÅaemif 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK?
uftpdwf t-ukdacs? {[kyuwdjyK? ufAsnf; {okdYuyf? au auum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aue/ jrefrm tb,fojl zif/h
½ly aue
aueum; ud v H id w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (ud +H em) udó
u a0 p okwüf po'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0d
bwfukd {ejyK? u-cGif; acs? {e[kyuwdjyK? ufAsnf; {okdYuyf? aue aueum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H au[d? aubd/ jrefrm tb,fow l jYdk zif/h
2/ emru@ 545
½ly au[dç aubdum; ud v H id w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (ud +H

[d) udó u a0 p okwüf po'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+[d) u-cGi;f t-<uif;?
ok[o d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh uftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ufAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
au[dum; NyD;\/ aubd - ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK?
aubdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uó/ jrefrm tb,foltm;/
½ly uó
uóum; ud Hvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (ud H+o) udó
u a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh
aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? uó uóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udó/ jrefrm tb,foltm;/
½ly udóum; ud v H id w
f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (ud +H o) AsOaÆ e p
okwjf zifh oAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh udtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u
f adk cs? (ud+o)
om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf?
ud óum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh Asn;f aESmif;&mü ed*[ ¾ w
d u f dk acsjcif;ponfjyK/
ygVd ed*[
¾ wD avmyg'd/
ykpH H auoH? auomeH/ jrefrm tb,folwkdYtm;/
½ly auoHç auomeHum; ud Hvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (ud H+
eH) udó u a0 p okwüf po'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH
okwfjzifh eH0dbwfukd oHjyKç omeHjyK? (u+oH-omeH) u-cGif; t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH
eHrdS p okwjf zifh oAÁemrf utpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ufAsn;f {oku Yd yf? auoHç auomeH
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uo®m? urSm/ jrefrm tb,forl /S
½ly uo®mç urSmum; ud v H id w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®mouf? (ud +H o®m)
udó u a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? uo® mum; NyD;\/ urSm-ü
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK? urS mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H au[d? aubd/ jrefrm tb,fow l rYdk /S
½ly au[dç aubdum; ud v H id wf nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uó? udó/ jrefrm tb,fol\/
½ly uóç udóum; ud v H id wf nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H auoH? auomeH/ jrefrm tb,folwkdY\/
½ly auoHç auomeHum; ud v H id w
f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uo®d H? urSd/ jrefrm tb,foül /
½ly uo®d Hç urSdum; ud v H id wf nf? owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (ud +H o®d H)
udó u a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? uo® d Hum; NyD;\/ urS d - ü
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd rSdjyK? urS dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udr/dS jrefrm tb,foül /
½ly udrSdum; ud v H id wf nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (ud +H od® )H AsOaÆ e p
okwjf zifh oAsn;f aESmif;aomaMumifh udtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d u f adk cs? (ud+o®d )H
o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd rSdjyK? ud r S dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H auok/ jrefrm tb,fow l üYdk /
½ly auokum; ud v H id w
f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (ud +H ok) udó
u a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+ok) u-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG
uma&m { okwfjzifh ok0dbwfaMumifh uftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ufAsnf; {okdYuyf?
auokum; Ny;D \/
*kP
d ;f pOf
{u0kpf A[k0pk f
y aum/ au/
'k uH/ au/
w aue/ au[d? aubd/
p uó? udó/ auoH? auomeH/
yOö uo®m? urSm/ au[d? aubd/
q uó? udó/ auoH? auomeH/
owå uo®d H? urSd? udrSd/ auok/
jrefrm £w¬v d id üf ]]ud H od}}[laomjy,k*üf 0dbwfonf aESmif;onf&adS omf
]]aoaook p}}okwfjzifh u tjyKukd jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf ]]£w¬d,
rawm tmypöa,m}}[laomokwfjzifh yk'fç 0dbwftv,fü tm tmypönf;ouf? od
0dbwfuadk cs/
2/ emru@ 547
ygVd £w¬, d H ]]ud H od}} £wD" ]]aoaook pm}}wd 0dbwå, d H y&m,H um

a'ao uaw ]]£w¬d,rawm tmyÜpöa,m}}wd raZÑ tm tmyÜpöa,m? odavmayg/
ykpH H um {om unm/
jrefrm þowkdYorD;onf tolenf;/
½ly um
umum; ud Hvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (ud H+ od) aoao
ok p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? £w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m okwfjzifh tv,fü
tmypönf;ouf? (u+tm+od) u-cGif; acs uyf? (umod) aooawm--okwfjzifh
od0dbwfukdacs? umumum; NyD;\/
ykpH H um/ jrefrm tb,fowko Yd rD;wko Yd nf/
½ly um
umum; ud v H id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (ud +H a,m) aoao
ok p okwjf zifh ud o
H '´gukd u-jyK? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tv,fü tmypön;f ouf?
(u+tm+a,m) tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm p a,meHavmayg
okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukdacs? (u+tm) u-cGif; acs uyf? um umum; NyD;\/
ykpH H uma,m/ jrefrm tb,fowko Yd rD;wko Yd nf/
½ly um
umum; ud v H id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (ud +H a,m) aoao
ok p okwjf zifh ud o
H '´gukd u-jyK? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh tv,fü tmypön;f ouf?
(u+tm+a,m) u-cGif; acs uyf? uma,m uma,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H uH/ jrefrm tb,fowko Yd rD;uk/d
½ly uHum; ud Hvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (ud H+ tH) aoao
ok p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? u-cGif; acs uyf? uHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H um? uma,m/ jrefrm tb,fowko Yd rD;wkuYd /dk
½ly umç uma,m
uma,mum; ud v H id w
f nf? 'kw,
d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm þokt d nfonf oAÁo'´gESiw
Yd p&So hf \
l /
ygVd £pöm'd oAÁmo'órH/
jrefrm eykv H id üf ud Hwnf? odouf/
ygVd eyko H au ud H od/
jrefrm acsjcif;ukd pD&ifaomokw\ f utjyKudk pD&ifaomokwx f uf (tma'o
0d"ad wm) tm;&Sjd rwfaomaMumifh a&S;OD;pGm od0b d wfacsjcif;ukd jyKtyf
onf&adS omf wzef 0dbwfaESmif;jcif;r&So d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh utjyKr&Sjd cif;onf
jzpf\/ ]]w'Ekya&ma"e}}[laom y&dbmomaMumifv h nf; utjyKr&Sjd cif;onf jzpf\/

ygVd avmy0d"dó Av0w&wåm yXrH odavmay uaw yke 0dbwåd-
y&wåmbm0gç ]]w'Ekya&ma"em}}wd y&dbmoawm 0g um uma'ombma0g/
ykpH H ud H {wH/ jrefrm þonfum; twDenf;/
½ly ud Hum; ud v H id w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (ud +H od) aooawm
okwfjzifh od0dbwfukdacs? ud Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H umed/ jrefrm twDwkdYonf/
½ly umedum; ud v H id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (ud +H a,m) ao
ao ok p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+a,m) u-cGif; t-<uif;? a,meHed
okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd edjyK? a,mokuw--okwfjzifh uftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf? umedum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm 'kw, d m{u0kp0f b d wfü ]]uGpd avmyH}}[laomokwjf zifh ed*[ ¾ wd f acs
jcif;ukd jyKtyfaomf ]]tHarmed*¾[dwH psvay[d}}[laomokwfjzifh
tH0b d wfudk ed*[
¾ wd jf yK/
ygVd 'kwad ,u0pae ]]uGpd avmy}}EÅd ed*[ ¾ wD avmay uaw ]]tHarm
ed*[ ¾ wD H psvay[D}}wd ed*[ ¾ w D /H
ykpH H ud H/ jrefrm tb,fukd/
½ly ud uH m; ud v H id w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (ud +H tH) uGpad vmyH
okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh utxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ wd u
f dk acs? tHarm ed*[¾ wD -H
-okwfjzifh tHukd udtxufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? ud Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H umed/ jrefrm tb,fwkdYukd/
½ly umedum; ud Hvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? (ud H+a,m)
ao ao ok p okwjf zifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+a,m) u-cGi;f t-<uif;? a,meHed
okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfukd edjyK? a,mokuw--okwfjzifh uftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf? umedum; NyD;\/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad omykpH w H o
Ydk nf ykvi’d Ef iS hf wl\/
ygVd £pöm'd ykv*’d o F rH/
{uo'´g\a[meufEiS hf vdi0f pk f a&wGufjcif; twlr&Sdjcif;? tazmfr&Sdjcif;

teuf? wyg;[laomteufukd a[m\/
2/ emru@ 549
ygVd {u
{uoa'´g ocsmF wkvsmo[m,n0paem/
jrefrm tMuiftcgü a&wGujf cif;ukd a[m\/ xkt d cgü 0dbwfcEk pS o f ,
G üf
{u0kpo f mtqk;H &d\
S / wyg;aomteufü A[k0pk t f qk;H &So
d nfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd ,'g csmF 0paem? w'g oAÁaw¬u0peaEÅm0? tnw¬ A[k0peaEÅmyd/
ykpH H {aum/ jrefrm twlr&Sad omolonf/
½ly {aum
{aumum; {uvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? ({u+od) aom
okwfjzifh od0dbwfukd MojyK? u-cGif; acs uyf? {aum
{aumum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {um/ jrefrm twlr&Sad omolwo Ydk nf/
½ly {aum
{aumum; {uvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? ({u+a,m)
oAÁa,mederm{ okwfjzifh y-a,mukd tmjyK? u-cGif; acs uyf? {um {umum; NyD;\/
ykpH H {uH/ jrefrm twlr&Sad omolu/dk
½ly {uHum; {uvdiw f nf? 'kw,d m{u0kpf tHouf? ({u+tH) u-cGi;f
acs uyf? {uHum; NyD;\/
jrefrm þokt Yd p&do
S nfonf 0dbwfcEk pS o f ,G üf oAÁo'´gESiw hf \l / oHom
tjyKwkdYüomvQif xl;\/
ygVd £pöm'd oAÁw¬ oAÁo'órH/ oHommaoG0 0daoaom/
Obo'´g\a[meufEiS hf vdi0f pk f Ob
Obo'´gonf 'd Go'´g\ a00kpo f nf tcg-
cyford ;f A[k0pk o f m tqk;H &d\
S /
ygVd Ob
Oboa'´g 'd Go'ý&d,ma,m? o'g A[k0peaEÅm0/
½kyf jrefrm ]]Ob a,m}}[laom þjy,k*fü ]]wawm a,mearmwk}}[laom
okwüf wko'´gjzifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf a,m
a,m0dbwfw\ Ydk Mo
MotjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]Ob a,m}} £wD" ]]wawm a,mearm wl}}wd {w¬ wk*[ ¾ aPe
uGpd a,m
a,mearmuma&m/
ykpH H Oabm yk&dom/
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly Oabm
Oabmum; Obvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (Ob+a,m)
wawm a,mearm wk okwüf wko'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfudk MojyK? b-cGi;f acs? Mo[k
yuwdjyK? bfAsnf; MookdYuyf? Oabm
Oabmum; NyD;\/
ykpH H Oab 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYonf/

½ly Oab
Oabum; Obvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (Ob+a,m)
oAÁemrum&aw yXarm okwfjzifh y-a,mukd {jyK? b-cGif; acs? {[k yuwdjyK?
bfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? Oab
Oabum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oabm yk&ad o/
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYukd/
½ly Oabm
Oabmum; Obvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oab/
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYukd/
½ly Oab
Oabum; Obvdiw f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrm ok0b d wf [d0b
d wfwüYdk ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }paomookwjf zifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf
{tu©&mukd MojyK/
ygVd ok [ dok ]]awok 0k'}D̈ }wdtm'dem uGpd {um&aómuma&m/
ykpH H Oabm[d? Oabmbd/
jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af om a,mufsm;wkjYd zif/h
½ly Oabm[dç Oabmbdum; Obvdiw f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf?
(Ob+[d) b-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUbftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? (Obf+{+[d) awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh {ukd MojyK? bfAsnf;
Moodu Yk yf? Oabm[dum; Ny;D \/ Oabmbd-ü [dudk bdjyK? Oabmbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oab[d? Oabbd/
jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af om a,mufsm;wkjYd zif/h
½ly Oab[dç Oabbdum; Obvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(Ob+[d) b-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUbftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? (Obf+{+[d) bfAsn;f {odu Yk yf? Oab[dum; Ny;D \/ Oabbd-
ü [dudk bdjyK? Oabbdum; Ny;D \/
------------------
okwf 227/ Obm'dawm erdEéH/

okwjf refrm hf al om ocsmF o'´gaemifrS eH0b
Obo'´gESiw
Ob d wf\ £EéjH yKonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 551
rSwcf suf Ob
Obo'´gESifhwl\[lonfum; Ob 'k0dESpfvkH;tpOfwlonf? tm'd
o'´g\t&um; Ob Obo'´g? tm'd0Pf\t&um; 'k0do'´g/
0kwjdrå efrm Ob
Obþokt Yd p&Sad omo'´grS eH0b
d wf\ £EéHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Ob
Ob£apö0rm'dawm eH0peó £EéH a[mwd/
ykpH H ObdE/Hé
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYtm;/
½ly Obd E é Hum; Obvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (Ob+eH) Obm
'dawm erdEHé okwjf zifh Obo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom eH0b d wfudk £EéjH yK? b-cGi;f acs?
£Eé[ H yk uwdjyK? bfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? ObdEéHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oabm[d? Oabmbd? Oab[d? Oabbd/

jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYrS/
½ly Oabm[d ç Oabmbd ç Oab[d ç Oabbd u m; Obvdifwnf?
yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? a&S;enf;twlwuG yf g/
ykpH H ObdE/Hé
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdY\/
½ly ObdEéHum; Obvdiwf nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H Oabmok/
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYü/
½ly Oabmokum; Obvdiw f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (Ob+ok) b-
cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh a&SUbftpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? (Obf+{+ok) awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh {ukd MojyK? bfAsnf; MoodkYuyf?
Oabmokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oabok/
jrefrm ESpfa,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYü
½ly Oabokum; Obvdiw f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (Ob+ok) b-
cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh a&SUbftpdwf
Yk yf? Oabokum; Ny;D \/
t-ukd {jyK? (Obf+{+ok) bfAsn;f {odu
'Gpd aomo'´g\a[meufEiS hf vdi0f pk f 'dGtp&Sad omo'´gwko Yd nfvnf; a&wGujf cif;

teufç a&wGuftyfaomteufukd a[m
uke\ f / rsm;pGmaomteufwu Ydk dk a[monf\tjzpfaMumifh tcgcyford ;f A[k0pk o f m
jzpfuek \f /
ygVd 'dtG m'a,m ocsmF oacs, F s0pem? A[leH 0gpdwwåm o'g A[k0peEÅm0/
½kyf jrefrm ]]'dG a,m}}[laom þyk'üf ]]o0dbwåó d o'´gç £w¬yd rk eyko H uocsmF
o'´g}}onfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]'dG a,m}}£wD" ]]o0dbwåó d ç £w¬yd rk eyko
H uocs}F }EÅd p t"duma&m/
------------------
okwf 228/ a,mok 'dGEéH a'G p/

okwjf refrm a,m
a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh 'd GocsmF o'´gwk\ Yd a'GtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukeaf om a,m a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh £w¬v d id f ykvi’d f eykvH id üf
jzpfaom 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom 'd[ G al omocsmF o'´g\ a'GjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd 'd£G apöwó ocsmF o'´ó £w¬yd rk eyko H au 0wårmeó o0dbwåó d
a'G£pöma'aom a[mwd a,m a,mok ya&ok/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh 'ka0vnf;jyK? tcsKUd jy,k*üf eH0b d wfaMumifh 'k0v d nf;jyK/
ygVd p oa'é 'ka0 p? uGpd 'k0d p eHr/dS
jrefrm 'dEG [ f dk &Gwjf cif;onf 'dGo'´gaemifrS A[k0pk o
Hé k A[k0pk u f mvQijf zpf\/
þokYd odapjcif; tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd A[k0pEkpmö &PH 'dGo'áwm A[k0pear0 a[mwDwd Óyew¬/H
ykpH H a'G "r®m/ jrefrm ESpfyg;aom w&m;wkdYonf/
½ly a'Gum; 'dv G id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ('d+G a,m) a,mok'EGd Hé
a'G p okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh ykvi’d üf jzpfaom 'do G csmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
a'GjyK? a'Gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a'G ½lyged/ jrefrm ESpaf ,mufaom rde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly a'Gum; 'dv G id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ('d+G a,m) a,mok'EGd Hé
a'G p okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh £w¬v d id üf jzpfaom 'do G csmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
2/ emru@ 553
ykpH H a'G £w¬da,m/ jrefrm ESpyf g;aom ½kyw f o

Ydk nf/
½ly a'Gum; 'dv G id w
f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ('d+G a,m) a,mok'EGd Hé
a'G p okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh eykv H id üf jzpfaom 'do
G csmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w
hf uG
ykpH H 'ka0 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; ESpfyg;aom w&m;wkdYonf/
½ly a'Gum; 'dv G id w
f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? ('d+G a,m) a,mok'EGd Hé
a'G p okwfü po'´gjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh ykvd’ifüjzpfaom 'dGocsFmo'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG 'ka0jyK? 'ka00um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm 'kw, d m0dbwfüvnf; þyXrm0dbwftwlwnf;/
ygVd {0H 'kw, d m,rÜ/d
ykpH H 'DG[d? 'DGbd/ jrefrm ESpyf g;aom w&m;wkjYd zif/h
½ly 'DG[dç 'DGbdum; 'dv G id w
f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? ('d+G [d) 'G-cGi;f
£-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh £ukd þ'DCjyK? uyf? 'G D [ dum;
NyD;\/ 'DGbd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [dukd bdjyK? 'D G b dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm eH0b d wfaMumifh 'DCtjzpfonf a&mufvv k wfaomfÞ
ygVd eHrdS 'DaC orÜawåÞ
----------------------
okwf 229/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/

okwjf refrm 'dGvQit f ykid ;f tjcm;&Sad om ocsmF o'´gaemifrS eH0b d wfaMumifh etu©
&m vmonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm eHjzpfaom 0dbwfaMumifh 'dv G Qit
f ydik ;f tjcm;&Sad om ocsmF o'´gaemifrS
e tu©&mvmonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd 'dG£apö0rm'dawm ocsmF awm e um&m*arm a[mwd eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
po'´g p o'´gjzifh £w¬v d id üf eHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh wdocsmF o'´g pwk
ocsmF o'´gaemifrS óa'Gabmfvmonf jzpf\/
ygVd po'´*[ ¾ aPe £w¬, d H wdpwko'áwm óOöm*arm eHrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H 'dEG /Hé jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af omolwt Ydk m;/
½ly 'dGEéHum; 'dv G id wf nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? ('d+G eH) aem p 'Gg'dawm
eHrdS okwjf zifh eH0b d wfaMumihf 'do G csmF o'´gaemif efvm? efAsn;f eHou Ydk yf? 'dGEéH Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'k0Ed Hé 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; ESpfa,mufukefaomolwkdYtm;/
½ly 'k0dEéHum; 'dv G id w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? ('d+G eH) a,mok'EGd Hé a'G
p okwüf po'´gjzifh 'do G '´gukd 'k0jd yK? ('k0+d eH) Obm'dawm erdEHé okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk
£EéjH yK? 0-cGi;f acs? £Eé[ H yk uwdjyK? 0fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? 'k0dEéHum; Ny;D \/
aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd okwfjzifh eH0dbwfaMumihf 'dGocsFmo'´gaemif efvm? efAsnf;
eHou Ydk yf? 'dGEéH Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'DG[d? 'DGbd/ jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af omolwrYdk /S
½ly 'D[
G çd 'Db G ud m; 'dv G id w
f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? ('d+G [d) 'G-cGi;f £<uif;?
oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh 'Gt f pdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? 'GNf y;D þoku Yd yf?
'DG[dum; Ny;D \/ 'DGbd-ü o®m[do®d eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [dudk bdjyK? 'DGbdum; Ny;D \/
]
ykpH H 'dEG /Hé jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af omolw\ Ydk /
½ly 'dGEéHum; 'dv G id wf nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'k0Ed /Hé jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af omolw\ Ydk /
½ly 'k0dEéHum; 'dv G id w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'Do G /k jrefrm ESpaf ,mufuek af omolwüYdk /
½ly 'DGokum; 'dvG id w

f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? ('d+G ok) 'G-cGi;f £<uif;?
okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh 'Gftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? 'GfAsnf;
þoku Yd yf? 'DGokum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wdo'´g\ ½kyt f xl;um; ]]wda,m}}[laomyk'üf a,m a,m0dbwfausjcif;
onf a&mufvkvwfaomf ]]a,mok}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd wdo'´ó aba'g/ ]]wda,m}}£wD"/ a,m a,mavmay orÜawå/
]]a,mol}}wd 0wåaw/
------------------
2-emru@ 555
okwf 230/ wdpwkEéH wdaóm pwaóm wa,m pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d/

okwjf refrm wdocsmF o'´g pwkocsmF o'´gwk\ Yd wdaóm ómjyK pwaóm
pwaómjyK wa,m
jyK pwåma&m
a&mjyK wDPdjyK pwåm&djyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukefaom a,m a,m0dbwfwkdYaMumifh £w¬dvdif ykvd’if eykHvdifü
jzpfukefaom 0dbwfESifhwuGjzpfukefaom ocsFmo'´gwkdY\ tpOf-
twkid ;f wdaóm ómjyK pwaóm
pwaómjyK wa,m wa,mjyK pwåma&m a&mjyK wDPdjyK pwåm&djyKwo
Ydk nf
jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd wd pwkEéH ocsmF eH £w¬yd rk eyko
H au 0wårmemeH o0dbwåeD H ,xmuúrH
wdaóm pwaóm wa,m pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d£apöaw tma'om a[mEÅd
a,m
a,mok ya&ok/
ykpH H wa,m yk&dom/
jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYonf/
½ly wa,m
wa,mum; wdvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (wd+a,m)
wdpwkEHé wdaóm pwaóm--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh wdocsmF o'´gukd 0dbwf
ESifhwuG wa,mjyK? wa,m
wa,mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wa,m yk&dao yó/
jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYukd ½Iavmh/
½ly wa,m
wa,mum; wdvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wD[d? wDbd/

jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaom a,mufsm;wkdYjzifh/
½ly wD[d? wDbdum; wdvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? (wd+[d)
w-cGif; £-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh wdocsFmo'´g\
tpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? wfAsnf; þokdYuyf? wD [ dum; NyD;\/ wdbd-ü o®m[dod® HeH
rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh [d0dbwfukd bdjyK? wD b d um; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]eH}}[laomyk'o
f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]e}}rdwd 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 231/ £PÖrdPÖEéH wD[d ocsFm[d/

okwjf refrm wd jzpfukefaom ocsFmo'´gwkdYaemifrS £PÖ HjyK £PÖ E é HjyKwkdYonf
jzpfuek \f /
0kwjdrå efrm wd[al omocsmF o'´gaemifrS £PÖ HjyK £PÖ E é HjyKwkdYonf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd wd£apöwo®m ocsmF o'´g y&ó eH0peó £PÖH £PÖEé£ H apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd/
½kyf jrefrm o&acsjcif;ponfjyK/ o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH/
jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaomolwkdYtm;/
½ly wdPÖH wdPÖEéHum; wdvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (wd+eH)
£PÖrP d EÖ Hé wD[d ocsmF [d okwjf zifh wdocsmF o'´grSaemufjzpfaom eH0b d wfudk £PÖjH yKç
£PÖEjHé yK? w-cGi;f acs uyf? wdPÖHç wdPÖEéHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wD[d? wDbd/
jrefrm ok;H a,mufuek af omolwrYdk /S
½ly wD[dç wDbdum; wdvdifwnf? yOörDA[k0kpf [douf? (wd+[d) w-
cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh [d0bd wfaMumifh wftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? wf-
Asn;f þoku Yd yf? wD[u d m; Ny;D \/ wDbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b
d wfudk
bdjyK? wD b dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH/
jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaomolwkdY\/
½ly wdPÖH wdPÖEéu H m; wdvid w
f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wDok/ jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaomolwkdYü/
½ly wD o kum; wdvdifwnf? owårDA[k0kpf okouf? (wd+ok) w-cGif;
£-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh ok0dbwfaMumifh wftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? wf-
Asnf; þokdYuyf? wD o kum; NyD;\/
ykpH H wdaóm £w¬da,m/
jrefrm ok;H a,mufuek af omrde;f rwko
Yd nf/
2/ emru@ 557
½ly wd a ómómum; wdvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (wd+a,m)

wdpwkE-Hé -okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh wdocsmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wdaómjyK?
wdaóm ómum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wdaóm £w¬da,m/
jrefrm ok;H a,mufuek af omrde;f rwku Yd /dk
½ly wdaóm ómum; wdvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H wD[d? wDbd/
jrefrm ok;H a,mufuek af omolwjYdk zif/h
½ly wD[dç wDbdum; wdvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf? (wd+[d)
w-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh [d0bd wfaMumifh wftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK?
wf-Asn;f þoku Yd yf? wD[dum; Ny;D \/ wDbd-ü o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0d
bwfukd bdjyK? wD b dum; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm eH0b d wfaMumifh ó a'Gabmfvm/
ygVd eHrdS ó Oöm*arm/
ykpH H wdóEé/H
jrefrm okH;a,mufukefaomolwkdYtm;/
½ly wd ó Eé Hum; wdvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (wd+eH) aem p
'Gg'dawm eHrdS okwüf po'´gjzifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh a&SUü óvm? y&a'Gbma0g
Xmae okwjf zifh eukd o'doa'Gabmf EéjyK? wdóEéHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wdy'k Ef iS hf eHy'k \
f tMum;ü óHo'´gjcm;aomaMumifh £PÖtjyKr&Sjd cif;
onf jzpf\/ t<uif;onf ykvd’ifESifhwl\/
ygVd óHAs0"meawm £PÖ mbma0g aooH orH/
eykv H id üf - eyko
H au/
ykpH H wDPd/ jrefrm okH;ckwkdYukd/
½ly wD P dum; wdvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (wd+a,m)
wdpwkEéH--okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh wdocsFmo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG wDPdjyK?
wDPdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wDPd/ jrefrm okH;ckwkdYukd/
½ly wD P dum; wdvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? enf;wlwGuf/
t<uif;onf ykvi’d Ef iS hf wl\/ aooH ykv*’d o

F rH/
½kyf jrefrm S yg; pwko'´g\vnf; a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh ]]wdpwkE}Hé }paom
xkrd w
okwfjzifh tMuiftMuifqkdtyfNyD;aom ]]wa,m a,mearm wk}}
okwfü wko'´gjzifh tcsKdUjy,k*fü Motu©&mvmonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd wxm pwko'´óyd a,mok ]]wdpwkEé}}EÅd tm'dem ,xm0kwåm-
a'aom? ]]wawm a,mearm wl}}wd {w¬ wkoa'é uGpd Mo Mouma&m p/
ykpH H pwåma&m/ jrefrm av;yg;ukefaomw&m;wkdYonf/
½ly pwåma&ma&mum; pwkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (pwk+a,m)
wdpwkE-Hé -okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh wdocsmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG pwåma&mjyK?
pwåma&m a&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwka&m 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wko Yd nf/
½ly pwka&m &mum; pwkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (pwk+a,m)
w-cGi;f O<uif;? Mooa& p okwjf zifh pwko'´gtpdwf Oukd O&jyK? (pwf+O&+a,m)
wfAsnf; OokdYuyf? (pwk&+a,m) wawm a,mearm wk okwfü wko'´gjzifh a,m
0dbwfudk MojyK? &-cGi;f acs Mo[kyuwdjyK? &fAsn;f Mooku Yd yf? pwka&m
&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwåma&m? pwka&m/ jrefrm av;yg;ukefaomw&m;wkdYukd/
½ly pwåma&mç pwka&m &mum; pwkvid w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwl[d? pwlbd/
jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wkjYd zif/h
½ly pwl[dç pwlbdum; pwkvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (pwk+
[d) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh [d0bd wfaMumifh wftpdwf Oukd OD'C D jyK?
wf-Asnf; ODokdYuyf? pwl [ dum; NyD;\/ pwlbd-ü o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh
[d0b d wfudk bdjyK? pwlbdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwk AÇ/d
jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wkjYd zif/h
½ly pw
pwkk AÇud m; pwkvid w
f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (pwk+ [d) o®m[d
o®d eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh [d0b
d wfudk bdjyK? (pwk+bd) 0a*¾ aCmom aCmomeH-
- okwfjzifh bdukd to'doa'Gabmf AÇdvm? pw pwkk AÇ dum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 559
ykpH H pwkE/Hé jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wkt Yd m;/

½ly pw
pwkk Eé Hum; pwkvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (pwk+eH) aem p
'Gg'dawm eHrSd okwfjzifh eH0dbwfaMumifh pwkaemif eftu©&mvm? efAsnf; eHokdYuyf?
pwkEéHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm e tu©&mvm/ ygVd e um&m*arm/
ykpH H pwl[d? pwlbd/
jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wkrYd /S
½ly pwl[dç pwlbdum; pwkvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? enf;wl/
ykpH H pwk AÇ/d
jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wkrYd /S
½ly pw
pwkk AÇ dum; pwkvid w
f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkE/Hé jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wk\ Yd /
½ly pw
pwkk Eé Hum; pwkvid wf nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwlo/k jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf omw&m;wküYd /
½ly pwl o kum; pwkvdifwnf? owårDA[k0kpf okouf? (pwk+ok) w-
cGif; O-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh wftpdwf Oukd OD'DCjyK? wf-
Asn;f ODou Ydk yf? pwlokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwaóm/
jrefrm av;a,mufuek af om rde;f rwko Yd nf/
½ly pwaóm
pwaómum; pwkvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (pwk+a,m)
wdpwkEéH--okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh £w¬dvdifüjzpfaom pwkocsFmo'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG pwaómjyK? pwaóm pwaómum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwaóm/
jrefrm av;a,mufuek af om rde;f rwku Yd /dk
½ly pwaóm
pwaómum; pwkvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wl/
½kyf jrefrm eH0b d wfaMumifh ófa'Gabmfvm? ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }paomokwjf zifh pwk
o'´g\ tpdwjf zpfaom O o&ukd t- t-jyK/
ygVd eHrdS óOöm*arm? ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wdtm'dem pwk½k½u k m&ó tuma&m/
ykpH H pwóEé/H
jrefrm av;a,mufuek af omrde;f rwktYd m;/
½ly pwóEéHum; pwkvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (wd+eH) aem p
'Gg'dawm eHrSd okwfü po'´gjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü óvm? awok 0k'¨d--
okwfjzifh pwk\ Oukd t-jyK? y&a'Gbma0g-- okwfjzifh eHukd o'doa'Gabmf EéHjyK?
pwóEéHum; Ny;D \/
t<uif; wl\/ aooH orH/
eykv H id üf - eykoH au-

ykpH H pwåm&d/ jrefrm av;yg;aompdwfwkdYonf/
½ly pwå m &dum; pwkvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? (pwk+a,m)
wdpwkE-Hé -okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh pwkocsmF o'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG pwåm&djyK?
pwåm&dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwåm&d/ jrefrm av;yg;aompdwfwkdYukd/
½ly pwåm&dum; pwkvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
t<uif; ykvi’d Ef iS w hf \
l / aooH ykv*’d o F rH/
jrefrm oAÁemrfonf a[mtyfaomteuf\ vdiu f o hJ Ydk vdi&f o
dS nf jzpfo
uJhokdY xkdYtwl/ wxm Þ
*gxmjrefrm eDv yDwpaom *kPemrfonf¤if;? A[kAo DÁ rmofonf¤if;? omrnü
jzpfaom *gxm? 0wåpaomw'¨dwfonf¤if;? twdwfponf tjym;
&Sad om jraJ omvdirf u S if;aom udwyf pön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'o f nf¤if;? a[mtyfaom
teuf\vdiu f o hJ Ydk vdi&f o dS nf/
*gxmygVd eDvm'd*P k emrOö? A[kA[ DÁ d p w'd̈w/H
omrn0kwsww D m'd-udwEÅH 0gpöv*d u Ø /H
jrefrm þt&mü vdio f ;Hk yg;\ vu©Pmukd aygif;í jytyfaom þpum;ukd
qkt d yf\/
ygVd {aw¬'H 0kpaö wÞ
jrefrm {om £w¬D {aom yk&ad om {wH eyko H uH[í l vnf; tMuifteuf
wküYd wlaomwnf&m&So d nf\ tpGr;f jzifh (ormem"du&P0aoe)
2/ emru@ 561
vl\ a0g[m&ynwfwkdYü (a0g[ma&ok) xif&Sm;jcif;onf jzpf\/ tMuifteuf

wkdYü xkdteufESifhwlaom wnf&m&Sdonf\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfukefaom (y0wåmrd) xkd
trnfwkdYukd £w¬dvdif ykvd’if eykHvdif[lí qkdtyfukef\/
ygVd {ao}aom {wrdwpd ?
yod'¨d taw¬ok a,ok avmuó/
xDyEk yé o
Hk umedw?d
0kpaö EÅ wmed emrmed/
wdvdif NyD;\/
wdv*d ø ed|w
d /H
----------------------
tçvdif
jrefrm xkwd v
d id \f tjcm;rJüh vdiaf Mumifh ½kyt f xl;r&Su
d ek af om emrfww
Ydk iG f
wkrSo'´gwku Yd dk qkt d yfuek \ f /
ygVd txmvda*Fok emarok wkrSrSo'´g 0kpaö EÅ/
jrefrm xkd wkrS trSo'´gwk\ Yd um; vdiaf Mumifh ½kytf xl;r&So d nf\tjzpf
aMumifh vdio f ;Hk yg;wküYd ½kytf xl;r&So
d nf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd awoH yemvd*Fwåm wDok vda*Fok orme½lyH/
½kyf jrefrm ]]wkrS trS}}}[lí wnfonf&adS omf odponfouf/
ygVd ]]wkrSrS}}}£wd Xdaw osm osm'sKyw Ü /då
jrefrm ]]o0dbwåDeHç wkrSrSmuH}}[laomo'´gonf vkduf\/
jrefrm ]]o0dbwåDeHç wkrSrSmu}}EÅd p t"duma&m/
-----------------
okwf 232/ wGr[H odrSd p/

okwjf refrm od0b h nf; wH GjyK t[HjyKwo
d wfaMumifv Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm odjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om tvk;H pkaH om
wkrS trSo'´gwk\Yd wH GjyK t[HjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wk r S t rSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH ,xmuúrH wH G t [H£apöaw

tma'om a[mEÅd odrSd 0dbwådrSd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh wkrSo'´g\ wk0HtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é wkrSó wk0Oö a[mwd/
ykpH H wGH ykrm/ jrefrm oifonf a,mufsm;wnf;/
½ly wHGum; wkrv S id wf nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (wkr+S od) wGr[H odrdS
p okwfjzifh od0daMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG wHGjyK? wH Gum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H wGH £w¬D/ jrefrm oifonf rde;f rwnf;/
½ly wH Gum; wkrv S id wf nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wGH eykHouH/ jrefrm oifonf eyk;H wnf;/
½ly wH Gum; wkrv S id wf nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wk0H ow¬m 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; oifonf q&mwnf;/
½ly wk 0 Hum; wkrSvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (wkrS+od) wGr[H
odrdS p okwüf po'´gjzifh od0ad Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro
S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wk0jH yK?
wk0Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t[H ykrm/ jrefrm igonf a,mufsm;wnf;/
½ly t[Hum; trSvdifwnf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? (trS+od) wGr[H
odrSd p okwfjzifh od0daMumifh tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t[HjyK?
t[Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t[H £w¬D/ jrefrm igonf rde;f rwnf;/
½ly t[Hum; trSvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t[H eykHouH/ jrefrm igonf eykH;wnf;/
½ly t[Hum; trSvid w f nf? yXrm{u0kpf odouf? enf;wlwu G /f
½kyf jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]oAÁemrum&aw yXarm}}[laomokwjf zifh { jyK/
ygVd A[k0pae ]]oAÁemrum&aw yXarm}}wd { uma&m/
ykpH H wkarS wd|x/ jrefrm oifwo Ydk nf &yfuek af vmh/
½ly wkarSum; wkrv S id w
f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? oAÁemrum&aw
yXarm okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk {jyK? rS-cGi;f acs uyf? wk a rSum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 563
ykpH H bda,sm tarS ra[rao/

jrefrm vGefpGm igwkdYonf ylaZmfukef\/
½ly tarSum; trSvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm ]]trSó}}[laomyk'o f nf vkud \
f /
ygVd ]]trSóm}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 233/ r,H a,mrSd yXar/

okwjf refrm yXrmjzpfaom a,m
a,m0dbwfaMumifh r,HtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm yXrmjzpfaom a,m
a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w
hf uGaom tvk;H pkaH om
trSo'´g\ r,HtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁó trSo'´ó o0dbwåó d r,Htma'aom a[mwd a,m a,mrSd
yXar/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh wkrSo'´g\ wk0HtjyKonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é wkrSó wk0Oö a[mwd/
ykpH H r,H *päm/ jrefrm igwkdYonf oGm;ukef\/
½ly r,Hum; trSvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (trS+a,m) r,H
a,mrSd yXar okwjf zifh aemufa,m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG r,HjyK? r,Hum; NyD;\/
tav;*½kjyK&ef jrefrm þjy,k*üf vnf; wpfa,mufwnf;aom rdrüd vnf;

tav;jyKonf\tjzpfrsm;ojzifh rsm;onf\tjzpf
wnf;[laom tpdwüf waygif;wnf; wifjcif;aMumifh A[k0pk o
f nf jzpf\/
ygVd {w¬ p {uo®rd dÜ *g&0A[krmaee A[kwoå rma&m0g A[k0peH a[mwd/
ygVd wrSrrSd okwfrS ]]tHrSd}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/

ygVd ]]tHr}DS }wd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 234/ w0H rrOö e0g/

okwjf refrm tcsKUd ojzifh w0HtjyK rrHtjyKwo Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm tHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGuek af om tvk;H pkaH om wkrS
o'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f w0HtjyK rrHtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH w0HrrH£apöaw tma'om
a[mEÅd e0g ,xmuúrH tHrSd 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H w0H jrefrm oifu h /dk
½ly w0Hum; wkrSvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (wkrS+tH) w0H
rrOö e0g okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf wuG
w0HjyK? w0Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rrH yó/ jrefrm ighukd ½Iavmh/
½ly rrHum; trSvdifwnf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (trS+tH) w0H
rrOö e0g okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf wuG
rrHjyK? rrHum; Ny;D \/
---------------------
okwf 235/ wH rrHrSd/

okwjf refrm tH0b d wfaMumifh wHtjyK rHtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm tHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGuek af om tvk;H pkuH ek af om
wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f wHtjyK rHtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH wH rH £apöaw tma'om
a[mEÅd ,xmuúrH tHrSd 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H wH/ jrefrm oifu h /dk
½ly wHum; wkrv S id w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (wkr+S tH) wH rrHrdS
okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifh wuG wHjyK?
wHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rH/ jrefrm ighukd/
½ly rHum; trSvid w f nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (trS+tH) wH rrHrd S okwjfzifh
aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf wuG rHjyK? rHum; Ny;D \/
---------------------
2/ emru@ 565
okwf 236/ wkrSó wk0H wGrHrSd/

okwjf refrm tH0b d wfaMumifh wkrSo'´g\ wk0HtjyK wGGHtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm tHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom tvk;H pkaH om wkrS
o'´g\ wk0HtjyK wG HtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwyd å gVd oAÁó wk r So'´ó o0dbwådó wk0H wHG£apöaw tma'om
a[mEÅd tHrdS 0dbwård /dS
ykpH H wk0/H jrefrm oifu h /dk
½ly wk0Hum; wkrv S id wf nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (wkr+S tH) wkró S
wk0HwG rrSd okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifh
wuG wk0jH yK? wk 0 Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wGH/ jrefrm oifu h /dk
½ly wG Hum; wkrv S id wf nf? 'kw, d m{u0kpf tHouf? (wkr+S tH) wkró S
wk0HwG rrSd okwfjzifh aemuftH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifh
wuG wGHjyK? wG Hum; NyD;\/
jrefrm A[k0pk üf ]]wkraS rS[çd tmuH}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd A[k0pae ]]wkraS rS[çd tmu}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 237/ 0g ,GyXÜ arm/

okwjf refrm yXrmr[kwfaom a,m a,m0dbwfonf tcsKdUojzifh tmuHjyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwkrYd S aemufjzpfaom yXrmr[kwaf om a,m
0dbwfonf tmuHjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwyd å gVd wkrSarS[d ya&m tyÜXarm a,m tmuH a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H wkrSmuH yómrd/ jrefrm oifwu Ydk dk jrif\/
½ly wkrSmuHum; wkrv S id w
f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wkr+S a,m)
0g ,GyXÜ arm okwjf zifh wkro
S '´grSaemufjzpfaom 'kw, d ma,m0dbwfudk tmuHjyK?
rS-cGi;f acs tmuH[yk uwdjyK? rSAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? wkrSmuHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wkarS yómrd/ jrefrm oifwu Ydk dk jrif\/

½ly wk a rSum; wkrv S id w
f nf? 'kw,d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wkr+S a,m)
0g ,GyXÜ arm okwjf zifh wkro
S '´grSaemufjzpfaom 'kw, d ma,m0dbwfudk tmuHjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? oAÁa,meDerm{ okwfjzifh 'ka,m0d
bwfudk {jyK? rS-cGi;f acs {[kyuwdjyK? rSAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? wk a rSum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trSmuH yómrd/ jrefrm igwkdYukd ½Iavmh/
½ly trSmuHum; trSvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wl/
ykpH H tarS yómrd/ jrefrm igwkdYukd ½Iavmh/
½ly trSum; trSvdifwnf? 'kwd,mA[k0kpf a,mouf? enf;wl/
----------------
okwf 238/ emrSd w,m r,m/

okwjf refrmem
em0dbwfaMumifh w,m
w,mtjyK r,m r,mtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
em
0kwjdrå efrm
em0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS whf uGuek af om tvk;H pkaH om wkrSo'´g
trSo'´gwk\
Yd tpOftwkid ;f w,m
w,mtjyK r,m r,mtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wk r S trS o'´geH o0dbwåDeH w,mr,m w,mr,m£apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd ,xmuúrH ememrSd 0dbwådrSd/
---------------------
okwf 239/ w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwåH 0g/

okwjf refrm w,m
w,mo'´g w,do'´gwk\ Yd wtu©&monf wGtjzpfoYdk tcsKUd ojzifh
a&muf\/
0kwjdrå efrm w,m
w,mo'´g w,do'´gwk\ Yd wtu©&monf wGtjzpfoYdk tcsKUd ojzifh
a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd w,m w,d£apöawoH w uma&m wGwrå myZÆaw 0g/
ykpH H wG,m/ jrefrm oifonf/
½ly wG,mmum; wkrv
S id w
f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wkr+S em) emrSd
w,mr,m okwjf zifh em0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS whf uG wkro
S '´gukd w,mjyK? (w,m)
w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwåH 0g okwfjzifh w,mo'´g\tpdwf w-ukd wGjyK?
wG,mmum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 567
ykpH H w,m/ jrefrm oifonf/

½ly w,m
w,mum; wkrv S id wf nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wkr+S em) emrSd
w,mr,m okwjf zifh em0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wkro
S '´gukd w,mjyK? (w,m)
w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwåH 0g okwfjzifh w,mo'´g\tpdwf w-ukd wGjyKoifh
jim;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? w,m w,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r,m/ jrefrm igonf/
½ly r,m
r,mum; trSvid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wkr+S em) emrSd
w,mr,m okwfjzifh em0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG trSo'´gukd r,mjyK? r,m
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H wkarS[d? wkarSbd/ jrefrm oifwo Ydk nf/
½ly wkarS[dç wkarSbdum; wkrSvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
(wkrS+[d) rS-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m{ okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh rSftpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? rSAf sn;f {okuYd yf? warS[dum; Ny;D \/ wkarSbd-ü [dudk bdjyK? Ny;D \/
ykpH H tarS[d? tarSbd/ jrefrm igwkdYonf/
½ly tarS[dç tarSbdum; trSvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm o0dbwfü ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd oo®d H]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
---------------------
okwf 240/ oóH/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwf\ tHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm wk r So'´g trSo'´gwkdYaemifrS o jzpfaom0dbwf\ tHtjyKonf
0kwydå gVd wkrSarS[d o ó 0dbwåó d trm
trma'aom a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H wkr/HS jrefrm oift
h m;/
½ly wk r S Hum; wkrSvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (wkrS+o) oóH
okwjf zifh wkro
S '´gaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tHjyK? (wkr+S tH) rS-cGi;f acs? uyf?
wkrSHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trSH 'D,aw/ jrefrm ightm; ay;tyf\/

½ly trS Hum; trSvid w
f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwu G /f
-----------------
okwf 241/ w0 rr ao/

okwjf refrm o 0dbwfaMumifh w0 w0tjyK rr rrtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \f /
0kwjdrå efrm ojzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pku H ek af om 0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om
wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f w0w0tjyK rr rrtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH ,xmuúrH w0rr w0rr£apöaw
tma'om a[mEÅd ao 0dbwådrSd/
t"dygÜ ,f o0dbwfudk tHjyKjcif;wnf;[laom tpDt&iftxl;\ xif&mS ;&So d nf\
tjzpfaMumifh þo0dbwfESifhwuG w0 rr tjyKukd pD&ifjcif;onf
0go'´gr&Sad omfvnf; 0duyftm;jzifh jzpf\/
ygVd 0duayÜem,H 0dZÑE&Å ó 0dZrÆ mewåm/
jrefrm ]]ao}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ao}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 242/ wk,SH r,SOö/

okwjf refrm wk,SHtjyK r,SHtjyKwo Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pku H ek af om 0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om wkrS
o'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f wk,SHtjyK r,SHtjyKwo Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrStrSo'´geH o0dbwåeD H ,xmuúrH wk,SH r,SH£apöaw
tma'om p a[mEÅd ao 0dbwådrdS/
ykpH H w0/ jrefrm oift h m;/
½ly w0
w0um; wkrSvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (wkrS+o) w0
rrao okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG w0jyK/
w0
w0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rr/ jrefrm ightm;/
2/ emru@ 569
½ly rrum; trSvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwGuf/

rr
ykpH H wk,SH/ jrefrm oift h m;/
½ly wk , S Hum; wkrSvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (wkrS+o) wk,SH
r,SOö okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w
hf uG wk,jHS yK/
wk,SHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r,SH 0g 'D,aw/ jrefrm wenf;um; ightm; ay;tyf\/
½ly r,S Hum; trSvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwu G /f
------------------
okwf 243/ trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao/

okwjf refrm o0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfaom trSo'´g\ rrHtjyKonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm o 0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pko
H mvQijf zpfaom 0dbwfEiS w
hf uGjzpfaom
trSo'´gwk\Yd rrHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁaó0 trSo'´ó o0dbwåó d rrH tma'aom a[mwd ao
0dbwård /dS
ykpH H rrH/ jrefrm ightm; ay;tyf\/
½ly rrHum; trSvdifwnf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (trS+o) trSó
rrH o0dbwådó ao okwfjzifh tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG rrHjyK
rrHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]oóH}}[laom þokwrf S oD[*wduenf;jzifh ]]t}}[laomyk'o
f nf
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oó}}EÅd £awm oD[*wd,m ]]t}}rdwd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 244/ wkrSarS[d ermuH/

okwjf refrm wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwkaYd emifrS eH0b
d wf\ tmuHtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwkaYd emifrS aemufjzpfaom eH0b
d wf\ tmuH-
[laomtjyKonf¤if;? tHtjyKonf¤if;? jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wkrSarS[d y&ó eH0peó tmu tmurdpmö a'aom a[mwdç tH p/

½kyf jrefrm ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }paomokwjf zifh trSo'´g\ tcsKUd jy,k*üf to®tjyKonf
jzpf\/
ygVd ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wdtm'dem trSó uGpd to®ma'aom/
ykpH H wkrSH? wkrSmuH/ jrefrm oifwt Ydk m;/
½ly wkrSHç wkrSmuHum; wkrSvdifwnf? pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eHouf? (wkrS+eH)
wkrSarS[d ermuH okwfjzifh wkrSo'´grSaemufjzpfaom eH0dbwfukd tHjyKç tmuHjyK?
rS-cGi;f acs? tHç tmuH[yk uwdjyK? rSAf sn;f tHç tmoku Yd yf? trSHç trSmuHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trSH? trSmuH/ jrefrm igwkdYtm;/
½ly trSHç trSmuHum; trSvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? enf;wl/
ykpH H to®muH 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; igwkdYtm;/
½ly to®muHum; trSvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (trS+eH) wkraS rS[d
ermuH okwfjzifh wkrSo'´grSaemufjzpfaom eH0dbwfukd tmuHjyK? (trS+ tmuH)
awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh trSo'´gukd to®jyK? o®-cGi;f acs uyf? to®muH Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm yOör0D b d wfü tcsKUd ojzifh ]]trSwrk ES KÅ &mZ}}paomokwjf zifh o®m0dbwf
ukd em
em0dbwfukduJhokdY iJh/
ygVd yOör, d H ]]trSwrk ES KÅ &mZ}}£pöm'dem o®m0peó em embm0gwda'aom/
ykpH H w,m/ jrefrm oifr/S
½ly w,m
w,mum; wkrSvdifwnf? yOörD{u0kpf o®mouf? (wkrS+o®m) trS
wkrSEÅK--okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd em0dbwfukduJhokdYiJh? (wkrS+em) emrSd w,m r,m
okwfjzifh em0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd em0dbwfESifhwuG w,mjyK?
w,m
w,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r,m taywd/ jrefrm igrS zJ\/
½ly r,m
r,mum; trSvid w f nf? yOör{D u0kpf o®mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wkarS[d? wkarSbd/ jrefrm oifwrYdk /S
½ly wkarS[dç wkarSbdum; wkrv S id wf nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? (wkr+S
[d) rS-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh rft S pdwf t-ukd
{jyK? rfAS sn;f {okuYd yf? wkarS[dum; Ny;D \/ wkarSbd-ü [dudk bdjyK? wkarSbd Ny;D \/
ykpH H tarS[d? tarSbd/ jrefrm igwkrYd /S
2/ emru@ 571
½ly tarS[dç tarSbu d m; trSvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? enf;wl/

ykpH H wkr/HS jrefrm oif\/
½ly wk r S Hum; wkrSvdifwnf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (wkrS+o) oóH
S '´grSaemufjzpfaom o0dbwfudk tHjyK? rS-cGi;f acs uyf wkrSH Ny;D \/
okwjf zifh wkro
ykpH H trS/H jrefrm ig\/
½ly trS Hum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H w0/ jrefrm oif\/
½ly w0
w0um; wkrv S id w
f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (wkr+S o) w0rrao
okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG w0jyK? w0 Ny;D \/
ykpH H rr/ jrefrm ig\/
½ly rr
rrum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (trS+o) w0rrao
okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG rrjyK? rr Ny;D \/
ykpH H wk,SH jrefrm oif\/
½ly wk,Hu S m; wkrv S id w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (wkr+S o) wk,HS r,SOö
okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro hf uG wk,jHSyK? wk,SH Ny;D \/
S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w
ykpH H r,SH jrefrm ig\/
½ly r,H Sum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rrH y&d*a¾ [m/ jrefrm ig\ odrf;qnf;tyfaom Opöm/
½ly rrHum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (trS+o) trSó rrH
o0dbwåó d ao okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
rrHjyK? rrHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wkrSH? wkrSmuH/ jrefrm oifw\ Ydk /
½ly wkrSHç wkrSmuHum; wkrv S id wf nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wl/
ykpH H trSH? trSmuH/ jrefrm igwkdY\/
½ly trSHç trSmuHum; trSvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wl/
ykpH H to®muH "r®wm/ jrefrm igwkdY\ oabmwnf;/
½ly to®muHum; trSvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]o®d HrSd}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]o®d HrSD}}wd 0wåaw/
okwf 245/ wkrSrmuH w,d r,d/

okwjf refrm wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd w,dtjyK r,dtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm od® Hjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pku H ek af om 0dbwfEiS w hf uG jzpfuek -f
aom wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwdik ;f w,d r,dtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåeD H w,dr,d£apöaw tma'om
a[mEÅd ,xmuúrH o® d HrSd 0dbwådrSd/
½kyf jrefrm w tu©&mukd wGjyK/
ygVd w um&ó wGw/Hå
ykpH H wG,d? w,d/ jrefrm oifü/
½ly wG,dç w,dum; wkrv S id w
f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (wkr+S o®d )H
wkrrSmuH w,dr,d okwjf zifh o®d 0H b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG w,djyK? w,dum; Ny;D \/ wG,d-ü w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwHå 0g okwjf zifh
wtu©&mukd wGjyK? wG , dum; NyD;\/
ykpH H r,d/ jrefrm igü/
½ly r,dum; trSvid w f nf? owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (trS+o®d )H wkrrSmuH
w,dr,d okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifh wuG
r,djyK? r,dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wkarSo/k jrefrm oifwüYdk /
½ly wkarSokum; wkrv S id w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (wkr+S ok) rS-cGi;f
t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh ok0b d wfaMumifh rSt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? rSAf sn;f
{oku Yd yf? wkarSokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tarSo/k jrefrm igwküYd /
½ly tarSokum; trSvid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm yk'af emifraS ESmif;ukeaf om xkw d rk oS '´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd omvQif tcsKUd
jy,k*üf tjyKtxl;ukd pD&ifjcif;aMumifh ½kyt f xl;onf &S\ d /
ygVd awoH {0 wkrS trSo'ǵeH y'awm ya&oH uGpd tma'oEÅ&0d"mae ½lyaba'g/
jrefrm w0H rrOö okwfrS ]]e0g}}o'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]e0g}}wd t"duma&m/
-------------------
2/ emru@ 573
okwf 246/ y'awm 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0g aem/

okwjf refrm yk'af emifrS 'kw, d m pwkwD¬ q|D0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh a0g
a0gtjyK aem aemtjyK
wkdYonf jzpfukef\/
0kwjdrå efrm A[k0pk jf zpfuek af om 'kw, d m pwkwD¬ q|D0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh yk'af emifrS
aemufüjzpfuek af om 0g- aESmif;ukeaf om 0dbwfEiS w hf uG jzpfuek af om
tvk;H pku H ek af om wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f a0g a0gtjyK aem
aemtjyKwo Ydk nf
tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrStrSo'´geH o0dbwåeD H y'o®m ya&oH a0gaem a0gaemtma'om
a[mEÅd ,xmuúrH 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok A[k0paeok e0g/
jrefrm þokwüf vnf; ]]{u0paeok}}[lí qkv d wåUH jzpfaomaMumifh ]]A[k-
0pae}}[lí &tyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]{u0paeol}}wd 0u©rmewåm ]]A[k0paeol}}wd v'¨/H
ykpH H y[m, a0g *rdómrd/
jrefrm cspo f m;wkYd (bdua© 0) oifwu Ykd dk pGeí
Yf igonf (t[H) a&TjynfeAd mÁ ef
0ifpHawmhtHh? 0g- oGm;awmhtHh/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? 'kwd,mA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wkr+S a,m)
y'awm 'kw, d mpwkwq D¬ |Dok a0g aem okwjf zifh 'kw, d ma,m0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkH
aom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG a0gjyK? a0g a0gum; NyD;\/
ykpH H rm aem tZÆ 0duEÅd Hok/
jrefrm ,aeY igwkn Yd aD emif [oFmESpaf umifwt Ydk m; rckwjf zwfapukev f if/h
0g- r&Ofapukev f if/h
½ly aem
aemum; trSvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (trS+o) y'awm
'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0g aem okwfjzifh {wkw¬Do0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG aemjyK? aem aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H "r®H a0g bdu©a0 a'odómrd/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY oifwkdYtm; w&m;ukd a[mtHh/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oH0b d aZx aem &aZÆe/
jrefrm igwkt Yd m; jynfpnf;pdrjf zifh 0g- ukd a0befuek af vmh/
½ly aemum; trSvid w

aem f nf? pwkw¬DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wka|mo®d a0g yuwd,m/
jrefrm oifwkdY\ oabmtm;jzifh ESpfouftyfonf jzpf\/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ow¬maem b*0g tEkyÜawåm/
jrefrm igwkdY\ q&mjzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&mufvwfNyD/
½ly aem
aemum; trSvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ar; e0g
e0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz b,H wkrmS uH paomO'g[½kPw f üYdk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd e0g
e0gwd ud H¿ b,H wkrSmuH (wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H b,H wrSmuH aem od,m/
jrefrm oifwt Ydk m; aMumufjcif;onf rjzpf&m/
½ly wkrSmuHum; wkrv S id w
f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (wkr+S eH) wkrS arS[d
d wfudk tmuHjyK? rS-cGi;f acs uyf? wkrSmuHum; Ny;D \/
ermuH okwjf zifh eH0b
ykpH H {aom trSmuH ow¬m/
jrefrm þolonf igwkdY\ q&mwnf;/
½ly trSmuHum; trSvid w f nf? pwkw{D¬ [k0pk f eHouf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]y'awmç pwkw¬Dq|Dok}}okwfonf vkduf\/
---------------------
okwf 247/ awaru0paeok p/

okwjf refrm {u0kp0f b h nf; aw
d wfwaYdk Mumifv awtjyK ar
artjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm {u0kpjf zpfuek af om pwkwD¬ q|D0b d wfwaYdk Mumifh tvk;H pkuH ek af om
0dbwfESifhwuGjzpfukefaom yk'faemifrS aemufrSjzpfukefaom
0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om wkrS trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f aw
awjyK ar arjyKwo Ydk nf
jzpfuek \f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH y'o®m ya&oH aw ar
tma'om a[mEÅd ,xmuúrH pwkw¬Dq|Dok {u0paeok e0g/
ykpH H ''grd aw *gr0&med yOö/
2/ emru@ 575
jrefrm oifhtm; ig;ckukefaom &GmjrwfwkdYukd ay;\/

½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (wkr+S o) awaru
0paeok p okwjf zifh aemufpwkwo D¬ 0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG awok? aw awum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ''g[d ar *gr0&H/
jrefrm ightm; &Gmjrwfukd 0g- &Gmqkukd ay;avmh/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H £'H aw &|H/
jrefrm þwkid ;f onf 0g- þwkid ;f c½kid Ef idk if oH nf oif\ wkid ;f c½kid Ef idk if w
H nf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H t,H ar ykawåm/
jrefrm þolonf ig\ om;wnf;/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ar; e0g
e0g[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz £'H pD0&H wk,HS 0duyÜew¬m, 'r®d paomykpH w H üYdk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd e0g
e0gwd ud ¿H £'H pD0&H wk,HS 0duyÜew¬m, 'r®d (wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H £'H pD0&H wk,SH 0duyÜew¬m, 'r®d/
jrefrm þouFe;f ukd oift h m; 0duyÜemjyKprd ahf omiSg ay;\/
½ly wk , S Hum; wkrvS id w f nf? pwkw¬D{u0kpf oouf? (wkr+S o) wk,SH
r,SOö okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG w,SjH yK?
wk,SHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H okPmx 0peH rr/
jrefrm ig\pum;ukd emMuukefavmh/
½ly rrum; trSvid w
rr f nf? pwkw{D¬ u0kpf oouf? (trS+o) w0rrao
okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG rrjyK? rrrrum;
Ny;D \/
*gxmjrefrm þokwüf e0g e0go'´gvku d af omaMumifo h mvQif a0gaem awar awar[l-
aom tMuiftma'owko Yd nf &Su
d ek \ f ? (oEÅ)d xkt d ma'owko Yd nf
*gxmyg'\ tpü¤if;? pç 0gç {0 paom edygwfy'k Ef iS hf ,SO&f mü¤if; rjzpfuek /f
*gxmygVd e0g
e0g"dum&awm apw¬?
a0g aem aw arwd a, £ar/
yg'ga'g p p 0g {0g-
'da,ma* p e a[mEÅd aw/
ar; ykpH uH m; tb,fenf;- ,xm-
ajz e aompmrd/y/ &|0¹ke [lonfwnf;/
jrefrm vkvif oif\ pum;ukd (0peH) Mum;&aomaMumifh igonf rpk;d &drNf y?D
rikNd y?D jynfwidk ;f um;ukd yGm;apwwfaom rif;Bu;D ? oift h m;¤if;? ightm;
¤if;? þokYd &Snpf mG aom þumvywfv;Hk igbk&m;onf¤if;? oifwo Ydk nf¤if;? xkbd 0rS
þb0ok?Yd þb0rS xkb d 0okYd ajy;oGm;&avNy?D wajymif;jyefjyef usiv f nfvaS vNy/D
ygVd e aompmrd e a&m'grd? w0 okwGme rmP0/
w,SOmö yd r[m&mZ? r,SOö &|0¹ke/
{0rd'H 'DCr'¨geH oE¨m0dwH oHo&dwH rraOö0 wkrmS uOömwd/
ar; y'awm
y'awm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz w0 Ówd paomykpH w H üYdk epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd y'awm
y'awmwd ud H¿ w0 Ówd (wsm'Dok ed0wåew¬H)/
ykpH H w0 Ówd/ jrefrm oif\ aqGrsK;d wnf;/
½ly w0
w0um; wkrv S id w
f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? (wkr+S o) w0rrao
okwjfzifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro h f uG w0jyK? w0
S 'ǵud k 0dbwfEiS w w0um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rr Ówd/ jrefrm ig\ aqGrsKd;wnf;/
½ly rr
rrum; trSvid w f nf? q|D{u0kpf oouf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm ]]aw ar}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]aw ar}}wd 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 248/ e tHrSd/

okwjf refrm tH0b d wfaMumifh awawtjyK ar
artjyKwo Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
0kwjdrå efrmtHjzpfaom0dbwfaMumifh yk'af emifrS aESmif;ukeaf om aemufüjzpf-
ukeaf om 0dbwfEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\
Yd aw
tjyK ar
artjyKwo
Ydk nf rjzpfuek /f
2/ emru@ 577
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrt S rSo'´geH o0dbwåeD H y'o®m ya&oH aw ar tma'om

e a[mEÅd tHrSd 0dbwådrSd/
ykpH H yaó,s wH 0ó0wH tma&m*sH/
jrefrm oifuh dk igonf tESpw f pf&mywfv;Hk temr&So d nfudk jrifcsi\f /
½ly wHum; wkrv S id w
f nf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (wkr+S tH) e tHrSd
okwjf zifh tH0b
d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG awjyKoifah omf
vnf; awtjyK rjzpf[k jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wH rrrSd okwjf zifh tH0b d wfaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG wHjyK? wHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aom rrjA0Dw/d (aom rH jA0Dw)d /
jrefrm xkdolonf ighukd qkd\/
½ly rHum; trSvid w f nf? 'kwd,m{u0kpf tHouf? (trS+tH) e tHrSd
okwjf zifh tH0bd wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG arjyKoifah omf
vnf; artjyK rjzpf[k jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? wH rrrSd okwfjzifh tH0dbwfaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG rHjyK? rHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]awaru0pae}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]awaru0pae}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------------
okwf 249/ 0g wwda, p/

okwjf refrm wwd,m0dbwfaMumifv h nf; tcsKUd ojzifh aw
awtjyK ar artjyKwo Ydk nf
jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom wwd,m{u0kp0f b d wfaMumifh yk'af emifrS aESmif;ukeaf om
tvk;H pkuH ek af om wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f tcsKUd ojzifh
aw
awtjyK ar artjyKwoYdk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH y'o®m ya&oH aw ar
tma'om a[mEÅd 0g ,xmuúrH wwda,u0pae ya&/
ykpH H uwH aw ygyH/
jrefrm oifonf raumif;rIudk jyKtyf\/
½ly awum; wkrv

aw S id wf nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wkr+S em) 0g wwd-
a, p okwjf zifh wwd,m {u0kp0f b d wfaESmif;aomaMumifh yk'af emifraS ESmif; aom
tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG awjyK? aw awum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwH w,m ygyH/
jrefrm oifonf raumif;rIudk jyKtyf\/
½ly w,m
w,mum; wkrv S id w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (wkr+S em) emrSd
w,m r,m okwfjzifh em0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
w,mjyK? w,m
w,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwH ar yknH/
jrefrm igonf aumif;rIukd jyKtyf\/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H uwH r,m yknH/
jrefrm igonf aumif;rIukd jyKtyf\/
½ly r,m
r,mum; trSvid w f nf? wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm ]]0g wwda,}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]0g wwda,}}wd p 0w¬aw/
-----------------
okwf 250/ A[k0paeok a0g aem/

okwjf refrm wwd,m A[k0pk 0f b d wfwaYdk Mumifh a0g
a0gtjyK aem
aemtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom wwd,mA[k0pk 0f b d wfaMumifh yk'af emifraS ESmif;ukeaf om
tvkH;pkHukefaom 0dbwfESifhwuG jzpfukefaom wk r So'´g trSo'´g
wk\ Yd tpOftwkid ;f tcsKUd ojzifh a0g
a0gtjyK aemaemtjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oaAÁoH wkrS trSo'´geH o0dbwåDeH y'o®m ya&oH a0g aem
tma'om a[mEÅd 0g ,xmuúrH wwd,mA[k0pae ya&/
ykpH H uwH a0g ur®H/
jrefrm oifwkdYonf trIukd jyKtyf\/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (wkr+S [d) A[k
0paeok a0g aem okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh yk'faemifrSaESmif;aom wkrSo'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG a0gjyK? a0g
a0gum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 579
ykpH H uwH aem ur®H/

jrefrm igwkdYonf trIukd jyKtyf\/
½ly aem
aemum; trSvid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (trS+[d) A[k
0paeok a0g aem okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh yk'faemifrSaESmif;aom trSo'´gukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG aemjyK? aem
aemum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm A[k0paepae[k A[k0pk jf zifh ñTejf yjcif;aMumifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf yXrmjzpfaom
a,m
a,m0dbwfaMumifv h nf; a0g aem tjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd A[k0pe peeda'áoe uGpd a,m a,mrSd yXar p a0g aem a[mEÅ/d
ykpH H *grH a0g *apä,smx/
jrefrm oifwkdYonf &GmokdYoGm;Muukefavmh/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (wkr+S a,m) A[k
0paeok a0g aem okwfü A[k0peo'´gjzifh ñTefjyjcif;aMumifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG a0gjyK? a0g a0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *grH aem *apä,smr/
jrefrm igwkdYonf &GmokdY oGm;ukef\/
½ly aem
aemum; trSvid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm wkrSo'´g trSo'´gwk\ Yd vdirf &Sad omaMumifh vdio f ;Hk yg;wküYd vnf;
wlaom½ky&f o dS uJo h Ykd xkUd twl yOötp&Sud ek af om t tqk;H &Su d ek af om
ocsFmo'´gwk\ Yd ¤if;? uwdo'´g\¤if;? vdirf &Sad omaMumifh vdio f ;Hk yg;üvnf; wlaom
½ky&f o dS nfjzpf\/ vdirf &So d nf\tjzpfaMumifo h mvQif yOöpaomo'´gaemifrS £w¬d
vd*F aZmwurwwfjcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd wxm yOö m'Der|m&o r|m&oEÅmeHç uwdo'´ó pmvd*Fwåm wdvda*Fyd
orme½ly?H tvd*w F må {0 yOö m'dawm £w¬yd pÜ , ö mbma0g/
jrefrm ]]yOö a,m}}[laom þjy,l*üf Þ
ygVd ]]yOö a,m}}£wD"Þ
jrefrm ]]a,mok 'dGEéH a'G p}}[laom þokwfrS ]]a,mok}}[laomyk'fonf
vkduf\/ ]]£w¬dykr eykHouocsø}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]a,mok 'dGEéH a'G pm}}wd £awm ]]a,mol}}wd 0wåawç ]]£w¬dykr
eyko H uocs}F }EÅd p/
okwf 251/ yOöm'Deruma&m/

okwjf refrm yOötp&Su d ek af om ocsmF o'´gwk\ Yd t tjyKonf jzpf\/
t"dygÜ ,f þyOöm'DeH [laomq|Donf yOöo'´gponf\ tpdwf t-ukd iJah om
q|Donf/
ygVd tEÅmayu©m,H q|D/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukeaf om a,m a,m0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh £w¬v d id f ykvi’d f eykvH id üf
jzpfukefaom yOötp&Sdukefaom t|m&o t|m&otqkH;&Sdukefaom ocsFm
o'´gwkdY\ 0dbwfESifhwuGaom tpdwf\ t tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd yOöm'DeH t|m&o
t|m&oEÅmeH ocsmF eH £w¬yd rk eyko H au 0wårmemerEÅó
o0dbwådó t tuma&m a[mwd a,m a,mok ya&ok/
t"dygÜ ,f þokwfü oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwfjzifh tm {{tjyKudk jzpf\/
ygVd tm {{tma'omy0ga'g,H/
ykpH H yOöuE© m¨ / jrefrm cE¨mig;yg;wko Yd nf/
½ly yOöum; yOövid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? (yOö+a,m) Oö-cGif;
t-<uif;? oAÁa,meDe rm{ okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfudk tm { jyKonf&adS omf þ yOöm
'De ruma&m okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaESmif;aoaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG yOö[laom
ocsFmo'´g\ tpdwfjzpfaom t-ukd t-xyfjyK? OöfAsnf; t-okdYuyf? yOöum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yOö *wda,m/ jrefrm *wdig;yg;wko Yd nf/
½ly yOöum; yOövid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOö £È, d´ med/ jrefrm £aÈi´ g;yg;wko Yd nf/
½ly yOöum; yOövid w f nf? yXrmA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm 'kwd,m0dbwfüvnf; þtwlwnf;/
ygVd {0H 'kw, d m,Oö/
jrefrm ]]oke[H o d }k }[laomyk'o f nf vku d \f /
ygVd ]]oke[H o d }l }wd 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 252/ yOöm'DerwåH/

okwjf refrm yOötp&Su
d ek af om ocsmF o'´gwk\ f nf ttjzpfoYdk a&muf\/
Yd tpdwo
2/ emru@ 581
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukeaf om ok eH [d 0dbwfwaYdk Mumifh yOötp&Su d ek af om t|m

&o
&otqkH;&Sdukefaom ocsFmo'´gwkdY\ tpdwfonf t tjzpfokdY a&muf\/
0kwydå gVd yOöm'Der|m&o
r|m&oEÅmeH ocsmF eraEÅm twårmyZÆaw okeH[£ d apö awok
ya&ok/
t"dygÜ ,f þt ttjyKudk pD&ifjcif;onf ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh a&mufaom
{ tjzpf? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh eH0b d wfaESmif;&mü a&mufaom 'DC tjyKudk jrpf\/
ygVd { wå'C D my0ga'g,H/
ykpH H yOö[?d yOöb/d jrefrm ig;ckwjYdk zif/h
½ly yOö[dç yOöbdum; yOövid w f nf? wwd,mA[k0pk f [douf? (yOö+[d)
Oö-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh a&SUo& Oöftpdwf t-ukd
tm'DCjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh a&SUo&
Oöt f pdwf t-ukd {jyKonf&adS omf þyOöm'DerwåH okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh Oöt f pdwf
t-ukd t-xyfjyK? OöAf sn;f t-oku Yd yf? yOö[dum; Ny;D \/ yOöbd-ü [dudk bdjyK? Ny;D \/
ykpH H yOöE/Hé jrefrm ig;ckwt Ydk m;/
½ly yOöEéu H m; yOövid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf? (yOö+eH) aem p 'Gg'dawm
eHrdS okwjf zifh yOö[al omocsmF o'´gaemif ef-vm? efAsn;f eHou Ydk yf? yOöEéHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yOö[?d yOöb/d jrefrm ig;ckwrYdk /S
½ly yOö[dç yOöbdum; yOövid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOöE/Hé jrefrm ig;ckw\ Ydk /
½ly yOöEéHum; yOövid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yOöo/k jrefrm ig;ckwüYdk /
½ly yOöokum; yOövid w f nf? owårAD [k0pk f okouf? yOöokum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm q owå t| e0 'o 'oo'´gwko Yd nf þtwlwnf;/
ygVd {0H q owå t| e0 'o 'oo'´g/
jrefrm ]]wpfcv k nf;? q,fcw k vYdk nf;}}þokaYd om orkpn ö ;f teufü 0g- abm
teufü 'Geo f rmofudk jyKtyfonf&adS omf (uaw) wpfcjk zifh vGeu f ek f
aom q,fcw k oYdk nf? þokaYd om wwd,mteufü wyÜK&o d o f rmofurdk v l nf; jyK-
tyfonf&Sdaomf {um'dawm 'ó&ocsFmae okwfrS ocsFmae[laomyk'fonf
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]{uOö 'o pm}}wd taw¬ 'GEo ´ rmaoç ]]{aue t"dum 'om}}wd
taw¬ wyÜK&dao 0g uaw/ ]]ocsFmae}}wd 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 253/ a'Gu|mermuma&m 0g/

okwjf refrm 'd Go'´g {u
{uo'´g t|
t|o'´gwk\ Yd tpdwo f nf tcsKUd ojzifh tm
tmtjyK-
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom aemufy'k af Mumifh a&wGujf cif; y"met&mü 'dGo'´g {u
o'´g t|
t|o'´gwk\ Yd tm
tmtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'dG{ut|
ut|£apöaworaEÅm tm tmuma&m a[mwd 0g ocsmF ae Owå&
ya' ya&/
0go'´g þ0g
þ0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS /
ygVd 00w¬w d 0dbmom,H/
ykpH H {um'o/ jrefrm wpfq,fw h pfcw k o Ydk nf/
½ly {um'o
{um'oum; {uo'´g t"duo'´g 'oo'´gwnf? {uaemif txl;
ojzifh [lí--aMumifh 0daooeteufü wwd,m{u0kpf emouf ({u+em) u-
cGi;f em0dbwfudk {ejyK? acs uyf? ({aue) t"duaemif a,mouf? 'oaemif a,m
ouf? oAÁa,mede rm{ okwfjzifh t"duaemif a,mukd tmjyK? u-cGif; acs uyf?
(t"dum) yOöm'Deruma&m okwjf zifh 'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyf jyK?
('o) {aue t"dum 'o 'o[laom ormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
{aue? wpfct k m;jzif/h t"dum? vGeuf ek af om/ 'o? q,fcw k wYdk nf;/ £wd
taw¬? ü/ emrmeHormaom ,kwåaw¬m okwfjzifh ,kwåw¬rSnfh? ocsFmykaAÁm 'd*k
okwfjzifh 'd*krSnfh? trm'a,m-- okwfjzifh trm'dwyÜK&dofrSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--
okwfjzifh ormof\ em0dbwf a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬me--aMumifh xkdokwfü
awoHo'´gjzifh t"duyk'fukdacs? ({u+'o) yuwd pó--okwfjzifh {u+'o[k
yuwdjyK? u-cGif; t-<uif;? a'Gu|me rmuma&m 0g okwfjzifh {uo'´g\tpdwf
t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ({um'o) w'¨dw emrfiJh? a,mouf? yOöm
'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? {um
'o
'oum; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 583
ykpH H 'Gg'o/ jrefrm wpfq,fEh pS cf w k o Ydk nf/

½ly 'Gg'o'oum; 'do G '´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwfav;vk;H
toD;oD;ouf? yOöm'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-
xyfjyK? ('o) oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwfy'k w f aYdk emif a,mwku Yd dk acsjyK? 'd G
p 'o pp[laom ormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
'dG p? ESpfckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kwåw¬rSnfh?
'Gerf n S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kww
å m¬ e--aMumifh
xko d w k üf awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfy'k w f uYdk adk cs? 'd+G 'o[k yuwdjyK? 'G-cGi;f £-<uif;?
a'Gu|me rmuma&m 0g okwjf zifh 'do G '´g\tpdwf £-ukd tmjyK? 'GAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf?
('Gg'o) w'¨dw emrfiJh? a,mouf? yOöm 'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf
t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? 'Gg'o 'oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t|m&o/ jrefrm wpfq,f&h pS cf w k o Ydk nf/
½ly t|m&o
t|m&oum; t|o'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? yOöm'Deruma&m okwjf zifh t|o'´g 'oo'´g wk\ Yd tpdwf
t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? (t|+'o) oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwf
yk'w f aYdk emif a,mwku Yd dk acsjyK? t| p 'o pp[laom ormof½yk f Ny;D \/
t| p? &Spcf w k v Ydk nf;/ 'o p? q,fcw k v Ydk nf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kww å r¬ n
S ?hf
'Gerf n S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kww
å m¬ e--aMumifh
xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? t|+'o[k yuwdjyK? t|m'dawm
p okwjf zifh t|o'´gaemif 'ukd &jyK? (t|+&o) |-cGi;f t-<uif;? a'Gu|me rmuma&m
0g okwjf zifh t|o'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmjyK? |fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (t|m& o) w'¨w d
emrfiJh? a,mouf? yOöm 'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? t|m&o t|m&oum; Ny;D \/
ar; ocsFmae ae[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz {u'aEÅm paomykpH w H üYdk oacs, F sjy|mef;aomaMumifh tm tm&tjyK
ukd epfapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd ocsF m ae aewd udrw¬H¿ {u'aEÅm (wsm'Dok oacsF,swåmtmum&
ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H {u'aEÅm/ jrefrm wpfacsmif;aomoGm;&Sad omol/
½ly {u'aEÅmum; {u'aEÅmtwkid ;f yifwnf? a'Gu|me rmuma&m 0g

okwfjzifh {uo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd tmjyKoifhaomfvnf; ocsFmy"me r[kwf?
oacs, F sy"mejzpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? {u'aEÅmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'd'G aEÅm/ jrefrm wkwEf pS af csmif;&Sad omol/
½ly 'dG'aEÅmum; 'd'G aEÅmtwkid ;f yifwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t|w¬arÇm/ jrefrm wkid &f pS v
f ;Hk &Sad om jymom'f/
½ly t|w¬arÇmum; t|w¬rt Ç wkid ;f yifwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm o qó 0g okwfrS ]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
------------------
okwf 254/ {um'dawm 'o & ocsFmae/

okwjf refrm ocsmF y"met&mü {u {uo'´gtp&Sad om o'´gaemifrS 'o 'oo'´g\
' \ & jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm ocsmF y"met&mü {u {utp&Sad om ocsmF o'´grS aemufjzpfaom
'o'oo'´g\ tpjzpfaom ' tu©&m\ & jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd {um
{um'dawm ocsmF awm y&ó 'oó tm'dó ' ó & uma&m
a[mwd 0g ocsFmae/
jrefrm &jyKjcif;rS <uif;aom tmjyKjcif;onf a&S;ESiw hf \l /
ygVd aooH orH/
ykpH H {um&o/
jrefrm wpfq,fw h pfcw k o
Ydk nf/ 0g- wpfcjk zifv
h eG af om wpfq,fwo Ydk nf/
½ly {um&o
{um&oum; {uo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? od0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? aom okwjf zifh {uaemif odudk MojyK? cGi;f acs uyf? ({aum)
oAÁmorm0kaom okwfjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYaemif odwkdYukd acsjyK? yOöm'Deruma&m
okwfjzifh 'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? ('o) {aum p 'o p
[laom ormof0gus½kyfum; NyD;\/
{aum p? wpfckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/
,kww å r¬ n
S ?hf 'Gerf n
S ?hf awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ od0b d wfwuYdk adk cs? 0kww å m¬
2/ emru@ 585
e--aMumifh xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? {u+'o[k yuwdjyK?

u-cGif; t-<uif;? a'Gu|me rmuma&m 0g okwfjzifh {uo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd
tm'DCjyK? ufAsnf; tmokdYuyf? ({um+'o) w'¨dw emrfiJh? a,mouf? yOöm
'Deruma&m okwjf zifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? ({um+
'o) {um'dawm 'ó&ocsmF ae okwjf zifh {uaemifraS ESmif;aom 'oo'´g\ 'ukd
&jyK? {um&o
{um&oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {um'o/ jrefrm wpfq,fw h pfcw
k o Ydk nf/
½ly {um'o
{um'oum; {uo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
{aum p? wpfckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/ /y/ ({um+'o)
{um'dawm 'ó&ocsmF ae okwjf zifh {uaemifraS ESmif;aom 'oo'´g\ 'ukd &jyK
oifah omfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? {um'o {um'oum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ESpcf w
k v
Ydk nf; q,fcwk vYdk nf;? wenf;- ESpcf w
k jYdkzifh vGeu
f ek af om q,f
ckwkdYwnf;? xkdYaMumifh 'dG 'ornf\/ þyk'fü o qó 0g okwfrS
]]0g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd a'G p 'o pç 'DG[d 0g t"dum 'omwd 'dG'o £wD"Þ
]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 255/ 0Dowd'aook Am 'dGó wk/

okwjf refrm 0Dowdo'´g 'o 'oo'´gwkaYd Mumifh 'd G[al omocsmF o'´g\ Am
AmjyKonf
vnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukeaf om 0Dowdo'´g 'o 'oo'´gwkaYd Mumifh 'dGo'´g\ Am
AmjyKonf
0kwydå gVd 0Dowd 'o 'o£apöawok ya&ok 'd Go'´ó Am a[mwd 0g/
wko'´g wko'´gjzifh wd Hoo'´gaMumifh AmAmjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd wkoa'é wd Homm,rÜ/d
½kyf jrefrm {um'dawm okwfjzifh & jyK? a'G u|me okwfjzifh tm tmvnf;jyK/
ygVd & uma&mç tm tmwåO/ö
ykpH H Am&o/
jrefrm wpfq,fEh pS cf w k o Ydk nf/ 0g- ESpcf jk zifv

h eG af om wpfq,fwo Ydk nf/
½ly Am&o
Am&oum; 'do G '´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf av;vk;H
xyfjyK? ('o) oAÁmorm0kaom okwfjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYaemif a,mwkdYukd acsjyK?
,'EkyyEém okwfjzifh 'dGaemifrSaESmif;aom a,m0dbwfukdacs? 'dG p 'o p
[laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
'dG p? ESpfckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kwåw¬rSnfh?
'GefrSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬m e--
aMumifh xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? 'dG+'o[k yuwdjyK? 0Dowd
'aook Am 'dó G wk okwjf zifh 'do G '´gukd AmjyK? (Am'o) {um'dawm 'ó&ocsmF ae
okwjf zifh 'oo'´g\ 'ukd &jyK? Am&o Am&oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'Gg'o/ jrefrm wpfq,fEh pS cf w
k o Ydk nf/
½ly 'G g 'o
'oum; 'dGo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a'Gu|me rmum
a&m 0g okwfü wGufcJhNyD/
jrefrm ok;H ckwvYdk nf; q,fcw k vYdk nf;? wenf;um;- ok;H ckwjYdk zifh vGeu f ek af om
q,fckwkdYwnf;? xkdYaMumifh aw&ornfukef\/ þt&mü ]]awok
0k'}d¨ }paom okwjf zifh wdo'´g\ tme0kwo d '´gaESmif;onfwidk af tmif aw awtjyKonf
jzpf\/
ygVd wa,m p 'o p wD[d 0g t"dum 'omwd aw&o/ { w¬ ]]awok
0k'¨D}}wd tm'dem wdo'´ó aw awtma'aom tme0kw, d m/
½ly aw&o
aw&oum; wdo'´g t"duo'´g 'oo'´gwnf? wdaemif [douf
w-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh wftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK?
(wD[)d t"duaemif a,mouf? 'oaemif a,mouf? oAÁa,mede rm{ okwjf zifh
t"duaemif a,mukd tmjyK? u-cGi;f acs uyf? (t"dum) yOöm'Deruma&m okwjf zifh
'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyf jyK? ('o) wD[d t"dum 'o 'o[laom
ormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
wD[d? okH;ckwkdYjzifh/ t"dum? vGefukefaom/ 'o? q,fckwkdYwnf;/ £wd
taw¬? ü/ ,kwåw¬rSnfh? ocsFmykaAÁm 'd*k okwfjzifh 'd*krSnfh? trm'a,m-- okwfjzifh
trm'dwyÜK&dofrSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ [d0dbwf a,m0dbwf
2/ emru@ 587
wku
Yd adk cs? 0kww
å m¬ e--aMumifh xko d w k üf awoHo'´gjzifh t"duyk'u f adk cs? yuwd pó-
-okwfjzifh wd+'o[k yuwdjyK? awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh wdo'´gukd tme0kwdo'´g
aESmif;onfwidk af tmif awjyK? (aw+'o) {um'dawm 'o&ocsmF ae okwjf zifh '-
ukd &-jyK? aw&o
aw&oum; NyD;\/
jrefrm av;ckwv Ydk nf; q,fcw k v
Ydk nf; xkaYd Mumifh (£wd wo®m) wenf;um;
av;ckwjYdkzifh vGeu f ek af om q,fcw k w Ydk nf;/ xkaYd Mumifh pwk'o ´ rnf\/
ygVd pwåma&m p 'o pç pwk[d 0g t"dum 'omwd pwk'ó/
þjy,k*üf Þ £pöMwÞ
jrefrm ]]*Paeç 'oóm}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]*Paeç 'oóm}}wd p 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 256/ pwlyy'ó avmayg wkwå&y'g'd pó pk apmyd e0g/

okwjf refrm 'o
'oo'´g\ teD;jzpfaom pwko'´g\ wko'´g\ ausjcif;onf jzpf\/
wk[laom aemufyk'f\ tpjzpfaom p o'´g\ tcsKdUojzifh pkjyK
apm
apmjyKwo Ydk nfvnf; jzpfuek \f /
0kwjdrå efrm a&wGujf cif;ü 'o
'oo'´g\ teD;üwnfaom þpwk pwk[q k t dk yfaom
teD;jzpfaomyk'\ f wko'´gonf ausjcif;onf jzpf\/ wko'´g aus
NyD;aomaMumifh (wkavmywåm) 'o 'o[laomaemufyk'f\teD;ü wnfaom teD;
jzpfaom pwk[al omyk'\ f p tu©&m\ pkjyK apm
apmjyKwo
Ydk nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd *Pae 'o 'oóm'drSd Xdwó pwk£apöwó Oyy'ó wkoa'´g
avmayg a[mwd? Owå&y'g'drdS Xdwó pwlyy'ó p um&ó pk apm tma'aom
a[mEÅd e0g/
ykpH H pk'o´ / jrefrm wpfq,fah v;ckwo Ydk nf/
½ly pk ' ´ oum; pwko'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? wdpwkE-Hé -okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh pwko'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG pwåma&mjyK? (pwåma&m) yOöm'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'otpdwf t-ukd
0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? ('o) oAÁmorm0kaom okwfjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYaemif
a,mwku Yd adk csjyK? pwåma&m p 'o p [laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
pwåma&m p? av;ckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/

,kwåw¬rSnfh? 'GefrSnfh? awoH 0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs?
0kwåw¬m e--aMumifh xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? pwk+'o[k
yuwdjyK? pwlyy'ó--okwjf zifh pwk[al om a&SUyk'\ f teD; wkuadk cs? p-ukv d nf;
pkjyK? (pk+'o) y&a'Gbma0g--okwjf zifh OrSaemufjzpfaom '-ukd o'doa'Gabmf '´-
jyK? (pk'o
´ ) w'¨wd --emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh
'oo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? pk'óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H apm'ó/ jrefrm wpfq,fah v;ckwo Ydk nf/
½ly apm'óum; pwko'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
pwåma&m p? av;ckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/y/ pwlyy'ó--
okwjf zifh pwk[al om a&SUyk'\ f teD; wkuadk cs? p-ukv
d nf; pkjyK? (pk+'o) y&a'Gbma0g-
-okwjf zifh OrSaemufjzpfaom '-ukd o'doa'Gabmf '´-jyK? (apm'ó) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ
a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf t-
ukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG t-xyfjyK? apm'óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwk'o´ / jrefrm wpfq,fah v;ckwo Ydk nf/
½ly pwk'óum; pwko'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
pwåma&m p? av;ckwkdYvnf;/ 'o p? q,fckwkdYvnf;/y/ pwlyy'ó--
okwjf zifh pwk[al om a&SUyk'\ f teD; wkuadk csí p-ukv d nf; pkjyKoifjh im;aomfvnf;
0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (pwk+'o) y&a'Gbma0g--okwjf zifh OrSaemufjzpfaom
'-ukd o'doa'Gabmf '´-jyK? (pwk'o ´ ) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m
okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh 'oo'´g\tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK?
pwk'óum; Ny;D \/
tydo'´g tydo'´gjzifh a&wGujf cif;ü teD;yk'rf [kwo f nfvnf; jzpfaom yk'\ f
tpjzpfaom p tu©&m\ ausonf jzpf\/ pkjyK apm apmjyKwkdYonf
tcsKdUojzifh jzpfukef\/ ykHpHum;- wmvD,H/y/ pwåmvDoH [lonfwnf;/
ygVd tyd*¾[aPe tEkyy'ómyd *Pae y'g'dp um&ó avmayg?
pkapm a[mEÅd e0g/ ,xmÞ
ykpH H wmvDoH/ jrefrm av;q,fonf/
½ly wmvDoHum; 'oo'´g po'´g av;vk;H pDwnf? a,m0dbwf &Spv f ;Hk
2/ emru@ 589

xyfjyK? ('o-4vk;H ) oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwfy'k w f aYdk emif a,mwku Yd adk cs?
(p-av;vk;H ) 'o p 'o p 'o p 'o p [laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
'o p? q,fcw k v Ydk nf;/ (av;cgqk)d £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kww å r¬ n
S ?hf 'Gerf n S ?hf
awoH 0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬m e--aMumifh
xkdokwfü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? 'o+'o+'o+'o[k yuwdjyK?
o½lygearuaooG oud H okwfjzifh 'oav;ckukd wpfck<uif;jyK? ('o) w'¨dw--
emrfiJh? a,mouf? *Pae 'oó--okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh av;q,fa[m
'oukd pwåm&jyK? a,m0dbwfukdvnf; þoHjyK? (pwåm&+þoH) &-cGif; v'&meH
okwjf zifh &ukd v-jyK? acs uyf? (pwåmvDo)H pwlyy'ó--okwüf tydo'´gjzifh teD;
yk'f r[kwfaom pwåmvDoHyk'frS pukd acs? (wåmvDoH) awok 0k'¨d--okwfjzifh tpü
wnfaom oH,kwf w-wpfvkH;ukdacs? wmvDoHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H pkwåmvDoH/ jrefrm av;q,fonf/
½ly pkwåmvDoHum; 'oo'´g po'´g av;vk;H pDwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
'o p? q,fcw k v Ydk nf;/ (av;cgqk)d /y/ (pwåmvDo)H pwlyy'ó--okwüf
tydo'´gjzifh tpo& p-ukd pkjyK? (pkwmå vDo)H pkwåmvDoHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H apmwåmvDoH/ jrefrm av;q,fonf/
½ly apmwåmvDoHum; 'oo'´g po'´g av;vk;H pDwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
tydo'´gjzifh tpo& p-ukd apmjyK? (apmwåmvDo)H apmwåmvDoHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pwåmvDoH/ jrefrm av;q,fonf/
½ly pwåmvDoHum; 'oo'´g po'´g av;vk;H pDwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
tydo'´gjzifh tpo& p-ukd pk apmjyKoifhjim;aomfvnf; e0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (pwåmvDo)H pwåmvDoHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ig;ckwv Ydk nf; q,fcw k v
Ydk nf; þteufü¤if;? ig;ckwjYdkzifh vGeu
f ek af om
q,fcw k w Ydk nf;? þteufü¤if;? yOö'ornf\/
ygVd yOö p 'o p yOö[d 0g t"dum 'omwd taw¬ yOö'o/
½ly yOö'o oum; yOö'oo'´gwnf? a,m0dbwfouf? (yOö'o+a,m)
yOöm'Deruma&m okwfjzifh 'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? yOö'o

[laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }ponfjzifh yOöo'´g\ 'o 0Dowdo'´gwkaYd Mumifh tcsKUd
jy,k*üf yEé yPÖjyKwo Ydk nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wdtm'dem yOöo'´ó 'o 0DowDok uGpd yEéyPÖ tma'om/
ykpH H yEé&o/ jrefrm wpfq,fih g;ckwo Ydk nf/
½ly yEé & o
oum; yOöo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? yOöm'Deruma&m okwjf zifh yOö+'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG t-xyfjyK? oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwfy'k w f aYdk emif a,mwku Yd adk cs? yOö
p 'o p [laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
yOö p? vnf;/ 'o p? vnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kww å r¬ n
S ?hf 'Gerf n S ?hf awoH
0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬m e--aMumifh xkdokwfü
awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfy'k w f u Ydk adk cs? yOö+'o[k yuwdjyK? awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh 'o
o'´gaMumifh yOöo'´gudk yEéjyK? (yEé+'o) {um'dawm 'o&ocsmF ae okwjf zifh yOö
aemifraS ESmif;aom 'o\ '-udk &jyK? (yEé&o) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De
ruma&m okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh &tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK?
yEé&o oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yPÖ&o/ jrefrm wpfq,fih g;ckwo Ydk nf/
½ly yPÖ & ooum; yOöo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ajcmufcw k vYdk nf; q,fcw k v Ydk nf; þteufü¤if;? ajcmufcw k jYdk zifh
vGeuf ek af om wpfq,fww Ydk nf;? þteufü¤if;? q'ornfuek \ f /
þjy,k*üf ]]qó}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd q p 'o pç q[d 0g t"dum 'omwd taw¬ q'o £wD"Þ
]]qóm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------------
okwf 257/ 'ao a,m edpöOö/

okwjf refrm J Qif aom
'oo'´gaMumifh tjrv
'o aomtjyKonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 591
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom 'o 'oo'´gaMumifh q [laomocsFmo'´g\ tjrJ aom

tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd q £apöwó ocsmF o'´ó edpHö aom a[mwd 'ao 'aoya&/
jrefrm ]]ocsFmyl&aParm okwfrS 0dbwfjyefí ocsFmeHyk'fç o qó 0g
okwfrS 0g}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]ocsFmeHç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 258/ v '&meH/

okwjf refrm ' tu©&m & tu©&mwk\ Yd v jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm 'tu©&m & tu©&mjzpfuek af om ocsmF wk\ Yd v jyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh
jzpfaom/
0kwydå gVd ocsFmeH ' um&&& um&meH v um&ma'aom a[mwd 0g/
jrefrm v-av; V-Bu;D rxl; v-i,f V-Bu;D wk\ Yd rxl;jcif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd vVm
vVmer0daoaom/
0go'´g þ0g 0g
0go'´gonf 00w¬w d 0dbmomteuf&\ dS /
ygVd 00w¬w d 0dbmoaw¬m,H 0g 0goa'´g/
jrefrm xkdYaMumifh ]}aomVo}}[laom ½kyfonf jrJ\ ]]awVoç aw&oç
pwåmvDoçH pwåm&Do}H }[laom½kyo f nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/ 'o yEé
&o ponfwüYdk um; rjzpf/
ygVd awe ]]aomVo}} £wd edpöH? ]]awVoç aw&oç pwåmvDoHç pwåm
&Do}}rdwd 0dbmom? 'o yEé&om'Dok e p a[mwd/
jrefrm ckESpfckwkdYvnf; q,fckwkdYvnf;? þteufü¤if; (£wd taw¬ 0g)
ckEpS cf w
k jYdk zifh vGeuf ek af om q,fcw k w
Ydk nf;? þteufü¤if;? owå'o rnfuek \ f /
ygVd owå p 'o pç owå[d 0g t"dum 'omwd taw¬ owå&o? owå'o/
½ly owå&o oum; owåo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vkH;toD;oD;ouf? yOöm'Deruma&m okwfjzifh owå+'otpdwf t-ukd
0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwfy'k w f aYdk emif a,mwku
Yd dk
acs? owå p 'o p [laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
owå p? vnf;/ 'o p? vnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kwåw¬rSnfh? 'GefrSnfh?

awoH 0dbwå-d -okwjf zifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwu Ydk adk cs? 0kww
å m¬ e--aMumifh xko d wk f
ü awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfyk'fwkdYukdacs? owå+'o[k yuwdjyK? {um'dawm 'o&
ocsmF ae okwjf zifh owåaemifraS ESmif;aom 'o\ '-udk &jyK? (owå&o) w'¨w d --
emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh &tpdwf t-ukd
0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? owå&o oum; Ny;D \/
½ly owå'o oum; owåo'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
owå p? vnf;/ 'o p? vnf;/ /y/ {um'dawm 'o& ocsFmae okwfjzifh
owåaemifraS ESmif;aom 'o\ '-udk &jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh
rjyK&? (owå'o) w'¨dw--emrfiJh? a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m okwfjzifh
a,m0dbwfaMumifh 'tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG t-xyfjyK? owå'o oum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm &Spcf w
k v
Ydk nf; q,fcw
k v
Ydk nf;? þteufü¤if;? &Spcf w k jkYdzifh vGeu
f ek af om
q,fckwkdYwnf;? þteufü¤if;? t|'ornfukef\/ þyk'fü a'G
u|me--okwjf zifh tmtjyKudk jyKtyfonf&adS omfÞ ]]0gç 'óç &ç ocsmF ae}}[laom
yk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd t| p 'o pç t|[d 0g t"dum 'omwd taw¬ t|'o £wD"
tm
tmawå uaw Þ
]]0gç 'óç &ç ocsFmae}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 259/ t|m'dawm p/

okwjf refrm t|
t|tp&Sad om ocsmF o'ǵaemifrv S nf; 'o
'oo'ǵ\ '\ &jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm ocsmF y"met&mü t|
t|tp&Sad omocsmF o'´gaemifrv S nf; 'o 'oo'´g\
' \ & jyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVdt|m
t |m awm p 'o
t|m'd 'oo'´ó ' um&ó & uma&m a[mwd 0g ocsFmae/
ykpH H t|m&o/ jrefrm wpfq,f&h pS cf w
k o Ydk nf/
½ly t|m&o
t|m&oum; t|o'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? a,m0dbwf
av;vk;H toD;oD;ouf? yOöm'Deruma&m okwjf zifh t|+'otpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG t-xyfjyK? oAÁmorm0kaom okwjf zifh pedygwfy'k w f aYdk emif a,mwku Yd adk cs? t|
p 'o p [laomormof0gus½yk u f m; Ny;D \/
2/ emru@ 593
t| p? vnf;/ 'o p? vnf;/ £wd taw¬? ü/ ,kww å r¬ n

S ?hf 'Gerf n S ?hf awoH
0dbwåd--okwfjzifh ormof\ a,m0dbwfwkdYukdacs? 0kwåw¬m e--aMumifh xkdokwfü
awoHo'´gjzifh pedygwfy'k w f uYdk adk cs? t|+'o[k yuwdjyK? t|m'dawm p okwjf zifh
t|aemifraS ESmif;aom 'ukd &jyK? (t|+&o) |-cGi;f t-<uif;? a'G u|me rmuma&m
0g okwjf zifh t|\tpdwjf zpfaom t-ukd tm'DCjyK? |fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (t|m&o)
w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De ruma&m okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh &tpdwf
t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK? t|m&o t|m&oum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t|m'o/ jrefrm wpfq,f&h pS cf w k o Ydk nf/
½ly t|m'o
t|m'oum; t|o'´g po'´g 'oo'´g po'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
t| p? vnf;/ 'o p? vnf;/y/ t|m'dawm p okwfjzifh t|aemifrS
aESmif;aom 'ukd &jyKoifah omfvnf; 0go'´gjrpfaomaMumifh rjyK&? (t|+'o) |-
cGif; t-<uif;? a'G u|me rmuma&m 0g okwfjzifh t|\tpdwfjzpfaom t-ukd
tm'DCjyK? |fAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? (t|m'o) w'¨w d --emrfi?hJ a,mouf? yOöm'De rum
a&m okwfjzifh a,m0dbwfaMumifh 'tpdwf t-ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG t-xyfjyK?
t|m'o
t|m'oum; Ny;D \/
ar; t|m'dawm
wm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz pwk'o
´ paomykpH w H üYdk &tjyKudk epfap&jcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd t|m'dawm
wmwd ud ¿H pwk'o ´ (wsm'Dok &ma'oed0wåew¬)H /
uwdo'´g uwdo'´gonf A[k0pk o f m tqk;H &S\
d /
ygVd uwdoa'´g A[k0peaEÅm0/
½kyf jrefrm ]]uwd a,m}}þyk'üf tjrJ Cyawm [laomokwjf zifh a,m a,mausjcif;
onf jzpf\/ uGpm'drZÑKw&å meH okwjf zifh &ójyK/
ygVd ]]uwd a,m}}£wD" edpöH a,m a,mavmyg'd? &ówåH/
ykpH H uwd wd|EÅd/
jrefrm tb,frQaomolwo Ykd nf &yfwnfuek o f enf;/
½ly uwdum; uwdvdifwnf? yXrmA[k0kpf a,mouf? w-cGif; £-
<uif;? aw £w¬d csmayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? Cyawm p okwfjzifh a,m
0dbwfukdacs? wfAsnf; £okdYuyf? uwdum; NyD;\/
ykpH H uwd yówd/
jrefrm tb,frQaomolwdkYukd ½Ioenf;/

½ly uwdum; uwdvid w f nf? 'kw, d mA[k0pk f a,mouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uwd[d? uwdbd/ jrefrm tb,frQaomolwjYkd zif/h
½ly uwd[dç uwdbdum; uwdvdifwnf? wwd,mA[k0kpf [douf?
uwd[dum; Ny;D \/ uwdbd-ü [d0b d wfudk bdjyK Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwde/H jrefrm tb,frQaomolwdkYtm;/
½ly uwd e Hum; uwdvid w f nf? pwkwAD¬ [k0pk f eHouf Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwd[d? uwdbd/ jrefrm tb,frQaomolwrYkd /S
½ly uwd[dç uwdbdum; uwdvid w f nf? yOörAD [k0pk f [douf? uwd[d
um; Ny;D \/ uwdbd-ü [d0bd wfudk bdjyK Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwde/H jrefrm tb,frQaomolwdkY\/
½ly uwdeHum; uwdvid w f nf? q|DA[k0pk f eHouf Ny;D \/
ykpH H uwdok/ jrefrm tb,frQaomolwüYkd /
½ly uwd o kum; uwdvdifwnf? owårDA[k0kpf okouf NyD;\/
tvdif NyD;\/
tvd*eF mrH ed|w d /H
-------------------------------
0dbwådyÜpö,0d"me
jrefrm xkt d vd*eF mrf\ tjcm;rJüh 0dbwft&mü pD&ifjcif;aMumifh 0dbwf-
trnf&adS om ypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'w f u
Ydk dk qkt
d yfuek \
f /
ygVd tx 0dbwåyd pÜ , ö EÅm 0kpaö EÅ/
jrefrm xkyd 'k wf \ Ydk um; tvdijf zpfaomaMumif¤h if;? edygwfjzpfaomaMumif¤h if;?
vdio f ;Hk yg;ü¤if;? 0kpEf pS yf g;ü¤if; wl\/
ygVd awoH yemvd*w F må ç edygwwåm p wdvad *Fç 0pe'Ga, p ormeH ½ly/H
jrefrm a,mufsm;rS wenf;um;- a,mufsm;wkdYrS þteufü/
ygVd yk&doo®mç yk&dao[d 0gwd taw¬Þ
---------------
2/ emru@ 595
okwf 260/ uGpd awm yOörsaw¬/

okwjf refrm yOörtD eufü tcsKUd aom O'g[½kPüf awm awmypön;f oufonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrmok'e¨ mrfvnf;jzpfaom oAÁemrfvnf; jzpfaom cyford ;f aomvdirf S
tcsKUd jy,k*üf awm
awmypön;f onf yOört D eufü jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁom® ok'e¨ mrawmç oAÁemrawm p vd*rF mS uGpd awmawmypöa,m
a[mwd yOörsaw¬/
-----------------
okwf 261/ wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m/

okwjf refrm awm
awmypön;f vQif tp&Su d ek af om ypön;f wku
Yd dk 0dbwf[al omtrnf
wku Yd odk mvQif rSwt f yfuek \ f /
0d*[ ¾ 'gedypön;f tqk;H &du S ek af om tMuifypön;f wk\ Yd tpum; awm awmypön;f
wnf;? xkaYd Mumifh xkyd pön;f wko Yd nf wGm'drnfuek o f nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm awm
awmtp&Su d ek af om xkyd pön;f wküYd 0dbwftrnf&u dS ek o f nf jzpfuek \
f /
xkaYd Mumifh xkad wmpaomypön;f tqk;H &Sad om yk'w f \ Ydk vnf; 0dbwf
tqk;H &Sad omyk'\
f tjzpfonf Ny;D onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd awm
awmtm'd a,oH 'gedy&d,EÅmeH ypö,meH aw a[mEÅd ypö,m
wm'a,m? aw ypö,m 0dbwåo d nm a[mEÅ/d awe w'EÅmerÜd 0dbwsEyÅ 'wåH od'H¨
a[mwd/
ykpH H yk&o d awm/ jrefrm a,mufsm;rS/
½ly yk&doawm awmum; yk&o d vdiw f nf? uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOörD
teufü awmypönf;ouf? (yk&do+awm) wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh
awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf yk&doawm awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H &mZawm 0g/ jrefrm þtwl rif;rS¤if;/
½ly &mZawm
&mZawmum; &mZvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H apm&awm 0g/ jrefrm ck;d olr¤S if;/
½ly apm&awm
apm&awmum; apm&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾ad wm 0g/ jrefrm rD;rS¤if;/
½ly t*¾dawm wmum; t*¾v d id wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *[ywdawm 0g/ jrefrm ol<u,fr¤S if;/

½ly *[ywdawm wmum; *[ywdvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H [w¬dawm/ jrefrm qifr¤S if;/
½ly [w¬dawm wmum; [w¬v d id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a[wkawm/ jrefrm taMumif;rS/
½ly a[wkawm wmum; a[wkvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁñkawm/ jrefrm bk&m;rS/
½ly oAÁñkawm wmum; oAÁñv k id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H unawm/ jrefrm owko Yd ;D® rS/
½ly unawm
unawmum; unvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,kwådawm/ jrefrm toifrh /S
½ly ,kwådawm wmum; ,kwv då id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w¬dawm/ jrefrm rde;f rrS/
½ly £w¬dawm wmum; £w¬v d id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bduK© ead wm/ jrefrm &[ef;rde;f rrS/
½ly bdu©Kedawmwmum;bduK© ev D id w f nf? e-cGi;f þ-<uif;? uGpm'd--okwjf zifh
eftpdwf þukd £&ójyK? efAsnf; £okdYuyf? uGpdawm yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh yOörD
teufü awm ypön;f ouf? (bduK© e+d awm) wGm'a,m 0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh
awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf bdu©Kedawm wmum; Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm þ£w¬D bduK© eyD 'k üf um; ]]uGpm'd rZÑKw&å meH 'DC&ómypöa,okp}}
okwjf zifh awmypön;f aESmif;aomaMumifh þukd £&ójyK/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]uGpm'drZÑKw&å meH 'DC&ómypöa,ok pm}}wd awm awmypöa,
&ówå/H
ykpH H ,m*kawm/ jrefrm ,m*kr/S
½ly ,m*kawm wmum; ,m*kvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZrÁKawm/ jrefrm oajyyifr/S
½ly ZrÁKawm
awmum; ZrÁKvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pdwåawm/ jrefrm pdwrf /S
½ly pdwåawm
wmum; pdwv å id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
2/ emru@ 597
ykpH H tm,kawm/ jrefrm toufr/S

½ly tm,kawm wmum; tm,kvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&So
d nfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
ykpH H oAÁemrawm/ jrefrm oAÁemrfy'k af emifr/S
½ly oAÁemrawm
mrawmum; oAÁemrvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁo®m/ jrefrm olcyford ;f rS/
½ly oAÁo®mum; oAÁvid w f nf? o®m0dbwfouf? NyD;\/
ykpH H oaAÁ[Dwd 0g taw¬/
jrefrm wenf;um; olcyford ;f wkrYd S þteufü/
½ly oaAÁ[dum; oAÁvid w f nf? [d0dbwfouf? AÁ-cGif; t-<uif;?
ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d bd wfaMumifh AÁt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? AÁAf sn;f {-
oku Yd yf? oaAÁ[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁawm/ jrefrm olcyford ;f rS/
½ly oAÁawm wmum; oAÁvid w f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H {0H ,awm/ jrefrm þtwl tMuifolrS/
½ly ,awmawm
,awmawmum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wawm/ jrefrm xko d rl /S
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H uw&awm/ jrefrm tb,frnfaomolr/S
½ly uw&awm
uw&awmum; uw&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uwrawm/ jrefrm tb,frnfaomolr/S
½ly uwrawm
uwrawmum; uwrvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&awm/ jrefrm þrSwpfyg;aomolr/S
½ly £w&awm
£w&awmum; £w&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tnawm/ jrefrm wpfyg;aomolr/S
½ly tnawm
tnawmum; tnvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {uawm/ jrefrm wpfa,mufaomolr/S
½ly {uawm
{uawmum; {uvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H Ob,awm/ jrefrm ESpaf ,mufaomolr/S
½ly Ob,awm
Ob,awmum; Ob,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykAaÁ wm/ jrefrm a&SUrS/
½ly ykAÁawmwmum; ykAv
Á id wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&awm/ jrefrm aemufr/S
½ly y&awm
y&awmum; y&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ty&awm/ jrefrm wpfyg;rS/
½ly ty&awm
ty&awmum; ty&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'u©P d awm/ jrefrm awmifr/S
½ly 'u©dPawm awmum; 'u©P d vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Owå&awm/ jrefrm ajrmufr/S
½ly Owå&awm awmum; Owå&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trkawm/ jrefrm þolr/S
½ly trkawm wmum; trkvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]udó ua0 p okwrf S udóyk'çf uk[d [ H oH k p okwrf S uk[al om
yk'f}}onfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]udóç uk}}£wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 262/ Mwawmaxok p/

okwjf refrm Mw
Mwypön;f awm
awmypön;f x ypön;f wkaYd Mumifv
h nf; O tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;ukeaom Mw
Mw n;f awm
Mwypö awmypön;f xypön;f wkaYd Mumifh ud Ho'´g\
ukjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd udrad pöwó uk a[mwd Mw awm x x£apöawok p ya&ok/
ykpH H uo®m/ jrefrm tb,fr/S
½ly uo® mum; ud Hvdifwnf? o®m0dbwfouf? udó u a0 p okwfü
po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? uo® mum; NyD;\/
ykpH H au[Dwd 0g ukawm/
jrefrm wenf;um; tb,fwkdYrS? xkdYaMumifh ukawmrnf\/
½ly au[dum; ud Hvdifwnf? [d0dbwfouf? udó u a0 p okwfü
2/ emru@ 599
po'´gjzifh ud o
H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+[d) u-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o
d u
G ma&m { okwjf zifh
[d0dbwfaMumifh uftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ufAsnf; {okdYuyf? au[dum; NyD;\/
½ly uk a wm
wmum; ud Hvdifwnf? awmypönf;ouf? Mwawmaxok p
okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd ukjyK? uk a wm
wmum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]awmaxok}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]awmaxol}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------------
okwf 263/ oAÁaówómuma&m 0g/

okwjf refrm tvk;H pkaH om {w
{wo'´g\ tcsKUd ojzifh t tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrmawm
awmypön;f x ypön;f wkaYd Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om {w
{wo'´g\ t tu©
&monf tcsKUd ojzifh t tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁó {w {wo'´ó t uma&m a[mwd 0g awm x x£apöawok/
ykpH H {wo®m/ jrefrm xko
d rl /S
½ly {wo® m um; {wvdifwnf? o®m0dbwfouf? oAÁaówóm
uma&m 0g okwjf zifh {wo'´gukd t-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´gjrpf aomaMumifh
rjyK&? {wo®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {aw[Dwd 0g tawm/
jrefrm wenf;um; xkdolwkdYrS? xkdYaMumifh tawmrnf\/
½ly tawm
tawmum; {wvdifwnf? awmypönf;ouf? oAÁaówóm
uma&m 0g okwfjzifh awmypönf;aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom {wo'´gukd t-jyK? tawm
um; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]oAÁaówóm}}[laomyk'o f nfvnf; vku d \
f /
ygVd ]]oAÁaówóm}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 264/ { awmaxok p/

okwjf refrm awmypön;f x ypön;f wkaYd Mumifv
awm h nf; {w
{wo'´g\ { tjyK jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm awm

awmypön;f xypön;f wkaYd Mumifh tvk;H pkaH om {w
{wo'´g\ {tjyKonf
0kwydå gVd oAÁó {w {wo'´ó { uma&m a[mwd 0g awm x x£apöawok/
t"dygÜ ,f a'GabmfjyK/ 'dw
G /Hå
ykpH H {awåm/ jrefrm xko
d rl /S
½ly {awå mum; {wvdifwnf? awmypönf;ouf? { awmaxok p
okwjf zifh awmypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om {wo'´gukd {jyK? ({awm) y&a'Gbma0g-
- okwfjzifh wukd o'doa'Gabmf wåjyK? {awå mum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]oAÁó}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \f /
ygVd ]]oAÁóm}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 265/ £ród xH'ged[awma"ok p/

okwjf refrm xHypön;f 'gedypön;f [ ypön;f awm
awmypön;f ""ypön;f wkaYd Mumifvh nf;
£r
£ro'´g\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm xHypön;f 'gedypön;f [ ypön;f awm
awmypön;f ""ypön;f wkaYd Mumifh tvk;H
pkHaom £r
£ro'´g\ £ tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'´ó oAÁaó0 £uma&m a[mwd xH'ged[awm" awm"£apö
awok p/
ykpH H £ro®mwd £awm/
jrefrm þolrS? xkdYaMumifh £awmrnf\/
½ly £awm
£awmum; £rvdifwnf? awmypönf;ouf? £ród xH'ged
[awma"ok p okwfjzifh awmypönf;aMumifh tvkH;pHkaom £ro'´gukd £jyK?
£awm
£awmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]uGpd awm}}[k okwu f dk a0befojzifh tm'dpaomyk'wf aYdk emifrS
owårDteufü awmypönf;ouf/ ted p ö paomyk'fwkdYaemifrS
wwd,mteufüvnf; awmypönf;ouf/ ykHpHum;Þ tpü þteufü/
ygVd ]]uGpd awm}}wd a,m*0dbma*e tm'dyb Ü w D d awm owår,
k [ d aw¬/
Þ
tedpöm'D[d wwd,aw¬ p/ ,xm tm'drw DS d taw¬/
2/ emru@ 601
ykpH H tm'dawm/ jrefrm tpü/

½ly tm'd a wm wmum; tm'dvdifwnf? uGpdawm yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh
uGpdawm[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh owårDteufü awmypönf;ouf? tm'dawm
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H {0H rZÑawm/ jrefrm þtwl tv,fü/
½ly rZÑawm
rZÑawmum; rZÑvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {uawm/ jrefrm wpfbufü/
½ly {uawm
{uawmum; {uvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yk&awm/ jrefrm a&SUü/
½ly yk&awm
awmum; yk&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ypäawm/ jrefrm aemufü/
½ly ypäawmwmum; ypävid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yóawm/ jrefrm eHyg;ü/
½ly yóawm
yóawmum; yóvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yd|ad wm/ jrefrm ausmufü/
½ly yd|dawm
wmum; yd|v d id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yg'awm/ jrefrm ajcü/
½ly yg'awm
yg'awmum; yg'vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oDoawm/ jrefrm OD;acgif;ü/
½ly oDoawm awmum; oDovdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*¾awm/ jrefrm tzsm;ü/
½ly t*¾awm wmum; t*¾vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rlvawm/ jrefrm t&if;ü/
½ly rlvawmawmum; rlvvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&awm/ jrefrm aemufü/
½ly y&awm
y&awmum; y&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&So
d nfwwYdk nf;/ £pöm'd/
wwd,mteufü- wwd,aw¬-
ykpH H tedapöemwd tedpaö wm/

jrefrm rjraJ omtm;jzif?h xkaYd Mumifh tedpaö wmrnf\/
½ly ted p ö a wm
wmum; tedpövdifwnf? uGpdawm yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh
uGpad wm[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh wwd,mteufü awmypön;f ouf? tedpöawm
um; NyD;\/
ykpH H tedpöawm or®owd/
jrefrm rjraJ omtm;jzifh ok;H oyf\/
½ly tedpöawm wmum; tedpv ö id w
f nf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H {0H 'ku©awm/
jrefrm þtwl qif;&Jaomtm;jzif/h
½ly 'ku©awm wmum; 'kuv © id w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a&m*awm/ jrefrm Muifemwwfaomtm;jzif/h
½ly a&m*awm
a&m*awmum; a&m*vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H *P²awm/
jrefrm tkid ;f trmESiw hf al omtm;jzif/h
½ly *P²awm wmum; *P²vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
þokt Yd p&So
d nfww Ydk nf;/ £pöm'a,m/
jrefrm ]]taw¬ç uGpd}}[laomyk'fonfvnf; vkduf\/
ygVd ]]taw¬ç uGpD}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 266/ Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d/

okwjf refrm owårt D eufü oAÁemrfy'k w f aYdk emifrS Mw
Mwypön;f xypön;f wko
Yd nf
jzpfuek \ f /
0kwjdrå efrm owårt D eufü oAÁemrfy'k w f aYdk emifrS aESmif;ukeo
f nfjzpfí (y&m
[kwmG ) Mw Mwypön;f x ypön;f wko Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd oAÁemar[d y&m Mw x x£apöaw ypö,m a[mEÅd uGpd owårsaw¬/
ykpH H oAÁod® Hç oaAÁok pmwd oAÁMw/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomt&yfwüYdk ? xkaYd Mumifh oAÁMwrnf\/
2/ emru@ 603
½ly oAÁo®d Hum; oAÁvdifwnf? od® H0dbwfouf? NyD;\/

½ly oAÁMw
wum; oAÁvid w f nf? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh
Mwypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m 0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh Mwypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf
oAÁMw wum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oAÁw/¬ jrefrm oAÁwr¬ nf\/
½ly oAÁw¬um; oAÁvid wf nf? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh
xypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m 0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh xypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf
0a*¾ a*goma*gomeH--okwjf zifh x-ukd to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? oAÁw¬um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H ,Mw/ jrefrm þtwl tMuift&yfü/
½ly ,Mw
,Mwum; ,vdifwnf? oAÁMwESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,w¬/ jrefrm tMuift&yfü/
½ly ,w¬um; ,vdifwnf? oAÁw¬ESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wMw/ jrefrm xkt d &yfü/
½ly wMw
wMwum; wvdifwnf? oAÁMwESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ww¬/ jrefrm xkt d &yfü/
½ly ww¬um; wvdifwnf? oAÁw¬ESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H £w&Mw/ jrefrm þrSwpfyg;ü/
½ly £w&Mw
£w&Mwum; £w&vdiw f nf? oAÁMwESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £w&w¬/ jrefrm þrSwpfyg;ü/
½ly £w&w¬um; £w&vdiw f nf? oAÁwE¬ iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tnMw/ jrefrm wpfyg;ü/
½ly tnMw
tnMwum; tnvdiw f nf? oAÁMwESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tnw¬/ jrefrm wpfyg;ü/
½ly tnw¬um; tnvdifwnf? oAÁw¬ESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H Ob,Mw/ jrefrm ESpyf g;pküH /
½ly Ob,Mw
Ob,Mwum; Ob,vdiw f nf? oAÁMwESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Ob,w¬/ jrefrm ESpyf g;pküH /
½ly Obm,w¬um; Ob,vdiw f nf? oAÁwE¬ iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&Mw/ jrefrm wpfyg;ü/
½ly y&Mwum; y&vdiw

y&Mw f nf? oAÁMwESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&w¬/ jrefrm wpfyg;ü/
½ly y&w¬um; y&vdiw f nf? oAÁwE¬ iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ukMw/ jrefrm tb,fü/
½ly uk M wwum; ud Hvdifwnf? Mwawmaxok p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd
ukjyK? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh Mwypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh
Mwypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf uk M w
wum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukw¬/ jrefrm tb,fü/
½ly uk w ¬um; ud Hvdifwnf? Mwawmaxok p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd
ukjyK? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh xypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh
xypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf (uk+x) 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH--okwjf zifh xukd
to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? uk w ¬um; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm ]]Mwawmaxok p}}[laomokwjf zifh ukjyK/
ygVd ]]Mwawmaxok pm}}wd ukwåH/
jrefrm ]]udó u a0 p}}[laomokwfü p o'´gjzifh u jyK/
ygVd ]]udó u a0 pm}}wd okawå p oa'é um uma'aom/
ykpH H uw¬/ jrefrm tb,ft&yfü/
½ly uw¬um; ud Hvdifwnf? udó u a0 p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-
jyK? Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d okwfjzifh xypönf;ouf? wGm'a,m--okwfjzifh
xypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf (u+x) 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH--okwjf zifh xukd
to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? uw¬um; NyD;\/
ykpH H trkMw/ jrefrm þrnfaomt&yfü/
½ly trkMw wum; trkvid w f nf? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh
Mwypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh Mwypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf trkMwwum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H trkw/¬ jrefrm þrnfaomt&yfü/
½ly trkw¬um; trkvid w f nf? Mwx owår, d m oAÁemar[d okwjf zifh
xypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh xypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf (trk+x) 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH--okwfjzifh xukd to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? trk w ¬um; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]oAÁaówómuma&m}}[laomyk'o f nf vku d \ f /
ygVd ]]oAÁaówómuma&m}}wd 0wåaw/
2/ emru@ 605
okwf 267/ aMw edpöH/

okwjf refrm Mw
Mwypön;f aMumifh tjrv J Qif t-t-jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom Mw H mvQijf zpfaom {w
Mwypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pko {wo'´g\
t tu©&m\tjyKonf tjrJ jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁaó0 {w {wo'´ó t uma&m a[mwd edpHö aMw ya&/
ykpH H tMw/ jrefrm þt&yfü/
½ly tMw
tMwum; {wvdifwnf? Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d okwfjzifh
owårt D eufü {w[laom ya,m*0EÅoAÁemrfy'k af emifrS Mwypön;f ouf? ({w+Mw)
aMw edpHö okwjf zifh Mwypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om {wo'´gukd t-jyK? (tMw) wGm'a,m
0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh Mwypönf;ukd 0dbwftrnfrSnfh? tMw tMwum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]oAÁaówómuma&m 0g}}okwjf zifh t- t-jyK? ]]{{ awmaxok p}}
okwjf zifh { -jyK/
ygVd ]]oAÁaówómuma&m 0g}}wd t w¬H? ]]{{ awmaxok pm}}wd { uma&m/
ykpH H tw¬/ jrefrm xkt d &yfü/
½ly tw¬um; {wvdifwnf? Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d okwfjzifh
owårt D eufü {w[laom ya,m*0EÅoAÁemrfy'k af emifrS xypön;f ouf? ({w+x)
oAÁaówómuma&m 0g okwjf zifh xypön;f aMumifh {wo'´gukd t-jyK? (t+x)
wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh xypönf;ukd 0dbwftrnfrSnfh? 0a*¾
aCmomaCmomeH--okwfjzifh xukd to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? tw¬um; NyD;\/
ykpH H {w¬/ jrefrm þt&yfü/
½ly {w¬um; {wvdifwnf? Mwx owård,m oAÁemar[d okwfjzifh
owårt D eufü {w[laom ya,m*0EÅoAÁemrfy'k af emifrS xypön;f ouf? ({w+x)
{awmaxok p okwfjzifh xypönf;aMumifh {wo'´gukd {-jyK? ({+x) wGm'a,m
0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh xypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH-
-okwfjzifh xukd to'doa'Gabmf w¬jyK? {w¬um; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]uGpo d '´gç taw¬o'´gç owår, d mo'´g}}onfvnf; vku d \
f ? tvk;H
pküH þteufü Þ
ygVd ]]uGpdç taw¬ç owård,m}}wd p t"duma&m? oAÁod®EÅd taw¬Þ
------------------
okwf 268/ oAÁawm "d/

okwjf refrm oAÁ[al omo'´gaemifrS "dypön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm owårDteufü oAÁ [laom þo'´gaemifrS "dypönf;onf tcsKdU
jy,k*üf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁ£apöwo®m "dypÜ aö ,m a[mwd uGpd owårsaw¬/
ykpH H oAÁ"/d jrefrm cyford ;f aomt&yfü/
½ly oAÁ"dum; oAÁvid w f nf? oAÁawm "d okwjf zifh owårt
D eufü oAÁ
o'´gaemif "dypönf;ouf? wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh "dypönf;ukd
owår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf oAÁ"dum; Ny;D \/
---------------
okwf 269/ udo®m a0g/

okwjf refrm ud Ho'´gaemifrS 0-
0-ypön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm owårt D eufü ud Ho'´gaemifrS 0 -ypön;f onf tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd udrdapöwo®m 0 yÜpöa,m a[mwd uGpd owårsaw¬/
-----------------
okwf 270/ udó u a0 p/

okwjf refrm h nf; ud Ho'´g\ u-
0 -ypön;f aMumifv u-jyKonf jzpf\/
aESmif;aom 0-
0kwjdrå efrm 0-ypön;f aMumifh ud H[al omyk'\
f u -o'´g[kqt dk yf-
aom tma'oonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd udrdapöwó u oa'´g tma'aom a[mwd 0 yÜpaö , ya&/
po'´g [paom 0-
p o'´gjzifh x [ 0-ypön;f rSwpfyg;aom ypön;f aMumifv h nf;
u-jyKonf jzpf\/ 0-
u- 0-ypön;f aMumifh ]]awok 0k'}d¨ }paomokwjf zifh u-
tu©&mü t tu©&m\ ausjcif;onfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd p*¾[aPe x[ x[rm'dt0yÜpaö ,yd/ ]]awok 0k'}D¨ }wd tm'dem u uma&
t um&ó avmayg p 0 rSd/
ykpH H uG *awmod wHG/
jrefrm oifonf tb,fü oGm;onf jzpfoenf;/
2/ emru@ 607
½ly uGum; ud Hvdifwnf? ud Ho®m a0g okwfjzifh owårDteufü ud H

o'´gaemif 0-ypön;f ouf? udó u a0 p okwjf zifh ud o H '´gukd u-jyK? (u+0) u-
Yd yf? uGum; Ny;D \/
cGi;f t-<uif;? awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh utpdwf t-ukad cs? ufAsn;f 0oku
jrefrm ]]udo®m}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]udo®m}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 271/ [d H[H[dOöeH/

okwjf refrm [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f [dOöeHypön;f wko Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm owårDteufü ud H[laom þo'´gaemifrS [d Hypönf; [Hypönf;
[dOöeHypön;f wko
Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpfuek \f /
0kwydå gVd udrad pöwo®m [d H[H[dOöe£ H apöaw ypö,m a[mEÅ?d uGpd owårsaw¬/
jrefrm ]]udó}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]udóm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 272/ uk [d H[Hok p/

okwjf refrm [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f wkaYd Mumifv h nf; uktjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f wkaYd Mumifh ud Ho'´g\ uktjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd udrad pöwó uk a[mwd [d H[H £apöawok/
po'´g po'´gjzifh [dOöeHypön;f 'gpeHypön;f wkaYd Mumifv h nf; ukjyKonf jzpf\/
ygVd p*¾[aPe [dOöeH'gpe gperdpmö 'Doyk /d
ykpH H udo®dEÅd uk[d H/
jrefrm tb,fü? xkdYaMumifh uk[d Hrnf\/ tb,fü/
½ly uk[d Hum; ud v H id w
f nf? [d [ H [ H Od eö H okwjf zifh owårt D eufü ud H
o'´gaemif [d yH pön;f ouf? (ud +H [d )H uk[d [ H o H k p okwjf zifh ud o H '´gukd ukjyK? (uk+
[d )H wGm'a,m 0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh [d yH pön;f ukd owår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf
uk[d Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uk[H/ jrefrm tb,fü/
½ly uk[H um; ud v H id wf nf? [Hypönf;ouf? enf;wlwGuf/

ykpH H uk[Od eö /H jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfcük /
½ly uk[dOöeHum; ud v H id w
f nf? [dOeö yH pön;f ouf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H u[H/ jrefrm tb,fü/
½ly u[Hum; ud v H id wf nf? [d [ H [
H Od eö H okwjf zifh owårt D eufü ud H
o'´gaemif [Hypönf;ouf? (ud H+[H) udó u a0 p okwfü po'´gjzifh ud Ho'´gukd
ujyK? (uk+[H) wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh [Hypönf;ukd owårD0dbwf
trnfrSnfh? u[Hum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm u[Hü u -jyK/ ygVd um
uma'aom/
jrefrm ]][d H[H}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]][d H[}}EÅd 0wåaw/
---------------
okwf 273/ wrSm p/

okwjf refrm w o'´gaemifrv S nf; [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f wko Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm owårt D eufü w -[laomoAÁemrfy'k af emifrS [d Hypön;f [Hypön;f
wko
Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpfuek \f /
0kwydå gVd w£apöwo®m p oAÁemrawm [d [ H yH pö,m a[mEÅd uGpd owårsaw¬/
ykpH H wo®dEÅd w[d H/
jrefrm xkdt&yfü? xkdYaMumifh w[d Hrnf\/ xkdt&yfü/
½ly w[d Hum; wvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh wrSm p [laomokwfjzifh
owårDteufü [d Hypönf;ouf? (w+[d H) wGm'a,m 0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh
[d Hypönf;ukd owårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh? w[d Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H w[H/ jrefrm xkt
d &yfü/
½ly w[H um; wvdiw f nf? [Hypönf;ouf? enf;wlwGuf/
----------------
okwf 274/ £ro®m ["m p/

okwjf refrm £ro'´grSaemufü [ ypön;f " ypön;f wko
£r Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
2/ emru@ 609
0kwjdrå efrm owårDteufü £r £ro'´gaemifrS [ ypönf; " ypönf;wkdYonf tcsKdU

jy,k*üf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'áwm [" ["yÜp, ö m a[mEÅd uGpd owårsaw¬/
½kyf jrefrm ]]£ród xH}}paomokwjf zifh £- £-jyK/
ygVd ]]£ród x}}EÅdtm'dem £ uma&m/
ykpH H £ro®dEÅd £[/
jrefrm þt&yfü? xkdYaMumifh £[rnf\/ þt&yfü/
½ly £[
£[um; £rvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh £ro®m ["m p [laom
okwjf zifh £ro'´gaemif owårt D eufü [ypön;f ouf? (£r+[) £ród xH 'ged
okwfjzifh [ypönf;aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd £jyK? (£[) wGm'a,m
0dbwådonma,m okwfjzifh [ukd owårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh? £[ £[um; NyD;\/
ykpH H £"/ jrefrm þt&yfü/
½ly £"
£"um; £rvdiw f nf? "ypön;f ouf? enf;wlwuG /f
---------------------
okwf 275/ ,awm [d H/

okwjf refrm , o'´gaemifrS [ d yH pön;f onf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm owårt D eufü ,[laomoAÁemrfy'k af emifrS [d Hypön;f onf tcsKUd
jy,k*üf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd ,£apöwo®m oAÁemrawm [d Hypöa,m a[mwd uGpd owårsaw¬/
ykpH H ,o®dEÅd ,[d H/
jrefrm tMuift&yfü? xkdYaMumifh ,[d Hrnf\/ tMuift&yfü/
½ly ,[d Hum; ,vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ,awm [d H [laom
okwjf zifh ,o'´gaemif owårtD eufü [d yH pön;f ouf? (,+[d )H wGm'a,m 0dbwåd
onma,m okwfjzifh [d Hypönf;ukd owårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh? ,[d Hum; NyD;\/
jrefrm ]]umav}}[laom þokwo f nf (t,H a,ma*g) vku
d af omokww
f nf;/
ygVd ]]umav}}wd t"duma&m,H/
jrefrm tb,fokdYaomtcgü þteufü/
ygVd uod® H umavwd taw¬/
okwf 276/ uðoAÁanu,uk[d 'g 'gpeH/
okwjf refrm ud Ho'´g oAÁo'´g tntno'´g {u {uo'´g , o'´g uko'´gwkaYd emifrS
'g
'gypön;f 'gpeHypön;f wkoYd nf jzpfuek \f /
0kwjdrå efrm ud Ho'´g oAÁo'´g tntno'´g {u {uo'´g ,o'´g[laom oAÁemrfy'k f
wkrYd S tcg[laomteufü owårt D eufü 'g'gypön;f onf tcsKUd jy,k*üf
jzpf\/ uk[laomedygwfyk'faemifrS tcg[laomteufü owårDteufü 'gpeH
ypön;f oufvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ud HoAÁtn{w, n{w,£apöaw[d oAÁemar[d 'g 'gypöa,m a[mwd/
uk£apöwo®m 'gpe 'gpeOö umav uGpd owårsaw¬/
½kyf jrefrm ]]udó u a0 p}}[laomokwfü p o'´gjzifh u jyK/
ygVd ]]udó u a0 pm}}wd okawå p oa'é um uma'aom/
ykpH H u'g/ jrefrm tb,ftcgü/
½ly u'g
u'gum; ud Hvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ud HoAÁanu,uk[d 'g
'gpeH okwjf zifh umvowårt D eufü ud o H '´gaemif 'gypön;f ouf? (ud +H 'g) udó
u a0 p okwfjzifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? wGm'a,m 0dbwåd onma,m okwfjzifh 'g
ypön;f ukd umvowår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf u'g
u'gum; Ny;D \/
------------------
okwf 277/ oAÁó aom 'grSd 0g/

okwjf refrm 'g
'gypön;f aMumifh oAÁo'´g\ tcsKUd ojzifh o tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom 'g 'gypön;f aMumifh oAÁ[al om þo'´g\ o tjyKonf
0kwydå gVd oAÁ£apöwó o'´ó oo'´ga'aom a[mwd 0g 'g 'gypöa, ya&/
ykpH H oAÁod® H umavwd o'g/
jrefrm tvk;H pkaH om umvü? xkaYd Mumifh (wo®m) o'grnf\/ cyford ;f aom
tcgü/
½ly o'g
o'gum; oAÁvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ud HoAÁanu,uk[d 'g
'gpeH okwjf zifh umvowårt D eufü oAÁo'´gaemif 'gypön;f ouf? (oAÁ+'g) oAÁó
aom 'grSd 0g okwjf zifh 'gypön;f aMumifh oAÁo'´gukd o-jyK? (o'g) wGm'a,m 0dbwåd
onma,m okwfjzifh 'gypönf;ukd umvowårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh? o'g o'gum; NyD;\/
2/ emru@ 611
ykpH H oAÁ'g jrefrm tcgcyford ;f ü/

½ly oAÁ'ggum; oAÁvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ud o H AÁanu,uk[d 'g
'gpeH okwjf zifh umvowårt D eufü oAÁo'´gaemif 'gypön;f ouf? (oAÁ+'g) oAÁó
aom 'grSd 0g okwjf zifh 'gypön;f aMumifh oAÁo'´gukd o-jyKoifjh im;aomfvnf; 0go'´g
jrpfaomaMumifh rjyK? (oAÁ'g) wGm'a,m 0dbwåd onma,m okwjf zifh 'g ypön;f ukd
umvowår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf oAÁ'ggum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H tn'g/ jrefrm þtwl wpfyg;aomtcgü
½ly tn'g
tn'gum; tnvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {u'g/ jrefrm wpfcak omtcgü
½ly {u'g
{u'gum; {uvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ,'g/ jrefrm tMuiftcgü
½ly ,'g
,'gum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H uo®d H umavwd uk'gpeH/
jrefrm tb,frnfaomumvü? xkdYaMumifh uk'gpeHrnf\? tb,frnf-
aom tcgü/
½ly uk'gpeHum; ud Hvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh ud HoAÁanu,uk[d
'g 'gpeH okwjf zifh umvowårt D eufü ud o H '´gaemif 'gpeHypön;f ouf? (ud +H 'gpeH)
uk[d H[Hok p okwfü po'´gjzifh 'gpeHypönf;aMumifh ud Ho'´gukd uk-jyK? wGm'a,m
0dbwåo d nma,m okwjf zifh 'gpeHypön;f ukd umvowår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf uk'gpeH
um; NyD;\/
½kyf jrefrm ]]uk[d [H o H k p}}okwüf p o'´gjzifh ud o H '´gukd uk -jyK? ]]uk}}}[laom
edygwfy'k jf zifvh nf; uk'gpeH[al omyk'o f nf Ny;D \/
ygVd ]]uk[d [
H oH k pm}}wd okawå poa'é ukw?Hå ]]uk}}}£wd edygwaee 0g/
jrefrm ]]'g}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]'g}}wd 0wåaw/
--------------------
okwf 278/ wrSm 'ged p/

okwjf refrm wo'´gaemifrS 'gedypön;f 'g
'gypön;f onfvnf; jzpf\/
w [laom oAÁemrfy'k af emifrS tcg[laomteufü owårt

0kwjdrå efrm D eufü
'g
'gypön;f wkoYd nf jzpfuek \ f /
0kwydå gVd w£apöwo®m oAÁemrawm 'ged 'g 'gypö,m a[mEÅd umav uGpd owårsaw¬/
ykpH H wod® H umavwd w'ged/
jrefrm xkdtcgü? xkdYaMumifh (wo®m) w'gedrnf\/ xkdtcgü/
½ly w'gedum; wvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh wrSm 'ged p okwfjzifh
umvowårDteufü wo'´gaemif 'gedypönf;ouf? (w+'ged) wGm'a,m 0dbwåd
onma,m okwjf zifh 'gedypön;f ukd umvowår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf w'gedum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w'g/ jrefrm xkt
d cgü/
½ly w'g
w'gum; wvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh wrSm 'ged p okwfjzifh
umvowårDteufü wo'´gaemif 'gypönf;ouf? (w+'g) wGm'a,m 0dbwåd
onma,m okwfjzifh 'gypönf;ukd umvowårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh? w'g w'gum; NyD;\/
-----------------
okwf 279/ £ro®m &[d "kem 'ged p/

okwjf refrm umvteufüomvQif £r £ro'´gaemifrS &[dypön;f "kemmypön;f 'g
ypön;f wko
Yd nf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwjdrå efrm tcg[laomteufü owårt D eufü £r £ro'´gaemifrS &[dypön;f
"kemmypön;f 'g
'gypön;f wko
Yd nf tcsKUd jy,k*üf jzpfuek \
f /
0kwydå gVd £r
£ro'áwm &[d "kem 'ged£apöaw ypö,m a[mEÅd umav uGpd
owårsaw¬/
jrefrm ]]oAÁaó wómuma&m 0g okwfrS oAÁóyk'fç £ród xH 'ged
okwfrS £ró[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]oAÁóç £róm}}wd p 0wåaw/
------------------
okwf 280/ {w &[dr/dS

okwjf refrm &[dypön;f aMumifh {w
{wtjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom &[dypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £r
£ro'ǵ\ {w
{wjyKonf jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 613
0kwydå gVd oAÁó £r £ro'´ó {wm {wma'aom a[mwd &[drdS ypöa, ya&/
ykpH H £rod® H umavwd {w&[d/
jrefrm þtcgü? xkdYaMumifh (wo®m) {w&[drnf\/ ,cktcgü/
½ly {w&[dum; £rvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh £ro®m &[d "kem'ged
p okwjf zifh owårtD eufü £ro'´gaemif &[dypön;f ouf? (£r+&[d) {w &[drdS
okwjf zifh &[dypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om £ro'´gukd {wjyK? ({w&[d)
wGm'a,m 0dbwåd onma,m okwfjzifh &[dypönf;ukd owårD0dbwftrnfrSnfh?
{w&[dum; Ny;D \/
---------------
okwf 281/ t "kemrdS p/

okwjf refrm "k eypön;f aMumifvh nf; t tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdrå efrm aESmif;aom "k eypön;f aMumifh tvk;H pko H mvQijf zpfaom £r £ro'´g\
t-
t-jyKonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd oAÁaó0 £r £ro'´ó t uma&m a[mwd "kemmypöa, ya&/
ykpH H t"kem/ jrefrm ,cktcgü/
½ly t"kemmum; £rvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh £ro®m &[d "kem'ged p
okwfjzifh owårDteufü £ro'´gaemif "kemypönf;ouf? (£r+"kem) t "kemrSd p
okwfjzifh "kemypönf;aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd t-jyK? (t"kem) wGm'a,m
0dbwåd onma,m okwjf zifh "kemypön;f ukd owår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf t"kem Ny;D \/
½kyf jrefrm £r
£ro'´gukd £ jyK/
ygVd £r
£ro'´ó £uma&m/
ykpH H £rod® H umavwd £'ged/
jrefrm ,cktcgü? xkdYaMumifh (wo®m) £'gedrnf\/ ,cktcgü/
½ly £'gedum; £rvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh £ro®m &[d "kem'ged p
okwfjzifh owårDteufü £ro'´gaemif 'gedypönf;ouf? (£r+'ged) t "kemrSd p
okwfjzifh 'gedypönf;aMumifh tvkH;pkHaom £ro'´gukd £-jyK? (£'ged) wGm'a,m
0dbwåd onma,m okwjf zifh 'gedypön;f ukd owår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf £'ged Ny;D \/
0dbwftrnf&adS om ypön;f tpDt&ifonf Ny;D Ny/D
0dbwåyd pÜ ,
ö 0d"meH ed|w
d /H
----------------------------
Moyo*¾duy'
jrefrm xkaYd emifrS £w¬pd aomvdif {u0kppf aomocsmF yxrmpaom 0dbwf
txl;r&Su d ek af om Oyom&yk'f edygwfy'k w f u
Ydk dk qkt
d yfuek \ f /
ygVd txmvd*o F csmF 0dbwåad b'g Oyo*¾eyd gwm 0kpaö EÅ/
Oyom&yk'f (20) y[laomOyom&yk'f? y&m[laomOyom&yk'f? ed[laom
Oyom&yk'?f eD[al omOyom&yk'?f O[laomOyom&yk'?f 'k
[laomOyom&yk'f? oH[laomOyom&yk'f? 0d[laomOyom&yk'f? t0[laom
Oyom&yk'?f tEk[al omOyom&yk'?f y&d[al omOyom&yk'?f t"d[al omOyom&yk'?f
tbd[al omOyom&yk'?f ywd[al omOyom&yk'?f ok[al omOyom&yk'?f tm[laom
Oyom&yk'?f twd[al omOyom&yk'?f tyd[al omOyom&yk'?f ty[laomOyom
&yk'?f Oy[laomOyom&yk'?f þokYd ESpq f ,faom Oyom&yk'w f oYdk nf jzpfuek \
f /
ygVd y y&m ed eD O 'k oH 0d t0 tEk y&d t"d tbd ywd ok tm twd
tyd ty Oy £wd 0Dowd Oyo*¾g/
y-Oyom&teuf
xkdOyom&yk'fü 0g- xkdy-ponfwdkYwGif yo'´gonf tjym;[laomteuf?
tptrI[laomteuf? jy|mef;jcif;[laom teuf? tpkd;&jcif;[laomteuf?
twGi;f üjzpfjcif;[laomteuf? 0g- oGi;f jcif; [laomteuf? auGuiG ;f jcif;[laom
teuf? xkdrSwpfyg;aomteuf ]]xkdxkdtquf [laomteuf}} jzifynf;ajym0Sef;
tvGe[ f al omteuf? trGet f p rqGvufreG f jzpfjcif;teuf? ESpo f uftif&JG a&mif&h J
jcif; teuf? raemufusKjcif;teuf? awmifw h jcif; teuf ponfwüYdk jzpf\/ (y0wåw)d
y-[laom þOyom&yk'o f nf yum&tp&Sd ukeaf om þteufwüYdk jzpf\/
ygVd ww¬ y oa'´g yum&m}'dur® y"med}ód,}aEÅmbm00da,m* wyÜ&
bkow¬ orÇ0 wdwdå tem0dv yw¬em'Do/k y £wd t,rkyoa*¾g {awok yum&m
'Dok taw¬ok 0wåwd/
ykpH uH m;
tjym;[laomteufü- tjym;tm;jzifh odwwfonf/ tptrI[laom
teuf ü - jyKírNyD;ao;/ jy|mef ; jcif ; [l a omteuf ü - jy|mef;aomtjzpfokdY
aqmiftyf\/ jy|mef;onf\tjzpf/ tpkd;&jcif;[laomteufü- þolonf t&yfudk
2/ emru@ 615
tpk;d &\/ twGi;f ü jzpfjcif;[laomteufü oGi;f jcif;teufü- xnft h yfç oGi;f tyf\/
auGuGif;jcif;[laomteufü- auGuiG ;f uif;uGmonf/
ygVd ,xmÞyuma& ynm/ xkdrSwpfyg;[laomteufü- q&mtqufquf/
zsifynf;ajym0Sef; tvGef[laomteufü- Bu;D yGm;aom uk, d f &Sad om qif/ trGef
tp rqGvufrGef jzpfjcif;[laomteufü- **Fgjrpfonf [dr0EÅmrS tp jzpf\/
ESpfouftif&GJ a&mifh&Jjcif;[laomteufü- a&mifh&JpGmylaZmf tyfaom xrif;/
raemufusKjcif;[laomteufü- Munfaom a&/ awmifhwjcif;[laom teufü-
awmifw h jcif;/
ygVd ,xmÞ yuma& ynm? tm'duar® 0dyu Ü wH? y"mae yPDw?H y"meH y"mewå?H
£ó&da, ybl t,H a'oó? taEÅmbma0 yu©w d ?Hå 0da,ma* y0goD? wyÜa&
ygp&da,m? bkoaw¬ y0k'üma,m? orÇ a 0 [dr0wm **Fg yb0wd? wdwåd,H
y[lwrEé?H tem0dav yoEé rk'uH? yw¬ae yPd[w d ?H ?
y&m-Oyom&teuf
y&m[laom Oyom&onf- ,kwfjcif; ½IH;jcif; vJavQmif;&m txl;ojzifh
tm;xkwjf cif; ok;H oyfjcif; teufponfwüYdk jzpf\/ (y0wåw)d ykpH u H m;- qkwf,kwf
jcif;ü tpD;tyGm;rS,w k \f / ½IH;jcif;ü ½I;H \/ vJavQmif;&mü vJavQmif;&m/ txl ;
ojzifhtm;xkwfjcif;ü vGepf mG vkv YH jyK\/ okH;oyfjcif;ü t*Fguko d ;Hk oyfjcif;/
ygVd y&m y&m£wd y&d[med y&mZ, *wd0u d rú m}roem'Do/k ,xmÞ y&d[med,H
y&mba0g? y&mZa, y&mZdawm? *wd,H y&m,eH/ 0duúar y&uúrwd? tmr- oae
t*Fó y&mroeH/
ed-Oyom&teuf
ed[laomOyom&onf- t<uif;rJx h uG jf cif;? xkwaf qmifjcif;? twGi;f oGi;f
jcif;? r&Sjd cif;? jrpfjcif;? xGujf cif;? xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;? qk;H jzwfjcif;? a0befjcif;? EIid ;f &Snhf
jcif;? pkpH rf;jcif;? vdrm® jcif;paom teufwüYdk jzpf\? (y0wåw)d / t<uif;rJhü t<uif;rJh
qkjd cif; t<uif;rJah y;\? xGufjcif;ü xGuaf omudavom&S\ d xGu\ f ? xkwfaqmif
jcif;ü xkwaf qmifjcif;? twGif;oGif;jcif;ü wlqjG cif;? r&Sdjcif;ü ,ifr&Sjd cif;? jrpfjcif;ü
jrpf\? xG u f j cif ; ü wPSmrSxGufajrmufjcif;? wPSmrSxGufajrmuf&m edAÁmef?
xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;ü zefqif;jcif;? qk;H jzwfjcif;ü qk;H jzwfjcif;? a0befjcif;ü a0befí jyjcif;?
EIid ;f ,SOjf cif;ü ñTejf yjcif;? pkpH rf;jcif;ü pkpH rf;qifjcifjcif;? qk;H jcif;ü Ny;D qk;H jcif;? vdrm® jcif;ü
odraf rGU\/
ygVd ed£wd edaóo ed*w ¾ eD[&P}aEÅmya0oem}bm0edao" eduE© Å ygwkbm0g
0"m&P0dbZe Oyrl}y"m&Pm} 0omeaqum'Do/k edaóao ed½w k çdå ed&0aooH
a'wd? ed*¾aw eduadú vaomç ed,smwd? eD[&aP ed'g¨ &PH? taEÅmya0oae edcgawm?
tbma0 edru ® ud© ?H edaoa" ed0ga&wd? edu©aEÅ edAmÁ aemç edAmÁ eH? ygwk bma0 edrw d® ?H
t0"m&aP edpaä ,m? 0dbZae eda'áom? Oyrm,H ed'óeH? Oy"m&aP edomreH?
t0omae edVw d H aqau edyak Pm/
eD-Oyom&teuf
eD[laomOyom&onf- aqmifjcif; ydwyf ifjcif; paomteufwüYdk jzpf\/
aqmifjcif;ü aqmif\? ydwfyifjcif;ü ydwyf ifwwfaom eD0&Pw&m;/
ygVd eD£wd eD[&Pm}0&Pm'Do/k eD[&aP eD[&wd? tm0&aP eD0&PH/
O-Oyom&teuf
O[laomOyom&onf- wufjcif; txufjyKjcif; jyXmef;jcif; uif;jcif;
toift h m;jzifjh zpfjcif; oabmuk&d jcif; pGr;f Ekid jf cif; o½kyt f m;jzifq
h jdk cif; ponfwüYdk
jzpf\/ wufjcif;ü wuf\? txufjyKjcif;ü ae&mrSx\ txufokdY ypf\?
jyXmef;jcif;ü jrwf\ avmuxufjrwf\? uif;jcif;ü uif;íae\? toifhtm;jzifh
jzpfjcif;ü tjzpftm;jzifh EIwt f yf aqmiftyf\? oabmukd &jcif;ü ÓPfonf jzpf\?
pGr;f Ekid jf cif;ü oGm;jcif;iSg pGr;f Ekid \
f ? o½kyt f m;jzifq
h jdk cif;ü ygwdarmufud k o½kyt f m;jzifh jy\/
ygVd O £wd O*¾wk}'ür® y"me 0da,m* orÇ0 tw¬vmbowåd o½lyuxem
'Dok/ O*¾ a w O*¾päwd? O'üar® tmoem O|dawmçOau©ayg? y"mae Owåarmç
avmukwaå &m? 0da,ma* OAÁmodawm? orÇa0 OAÇLawm? tw¬vmab OyÜEHé ÓPH?
owåd,H Oó[wd *EÅK?H o½lyuxae O'ó d wd okw/Hå
'k-Oyom&teuf
'k[laomOyom&onf- rwifw h ,fjcif; r&Sjd cif; uJ&h UJ tyfaomteuf rjynfh
pkHjcif; qif;&Jñkdnif yifyef;jcif; azmufjyefjcif; tqif;rvSjcif;teuf ponfwkdYü
jzpf\/ rwifhw,fjcif;ü raumif;aomteH&Y \ dS ? r&Sdjcif;ü xrif;r&S?d uJh&JUtyfaom
2/ emru@ 617
teuf ü uJh&JUtyfaomtrI? tjynfhpkHjcif;ü aumufrjynfhpkH? qif;&J ñkdnif

yif y ef ; jcif ; teuf ü qif;&Jñkdnif yifyef;pGmjyKtyf\/ azmuf j yef j cif ; ü
azmufjyefaomoP²mef azmufjyefaomtqif;&S\ d ? azmufjyefaom rsuEf mS &S\ d /
ygVd 'k£wd taombem}bm0ukpw dä m}ord'd¨ udpä 0d½yl wm'Do/k taombae
'k*a¾ E¨m? tbma0 'kAu dÇ ?H© ukpadä w 'ku#ú ?H tord', d¨ H 'kóóH? udapä 'ku&ú ?H 0d½yl wm,H
'kAaÁ PÖmç 'krK® acg/
oH-Oyom&a[meuf
oH[laomOyom&onf- azmufjyefjcif; aumif;pGmjzpfjcif; tnDtñGwf
jzpfjcif; xuf0ef;usirf jS zpfjcif; aygif;jcif; csO;f jcif; vGepf mG jzpfjcif; wuGjzpfjcif; tenf;
i,f[laomteuf trGeftpjzpfjcif; rsufESmokdYa&S;½Ijzpfjcif; aygif;jcif; pD&ifjcif;
tzefwvJvjJ yKjcif; jynfph jHk cif; paomteufwüYdk jzpf\/ aygif;jcif;ü yk't f u©&mukd
aygif;jcif;? aumif;pGmjzpfjcif; nDñw G jf cif; aumif;pGmwnfMunfjcif; aumif;pGmtnD
tñGwf ,SOjf cif; xuf0ef;usi>f yrf;\? jynfph \ Hk ? xuf0ef;usijf ynfph jHk cif;? aygif;jcif;ü
aygif;rdjcif;? csOfjcif;ü yk'fcsOfjcif; csOf;jcif;? vGef&Gmjzpfjcif;ü jyif;pGmwwfjcif;?
wuGjzpfjcif;ü wuGaygif;azmfjcif;? jyif;pGmjzpfjcif;ü tenf;i,fwal omteufü
tzkd;tenf;i,fxkduf\/ yb0ü owå0gwkdY\jzpf&mtrGefjzpfaomokuf/ tbd
rkcbm0ü rsuEf mS a&S;½Ijcif;? o*F[ü waygif;wnf; oN*K[ Ø \f ? 0d"meü jyKjyif pD&ifí
azmfaomaq;? ykeyÜKeu&Pü xkrd S þrS ajy;oGm;&\? ord'¨dü jynfph \ Hk /
ygVd oH£wd oarm"me or®mor orEÅbm0 o*Fw oacFybkow¬ o[w¬
tyÜw¬ yb0g}bdrck bm0 o*F[yd"me ykeyÜKeu&P ord'g¨ 'Do/k oarm"mae okE?d¨
or®moarok orm"d? orÜ,ak wåm? orEÅbma0 oHuP d mÖ orkvy’ em? o*Faw
o*Farm? oacFay ormaom? bkoaw¬ om&awåm? o[aw¬ oH0g aom? tyÜaw¬
ora*¢g/ yba0 orÇa0g? tbdrkcbma0 or®KcH? o*F a [ o*FPSm wd? yd " mae
oH0w k ?H ykeyÜKeu&aP oE¨m0wd? ord'¨d,H orÜaEém/
0d-Oyom&a[meuf
0d[laomOyom&onf- xl;aomteuf txl;xl;aomteuf qefu Y si-f
jcif; uif;jcif; r,SOfjcif; tqif;rvSonf\tjzpf ponfwkdYü jzpf\/ 0d a ooü
txl;ojzifh odjcif;? 0dpdMwü txl;xl;qef;Mu,fjcif;? 0d½k'¨ü qefu
Y sib
f ufqjdk cif;?
0d*wü tnpftaMu;uif;\? 0da,m*ü r,SO?f 0d½yl wm,ü azmufjyefaom tqif;/

ygVd 0d£wd 0daoo 0d0"d 0d½'k ¨ 0d*w 0da,m* 0d½yl wm'Do/k 0daoao 0drw k då
0doad |m? 0d0da" 0drwd 0dpMd w?H 0d½ka'¨ 0d0ga'g? 0d*aw 0drvH? 0da,ma* 0dy, Ü ak wåm?
0d½lywm,H 0d½al yg/
t0-Oyom&a[meuf
t0[laomOyom&onf- atmuftzk[ Yd al omteuf r,SOjf cif; ESyd pf uf-
jcif; odjcif; pifMu,fjcif; qk;H jzwfjcif; t&yf[al omteuf ck;d jcif;paomteufwüYdk
jzpf\/ ta"mbm*ü atmufokdYcstyfaom rsufvTm&Sd\/ 0da,m*ü cRwftyf
aom zdeyf&Sd\? OMoonf MuOftyfaom awm? y&db0ü t,kwftm;jzifh odjcif;?
raxrJjh rifjyK\? Zmeeü ouf0ifíod\? ok'¨d,ü jzLpifjcif;? edpä,ü qk;H jzwfjcif;?
a'oü ae&mt&yf? ax,sü ck;d jcif;/
ygVd t0 t0£wd ta"mbm* 0da,m* y&db0 Zmee ok'd¨ edp, ä a'o ax,sm'Do/k
ta"mbma* t0u©dwåpu©K? 0da,ma* MorkuúOyg[aem t0aumudvH 0eH?
y&dba0 t0ZmeeH t0rnwd? Zmeae t0*päw?d ok', d¨ H a0g'geH? edpaä , t0"m&PH?
a'ao t0umaom? axa,s t0[ma&m/
tEk-Oyom&a[meuf
tEk[laomOyom&onf- tpOfvu dk jf cif; rjywfjcif; aemufjzpfaom teuf
vG e f a omteuf twl [ l a omteuf ,k w f a omteuf wwd , mteuf
rSwaf Mumif;teuf txl;okaYd &mufonfudk Mum;jcif;teuf tzk[ Yd al omteuf 0dpmä
paomteufwkdYü jzpf\/ tEk*wü tpOfvkduf\/ tEkypädEéü umr&m*paom
tEko,? ypämo'´w¬ü &xm;\aemuf? bkow¬ü vGefpGmwyfjcif;? om'dóü
avsm\ f / [Deü ynm&Sad omolwo Ydk nf &Sio
f m&dyw k &å matmuf ,kwu f / wwd
f ek \
,w¬ ü ppfonfonf jrpfESifh wuGzJGU,Sufpyfvsufwnf\? vu© P ü vQyfonf
opfyifudk trSwjf yKí awmufy\? £w¬rÇKwu©meü a'0'wfonf trdü aumif;\?
bm*ü þt&mü ig\ tMuiftzkdYonf jzpf&m\? xkdtzkdYukd ay;avmh? 0dpäm,ü
vonf opfyifwidk ;f opfyifwidk ;f ü ESí
YH awmufy\/
ygVd tEk£wd tEk*wm}EkypäEd é ypäwb ¬ o k w¬om'dó [Dewwd,w¬ vu©P}d
w¬rÇLwu©me bm* 0dpäm'Dok/ tEk * aw taEGwd? tEk y pä d a Eé tEkoa,m? ypä m
2/ emru@ 619
o'áw¬ tEk½w k ?Hå bkoaw¬ tEk&awåm? om'daó tEk½yl /H [Dae tEkom&d- ykwHå
yn0aEÅm? wwd,aw¬ e'drEG0odwm aoem? vu© a P ½ku©H tEk 0daZÆmwaw
0dZKÆ ? £w¬rÇLwu©mae om"k a'0'awåm rmw&H tEk? bma* ,a'w¬ rH tEko, d m
wH 'D,wk? 0dpäm,H ½ku©H ½ku©H tEk 0daZÆmwaw paE´m/
y&d-Oyom&a[meuf
y&d[laomOyom&onf- xuf0ef;usifrSjzpfjcif; ykdif;jcm;jcif; usifjcif;
vnfzufjcif; 0wf½kHjcif; ylaZmfjcif; vkyfauR;jcif; t,kwftm;jzifhodjcif; tjypfukd
qkdjcif;? vu©PmpaomteufwkdYü jzpf\/ orEÅawm bm0ü xuf0ef;usifrS
jcH&Htyf\? y&dapä'ü ykdif;jcm;íodtyf\? 0ZÆ e ü a&SmifvTJzJMuOf\/ tmvd*Feü
d zf ufayGU&rf;\? ed0goeü t0wfudk 0wf\? ylZm,ü vkyaf uR;jcif;? abmZeü
yku
ESdyfpuf\? a'gou©meü a&&Gwf\? vu©PmwkdYü usKd;onf opfyifukd (ü) trSwf
jyKí awmufy\/ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
ygVd y&d£wd orEÅawmbm0y&dapä' 0ZÆem}vd*eF ed0goeylZm abmZem}0Zmee
a'gou©me vu©Pm'Do/k orEÅawmbma0 y&d0ak wm? y&dapäa' y&dan,s?H 0ZÆae
y&d[&wd? tmvd*Fae y&dóZwd? ed0goae 0w¬H y&d"ówd? ylZm,H yg&dp&d,m?
abmZae bdu©KH y&d0dowd/ t0Zmeae y&db0wd? a'gou©mae y&dbmowd?
vu©Pm'Dok ½kuH© y&d 0daZÆmwaw 0dZKÆ £pöm'd/
t"d-Oyom&a[meuf
t"d[laomOyom&onf- vGefjcif; tpkd;&jcif; ]]tpkd;&aomol&Sdjcif;}}
txufüjzpfjcif; ESyd pf ufjcif; &Gwt f o
H &ZÑm,fjcif; pD&ifaqmufwnfjcif; qk;H jzwfjcif;
a&mufjcif;? 0g- Opömuk&d jcif; ponfwüYdk jzpf\/ t"duü vGeaf omoDv? £ó&ü
tpk;d &\? yOömvwkid ;f olwo Ydk nf jA[®'wf[al om tpk;d &aomol&u dS ek \
f ? Oy&dbm0ü
wuf\? ajrukd txufütdy\ f ? t"db0eü ESyd pf ufzpd ;D \? tZÑm,eü Asmu½kP d ;f
ukd &Gwt f oH &ZÑm,f\? t"d|meü ajrukt d nDtñGwf jyKjcif;ponfudk pD&if\? edpä,ü
tm½ku H dk qk;H jzwfjcif;? ygykPeü pnf;pdrt f pkoYdk 0g- uk?d a&muf\ ]]&}}\/
ygVd t"d£wd t"du}d ó½ly&dbm0g}"db0eZÑm,em}"d|meedp, ä ygykPem'Do/k
t"d a u ut"doDvH? £óa& t"dywdç t"d jA[®'awå yOömvm? Oy&dbma0 t"d
a&m[wdç yx0d H t"daoówd? t"db0ae t"db0wd? tZÑm,ae Asmu&P

r"Daw? t"d|mae blru d rÜm'd H t"d|mwd? edpäa, t"darmau©m? ygykPae abm*u©EH¨
t"d*päw/d
tbd-Oyom&a[meuf
tbd[al omOyom&onf- rsuEf mS a&S;½Ijcif; xl;jcif; vGejf cif; txufü jyKjcif;
trsKd;[laomteuf avsmufywfjcif; &Sdckd;csD;rGrf;jcif vu©Pdw¬rÇLwu©me
d nfwüYdk jzpf\/ tbdrkcbm0ü rsuEf mS okaYd &S;½I\ a&SUokw
0dpmä tp&So Yd uf\? 0dod|ü
xl;aomw&m;? t"d u ü vGefpGm&Gm\? O'¨ u r® ü txufokdYwuf\? uk v ü
jrwfaomtrsK;d üjzpf\? om½kyÜü avsmufywfaomtqif;&S\ d ? 0Eéü cs;D rGr;f í &Scd ;dk \/
vu©Pmmtp&So d nfwüYdk a&S;ESiw hf \
l /
ygVd tbd£wd tbdrck bm0 0do|d m}"du}k 'ür® ukv om½ky0Ü Eé vu©P}d w¬rLÇ
wu©me 0dpäm'Dok/ tbdrkcbma0 tbdrkacg tbduúrwd? 0d o d a | tbd"ar®m?
t"d a u tbd0ówd? O'üar® tbd½k[wd? uk a v tbdZmawm? om½k a yÜ
tbd½al yg? 0Eáe tbd0ga'wd? vu©Pm'Dok yk&rd orH/
ywd-Oyom&a[meuf
ywd[laomOyom&onf- a&S;½Ijzpfjcif; qefu Y sijf cif; wlrQjcif; tpm; ay;jcif;
jrpfjcif; jyefvnfqw k ef pfjcif; wlonf\tjzpf ukpm;jcif; 0g- jyKjyifjcif; ,ljcif; odjcif;
pJGíjzpfjcif; vu©Pdw¬rÇLwu©mebm*tp&SdonfwkdYü jzpf\/ ywd * w ü
rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;? y#davmrü tnmokq Yd efwufaomavS? ywded"drSdü- q&m\ 0g-
q&mESihf wlrQaom wynf?h ywd'geü qDut dk vk&d adS omoltm; axmywfudk tpm;jyKí
ay;\? edao"ü jrpfjcif;? ed0wåeü qkwef pfjyefvnfc\ h J ? om'dóü wl\? ywdu&Pü
ukpm;jcif;? 0g- jyKjyifjcif;? tm'geü cH,\ l ? ywdaAm"ü odjcif;? y#dpöü pJí G jzpf\?
vu©PmmponfwüYdk a&S;ESiw hf \l /
ygVd ywd£wd ywd*w y#davmr ywded"d ywd'ge edao" ed0wåe om'dó
ywdu&Pm}'ge ywdaAm" y#dpö vu©P}d w¬rLÇ wu©me bm* 0dpmä 'Do/k ywd*aw
ypöu?H© y#davmar ywdaomwH? ywded"drSd tmp&d,awm ywd odaóm? ywd'gae
awvw¬u d ó CwH ywd ''gwd? edao a" y#dao"eH? ed0wåae y#durú wd? om'daó
oa"
ywd½yl uH? ywdu&aP yxduma&m? tm'gae ywd*P ¾ mS wd? ywd aAma" y#da0a"m?
y#dapö ypöa,m vu©Pm'Dok yk&rd orH/
2/ emru@ 621
ok-Oyom&a[meuf
ok[laomOyom&onf- wifw h ,fjcif; aumif;jcif; razmufjyefjcif; jynfh
pkHjcif; csrf;omjcif; paomteufwdkYü jzpf\/ aombeü wifhw,faom&eHY? ok|K
teuf or®mteufwüYdk aumif;pGm oGm;wwf\? razmufrjyef oGm;\? þokaYd om
teufaMumifv h nf; ok*wrnf\? ord'¨dü pajym\? okcwåü jyKv, G \ f /
ygVd ok£wd aombe ok|Kor®m ord'¨d okcw¬m'Dok/ aombae ok*aE¨m?
ok|Kor®m'aw¬ok ok|K *awm ok*awmç or®m *awmwdyd ok*awm? ord'¨d,H
okbu d ?H© okcaw¬ okua&m/
tm-Oyom&a[meuf
tm[laomOyom&onf- a&S;½Ionf\tjzpf txufjyKjcif; ykid ;f jcm;jcif;
ESí
YH jzpfjcif; a&mufjcif; vkcd sijf cif; vnfzufjcif; a&S;OD;pGmjyKjcif; aejcif; teD;ac:jcif;
ponfwkdYü jzpf\/ tbdrkcbm0ü a&S;½Ivm\? O'ür®ü wuf\? t&d,m'ü
awmifwkdifatmif v,fwnf;? tbd0d"dü upönf;ax&f\ tausmftapmonf
owko YH ? ywådü tmywfoaYdk &muf\? £pämü vdck sijf cif;? y&dóZü
Yd m;wkid af tmif ES\
vnfywfjcif;? tm'dur®ü tpwnf;? *[Pü ,l\? qJGukdif\? edygoü wnf;
ckZd &yf? orDyü eD;\? t0Sgeü ac:\/
ygVd tm tm£wd tbdrkcbm0k}'ür® r&d,m'g}bd0d"d ywåd}pämy&dóZe tm'dur®
*¾[P ed0go orDy}0Sgem'Do/k tbdrkcbma0 tm*päw?d O'üar® tma&m[wd?
r&d,m'g,H tmyAÁwm acwå?H tbd0d"drSd tmukrm&H ,aom upöm,eó? ywåd,H
tmywård myaEém? £päm,H tmucFg? y&dóZae tmvd*eF ?H tm'duayÜ tm&arÇm?
*[aP tm'D,wd tmvrÁwd? ed0gao tm0oaxm? orD a y tmoEéH t0Sgae
tmraEÅo/d
twd-Oyom&a[meuf
twd[laomOyom&onf- vGefíwifhw,fjcif; vGefaomtqkH; vGefí
jzpfjcif; jyif;pGmaomteufponfwüYdk jzpf\/ twduúreü igwku Yd dk (xuf) vGeí f
wifw h ,f\? vGeí f jzpf\? twduúEÅü vGeaf omtqk;H ? twdo,ü tvGev f rd m® \?
bkow¬ü jyif;pGmtrsux f uG \ f ? tvGeyf mG ;jcif;/
ygVd twd£wd tbdurú em}wduEú mÅ }wdo, bkow¬m'Do/k twduúrae twd
a&mpwd tarS[dç twDawm? twd u ú a EÅ tpöEÅH? twd o a, twdukoavm?
bkoaw¬ twdauúma"m twd0'k /d¨
tyd-Oyom&a[meuf
tyd[laomOyom&onf- csD;rGrf;jcif; iJhjcif; qD;jcif; uJh&JUjcif; ar;jcif;
ponfwüYdk jzpf\/ orÇm0emü ewfüjzpfuek af om umrwküYd aomfvnf; jrif;rk&d u f dk
pifvQufvnf; xkwfjcif;xGif;íoGm;&m\? tayu©mü þtmywfnfvnf; rjrJ?
orkpö,ü þokaYd omtaMumif;aMumifv h nf; t&[rnf\? tlruk¤d if; tlord u f ¤dk if;
,lí? *&[ü igwkx Yd ufvnf; ynm&Sad omol? yO§ü t&Sib f &k m; qGr;f ukd &yg\avm/
ygVd tyd£wd orÇm0emçayu©m orkpö, *&[ yO§m'Dok/ orÇm0em,H tyd
d mG *apä,s? tayu©m,H t,rÜd "ar®m ted,awm?
'daAÁok ukarokç ar½krdÜ 0de0d Zd Ñw
orkpöa, £wdyd t&[HçtEÅrdÜ tEÅ*P k rÜd tm'g,/ *&a[ tyd trSmuH y@dwu?
yaO§ tyd baEÅ bdu©H vbdw¬/
ty-Oyom&a[meuf
ty[laomOyom&onf- uif;jcif; uJ&h UJ jcif; MuOfjcif; ylaZmfjcif; jypfrmS ;
jcif; ponfwüYdk jzpf\/ ty*wü rmefuif;\ uif;\? *&[ü ewfjynf y#doaE¨
r&Sd? 0ZÆ e ü ukefonfwkdYonf Z&yfukd MuOfívmukef\? yl Z mü BuD;aomolukd
ylaZmfavh&\ dS ? y'kóeü jypfrmS ;\/
ygVd ty ty£wd ty*w *&[ 0ZÆe ylZm y'kóem'Do/k ty*aw tyrmaem
tayawm? *&a[ ty*aAÇm? 0ZÆae tyomvm, tm,EÅd 0gPdZm? yl Z m,H
0k'g¨ ypm,D? y'kóae ty&ZÑw/d
Oy-Oyom&a[meuf
Oy[laomOyom&onf- uyfjcif; teD; y#doaEäejcif; toifh wlaom
tjzpf vGejf cif; txuf\tjzpf tpmrpm;jcif; tjypfudk qkjd cif; trnf a&S;OD;jyKjcif;
ylaZmfjcif; ,laomtjcif;t&m jyif;jyjrJjref vGefuJaom teufponfwkdYü jzpf\/
Oy*reü xkdifaom&[ef;ponfukdrlvnf; uyfí xkdifjim;tHh teD;ü NrKdU\teD;
jzpfaom? Oyywådü ½lyg½kHponfjzifh jrwfaom ewfjynfokdY 0g- ü y#doaE¨tm;jzifh
a&muf\? jzpf\? wenf;um;- Oyywåd[lonfum;- toifw h nf;?
ykHpHum;- toifhtm;jzifh ½Iwwf\? xkdYaMumifh Oayu©mrnf\? om'dóü

EIid ;f &Snahf Mumif; EdiI ;f ,SOjf cif;? t"duü p&Gwo
f nf pdwo
f nf wif;xufveG \ f ? Oy&d
bm*ü jrifjh rwfaomtjzpfoYdk a&muf\? teoeü Oykoo D if;ok;H jcif;? a'gou©m
f w
2/ emru@ 623
eü olwpfyg;ukd pGyfpJG\? onm,ü Oy[laomþo'´gonf Oyom&wnf;? ok A Á

ur® ü a&S;OD;pGmjyKjcif;? ylZmü bk&m;ukd vkyfauR;jcif; trdukd vkyfauR;jcif;? *,S m
um&ü jzLpifaomtjzpfonfvQif a&S;½Ixifaomtjcif;t&m&Sd\/ ok b w¬ ü
jrjJ refpmG pJv
G rf;jcif; vGepf mG ylyefjcif; tm;Bu;D aomtaMumif; þíum; tNy;D wnf;?
þokYd Oyom&wko Yd nf rsm;aomteuf&u dS ek o
f nfomvQiw f nf;/
ygVd Oy Oy£wd Oy*re orDyl}yywådom'dóm}"dul}y&dbm0g}eoe a'gou©me
onm ykAÁur® ylZm *,Smum& bkow¬m'Dok/ Oy*rae edodEéH 0g OyedoDa',s?
orDay Oye*&H? Oyywåd,H o*¾H avmuH OyyZÆw?d tx 0g Oyywåd ,kw?då ,xmÞ
Oyywådawm £u©wDwd Oayu©m? om'daó OyrmeH Oyrm? t"d a u Oy cg&d,H
a'gaPm? Oy&dbma0 OyorÜaEém? teoae Oy0gaom? a'gou©mae y&H Oy
0'wd? onm,H Oy"m Oyoa*¾g? ykAÁuar® Oyuúarm Oyuma&m? ylZm,H Ak'¨K
y|maumç rmwky|meH? *,Smuma& aomap,sypöKy|meH? bkoaw¬ Oyg'geHç Oyg-
,maomç Oyedóa,mwd/ £wd taeuw¬m [d Oyo*¾g/
rSef\ ]]Oyo*¾edygwm p/y/ jA0kH}}[lí þpum;ukd qkdtyf\/ 0kwOå Þ ö
*gxmjrefrm Oyom&yk'f edygwfy'k w f oYdk nf¤if;? ypön;f wko Yd nf¤if;? þok;H yg;wko
Yd nf
rsm;pGmukef\? rsm;pGmaomteufvQif wnf&m&Sdukef\? þokdY
o'´gwwf q&mwkdYonf qkdukef\/
*gxm ]]Oyo*¾ edygwm p? ypö,m p £ar wa,m/
aeauaeuw¬0o d ,m? £wd ae½kwu då mjA0k}}EÅ/d
xkdedygwf Oyom&wkdYwGif Oyom&yk'fwkdY\ emrf tmcsmwfukd txl;jyKwwf
aom teuf&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh vdifrSnfhNyD;aomf trSwfrJhtm;jzifh od-paom
0dbwfonf a&mufvv k wfaomf xkOd yom&wkw Yd iG f (wk\Yd ) {u0kppf aom ocsmF uH
uwåm; ponftjym;r&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh xkdOyom&wkdYaemifrS yXrm{u0kpf
onfomvQif jzpf\/
ygVd ww¬ Oyo*¾geH emrmcsmw0daoouwåm vd*o F nm,H ted,are
osm'drdS orÜawå awoH ocsmF ur®m'dab'gbm0g aw[d yXaru0pear0 b0wd/
jrefrm aooawmavmyHow k rf S ]]avmyH}}[laomyk'o f nf vku
d o
f nf&adS omf/
ygVd ]]avmy}}EÅd 0wårmae/
---------------
okwf 282/ oAÁmorm0kaomyo*¾edygwm'D[d p/

okwjf refrm tm0kaom[laom tmvkyyf 'k f Oyom&yk'f edygwfy'k f tp&Su d ek af om
o'´gwkdYaemifrSvnf; cyfodrf;ukefaom 0dbwfckESpfoG,fwkdY\ aus
jcif;onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tm0kaomo'´gaemifr¤S if; Oyom&edygwfy'k w f aYdk emifr¤S if; aESmif;-
ukefaom tvkH;pkHukeaom 0dbwfwkdY\ ausjcif;onf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tm0kaom omo'áwmç Oyo*¾eyd gaw[d p oAÁmoH y&moH 0dbwåeD H
avmayg a[mwd/
tm'do'´g tm'do'´gjzifh tcsKUd jy,k*üf okwçf yk'w f aYdk emifrvS nf; ausonf jzpf\/
ygVd tm'doa'é uGpd okwåy'g 'g'D[d p/
jrefrm þokwüf vnf; tm0kaom om[laom þedygwfy'k u f dk edygwfy'k t f &rS
toD;,ljcif;onf wHG wkarS[al om {u0kpf A[k0pk f ocsmF &So d nf\
tjzpfudk jyjcif;tusK;d &S\ d / þokYd rSwt f yf\/
ygVd {w¬ p tm0kaom omwdró 0doHk *[PH oocFsw'å yD ew¬EdÅ '|AÁ/H
*gxmjrefrm y-tp&Su d ek af om tMuify'k wf oYdk nf emrf tmcsmwfou Ydk yfí teufudk
tMuifah Mumifh pD&ifwwfuek \ f ? wefqmqifwwfuek \ f ? uyfNiw d wf
ukef\? xkdYaMumifh y-tp&Sdukefaom xkdyk'fwkYdonf Oyom&rnfukef\/ ptp&Sd
ukeaf om tMuify'k w f o Ydk nf yk't f p yk'tf v,f yk't f qk;H ü tMuifah Mumifh uswwf
ukef\/ xkdYaMumifh ptp&Sdukefaom xkdyk'fwkdYonf edygwfrnfukef\/
*gxm OaypöwH¬ oZÆEw DÅ ?d Oyo*¾g[d yg'a,m/
pm'D y'g'drZÑaEÅ? edygwm edywEÅw d /d
jrefrm ykwcf ufjcif; ykwcf wfjcif; þtwl pD;yGm;,kwjf cif; ysujf cif; aejcif;
aqmifjcif; xkwí f aqmifjcif; raumif;aomaqmifjcif; aumif;pGm
aqmifjcif; txl;aqmifjcif; atmufuadk qmifjcif; avsmpf mG aqmifjcif; xuf0ef;usif
aqmifjcif; tpkd;&íaqmifjcif; a&S;½Iaqmifjcif; toD;aqmifjcif; aumif;pGm
aqmifjcif; ESUH íaqmifjcif; tvGeaf qmifjcif; iJíh aqmifjcif; zJíaqmifjcif; uyfí
aqmifjcif; tjym;tm;jzifh ykwcf wf\ ysupf ;D qkw, f w
k \f ae\ aqmif\ xkwí f
aqmif\ þokdYtp&Sdonfukd ,SOftyf\/
2/ emru@ 625
ygVd y[&PH y[ma&m? {0H y&mba0g ed0gaom? eD[ma&m? O[ma&m?

'k[ma&m? oH[ma&m? 0d[ma&m? t0[ma&m? tEk[ma&m? y&d[ma&m? t"d [ma&m?
tbd[ma&m? ywd[ma&m? ok[ma&m? tm[ma&m? twd[ma&m? tyd
[ma&m? ty[ma&m? Oy[ma&m? y[&wd? y&mb0wd? ed0owd? eD[&wd? O'¨&wd?
£pöm'd a,maZwAÁ/H
*gxmjrefrm tcsKUd aom Oyom&onf "mwfteufudk wm;jrpf\? tcsKUd aom Oy
om&onf xk"d mwfteufoYdk tpOfvu dk \
f ? wyg;aomOyom&onf
xk"d mwfteufuo dk mvQif txl;jyK\? þokYd Oyom&wk\ Yd teufü jzpfjcif;wko
Yd nf
ok;H yg;tjym;&Su
d ek \f /
*gxm "mwGw¬H Am"aw aumpd? aumpd wrEk0wåaw/
war0anm 0daoaowd? Oyo*¾*wD wd"m/
Oyom&yk'o f nf Ny;D \/
Moyo*¾u d y'H ed|w
d /H
----------------------------------
aeygwduy'
jrefrm qnf;jcif; MujH cif; jrpfjcif; jynfph jHk cif;teuf&adS om j'yfr[kwf orkpn ö ;f
paomteufudk a[maomyk'o f nf edygwfy'k rf nf\/
ygVd orkp, ö 0duyÜey#dao"yl&Pm'dtw¬H towG0gpuH aeygwduH y'H/
jrefrm xked yd gwfy'k w f wYdk iG f p-[laomedygwfonf Bu, d mwpfyg;ü um&u
trsm;ukd qnf;jcif;? Bu, d m um&u toD;oD;ukq d nf;jcif;? wpfyg;
wpfyg;aomyk'Ef iS ,
hf OS jf cif;? yk't
f rsm;ukad ygif;jcif;? jrpfjcif;ponfwüYdk jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
ygVd wMw p £wd orkpö,m}EGmpa,}w&Dw&a,m*orm[m&m}0"m&
Pm'Do/k
0go'´g 0g
0g[laomedygwfonf 0duyfç Oyrmç qnf;jcif; ½kyt f xl;ukd ykid ;f jcm;
jcif; teufwüYdk jzpf\/
ygVd 0g
0g£wd 0duyÜE}l yrme orkp, ö 00w¬w d 0dbmomok/
e-paomedygwfe [laom aem aem[laom rm rm[laom t [laom tvH[al om
jrefrm [vH[al om edygwfwo Ydk nf jrpfjcif;teufüjzpfuek \ f /

ygVd e aem rm t tvH [vH £apöaw y#dao"eaw¬/
tvH-edygwf tvHy'k o f nf pGr;f Ekid jf cif; wefqmqifjcif;teufwüYdk jzpf\/
ygVd tvH y&d,wåd bloaeok p/
yl&Pteuf yl&P Pteufonf teufudk jynfjh cif;¤if; yk'u f jdk ynfjh cif;¤if;?
þokdY ESpfyg;tjym;&Sd\/ (£wd)/
ygVd yl&Pw¬H 'k0"d H tw¬y&l PH y'yl&POö/
jrefrm xkEd pS yf g;wkw Yd iG f tx/y/ ao,sx'd H þokt Yd p&Sad om edygwfwo Ydk nf
y'yl&Pedygwf rnfuek \ f /
ygVd ww¬ tx cvk 0w0x taxm tók ,a*¢ [d p&[d eH wH 0g
p wk 0 a0g ye [a0 uD0 [ wawm ,xm ok'H acg a0 [H {eH ao,sxd'H
£apö0rm'Ded y'yl&Pmed/
txyk'f xkyd 'k w f wYdk iG f tx
tx[laomyk'o f nf ar;jcif;teuf? tjcm;rJ[ h al om
teuf? t&mwpfyg;paomteufwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
ygVd ww¬Þtx £wd yO§m}eEÅ&, d m}"dum&m'Dok p/
cvky'k f cvk[al omyk'o f nf jrpfjcif; ykid ;f jcm;jcif; xif&mS ;&Sjd cif;wküYd vnf;
jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
ygVd cvk£wd y#dao"m}0"m&P yod'o D¨ k p/
0wyk'f 0w
0w[laomyk'o f nf pifppf wpfcak omtzkYd yifyef;jcif; tpOfoem;
jcif; usejf cif;wküYd vnf; jzpf\ (0wåw)d /
ygVd 0w
0w£wd {uHo ac'g}EkurÜ ouFayÜok p/
taxmyk'f taxmtaxm[laomyk'o f nf a&S;qkNd y;D onfEiS hf avsmpf mG ñTejf cif;üvnf;
jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
ygVd taxm
taxm£wd tEGma'ao p/
[dy'k f [d[al omyk'o f nf [dwt f euf qk;H jzwfjcif;teufwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/
(0wåw)d /
ygVd [d£wd a[wk t0"m&aPok p/
wky'k f wk[al omyk'o f nf txl;ç taMumif;ç epfjcif;ponfwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/
(0wåw)d /
2/ emru@ 627
ygVd wk£wd 0daoo a[wk ed0wåem'Dok p/

yeyk'f ye
ye[laomyk'o f nf txl;[laomteufwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
ygVd ye
ye£wd 0daoaoyd/
[a0ç a0yk'f [a0
[a0[laomyk'f a0 a0[laomyk'w f Udk onf pifppf[al omteufwüYdk
vnf; jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd [a0ç a0
a0£apöaw {uHoaw¬y/d
[Hy'k f [H[al omyk'o f nf yifyef;jcif; jzpfoifjh cif;teufwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/
ygVd [H£wd 0dom' orÇaroky/d
ao,sx'd yH 'k f ao,sxd'Hy'k o f nf wH uwrH[al om teufüvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd ao,sxd'EÅd wH uwrEÅd taw¬y/d
tw¬y&l Pyk'f tw¬yl&P Pyk'of nf 0dbwfEiS , hf OS af omyk'¤f if;? 0dbwfEiS hf
r,SOaf omyk'¤f if;? þokYd ESpyf g;tjym;&S\ d /
ygVd tw¬yl&PH 'k0"d H 0dbwå, d wk çHå t0dbwå, d w k Oå /ö
tw¬d ouúm vAÇ tw¬d ouúm vAÇm [laomyk'w f o Ydk nf yXrmteufü
jzpfuek \f / (0wåE)dÅ /
ygVd tw¬d ouúm vAÇm £apöaw yXrm,H/
tm0kaom paomyk'f tm0kaom tarÇm [arÇm a& ta& [a& aZ
[laomyk'w f oYdk nf ac:cji;f teufü jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd tm0kaom tarÇm [arÇm a& ta& [a& aZ aZ£apöaw tmrEÅae/
'd0g paomyk'f 'd0g bda,sm earm [laomyk'w f o Ydk nf yXrm 'kw, d mwkYd
üvnf; jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd 'd0g bda,sm earm £apöaw yXrm,Hç 'kw, d m,Oö/
o,H paomyk'f o,H omrH oH or®m ud H[al om þyk'w f o
Ydk nf wwd,m
teufü jzpfuek \ f / (0wåE)dÅ /
ygVd o,H omrH oH or®m udEdÅ £apöaw wwd,aw¬/
aom awm "myk'f aom awm "m "mypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'w f o Ydk nfvnf; wwd,m
teufü jzpfuek \ f / (0wåE)dÅ okwt f m;jzifh yk't f m;jzifh tedp?ö
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh qif;&Jjcif;tm;jzifh wpfyg;aomtjym;jzifh ok;H yg;tjym;jzifh þokYd
tp&So d nfwnf;/
ygVd aom awm "m "mypö,EÅm p/ okwaå om y'aom tedpaö wm 'kua© wm

{ u"m 'dG"m £pöm'd/
wa0 wkyH 'k f wa0
wa0ypön;f wk Hypön;f tqk;H &Sad om yk'w f o Ydk nf pwkwt D¬ eufü jzpf
uke\ f (0wåE)dÅ /
ykpH H jyKjcif;iSg ay;jcif;iSg jyKapjcif;iSg ay;jcif;iSg ay;apjcif;iSg þokt Yd p&Sd
onfwnf;/
ygVd waw wkHypö,EÅm pwkw, d¬ m? umwa0 'gwa0 umwkH uma&wkH
'gwkH 'gaywkH £pöm'd/
aom awmyk'f aom
aomypön;f awm awmypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'w f o
Ydk nf yOört
D eufü
jzpfuek \
f / (0wåE)dÅ /
ykpH H tvsm;rS þrSmbufrS rif;rS¤if; ck;d olr¤S if; þokYd ponfwnf;/
ygVd aom awm awmypö,EÅm yOör, d aw¬? 'DCaom Mo&aom &mZawm 0g
apm&awm 0g £pöm'd/
awmyk'f awm
awmypön;f onf owårt D eufüvnf; jzpf\/ (0wåw)d /
Mwx paomyk'f Mwx
Mwxypön;f tqk;H &Sad omyk'w f oYdk nf owårt D eufü jzpf-
uke\f / (0wåE)dÅ /
ykpH H wpfzufü a&SUü aemufü eHyg;ü ausmufü ajcü OD;acgif;ü tzsm;ü
t&if;ü tMuift&yfü tMuift&yfü tMuift&yfü xkdt&yfü
xkt d &yfü xkt
d &yfü xkt d &yfü þokt Yd p&Sod nfwnf;/
ygVd awm owårsaw¬yçd Mwxm Mwxm'dypö,EÅm p/ {uawm yk&awm ypäawm
yóawm yd|dawm yg'awm oDoawm t*¾awm rlvawm ,Mw ,w¬ ,[d H
wMw ww¬ w[d H w[H £pöm'd/
jrefrm xuf0ef;usirf S (ü) teD;ü xuf0ef;usirf S (ü) xuf0ef;usirf S (ü)
xuf0ef;usirf S (ü) wpfaygif;wnf;ü wift h yfaomt&yfü atmufü
txufü txufü atmufü zDvmü rsufarSmufü rsufuG,f rsufarSmufü
rsuu f ,
G üf rsuu
f ,
G üf jrifo
h nfü edro hf nfü twGi;f ü tMum;ü rdro
d EÅmefü jyifyef;
tyü tyü tyü þrSmbufü xkdrSmbufü ta0;ü ta0;ü aemufü a&SUü
þrSwpfyg;ü wrvGeüf þyk'w f oYdk nf owårt D eufü jzpfuek \
f (0wåE)dÅ /
2/ emru@ 629
ygVd orEÅm omrEÅm y&dawm tbdawm orEÅawm {uZÑH {u rEÅH

a[|m Oy&d O'¨H ta"m wd&, d H or®Kcg y&r®Kcg tm0d &a[m wda&m OpöH eDpH taEÅm
tEÅ&m tZÑwåH A[d'¨g Am[d&m Am[d&H A[d Mo&H yg&H tm&m tm&um ypäm yka&
[k&H aypö £apö owår, d m/
umvowår0D b d wfü ,SOaf omyk'rf sm; ,cktcgü aemiftcgü ,aeYü euf
jzefü eufjzefü eufjzefü eufjzefü
oHywfü ,refaeYü 0g- eufjzefü wpfyg;ü ,aeYü nOft h cgü eHeufü rGe;f rwnfrh D
tcgü rk;d aomuftcgü aeYtcgü nOft h cgü tjrJ rjywfrvyf rjywf rjywf vQipf mG
wpfcP jzpfNy;D aom a&S;ü tMuiftcgü xkt d cgü tb,ftcgü þokt Yd p&Sad omyk'f
wkoYd nf tcg[laomumvowårt D eufü jzpfuek \ f (0wåE)dÅ / þokq Yd t dk yfcNhJ y;D aom
yk'w f o
Ydk nf 0dbwfEiS , hf OS af om yk'w f cYdk sn;f wnf;/
ygVd orÜwd tm,wd tZÆ ty&ZÆK y&ZÆ oka0 aoG y&oka0 [da,sm
ya& oZÆK om,H ygawm umvH uv’H 'd0g ewåH edpöH owwH tbdPSH tbdu©PH
rk[kH rk[kwåH blwykAÁH yk&m ,'g w'g u'g £pöm'a,m umvowår, d m? £wd
0dbwå, d w
k må ed/
0dbwfEiS rhf ,SOaf om yk'w f üYdk um; tayÜ 0[laomyk'f tayÜ0emr emr[laomyk'f
Ek[al omyk'w f oYdk nf ,krH mS ;jcif;teufü jzpf uke\ f (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd t0dbwå, d ak wåok p tayÜ0 tayÜ0emr Ek £apöaw oHo,aw¬/
pifppf[al omteufü edygwfrsm; t'¨gyk'f tn'w¬Ky'k f w*¢y'k f Zmwky'k -f
umrHyk'f oHouú[al omyk'w f oYdk nf pifppf [laomteufü jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd t'¨g tn'w¬K w*¢ Zmwk umrH oouúH£apöaw {uHoaw¬/
{0edygwf {0
{0edygwfy'k o f nf jrpfjcif; qk;H jzwfjcif; ykid ;f jcm;jcif;teufü jzpf\/
ygVd {0£wd t0"m&aP/
{0
ar;jcif;teufa[medygwfrsm; upöEd yk 'k f udEKé y'k f eEky'k f uxHy'k f ud o H k
yk'f ud H[al omyk'w f o Ydk nf ar;jcif;[laom teufü jzpfuek \ f / (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd upödEk udEéK eEk uxH ud Hok ud H£apöaw ykpeä aw¬/
ñTejf yjcif;teufa[medygwf {0H £wd £w¬H[laomyk'fwkdYonf ñTefjy-
jcif;teufü jzpfuek \ f / (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd {0H £wd £w¬H £apöaw ed'óae/
£wdeyd gwf £wdeyd gwfy'k o f nf [dwt f euf 0gusNy;D jcif;teufwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/
ygVd £wd a[wk 0gusy&dorwåo D k p/
ykid ;f jcm;jcif;teufa[m edygwfrsm; tMuifrQavmuf xkdrQavmuf tMuifrQ-
avmuf xkdrQavmuf tb,frQavmuf
þrQavmuf tb,frQavmuf þyk'w f oYdk nf ykid ;f jcm;jcif;teufü jzpfuek \f (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd ,m0 wm0 ,m0wm wm0wm udwåm0wm {wåm0wm uD0
£apöaw y7dapä'eaw¬/
0efcjH cif;teufa[medygwfrsm; aumif;NyD aumif;\ ightm; 0efrav; oif-h
aomtaMumif;ESifh ,SOfpGm wifhtyfpG tdrf;
aumif;pGm þonfwo Ydk nf 0efcjH cif;teufü jzpfuek \ f / (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd {0H om[k v[k Moyg,duH ywd½yl H tmr om"k £wd orÜ#pd eä aw¬/
xl;aomteufa[medygwfrsm; ,xmyk'f wxmyk'f ,ax0yk'f wax0
yk'f {0Hyk'f {0ar0yk'f {0ar0Hyk'f {0rÜdyk'f
,xmydy'k f ao,sxmydy'k f ao,sxmydemryk'f 0d,yk'f £0yk'f ,x&d0yk'f ,xm
emryk'f wxmemryk'f ,xm[dy'k f wxm[dy'k f ,xmpyk'f wxm pyk'f þyk'w f o
Y d k nf
twl[al omteufü jzpfuek \ f / (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd ,xm wxm ,ax0 wax0 {0H {0ar0 {0ar0H {0rÜd ,xmyd
ao,sxmyd ao,sxmydemr 0d, £0 ,x&d0 ,xmemr wxmemr f ,xm[d
wxm[d ,xmp wxmp £apöaw y#dbm*aw¬/
,xmyk'f ,xm
,xm[laomyk'o f nf ,SOo f ifo
h nf\tjzpf ESUH jcif;yk't f eufudk
rvGejf cif; ñTejf yjcif;wküYd vnf; jzpf\/ (ba0)/
ygVd ,xm
,xm£wd a,m*¾wm 0dpmä y'w¬mewd0wåe'd óaeok p/
{0Hy'k f {0H[al omyk'o f nf ñTejf yjcif; ar;jref;jcif; ponfwüYdk vnf; jzpf\/
ygVdd {0H£wd Oya'o yO§m'Dok p/
udOmö ydy'k f udOömyd[al omyk'o f nf cs;D ajrm§ ufjcif;teufü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd udOömyd£wd tEk*[ ¾ aw¬/
ta[myk'f ta[m ta[m[laomyk'o f nf uJ&h UJ jcif; cs;D rGr;f jcif; awmifw
h jcif; teuf
wküYd vnf; jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd ta[m
ta[m£wd *&[ yoHoe yw¬aeok p/
2/ emru@ 631
emryk'f emr
emr[laomyk'fonf uJh&JUjcif; csD;rGrf;jcif; trnf ar; teufwkdYü
jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd emr
emr£wd *&[ yoHoe onm yaO§ok p/
om"ky'k f om"k[al omyk'o f nf cs;D rGr;f jcif; awmifw h jcif;wküdY vnf; jzpf\/
ygVd om"k£wd yoHoe ,mpaeok p/
£CF [Eý'k f £CF [E´[al omyk'w f oYdk nf wku d wf eG ;f jcif;teufü jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd £CF [E´ £apöaw apm'eaw¬/
om"ky'k pf onf om"k ok|K {0 arwH[al omyk'w f o
Ydk nf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;
teufü jzpfuek \ f / (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd om"k ok|K {0arw
{0arwEÅd tEkarm'ae/
ud&yk'f ud &[laomyk'o f nf wifw h ,fjcif; pum; Mum;jcif; r,kMH unfjcif;
wküYd jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd om"k ok|K {0arw
{0arwEÅd tEkarm'ae/
Eleyk'f Ele[laomyk'o f nf rsu&f rf;qjcif; atmufarhjcif; MujH cif;wküYd jzpf\/
ygVd El e £wd tEkrmem}Ekó&P y&d0w d uúaeok/
uo®myk'f uo®m[laomyk'o f nf taMumif;ukd ar;jcif;ü jzpf\/ (ba0)/
ygVd uo®m£wd um&Pykpaä e/
,o®myk'f ponf ,o®m wo®m ,xm awe awe[laomyk'w f oYdk nf taMumif;ukd
jzwfjcif;teufü jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd ,o®m wo®m wxm[d awe £apöaw um&Papä'eaw¬/
o[yk'f ponf o[ o'¨ d H orH trm trm[laomyk'fwdkYonf wlrQaomtrl
t&mwküYd jzpfuek \ f (b0EÅ)d /
ygVd o[ o'¨d H orH trm trm£wd orBu, d m,H/
0dem &dawyk'f 0dem &daww[laomyk'o f nf r,SOjf cif;ü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd 0dem &daw w£wd 0dyaÜ ,ma*/
emem ykxyk 'k f emem ykxk[al omyk'o f nf rsm;aomtjym;ü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd emem ykxk A[kyu Ü ma&/
ykxk 0doyHk 'k f ykxk 0dokH[al omyk'o f nf rpyf raygif;jcif;ü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd ykxk 0dokH toCFmaw p/
'k|K uky'k f 'k|K uky'k o f nf pufqyk &f &HG mS jcif;ü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd 'k|K uk Zd*pk mä ,H/
ykeyk'f yk eyk'o f nf a&S;r[kwo f nfü jzpf\/ (ba0)/
ygVd yk eyk'of nf a&S;r[kwo f nfü jzpf\ (ba0)/
uxOöd uxOödy'k o f nf qif;&JNiKjd iifjcif;ü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd uxOöd udpaä w¬ p/
"m paomyk'f "myk'f u©wåKHyk'f oudOöyk'f þyk'o f nf (£wd t,H) ta&
twGuu f dk toD;jyKjcif;ü jzpf\/ (ba0)/
ygVd "m u©wåKH oudOö ocsmF 0dbma*/
þouHy'k f þouHyk'fonf tenf;i,f[al omteufü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd þouH tyÜaw¬/
oPduyH 'k f oPduHy'k o f nf EkUH aES;Nz;D nnf;jcif;teufü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd oPduH rEáw¬/
cdyyHÜ 'k pf onf cdyÜHyk'f t&Hyk'f v[kyk'f tmokHyk'f wkPÖHyk'f tpd&Hyk'f
þokaYd omyk'o f nf (t,H) vQijf cif;teufü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd cdyÜH t&H v[k tmokH wkPÖH tpd&H oDCaw¬/
pd&H pd&óHy'k f pd&H pd&óHy'k o f nf &Snaf omumvü jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd pd&H pd&óH 'DCumav/
ap ,'dy'k f apyk'f ,'dyk'fonf awG;awm,krH mS ;jcif; oufíwnfjcif;ü jzpf\/
ygVd ap ,'d ouFm0|mae/
"k0yH 'k f "k0Hy'k of nf jrjJ refcidk cf efjY cif; t0"m&PwküYd jzpf\ (ba0)/
ygVd "k0H xd&m0"m&aPok/
[myk'f [m
[myk'o f nf yifyef;jcif;ü jzpf\/
ygVd [m 0doma'/
wkPySD 'k f wkPDSy'k o f nf qdyq f yd af ejcif;ü jzpf\/
ygVd wkPSD tbmoae/
opäyd 'k f opädy'k o f nf rsuaf rSmufü jzpf\/
ygVd opäd ypöau©/
rkomyk'f ponf rkomyk'f rdpämyk'f tvduHyk'o f nf rrSeo
f nfü jzpf\/
2/ emru@ 633
ygVd rkom rdpäm tvduH toapö/

ok0w¬yd 'k f ok0w¬yd 'k o f nf awmifw h jcif;teufü jzpf\ (ba0)/ þokt Yd p&Sad om
yk'fonf t0dbwåd,kwårnf\/ (t0dbwåd,kwåH)/
ygVd ok0w¬d tmoDoaw¬ £pöm'd/
aemufBu, d mukd iJjh cif; teufa[medygwfrsm; wke wGme wGmypön;f tqk;H
&Sdaom yk'fwkdYonf aemuf Bud,mukd iJhjcif;ü jzpfukef\/
ygVd wke wGme wGmypö,EÅm Oókueú aw¬ b0EÅ/d
iJah omykpH rH sm; yódwek /y/ tm*r®ponfwnf;/ jrifí jrifí jrifí jrifí
jrifí jrifí jyí ay;í ay;í ay;í pJí G ay;apí awmif;ap
í a&G;cs,pf pD pfí azsmufí xdí owfí a&mufí uyfí tm;xkwí f a&mufí
0g- taMumif; jyKí þokdYponfwnf;? þqkdtyfNyD;aomenf;jzifh emrf tmcsmwf
Oyom&rS vGwaf om tMuify'k o f nf (uk)d (,H y'H) vdio f ;Hk yg; 0dbwfcEk pS o f , G w
f jYdk zifh
rysujf cif; vu©Pm&S\ d / rysuyf s,jf cif;jzifh rSwtf yf\/ xkt d vk;H pku
H dk edygwfy'k [ f íl
odtyf\/
ygVd ,xmÞ yódwke yód, yódwGme yódwGm 'doGm 'doGme
'aówGm 'gwke 'wGme 'wGm Oyg'g, 'gaywGm 0dnmaywGm 0dap,s 0dae,s
ed[pö oarpö taypö Oaypö tm& AÇ tm*r® £pöm'd/
{0H emrmcsmawmyo*¾0dedrkwåH ,'As,vu©PH? wH oAÁH edygw-
y'EÅd a0'dwAÁ/H
rSe\f ]]rkw/Hå y/ ovu©P}H }[lí þpum;ukd ({wH 0peH) q&mwko Yd nf
(tmp&da,m) qkdtyf\/ Þ
0kwOå ö
*gxmjrefrm tMuify'k o f nf tMuifah Mumifh yk'o f ;Hk yg;taygif;rS vGwo f nfjzpfí
yk'fav;yg;tMum;ü acswwf\? xkdYaMumifh (£wd wo®m) xkdyk'fukd
edygwf[í l qkt d yf\/ xked yd gwfonf vdif 0kpw f aYdk Mumifh rysupf ;D jcif;vu©Pm&S\ d /
*gxm ]]rkwåH y'wå,m ,o®m? wo®m edywwsEÅ&m/
aeygwduEÅd wH 0kwåH? ,H tAs, ovu©}}EÅd/
edygwfy'k of nf Ny;D \/
aeygwduy'H ed|w d /H
------------------
*gxmjrefrm oef&Y iS ;f aomtjcif;t&m&Sad om yk&ad om paomemrfonf¤if;? roefY

&Si;f aomtjcif;t&m&Sad om £w¬pD aomemrf¤if;? ESpyf g;aom tjcif;
t&mrSvGwfaom eykHvdif&Sdaom pdwåpaomemrf¤if;? xkdrSwpfyg;aom vdifokH;yg;
&Sdaom oAÁemrf¤if;? vdifokH;yg;&Sdaom wkrSpaomemrfrS¤if;? þokdY emrfyk'fonf
ig;yg;tjym;jzifh wnf\/
*gxm ykv*d ø £w¬v d *d OF ?ö eykoH urxmy&H/
wdvd*FOö tvd*FOö? emrduH yOö"m XdwH/
y'½lyod'u d¨ sr;f ü ESpcf ak jrmufaom emrfyidk ;f onf Ny;D \/
£wd y'½lyod'¨d,H emrua@m 'kwda,m/
--------------------------------------
1372-ckEpS f yxr0gqkv
d jynfah usmf (12)&uf (8-7-2010)
Mumoyaw;aeY eHeuf (7;50)em&DwGif vufa&;rljzifh a&;om;í NyD;\/
1372-ckEpS f oDwif;uRwvf qef; (10)&uf (18-10-2010)

wevFmaeY n (7;39) em&DwGif uGefysLwmjzifh ½kdufESdyfí NyD;\/
--------------------------------------------------------------------
uGefysLwmpmpD
t&Sif0de,mpm&
3/ um&uu@
yxrm0dbwsw¬ab'
usr;f wuf emrfusr;f \tjcm;rJüh emrf0b d wfw\ Ydk teufudk a0befjcif;ukd qk-d
tyfuek \ f /
ygVd tx 0dbwåeD rw¬ab'g 0kpaö EÅ/
jrefrm xkdtw¬0dbwåDeHpaom 0gusü aumif;pGm0ifaom (oEéd0d|ó)
0dbwå[ d al omyk'\ f (0dbwåw D d y'ó) 0dN*K[ d of ½kyt f jym;ukd þokYd odtyf\/
0d*[
¾ tMuifopd aom0dbwfwo Ydk nf a,mufsm;j'yfpaom wpfcw k nf;aom
teufukd uHponfwkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh¤if;? {u0kpfponfwkdY\ tpGrf;
jzif¤h if;? {u0kppf onfw\ Ydk tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? txl;txl; toD;jyKwwfuek \ f / xkaYd Mumifh
xkdodpaom0dbwfwkdYonf 0dbwfrnfukef\/ odpaom0dbwfwkdYukd &tyfukef\/
0dbwftjym; xko d pd aom0dbwfwo Ydk nfum; yXrmpaom tjym;jzifh ckEpS yf g;tjym;
&Su
d ek \f / xkyd Xrmpaom 0dbwfcEk pS o f ,
G w
f w
Ydk iG f tb,frnfaom
teufü yXrm0dbwfonf jzpfoenf;¿/
ygVd ww¬ {urÜd tw¬H ur®m'd0aoeç {uwåm'd0aoe p 0dbZEÅDwd
0dbwåda,m? osm'a,m/ wm ye yXrm'daba'e owå0"d m/
ww¬ uo®d H taw¬ yXrm¿/
-------------------
okwf 283/ vd*Faw¬ yXrm/

okwjf refrm vd i f[al omteufudk a[mumrQwnf;aom o'´gü yXrm0dbwf-
onf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm yk&dopaomvdi\ f ouyf j'yf vdif ocsmF um&u[laom teuf
omrnukd a[monf&Sdaomf? yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd vd*w F m¬ bd"merawå yXrm0dbwåd a[mwd/
vd*Fw¬\ 0dN*Kd[fESifh t"dyÜg,f yk&o
d paom vdi\f ouyfpaomteufwnf;?
yk&od paom vdi\f ouyf j'yf paomteuf/
ygVd vd*ó F taw¬m vd*Faw¬m/

csJUjyrnf- (0g) qufjyrnf- þvd*Faw¬m[laomyk'fü þokwfü tMuifyk'f
oabmonf (,H y'ZmwH) uHponf rxif&mS ;aom tpdww f nf;? xkaYd Mumifh xkyd 'k f
oabmonf vdifrnf\/
ygVd {w¬ p vDeH t*FEÅd vd*ø/
t&aumuf uHponf rxif&mS ;aom edyEæ yé 'k u f dk &tyf\/ rSe\ f tMuifah Mumifh
yk&ad om þodt Yk p&Su
d ek af om yk&"mwf[al om yuwd? {o[laom
ypön;f ponfw\ Ydk yk&od vdi[ f al om yuwd? od0b d wf[al om ypön;f ponfw\ Ydk
a0befjcif;ukd MujH cif;jzifh Ny;D aptyfuek af om 0pDab'? bk&m;ygVd yk&o d paom o'´g-
ppf\ twkjzpfuek af om emrf0b d wfEiS ,
hf OS af om yk'w f \ Ydk edyEæ ré aS &S;OD;pGm wnfxm;
tyfaom a&S;OD;pGm Ny;D aptyfaom yk&o d paom½kyo f nf uHponf rxif&mS ;onf\
jzpfaMumif;¤if;? yk&o d paom edyEæ \ é tpdw\ f tjzpfaMumif¤h if;? vdi[ f í
l qkt d yf\/
ygVd tygua#m t0,a0g? yk&ad omwdtm'DeH [d yuwdypÜ , ö m'd0b d m*
uyÜem, edygæ 'dwmeH o'ýw Ü ½d yl umeH emrduy'geH yXrH XaywAÁH yuwd½yl H tyg-
u#wåmç t0,0wåm p vd*FEÅd 0kpöwd/
wenf;um;- oefY&Sif;aom tjcif;t&m[laom ynwf? roefY&Sif;aom
tcg[laom ynwf? ESpyf g;pkrH S uif;aom tjcif;t&m[laom ynwf[q k tdk yfaom
ok;H yg;tjym;&Sad om wuGjzpfaom teufu¤dk if;? xk0d o d 'gum&ponfrv S w G af om
Oyom&yk'ftp&SdonfwkdY\ uG,faom yum&paomteufukd¤if;? odapwwf-
aomaMumifh? wenf;um;- jywwfaomaMumifh vdifrnf\[lí qkdtyf\/
0gusteufokdY tpOfvkdufaomtrnf\ tpGrf;jzifh¤if;? 0gusteuftm;
avsmaf omtrnf\tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? ]]"mwf ypön;f 0dbwfonf MuOftyfaom teuf
&Sad omyk'o f nf vdirf nf\}}? þokrYd ed aYf omaMumifh usr;f wpfyg;üvmaom trnf\
tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? vdirf nf\[lí þokwüf toD;aomyk'[ f í l ygPdeu D sr;f ü vmaom
wpfyg;aomtrnf&Sdaom odtp&Sdaom 0dbwftqkH;&Sdaom yk&daompaomyk'f\
vd*FOö edypöaw[laom okwfjzifh a&S;OD;pGm wnfxm;tyfaom yk&dopaom ½kyfukd
omvQif vdif[lí qkdtyf\/ þokdY rSwftyf\/
3/ um&uu@ 637
ygVd tx 0g 0do'g0doa'gb,&[dwmum&a0g[m&ocFgawe wd0"d

vda*Fe o[dww¬óç wAÁdedrkwåókyo*¾g'Derw¬ó p vDeó *reawmç vd*F-
eawm 0g vd*EF dÅ tEGwe¬ mr0aoe 0g ]]"mwkypÜ , ö 0dbwå0d ZÆw
d rw¬0H vd*}F }EÅd 0peawm
y&ornm0aoe 0g vd*EF dÅ £" yg#dy'dumy&emra",sH osm osm'd0bd wsEyÅ 'yuwd-
½lyar0 0kpw ö wD d '|AÁ/H
vdi\ f teuf vdi\ f teufrnfonfum;- uHponfaMumifjh zpf\/ ½kyu f vmyftpOf
ajrç awmifponfü OwkZ½kyu f vmyftpOf\ xl;aomtjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfukefaom ½kyftp&SdonfwkdYukdpJGí ewfç vlpaom ajrç awmifpaom
tjym;jzifh odapwwfaom xkd½kyfponfwkdYrS wpfyg;\tjzpf? xkd½kyfponfwkdYrS
wpfyg;r[kwo f nf\ tjzpfjzifh xkwí f rqkt d yfaom ajrnuftaygif; csnaf csmif;
tpOfponf tjym;&Sdaom ajrnuftaygif; csnfacsmif;tpOf ponfukdpJGí tkd;ç
ykq;dk ponfjzifh tjym;tm;jzifh odaptyfonf[k qkt d yfaom C#ç y#paom ynwf
teufonf¤if; yx0D"mwfç zótp&Su d ek af om twdwpf aomumvç tyg,fbHk
paom a'opaomtjym;jzifh jym;ukefaom ½kyfemrfjzpfaom y&rw¬w&m;wkdY\
taygif;a0'empaom oabmrwlaom ZmwfrSepfaom wlaomoabm&Sdaom
yx0D"mwfç zóponfw\ Ydk uu©Vç zkoeoabmukd rvGwjf cif;aMumifh qufqaH om
yw¬#wåm yx0Dç zkowDwd zaómponfjzifh qkt d yfaom a&S;ü,ltyfaom trnf
emr oauFw ynwftm;avsmpf mG ynmjzif, h t l yfaom "mwfç ypön;f wnf;[laom
tpdwftwl&Sdaom xkdyx0D"mwfç zópaom oauFwynwfukd xkdyx0D"mwfç
zóponfrS wpfyg;aom y&rw¬jzpfaom yx0D"mwfç zóponfüjzpfaom uu©Vç
zkoepaom oabmvu©PmrQü wifojzifh xif&mS ;aom ]]Ny;D aom}} xkd yx0D"mwfç
zóponfwkdY\ uu©Vç zkoepaom oabmvu©Pmtm;jzifh jzpf jcif;ukd
tjym;tm;jzifh odaptyfonf[k qkt d yfaom Murf;wrf;cufrmonf\tjzpfç
awGUjcif;tp&Sad om yx0D"mwfç zó[lorQEiS hf qufqaH omtjcif;t&monf¤if;?
jzpf\/ wenf;um; vdif\teufrnf\/
ygVd vd*Fóaw¬m emr yAE¨0daoomuma&e y0wårmae ½lyg'a,m
Oyg'g, ynmyD,rmaem w'nmenbma0e tedAÁpeDa,m orl[oEÅmem'd
aba'g Oyg'gynwådocFgawm C#y#m'da0g[m&aw¬m p yx0D"mwkzóm'DeH
obm0"r®meH umva'om'dab'bdEémeH 0dZmwd,0ded0awåm oZmwd,om"m-

&aPm ,xmoauFwrma&myoda'¨g wZÆmynwådocFgawm uu©Vwåzkoem'd-
omrnmuma&m p/
vd*w F E¬ pS rf sK;d txl;um; xkyd nwfç y&rwf tjym;&Sad om vd*w F o
¬ nf 1?uHponf
ESihf a&maom vd*w F ¤¬ if;/ 2?uHponfEiS rhf a&maom oufoufaom
vd*Fw¬¤if;? þokdY ESpfyg;tjym;&dS\/ xkdESpfyg;wkdYwGif uHteufponfwkdYü 'kwd,m
0dbwfponfw\ Ydk ur®aw¬ 'kw, d m-[k pD&ifvwåUH onf\tjzpfaMumifh uHponfEiS hf
a&m,Sufjcif;uif;aom £w¬Dpaom vdif? {aum a'G paom ocsFm? a'gaP cg&D
paom twkid ;f t&SnEf iS , hf OS o
f nfvnf;jzpfaom xkv d id f ocsmF y&drmerSvwG af om
Oyom&ponfw\ Ydk yk't
f eufjzpfívnf; jzpfaom oufoufaomo'´gteufonf
þokwüf vd*Fw¬rnf\/
ygVd aom ye ur®m'doHoa|mç oka'¨g pmwd 'k0da"m/ ww¬ ur®m'Dok
'kw, d m'DeH 0d", D rmewåm ur®m'doo H *¾&[dawm vd*o F csmF y&drmP,kawåmç wAÁed d
rkwKå yo*¾g'dy'w¬bal wm p oka'¨g o'áw¬m £" vd*Faw¬m emr/
yXrm0dbwfouf&m Xme tmcsmwfç udwfç w'¨dwfç ormofç 0gpuwkdYonf
a[mtyfaom uHponfESifh a&maESmaom tMuif
teufonf&Sd\/ xkduHponfESifha&maom a[mtyfaom vdifteufonfvnf;
'kw, d mponfw\ Ydk wzef rdro d nf a[mtyfaom teuftxl;\ r&So d jzifh t&m
r[kwo f nf\ tjzpfaMumifh vdit f euf omrn\ jzpfoifah omaMumifw h nf;/ yXrm
0dbwf\omvQif ouf&mjzpf\/
ygVd a,m ye tmcsmwudwuw'¨dwormao[d 0kawåm ur®m'd
oHoa|m taw¬m? aomyd 'kwd,m'DeH yke twåem 0wåAÁó tw¬0daooóm
bma0e t0do,wåmç vd*Fw¬rwåó orÇ0awm p yXrma,0 0doa,m/
þt&mü yXrm/y/ ur®m'dtaw¬ [lí o*F[*gxmonf jzpfonfom
vQiw f nf;/ a[mwd apw¬Þ
*gxmjrefrm y-paomOyom&wk\ Yd yum&paomteufü¤if;? p-tp&Sad om
tcsKUd aom edygwfw\ Ydk orkpn ö ;f paomteufü¤if;? uwåK ur® ponf
r,SOf pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f aom vdif ocsmF y&drmeteufü¤if;? tmcsmwf ponf onf
a[mtyfaom uHpaomteufü¤if; yXrm0dbwfomvQijf zpf\/
3/ um&uu@ 639
*gxm yXrm0kyo*¾aw¬? auoOöaw¬ edygwo'´geH/

vd*Fg'dau p oka'¨-bd[daw ur®m'dtawåyd/
jrefrm ykrpaomvdiEf iS w hf uG jzpf&mü a&S;OD;pGm {aom yk&ad om/y/ {wmed
pdwåmed ponfwkdYwnf;/
ygVd ovda*F wm0Þ{aom yk&ad omç {aw yk&o d m? {om unmç {wm
unma,m? {wH pdwåHç {wmed pdwåmed/
jrefrm ta&twGuEf iS w hf uGjzpf&mü {aum a'G ponfwnf;/
ygVd Þ
ooacsF {aum a'G/
jrefrm EIdif;,SOfjcif;ESifhwuGjzpf&mü a'gaPm cg&D tmV§uH
ponfwnf;/
ygVd oy&drmaPÞa'gaPm cg&D tmV§u/H
jrefrm vdif ocsFm y&drmerS vGwfaom teufomrnü p 0g t[H tw¬d
ouúm vAÇm þokdYponfwnf;/
ygVd vd*Fg'd0dedrkawå owåmrawåÞp 0g [ t[H tw¬d ouúm vAÇm £pöm'd/
jrefrm ]]vd*aF w¬ yXrm}}[laomokwu f dk vku
d af pí ]]tmvyae p}}[laom
okwjf zifh tmvkyt f eufüvnf; yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]vd*Faw¬ yXrm}}wd t"dudpö ]]tmvyae pm}}wd tmvyeaw¬ p yXrm/
tmvkyf a&S;½IjyKí ac:jcif;onf tmvkyrf nf\/ ac:jcif; þum;teufwnf;/
ygVd tbdrkcH uwGm vyeH tmvyeH tmrEÅeH t0SgeEÅd taw¬m/
jrefrm þüvnf; tmrEÅernfonfum; a&S;OD;vQif Ny;D Ny;D aom rdro d abm
&Sad om 0w¬Kudk toHjzifh a&SU½IjyKjcif;wnf;/ jyKtyfNy;D aom a&S;½Ijcif;
&Sdaom 0w¬Kukdum; ]]*pä}}þokdYtp&Sdaomenf;jzifh Bud,mukdrlvnf; ,SOftyf\/
xkaYd Mumifh ac:&mtcgü Bu, d mESiphf yfjcif;r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh þtmvkyo f nf
um&u[laom a0g[m&ukd r&/
ygVd {w¬ p tmrEÅeH emr ya*0 v'ö½lyó oa'é tbdrkcDu&PH?
uwmbdrak cg ye ]]*päm}}wdtm'demea,e Bu, d m, a,mZD,wd? wo®m tmrEÅe
ora, Bud,ma,m*gbm0awm £'H um&ua0g[m&H e-vbwd/
rSe\f ]]oa'ém/y/ wd'}H }[lí xkpd um;ukd rOÆLomusr;f ü qkt d yf\/ 0kwOå /ö
*gxmjrefrm a&S;ü xif&mS ;&Sad om 0w¬Kudk oHjzifh a&S;½IjyKjcif;onf tmrEÅernf\/
tk.d ..a,mufsm; oifonf rif;onf jzpfavmh? þokaYd &S;ü xif&mS ;

r&So
d nfudk pD&iftyfonf&adS omf þtmrEÅeonf r&S?d wpfyg;[laomyk'u f dk r&tyf/
*gxm ]]oa'émbdrck u
D ma&m? 0dZrÆ meó 0w¬Kaem/
tmrEÅeH 0d"mwaAÁ? ew¬d ]&mZm ba0}wd'}}EÅ/d
jrefrm tk.d ..a,mufsm; wenf;um;- tk.d ..a,mufsm; vmvSn?hf wenf;
um;- oGm;wnfhacs? tkd...a,mufsm;wkdY vmvSnfhukef/
ygVd abm yk&do {[dç abm yk&dom 0g? b0aEÅm yk&dom {x/
yXrm0dbwswa¬ b' Ny;D \/
----------------------
'kwd,m0dbwsw¬ab'
ar; tb,fteufü 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpfoenf;/
ygVd uo®d H taw¬ 'kwd,m/
okwf 284/ ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m/

okwjf refrm uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm uHteufü vdiaf emifrS 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ur®aw¬ vd*FrSm 'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f þ'kwd,m0dbwfonf tmcsmwfponfonf ra[mtyfaom uH
teufüomvQijf zpf\/ rSe\ f (p-um; tm*r'@D) ]]ur®ed 'kw, d m
,H aw¬m}}[laomokwfü 'kwd,m,Ho'´gonf þtebdaw {0g,H [laomyk'fü
oufaownf;/
ygVd tebd[ad w {0g,H? ]]ur®ed 'kw, d m,H aw¬m}}wd 0peaOöw¬ ÓyuH/
ar; tb,fokdYaomteufoabmonf (t|ZmwH) uHrnfoenf;¿/
ygVd ud H ur®H¿/
jrefrm ]]a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&PH}}[laomokwrf S ]]0g}}[laomyk'o f nf
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&P}}EÅd £awm ]]0g}}wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
3/ um&uu@ 641
okwf 285/ ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H/
okwjf refrm tMuifum&uukd jyK\? xkdjyKtyfaomum&uonf uHrnf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifxif&mS ;r&Sad om teufuv dk nf; Ny;D ap\? tMuifxif&mS ;&Sad om
eufukdvnf; azmufjyefjcif;okdY a&mufap\? tMuiftvkdr&Sdaom
teufokdYrlvnf; a&mufap\? xkdNyD;aptyf azmufjyefaptyf a&mufaptyfaom
um&uonf uHrnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,H 0g ua&mwdç ,H 0g 0dua&mwdç ,H 0g ygykPmwd? wH um&uH
ur®onH a[mwd/
jrefrm þur®um&ut&mü vdif umv 0kpfonf yXryk&daom [laom
vdif? ua&mwd[laom ypöKyÜefumv? ,H[laom {u0kpfonf
rjyXmef;? tMuifum&uukd Bud,mjzifha&muftyf\? xkdYaMumifh xkdum&uonf
uHrnf\? xkdpum;&yfü Bud,mNyD;jcif;\ taMumif;ukd um&u[lí¤if;? om"u
[lí¤if; qkt d yf\? xku d m&uonf uH[í l ¤if;? uwåm;[lí¤if;? u½kP d ;f [lí¤if;?
orÜ'gef[í l ¤if;? tyg'gef[í l ¤if;? Moumo[lí¤if;? þokYd ajcmufyg;tjym;&S\ d ?
xkdpum;&yfü oabmtm;jzifh¤if;? MuHaomtm;jzifh¤if;? uHponf&SdaomfomvQif
Bu, d m&Sod nf\tjzpfaMumifh ajcmufyg;tjym;&So d nfvnf; jzpfuek af om uHponf
wk\ Yd um&u[laom ac:a0:jcif;onf Ny;D onfomvQif jzpf\/
ygVd £" vd*u F mv0perwEÅ/H u&D,wDwd ur®/H ww¬ um&uHç om"uH
Bu, d medyw æ , då m um&Prkpaö w? wH ye um&uH qAÁ"d H ur®H uwåm u&PH orÜ'ge
ryg'gearmumaom pmwd/ ww¬ obm0awmç y&duyÜawm 0g ur®m'drdS owda,0
Bud,mbm0awm ur®m'DeH qEérÜd um&ua0g[ma&m oda'¨g0 a[mwd/
uH 3-rsK;d xkud o H nf 1/Ny;D aptyfaomuH¤if;/ 2/azmufjyefaptyfaomuH¤if;/
3/a&mufaptyfaomuH¤if;/ þokYd ok;H yg;tjym;&S\ d /
ykpH u H m; rmwm ykwåH tp&Sdonfwnf;/ (rmwm ykwåH wsm'd/)
ygVd wH ye ur®H wd0"d H edAw Á eå , D H 0du&PD,H ygyPD,Oömwd/ ,xmÞ
ykpH H rmwm ykwåH 0dZm,wd/
jrefrm trdonf om;ukd zGm;\/
½ly yk w å Hum; ykwv å id w
f nf? uk[ d íl --aMumifh uHteufut dk vk&d &dS um;
,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh uHtrnfrn S ?hf ur®aw¬ 'kw, d m okwjf zifh uHteufü
'kwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf tH0dbwfouf? (ykwå+tH) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? wåftpdwf t-

ukad cs? tH[yk uwdjyK? wåAf sn;f tHou Ydk yf? yk w å H[al om½kyu f m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm[ma&m okcH Ze,wd/
jrefrm tm[m&onf csrf;omukd jzpfap\/
½ly okcHum; okcvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H C#H ua&mwd a'0'awåm/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf tkd;ukd vkyf\/
½ly C#Hum; C#vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H u|r*Fg&H ua&mwd/
jrefrm xif;ukd rD;aoG;ukd jyKvyk \ f /
½ly u|Hç t*Fg&Hum; u|o'´gç t*Fg&o'´gwnf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ok0PÖH au,l&Hç u#u 0g ua&mwd/
jrefrm a&Tukd vufMuyfukd? wenf;um;- vufaumufukd jyKvkyf\/
½ly ok 0 PÖ H ç au,l & H ç u#uH u m; ok 0 PÖ v d i f ç au,l & vd i f ç
u#uvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H 0D[a,m vkemwd/
jrefrm aumufwkdYukd &dwf\/
½ly 0D[a,m
a,mum; 0D[v d id wf nf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufukd
tvk&d &dS um; ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh uHtrnfrn S ?hf ur®aw¬ 'kw, d m okwjf zifh
uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (0D[+d a,m) [-cGi;f £-<uif;?
£0PÖK 0PÖm--okwfjzifh £ukd ps-rSnfh? a,moGuw&aóm apsm
okwfjzifh aemufa,m0d bwfaMumifh psrnfaom £ukd t-jyK? [fAsnf; t-okdYuyf?
0D[a,m a,m[laom½kyu f m; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a'0'awåm eda0oeH y0dowd/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf tdrfukd (okdY) 0if\/
½ly eda0oeHum; eda0oevdiw f nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H tm'dpHö yówd/ jrefrm aeukd ½I\/
½ly tm'dpöHum; tm'dpv ö id wf nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H "r®H okPmwd/ jrefrm w&m;ukd em\/
3/ um&uu@ 643
½ly "r® Hum; "r®vid w f nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G yf g/

ykpH H y@daw y,d½yl gowd/
jrefrm ynm&SdwkdYukd qnf;uyf\/
½ly y@d a w wum; y@dwvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufukd
tvk&d &dS um; ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh uHtrnfrn S ?hf ur®aw¬ 'kw, d m okwjf zifh
uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m0dbwfouf? (y@dw+a,m) oAÁ a,mederm
{ okwfjzifh 'kwd,ma,m0dbwfukd {jyK? w-cGif; acs uyf? y@d a w wum; NyD;\/
rSe\
f ]]edAw Á /då y/ eda0oeH}}[lí þpum;ukd qkt d yf\/ ({wH 0peH) 0kwOå /ö
*gxmjrefrm uwåm;\ edygæ 'e paom Bu, d mjzifh a&muftyfaom 0g- uwåm;onf
Bud,mjzifh a&muftyfaom xkduHukd NyD;aptyfç azmufjyefaptyfç
a&muftyfaom txl;jzifh okH;yg;tjym;&Sd\[lí odtyf\ (arwH)/ okcH t*Fg&H
eda0oeH [laomyk'o f nf tpOftwkid ;f O'g[½kPw f nf;/
*gxm ]]edAwÁ då 0duwdyw Ü -då aba'e wd0"d H rwH/
uwåK Bud,mbd*r®H wH? okc*Fg&H eda0oe}}EÅd/
pum;tquf qufjyrnf- þupön;f usr;f ü tvk&d t dS yfç tvkrd &St d yfç a[mtyfç
ra[mtyfaom uHpaomtjym;ukd riJhrlí uH[lorQukd aygif;í
,ltyfonf\tpGr;f jzifh ]],H ua&mwd wH ur®}H }[lí qkt d yfonf\tjzpfaMumif¤h if;?
teuftxl;ukd MuHjcif;&Sdaom 0go'´gvkdufaomaMumifh¤if;? cyfodrf;aomuHü þ
okwjf zifo h mvQif uHtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd {w¬ p £päw d medpw dä uxdwmuxdwm'dab'reayu©w d mG oAÁo*Fg
[u0aoe ]],H ua&mwd wH ur®}}EÅd 0kwåwåmç tw¬EÅ&0duyÜe0g"dum&awm p
oAÁw¬ £rdem0 ur®onm a[mwd/
jrefrm xk£d päw d uH ponfww Y d k iG f tedpw
d ä uHonf O'g[½kPu f m; tb,fenf;/
ygVd ww¬ tedpädwur®H ,xm Þ
ykpH H uP³uH r'´wd/ jrefrm ql;ukd eif;\/
½ly u P ³ u H u m; uP³ u vd i f w nf ? uk d [ l í --aMumif h
uHteufukdtvkd&Sd&um; ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwfjzifh uHtrnfrSnfh? ur®aw¬
'kw, d m okwjf zifh uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH0b d wfouf? (uP³u+tH)
u-cGi;f t-<uif;? acs? uyf? uP³ u Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0doH *dvwd/ jrefrm tqdyfukd rsKd\/

½ly 0doHum; 0dovdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *grH *päaEÅm ½kur© v l H Oy*päw/d
jrefrm &GmokdY oGm;aomolonf opfyif&if;okdY uyf\/
½ly *grHç ½ku©rlvHum; *grvdiçf ½kur© v l vdiwf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
tuxdwuH tuxdwuHonf O'g[½kPu f m; tb,fenf;? ,n'wåH tp&Sd
onfwnf;/ (,n'wåH wsm'd)/
ygVd tuxdwur®H ,xmÞ
ykpH H ,n'wåH urÁvH ,mpaw jAm[®aPm/
jrefrm ykPÖm;onf ,n'wfukd urÁvmukd awmif;\/
½ly ,n'wåHç urÁvHum; ,n'wåvdifç urÁvvdifwnf? tHouf?
a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm qufjyrnf- þjy,k*üf txl;um; þ,n'wåH urÁvH [laom uH
ESpcf w
k iG f urÁv[ H al om uHonf y"meuHwnf;? 0g- uH\tjzpfjzifh
qkdtyfaom uHwnf;? tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrlum; (uo®m) uHESpfck&Sdaom
awmif;jcif;Bu, d mjzifh a&mufjcif;iSg txl;ojzifh tvk&d t dS yfonf\tjzpfaMumif¤h if;?
jyXmef;onf\tjzpfaMumifh¤if;? (y"mewåm) ,n'wåH[laom uHonf rjyXmef;
onf\tjzpfaMumifh¤if;? (ty"mewåm) awmif;jcif;Bud,mjzifh txl;ojzifh tvkd
r&St d yfonf\tjzpfaMumif¤h if; (tedpw dä u&wåm) ty"meuHwnf;? (0g) uHurdk qkd
vkdonf&Sdaomf uH\tjzpfjzihf rqkdtyfaom uHwnf;/
ygVd {w¬ [d ]]urÁv}}rdwd uxdwur®H 'dGur®dum, ,mpeBud,m,
ywåKrpd w dä w&wåm/ ]],n'wå}}rdwd tyÜ"mewåm tuxdwur®/H
ykpH H wxm ord'¨H "eH bdu©aw/
jrefrm xkdYtwl OpömjynfhpkHaomolukd Opömukd awmif;\/
½ly ord'¨Hç "eHum; ord'v ¨ id çf "evdiw f nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tZH *grH e,wd/ jrefrm qdwfukd &GmokdY aqmif\/
½ly tZHç *grHum; tZvdiçf *grvdiw f nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H y&mb0EÅçH yk&o d /H
jrefrm ypön;f qkw, f w
k v f wåUH aomowå0guk/d
3/ um&uu@ 645
½ly yk&doHum; yk&od vdiwf nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H r,H ykpämr a*gwrH/
jrefrm a*gwrtEG,jf zpfaom t&Sib f &k m;ukd tuREyfk w
f o
Ydk nf ar;avQmuf
yguke\ f /
½ly a*gwrHum; a*gwrvdiw f nf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H b*0g bdu©L {w'a0gp £pöm'd/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf &[ef;wku
Yd dk þpum;ukd qk\ d þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly bd u © Lum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufukd tvkd
&Sd&um; ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwfjzifh uHtrnfrSnfh? ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m okwfjzifh
uHteufü 'kwd,m0dbwf A[k0kpf a,m0dbwfouf? (bdu©K+a,m) u©-cGif; O-
<uif;? £0PÖK 0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf Cyawm p a,meHavmayg okwjf zifh
vaemifraS ESmif;aom a,m0dbwfuadk cs? a,mokuw--okwjf zifh a,m0dbwfaus
NyD;onf&Sdaomf v-rnfaom Oukd OD'DCjyK? u©fAsnf; ODokdYuyf? bd u © Lum; NyD;\/
½ly {wHum; {wvdifwnf? tHouf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
tbd[w d uHü 'kw, d m0dbwf rjzpf 0gpuwko Yd nf a[mtyfaomuHüom 'kw-d

,m 0dbwfonf rjzpf/ ykHpHum;Þ
ygVd tbd[dwuar® ye e a[mwd? ,xmÞ
ykpH H ua#m u&D,aw a'0'awåe/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf oifjzL;ukd jyKtyf\/
½ly a'0'awåeum; a'0'wåvdifwnf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;
teufukd tvkd&Sd&um; a,m ua&mwd ouwåm okwfjzifh uwåm;-rSnfh? uwå&d p
okwjf zifh uwåm;teufü wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf emouf? (a'0'wå+em) tawm
aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? wå-cGi;f acs uyf? a'0'awåeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ok*awe a'odawm "ar®m/
jrefrm bk&m;onf w&m;ukd a[mtyf\/
½ly ok*awe
aweum; ok*wvdiw f nf? emouf? enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H ,n'awåm urÁvH ,mpD,aw jAm[®aPe £pöm'd/
jrefrm ykPmÖ ;onf ,n'wfudk urÁvmukd awmif;tyf\? þokpYd onfwnf;/
½ly jAm[®aPe
Peum; jAm[®Pvdiw f nf? emouf? enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm ]]'kwd,m}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]'kwd,m}}wd t"duma&m/
------------------
okwf 286/ *wd Ak'¨d bkZ yX [& u& o,m'DeH um&daw/

okwjf refrm a&mufjcif;ç odjcif;ç pm;jcif;ç &Gwjf cif;ç aqmifjcif;ç jyKjcif;ç tdyjf cif;ç
þokdYtp&Sdukefaom Bud,mwkdY\ t,SOfjzpfaom um½kdufü tcsKdU
ojzifh 'kwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm *rk"mwf oyÜ"mwf vm;jcif;ü jzpf\? Ak""mwfonf odjcif;teufü
jzpf\? wenf;um;- Ak ""mwfonf ÓPfjzifh ouf0ifjcif;ü jzpf\?
bkZ"mwfonf apmifjh cif;ç rsKjd cif;wküYd jzpf\? yX
yX"mwfonf xifaom vdrm® aomol\
Opömjzpfaom pum;ü jzpf\? [& [&"mwfonf aqmifjcif;ü jzpf\? u& u&"mwfonf
jyKjcif;ü jzpf\? od"mwfonf tdyjf cif;ü jzpf\? þokt Yd p&Su
d ek af om "mwfw\
Ydk t,SOüf
um½ku d yf pön;f onf &Sad omf ,SOaf ptyfç wku
d w f eG ;f aptyfaom uwåm; jzpfíjzpfaom
uHteufü vdiaf emifrS 'kw, d m0dbwfonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd *rk oyÜ *wdrSd? Ak " aAm"aeç Ak " t0*rae 0gç bk Z ygveAs0-
[&aPokç yX Aswåd,H 0gpm,Hç [& [&aPç u& u&aPç od oa, £apö0
rm'DeH "mwleH ya,ma* um&daw owd ya,mZÆuuwåKblaw ur®ed vd*FrSm
'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd 0g/
t"dygÜ ,f þokwfonf ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m okwfjzifh uHteuf 'kwd,m0dbwf

tjrJ a&mufvkvwfaomf txl;MuHjcif;tusKd;&Sd\? xkdYaMumifh xkd-
0duyfteuf\tzküYd wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd edpöorÜawå 0duyÜaw¬m,H? awe wó yau© wwd,m a[mwd/
ykpH H a,m aumpd yk&daom *grH *päwd? wranm ya,mZ,wd/
jrefrm trSwfr&Sd wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom a,mufsm;onf &GmokdYoGm;\/
xkod mG ;pGr;f Ekid af om a,mufsm;ukd wpfyg;aom a,mufsm;onf oGm;
wnfah cs[k apvTww f u dk w
f eG ;f \/
3/ um&uu@ 647
½ly *grHum; *grvdifwnf? ukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufukd tvkd&Sd&um;

,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh uH-rSn?hf *wd Ak'd¨ bkZ yX--okwjf zifh oGm;jcif;teuf
&Sad om *rk"mwf\t,SOüf uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf? (*gr+tH)
r-cGi;f acs uyf? *grHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yk&daom yk&doH *grH *r,wdç yk&daoe 0g *grH *r,wd/
jrefrm þokYd apvTwv f wfaomf ({0H y,kawå) yk&ad om yk&o d H *grH *gr,wd
yk&ad oe 0g *grH *gr,wd [laom O'g[½kPo f nf xif&mS ;\/ þokYd
,SOo f nfudk ({0H y,kw)Hå jrifí¤if; ('domG 0g)? Mum;í¤if; (okwmG 0g)? olwpfyg;ukd
Mum;aomtcgü yk&daom yk&doH *grH *gr,wd yk&daoe 0g *grH *gr,wd [laom
O'g[½kPo f nf jzpf\/
oGm;apwwfaoma,mufsm;onf oGm;aptyfaoma,mufsm;ukd &GmokdY
oGm;ap\? wenf;um;- oGm;apwwfaoma,mufsm;onf oGm;aptyfaom
a,mufsm;ukd &GmokdY oGm;ap\/
½ly yk&doHum; yk&o d vdiwf nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly *grH 2-½kyfum; *grvdiw f nf? a&SU*grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {0H odóH "r®H aAma"wd tmp&da,m/
jrefrm þtwl q&monf wynfhukd w&m;ukd odap\/
½ly od ó Hum; odóvdiw f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly "r®Hum; "r®vid w f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmwm ykwåH abmZeH abmZ,wd/
jrefrm trdonf om;ukd abmZOfukd pm;ap\/
½ly ykwåHum; ykwv å id wf nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly abmZeHum; abmZevdiw f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H odóH "r®H ygaXwd tmp&da,m/
jrefrm q&monf wynfhukd y&d,wfukd &Gwfap\/
½ly od ó Hum; odóvdiw f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly "r®Hum; "r®vid w f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yk&daom yk&doH bm&H [ma&wd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;onf 0efukd aqmifap\/
½ly yk&doHum; yk&o

d vdiwf nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly bm&Hum; bm&vdiw f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wxm yk&daom yk&doH ur®H um&,wdç yk&daoe 0g ur®H um&m
y,wdç yk&daoe 0g ur®H um&my,wd/
jrefrm xktYd wl a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudk trIudk
jyKap\? wenf;um;- a,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;ukd trIudk jyKap\/
½ly yk&doHum; yk&o
½ly ur®H 2-½kyfum; ur®vid w
f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yk&daom yk&doH o,my,wd/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf a,mufsm;wpfa,mufukd tdyfap\/
½ly yk&doHum; yk&o
jrefrm þtwl cyford ;f ukeaf om "mwfwüYdk um½ku d yf pön;f ESi,

hf OS v
f wfaomf
ya,mZÆuuwåm;jzpfaom um½ku d uf üH 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd {0H oAÁw¬ um&daw uwåKur®ed 'kwd,m/
ar; um&daw w[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz yk&daom *grH *päwd paomykHpHwkdYü 'kwd,m0dbwfukd epfapjcif;
tusK;d &S\
d /
ygVd um
um&d&daw
wwd ud ¿H yk&ad om *grH *päw/d (wsm'Dok 'kw, d medao"ew¬)H /
a[mtyfaom um½kdufuH-ü 'kw, d m0dbwfrjzpf/
ygVd tbd[daw e b0wd/
ykpH H yk&ad oe yk&ad om *grH *rD,aw/
jrefrm a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf a,mufsm;wpfa,mufukd &GmokdY oGm;-
aptyf\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H odaóm "r®H aAm"D,aw £pöm'd/
jrefrm wynfhukd w&m;ukd odaptyf\? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly "r®Hum; "r®vid wf nf? *grHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
-----------------
3/ um&uu@ 649
okwf 287/ umv'¨gerpöEo Å aH ,ma*/

okwjf refrm umvt"GefYwkdY\ j'yfç *kPfç Bud,mwkdYESifh rjywf ,SOf&mü 'kwd,m
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
tpöEoÅ aH ,m* 0dN*K[
d f rjywf ,SOjf cif;? rjywf,OS jf cif;/
ygVd tpöEHÅ ed&EÅ&H oHa,ma*g tpöEÅoHa,ma*g ,ma*g/
0kwjdå refrm umvt"GefYwkdY\ j'yfç *kPfç Bud,mwkdYESifh rjywf ,SOf&mü rjywf
,SOfonf&Sdaomf umvt"GefYukd a[mukefaom xkdvdifwkdYaemifrS
'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd umv'¨geH 'AÁ*P k Bu, d m[d tpöEo Å aH ,ma* aw[d umv'¨ge0gpD[d
vda*F[d 'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
umvü a&S;OD;pGmÞ 0g- j'yf paomtpOfjzifh O'g[½kPu
umv f dk (O'g[&PH)
jytyf\ ('óD,wd)/
umav wm0Þ
ykpH H owåm[H *0ygeH/
jrefrm ckEpS &f ufywfv;Hk EGm;t&omtazsmu f dk aomuf\ (yd0)d /
½ly owåm[Hum; owåm[vdiw f nf? umv'¨gerpöEÅ oHa,ma* okwjf zifh
umvwkdY\ j'yfukd Bud,mESifh rjywf ,SOf&mü 'kwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf?
(owåm[+tH) [cGif; acs uyf? owåm[Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H rmoH rHaom"eH/
jrefrm wpfvywfv;Hk om;>yrf;xrif;ukd pm;\ (bkO)dÆ /
½ly rmoHum; rmovdifwnf? ywfvkH;[lí--aMumifh tpöEÅoHa,m*
teufukdtvkd&Sd&um; y&ornm ya,ma* okwfjzifh rmoukd tpöEÅoHa,m*-
rSn?hf umv'¨gerpöEÅ oHa,ma* okwjf zifh tpöEt Å eufü 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-
ouf? (rmo+tH) ocGif; acs uyf? rmoHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H o&'H &rPD,m e'D/
jrefrm o&'Owkywfv;Hk jrpfonf arGUavsmb f ,G &f \
dS /
½ly o&'Hum; o&'vdiw f nf? rmoHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oAÁumvH &rPD,H eEé/H

jrefrm eE´0OH ,smOfonf cyford ;f aomumvywfv;Hk arGUavsmb f , G &f \
dS /
½ly oAÁumvHum; oAÁumvvdiw f nf? rmoHEiS hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H rmoH oZÑm,wd/
jrefrm wpfvywfv;Hk o&ZÑm,f\/
½ly rmoHum; rmovdiw f nf? rmoHEiS hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H wa,m rmao tbd"r®H a'aood/
jrefrm okH;vwkdYywfvkH; tbd"r®mukd a[mawmfrl\/
½ly wa,mrmao
wa,mrmaoum; rmovdifwnf? ywfvkH;[lí--aMumifh tpöEÅ
oHa,m* teufukdtvkd&Sd&um; y&ornm ya,ma* okwfjzifh rmoukd
tpöEo Å aH ,m*-rSn?hf umv'¨gerpöEÅ oHa,ma* okwjf zifh tpöEtÅ eufü 'kw, d m0dbwf
A[k0pk f a,m-ouf? (rmo+a,m) oAÁa,mede rm{ okwjf zifh 'kw, d m a,m0dbwfudk
{jyK? ocGif; acs uyf? rmao
rmaoum; Ny;D \/
t"GeüYf Þ t'¨gaeÞ
ykpH H a,mZeH 0e&mZd/
jrefrm wpf,lZemwkdifwkdif awma&;onf &Sd\ (tw¬d)/
½ly a,mZeH um; a,mZevdifwnf? wkdifwkdif[lí--aMumifh tpöEÅ
oHa,m* teufut dk vk&d &dS um; y&ornm ya,ma* okwjf zifh t"GeBYf u, d mwkEYd iS hf
rjywf,OS &f mü a,mZeukd tpöEo Å aH ,m*-rSn?hf umv'¨gerpöEÅ oHa,ma* okwjf zifh
tpöEÅteufü 'kwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf? (a,mZe+tH) ecGif; acs uyf?
a,mZeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,mZeH 'DaCm yAÁawm/
jrefrm wpf,Zl emwkid w f idk f awmifonf &Sn\ f /
½ly a,mZeHum; a,mZevdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aumoH oZÑm,wd/
jrefrm ukwv f yk af v;wm jyefig;&mwkid wf idk f o&ZÑm,f\/
½ly aumoHum; aumovdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ar; tpöEÅoHa,ma* ,ma*[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
3/ um&uu@ 651
ajz rmao rmao bkOw Æ d paomykpH w

H üYdk 'kw,
d m0dbwfudk epfapjcif;
tusK;d &S\
d /
½ly tpöEÅoHa,ma*
,ma*wd ud ¿H rmao rmao bkOw Æ d (wsm'Dok 'kw,
d m
ed0wåew¬)H /
ykpH H rmao rmao bkOÆwd/ jrefrm wpfv wpfvü pm;\/
½ly rmao rmao
rmaoum; rmo rmovdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo
teufut dk vk&d &dS um; umv'¨gerpöEÅ oHa,ma* okwjf zifh umvteufü 'kw, d m
0dbwf oufoifhaomfvnf; j'yf *kPf Bud,mwkdYESifh rjywf,SOfjcif;r&SdaomaMumifh
rouf&? Moumao owårD okwjfzifh Moumoteufü owår0D dbwf {u0kpf o®d 0H b d wf
ouf? (rmo rmo+od® )H o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H bd wfudk {jyK? o-cGi;f acs uyf?
rmao rmao
rmaoum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,mZae a,mZae 0d[m&H ywd|mayod/
jrefrm wpf,Zl em wpf,Zl emü ausmif;ukd wnfap\/
½ly a,mZae a,mZae
a,mZaeum; a,mZe a,mZevdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
-----------------
okwf 288/ ur®yÜ0peD,,kawå/

okwjf refrm Bu,d mukd a[mwwfaomyk'af Mumifh ur®y0Ü peD,trnf&adS om Oy
om&yk'f edygwfy'k w
f EYdk iS ,
hf OS o
f nf&adS omf 'kw,d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm vu©Ppaom tjym;tm;jzifh a[mtyfaom Bud,m&Sdukefaom
"Dpaomedygwf tEkpaom Oyom&wkEYd iS hf ,SOo f nf&adS omf vdiaf emifrS
yXrm0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ur®y0Ü peDa,[d edygawmyoa*¾[d ,kawå a,ma* owd vd*rF mS
'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
pwkwAD¬ [kA[ DÁ o
d rmof 0dN*Kd[f tMuifeyd gwf Oyom&wkt Yd m; vu©Ppaom
tjym;tm;jzifh a[mtyfaom Bud,monf
&Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh xkdedygwf Oyom&wkdYonf (aw edygawm Oyo*¾g) ur®yÜ0peD,
rnfuek \ f / wenf;um;- wpfyg;aomtrnf\tpGr;f jzifh tEko'´gponfwo Ydk nf
ur®y0Ü peD,rnfuek \ f /
jrefrm xkt
d Ekponfww Ydk iG f tEko'´g\ rSwaf Mumif;teufü¤if;? wuGjzpf-
jcif;teufü¤if;? ,kwaf omteufü¤if;? ur®y0Ü peD,[laom ygPdeD usr;f ü qkt d yf\/
ygVd ww¬ tEko'´ó vu©aPç [Dae p ur®yÜ0peD,onm 0kwåm/
ykpH u H m; yAÁZw d rEk ponfwnf;/
ygVd ,xmÞyAÁZw d rEk (wsm'd)/
ykpH H yAÁZw d rEk yAÁZd o H /k
jrefrm &[ef;jyKaombk&m;avmif;ukd (aMumif)h &[ef;jyKonf&adS omf? e £'H
Mo'uH b0dówd ,w¬ rm yk&ad om yAÁZw Æ -d [k trSwjf yKí wpfyg;
olwo Ydk nf (tya&) &[ef;jyKuek \ f /
ykpH H e'drEG0odwm Am&mPoD/
jrefrm Am&mPoDjynfonf jrpfEiS w hf uG zJUG ,Supf yfvQuf wnf\/
ykpH H e'd,m o[ t0A'¨gwd taw¬m/
jrefrm jrpfEiS whf uG pyfí ESUH tyf wnfaxmiftyf\/ þum;teufwnf;/
ykpH H tEkom&dykwåH yn 0g/
jrefrm ynm&Sdaomolwnf;? t&Sifom&dykwå&matmuf ,kwf\/
jrefrm vu©PmponfwkdYü- ]]vu©Pd}w¬rÇLwu©mebm* 0dpämok ywd y&d
tea0g}}[laom okwfjzifh (okawåe) ywd y&d tEk Oyom&wkdY\
ur®y0Ü peD, trnfudk qkt d yf\/
ygVd vu©Pm'Dok ]]vu©P}d w¬rLÇ wu©mebm* 0dpmä ok ywd y&d tea0g}}wd
ywd y&d tEleH ur®yÜ0peD,onm 0kwåm/
vu©PmüÞ vu©aPÞ
ykpH H ol&d,k*¾reH ywd 'dAÁm bu©m ygwkba0,sKH/
jrefrm aewufjcif;ukd trSwjf yKí ewfo"k mwko Yd nf xif&mS ;jzpfapukeaf vmh/
ykpH H ½ku©H ywd 0daZÆmwaw paE´mç/
jrefrm vonf opfyifukd (ü-\) txufü trSwfjyKí xGef;awmufy\/
ykpH H ½kuH© y&dç/
jrefrm opfyifudk trSwjf yKí/
ykpH H ½ku©H tEk/
3/ um&uu@ 653
jrefrm opfyifudk trSwjf yKí/

£w¬rLÇ wu©meüÞ £w¬rLÇ wu©maeÞ
ykpH H om"k a'0'awåm rmw&H ywdç rmw&H y&dç rmw&H tEk/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf trdü (\) t&mü (0doa,) aumif;pGmvSnfhonf
jzpfí pD;yGm;csr;f omukd Ny;D apwwf\/ trdü (\) t&mü aumif;pGmusio hf nf jzpfí/
bm*üÞ bma* Þ
jrefrm þa0befaom0w¬Kü ig\ ighudk &nfí (O'´ó d ) tMuiftzkt Yd pkudk
(,H ywd) xm;tyfonf jzpf&m\? xkdtzkdYtpkukd ay;avmh/
ygVd ,a'w¬ rH ywd od,mç rH y&dç rH tEk? wH 'D,wk/
0dpmä a,m*üÞ 0dpmä a,ma*Þ
jrefrm 0dpämo'´gESifh ,SOf&mü xkdxkdteufukd (ü) ESHUí o'´gonf 0if\?
wnf\? vonf opfyifukd (ü-\) txufü (Oy&d) ESYHí xGef;vif; awmufy\/
ygVd tw¬rw¬H ywd oa'´g ed0dowd? ½ku©H ½ku©H ywd 0daZÆmwaw paE´mç
½ku©H ½ku©H y&dç ½ku©H ½ku©H tEk/
jrefrm ]]tbd&bma*}}[laomokwjf zifh tbdo'´g\ bm*teufonf MuOf
tyfuek af om vu©PmponfwüYdk ur®y0Ü peD,trnfudk qkt d yf\/
(wó acg ye abmawm a*gwró) xkt d &Siaf *gwr\ (wo®d H acg ye b*0wd
a*gwar) xkdt&Sifa*gwrü £wdyd aom b*0g t&[H paomtjym;tm;jzifh
awmif;aom*kPEf iS hf jynfph aHk om ausmaf ZmoHonf ewfvw l \
Ydk cs;D rGr;f aomtoHonf
ewfESifhwuGaomvlukd ESHUí tvkH;pkHaomavmuukd ESHUí wuf\? a'0'wfonf
trdudk (ü-\) aumif;pGmusio hf nf jzpfí/
ygVd ]]tbd&bma*}}wd tbdó bm*0ZÆdawok vu©Pm'Dok ur®yÜ-
0peD,onm 0kwåm/ wH acg ye b0EÅH a*gwrH {0H uvsmaPm udwådoa'´g
tAÇK*¾awm? om"k a'0'awåm rmw&H tbd/
edygwfüÞ edygawÞ
jrefrm &[EÅmukd (\) txufü ykwcf wfñiS ;f qJjcif;onf uJ&h UJ bG,w f nf;?
ykwcf wfñiS ;f qJjcif;ukd uJ&h UJ tyf\? ykwcf wfñiS ;f qJjcif;\ uJ&h UJ bG,f
pufqkyfbG,fonf &Sd\ (tw¬d)/ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
ygVd "d jAm[®Pó [EÅm& "dapö0rm'd/
okwf 289/ uGpd 'kwd,m q|Deraw¬/

okwjf refrm q|D0b d wfw\ Ydk teufü tcsKUd aom O'g[½kPüf 'kw, d m0dbwfonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm q|D0b d wfw\ Ydk orÁmefteufü tcsKUd aom O'g[½kPüf vdiaf emifrS
0kwydå gVd q|DeH taw¬ uGpd 'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f tEÅ&myk'çf tbdawmyk'çf y&dawmyk'çf ywdy'k çf y#dbm*yk'Ef iS hf ,SO-f
&mü þ'kwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd tEÅ&mtbdawm y&dawm ywd y#dbmwda,ma* t,H/
ykpH H tEÅ&m p &mZ*,H tEÅ&m p emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#Ü yd aEém/
jrefrm &mZN*K[ d Nf rKUd \ tv,fü¤if;? emVEŃrKUd \tv,fü¤if;? t"Ge&Yf n S af om
c&D;okdY oGm;\/
½ly &mZ*[Hum; &mZ*[vdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufukd
tvkd&Sd&um; ,ó 0g wH omrD y&d*¾a[m okwfjzifh &mZ*[ukd omrdtrnfrSnfh?
uGpd 'kw, d m q|Deraw¬ okwjf zifh q|Dteufü tEÅ&mo'´g\t,SOf 'kw, d m0dbwf
{u0kpf tH-ouf? (&mZ*[+tH) [-cGi;f acs uyf? &mZ*[Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZ*[ó p emVE´m, p raZÑwd taw¬m/
jrefrm &mZN*K[ d Nf rKUd \¤if;? emVE´mNrKUd \¤if;? tv,fü þum;teuf/
ykpH H tbdawm *grH 0owd/
jrefrm &Gm\ a&S;½Iaomt&yfrS ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H y&dawm *grH 0owd/
jrefrm &Gm\ xuf0ef;usirf S (ü) ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H e'd H ae&OÆ&H ywd/
jrefrm ñkad om a&&Sad om tjypfuif;aoma&&Sad om jrpf\ teD;ü/
½ly e'd Hum; e'Dvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufudk tvk&d &dS um;
,ó 0g wH omrD y&d*a¾ [m okwjf zifh e'Dudk omrdtrnfrn S ?hf uGpd 'kw,d m q|De
3/ um&uu@ 655
raw¬ okwjf zifh q|Dteufü tEÅ&mo'´g\t,SOf 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf?

(e'D+tH) '-cGi;f þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh £w¬v d id u f adk [maom þukd
y-rSnfh? taCm &ó--okwfjzifh tH0dbwfaMumifh yrnfaomþukd £&ójyK? tH
arm ed*¾[dwH--okwfjzifh tH0dbwfukd a&SU yrnfaom £txufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? 'f-
Asnf; £HokdYuyf? e'd Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ae&OÆ&m, e'd,m orDaywd taw¬m/
jrefrm ñkad oma&&Sad omjrpf\ teD;ü þum;teufwnf;/
ykpH H y#dbEÅK wH pkE´ aAmZÑ*Fg/
jrefrm pkE´ aAmZÑiw f o
Ydk nf oif\tzkjYd yKí jyukeaf vmh? ÓPf\tm½kH jzpf-
ukefavmh/
½ly wHum; wvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufukd tvkd&Sd&um;
,ó 0g wH omrD y&d*a¾ [m okwjf zifh wukd omrdtrnfrn S ?hf uGpd 'kw,d m q|De
raw¬ okwjf zifh q|Dteufü tEÅ&mo'´g\t,SOf 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf?
(w+tH) w-cGif; acs uyf wHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H Oyrm rH y#dbmwd/
jrefrm Oyrmonf ig\ ÓPf\ tm½kHjzpf\/
½ly rHum; trSvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrdteufukd tvkd&Sd&um;
,ó 0g wH omrD y&d*¾a[m okwfjzifh trSukd omrdtrnfrSnfh? uGpd 'kwd,m
q|Deraw¬ okwjf zifh q|Dteufü tEÅ&mo'´g\t,SOf 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-
ouf? (trS+tH) wH rrrSd okwjf zifh tH0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omtrSo'´gukd 0dbwf
ESiw hf uG rHjyK? rHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oyrm r,SH Oy|[wDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm Oyrmonf ig\ ÓPftm; xif\? þum; teufwnf;/
jrefrm ]]uGpd 'kwd,mç taw¬}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]uGpd 'kwd,mç taw¬}}wd p 0wåaw/
'kw, d m0dbwswa¬ b' Ny;D \/
-----------------------
wwd,m0dbwsw¬ab'
okwf 290/ wwd,mowårDeOö/
okwjf refrm wwd,m owår0D b d wfw\ Ydk teufüvnf; 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm wwd,mowår0D b d wfw\ Ydk teufüvnf; tcsKUd aomjy,k*üf vdif
aemifrS 'kw, d m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wwd,mowårDeraw¬ p uGpd vd*FrSm 'kwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
ykpH H wwd,aw¬ oap rH emvydówd? wGOö rH embdbmood/
jrefrm wwd,mteufü igESihf tu,fí pum;rqkt d hH oifonfvnf;
igESihf pum;rqk/d
½ly rH um; trSvid w f nf? ESifh[í l --aMumifh o[m'da,m*teufukd
tvkd&Sd&um; y&ornm--okwfjzifh trSukd o[m'da,m*-rSnfh? wwd,m owårD
eOö okwjf zifh o[m'da,m*teufü 'kw, d m {u0kpf tH-ouf? (trS+tH) wH rrrSd
okwfjzifh tH0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaomtrSo'´gukd 0dbwf ESifhwuG rHjyK? rHum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dem o'¨r®H ukawm okcH/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;w&m;ESihf uif;í twDrmS csr;f omtHeh nf;/
½ly o'¨r®Hum; o'¨r®vid w f nf? tH-ouf? r®ciG ;f acs uyf? Ny;D \/
ykpH H Oyg,rEÅa&e e tw¬o'd /d¨
jrefrm taMumif;ESihf uif;í tusK;d Ny;D jcif;rnfonf rjzpf/
½ly Oyg,Hum; Oyg,vdiw f nf? tH-ouf? ,cGif; acs uyf? NyD;\/
jrefrm owårDteufüÞ tcg[laomteufü¤if;? Oya&S;ç tEka&S;ç t"d
a&S;ç tma&S;&Sad om 0o"mwf\ t,SOüf ¤if;? t"da&S;&Sad om od"mwf
Xm"mwf 0o"mwfw\ Ydk t,SOüf ¤if;? xküd aomufjcif; xküd usiv f nfjcif;teufü¤if;?
ygVd owård,aw¬Þ umavç OygEGZÑm0oó ya,ma*ç t"dod|m0-
omeH ya,ma*ç wyÜgepma& p 'kwd,m/
ykpH H umav wm0Þ ykAP Á o S r,H ed0gaowGm/
3/ um&uu@ 657
jrefrm tcgü a&S;ODpmG - eHeuftcgü oif;ykid u f dk jyif0wfí/

½ly ykAÁPSor,Hum; ykAP Á o S r,vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo
teufukd tvkd&Sd&um; a,m"ma&m warmumoH okwfjzifh ykAÁPSor,ukd
Moumo-rSn?hf wwd,m owåreD Oö okwjf zifh umvowårt D eufü 'kw, d m {u0kpf
tH-ouf? (ykAP Á oS r,+tH) ,-cGi;f acs uyf? ykAÁPSor,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {uHor,H b*0g/
jrefrm tcgwpfyg;ü bk&m;&Sio f nf/
½ly {uHor,Hum; {uHor,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £ro®d H &wåd H pwåma&m r[m&mZmaem/
jrefrm þnOfüh ewfrif;Bu;D av;a,mufwo Ydk nf/
½ly &wå d Hum; &wådvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo teufukd
tvk&d &dS um; a,m"ma&m warmumoH okwjf zifh &wåu d dk Moumo-rSn?hf wwd,m
owårDeOö okwfjzifh umvowårDteufü 'kwd,m {u0kpf tH-ouf? (&wåd+tH)
wå-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd smayg okwjf zifh £ukd y-rSn?hf tHarmed*[ ¾ wd -H -okwjf zifh
aemuftH0dbwfukd £txufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? wåfAsnf; £HokdYuyf? &wå d Hum; NyD;\/
jrefrm Oy
Oyponf a&S;&Sad om 0o 0o"mwf\ ,SO&f müÞ
ygVd Oy 0o"mwkó ya,ma*Þ
Á 0o
Oyg'dyAk ó
ykpH H *grH Oy0owd/ jrefrm &Gmü uyfí ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumif/h y/ Oya&S;&Sad om 0o"mwf\
t,SOf 'kwd,m {u0kpf tH-ouf? (*gr+tH) r-cGif; acs uyf? *grHum; NyD;\/
ykpH H *grH tEk0owd/ jrefrm &Gmü 0ifí ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? tEka&S;&Sad om 0o"mwf\ t,SO?f enf;wl/
ykpH H 0d[m&H t"d0owd/ jrefrm ausmif;ü tBu;D jyKí ae\/
½ly 0d[m&Hum; 0d[m&vdiw f nf? t"da&S;&Sad om 0o"mwf\ t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *grH tm0owd/ jrefrm &Gmü pkd;tkyfí ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? tmykAÁ 0o"mwf\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t*g&H tZÑm0owd/ jrefrm tdrüf pk;d tkyíf ae\/
½ly t*g&Hum; t*g&vdiw f nf? t"da&S;ç tma&S;&Sdaom 0o"mwf\
t,SOf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wxm yx0d H t"daoówd/

jrefrm xkdrSwpfyg; ajrü txufü tdyfvwåHU/
½ly yx0d Hum; yx0Dvid w f nf? t"da&S;&Sdaom od"mwf\t,SOf? tH-
ouf? (yx0D+tH) 0-cGi;f þ<uif;? y-rSn?hf taCm&ó--okwjf zifh þukd £&ójyK?
tHarm ed*¾[dwH--okwfjzifh tH0dbwfukd £txufü ed*¾[dwfjyK? 0fAsnf; £HokdYuyf?
yx0d Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *grH t"dw|d wd/ jrefrm &Gmü tBuD;jyKí ae\? wnf\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? t"da&S;½Sad om Xm"mwf\t,SO?f enf;wl/
ykpH H *grH tZÑm0owd/ jrefrm &Gmü pkd;tkyfí ae\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? t"da&S;ç tma&S;&Sad om 0o"mwf\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wyÜgepma&okÞ e'd H yd0wd/

jrefrm xkdüaomufjcif; xkdü usifvnfjcif;wkdYüÞ jrpfü aomuf\/
½ly e'd Hum; e'Dvid w
f nf? yg"mwf\t,SO?f a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H *grH p&wd £pöm'd/
jrefrm &Gmü oGm;\ usifvnf\? usufpm;\ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? p&"mwf\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ar; tb,fteufü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpfoenf;¿/
ygVd uo®d H taw¬ wwd,m¿/
------------------
okwf 291/ u&aP wwd,m/

okwjf refrm u½kP d ;f teufü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm u&Pum&uü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd u&Pum&au wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
ar; tb,fteufoabmonf u½kP d ;f rnfoenf;¿/
ygVd ud H u&PH¿/
----------------
3/ um&uu@ 659
okwf 292/ a,e 0g u,d&aw wH u&PH/

okwjf refrm tMuif wHpOftp&Sad om um&ujzifh jyKtyf\? xkw d pH Oftp&Sad om
um&uonf u½kdPf;rnf\/
0kwjdå refrm uwåm;\taqmuftODjzpfíjzpfaom tMuif vufpaom 0w¬Kjzifh
trlt&mukd uwåm;rS rjcm;ojzifh jyK\? uwåm;\ taqmuftOD
jzpfíjzpfaom tMuif wHpOftp&Sad om0w¬Kjzifv h nf; azmufjyefjcif;ukd jyK\? tMuif
pu©Kpaom0w¬Kjzifhvnf; a&muf\? xkdum&uonf u½kdPf;rnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,e 0g uwåm Oyu&Pblawe 0w¬Kem Bud,H tAs0"maee
ua&mwdç a,e 0g 0dua&mwdç a,e 0g ygykPmwd? wH um&uH u&PonH a[mwd/
0dN*Kd[f þvufponfjzifh uwåm;onf uHudk jyKwwf\? xko d Ydk uwåm;onf
jyKwwfaMumif;jzpfaom owådaMumifh xkdvufponfonf u½kdPf;
rnf\/ wenf;um;- þwHpOfponfjzifh uwåm;onf uHudk jyKtyf\? xko d Ydk uHudk
jyKtyfaMumif;jzpfaomowåad Mumifh xkv d ufponfonf u½kP d ;f rnf\/
ygVd u&D,aw taeemwd u&PH/
jrefrm qufjyrnf- þokwfü tvkH;pkHaom um&uwkdY\ Bud,mukd NyD;ap
wwfonf\tjzpfonf &Syd gaomfvnf; a,e 0g u,d&aw [laom
yk'jf zifh txl;jyKí qkjd cif;onf uwåm;\ taqmuftODjzpfíjzpfuek af om um&u
wkwdY iG f Bu, d mukd vGepf mG Ny;D apwwfaom um&uuko d mvQif ,lapjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd {w¬ p owdyd oAÁum&umeH Bud,mom"uawå ]]a,e 0g u,d
&aw}}wd 0daoaowGm 0peH uwåLyu&Pblawok um&auok om"uwraó0
*[Pw¬/H
jrefrm rSe\
f ]],ó/y/ um&uH}}[lí rOÆLomusr;f ü qkt d yf\/ (rOÆLom,H)/
ygVd 0kwOå /ö
*gxmjrefrm tMuif vufpaom um&u\ cyford ;f aom um&uwkx Yd uf txl;
ojzifh Bud,mNyD;aMumif;\ tjzpfukd csD;rGrf;tyf\? xkdBud,mukd
vGepf mG Ny;D apjcif;[k cs;D rGr;f tyfaomum&uukd u½kP
d ;f rnf\[kí qkt d yf\/
*gxm ]],ó oAÁ0daoaoe? Bud,moHod'¨da[wkwm/

orÇm0D,wd wH 0kwåH? u&PH emr um&u}}EÅd/
jrefrm xku d ½kPd ;f onf tZÑwu då A[d't ¨ pGr;f jzifh ESpyf g;tjym;&S\
d /
ygVd wH ye 'k0d"H tZÑwådu Am[d&0aoe/
ykpH H ,xmÞ [aw¬e ur®H ua&mwd/
jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ vufjzifh trIudk jyK\/
½ly [aw¬eum; [w¬vid w f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumifh u½kP d ;f teuf--um;?
a,e 0g u,d&aw-- okwfjzifh u½kdPf;-rSnfh? u&aPwwd,m okwfjzifh
u½kP d ;f teufü wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em-ouf? ([w¬+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh
em0dbwfudk {ejyK? w¬-cGi;f acs uyf? [aw¬eum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H pu©Kem ½lyH yówd/
jrefrm rsupf jd zifh tqif;ukd Munf\ h /
½ly pu©Kememum; pu©Kvid w f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumif/h y/ em-ouf? Ny;D \/
ykpH H reom "r®H 0dnm,/
jrefrm pdwfjzifh w&m;ukd od\ (í)/
½ly reom
reomum; revdiw f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumif/h y/ em-ouf? (re+em)
raem*Pm'dawm--okwjf zifh reo'´gaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk tmjyK? (re+
tm) o oa& 0g *arm okwjf zifh 0dbwftjyKjzpfaom tmo&aESmif;aomaMumifh
reaemif oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? reom reomum; NyD;\/
ykpH H 'awåe 0D[a,m vkemwd/
jrefrm wHpOfjzifh aumufwkdYukd &dwf\/
½ly 'awåeum; 'wåvid w f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumif/h y/ em-ouf? {ejyK? cGi;f
acs uyf? 'awåe Ny;D \/
ykpH H t*¾dem uk#d H psmaywd/
jrefrm rD;jzifh uk#u d dk avmifap\/
½ly t*¾demmum; t*¾dvid w f nf? jzif[h í l --aMumif/h y/ em-ouf? Ny;D \/
jrefrm u&aP wwd,m [laomokwfrS ]]wwd,m}}[laomo'´gonf
vkduf\/
ygVd ]]wwd,m}}wd t"duma&m/
3/ um&uu@ 661
okwf 293/ uwå&d p/

okwjf refrm uwåm;teufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm uwåKum&uüvnf; vdifaemifrS wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd uwå&d p um&au vd*FrSm wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh wpfpw
Hk pfck txl;okaYd &mufonfudk rSwaf Mumif;jzpfaom
teuf¤if;? Bud,mukd vGefpGmNyD;apjcif;ü¤if;? ykAÁo'´g o'doo'´g
oro'´g ODeo'´g ODeteuf&adS omo'´g uv[o'´g edyek o'´g rdóuo'´g ocdv
o'´g tw¬o'´g ponfw\ Ydk t,SOüf ¤if;? umvt"Gew Yf üYdk ¤if;? yXrmteuf uHteuf
yOörtD eufponfwüYdk ¤if;? wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
po'´g p *¾[aPe £w¬rÇLwvu©aPç Bud,my0a*¾ç ykAÁo'dorlew¬
uv[ edyP k rdóu ocdvw¬m'da,ma*ç umv'¨gaeokç ypöwu å r®wy¬ Oör,
d w¬m-
'Dok p wwd,m/
ar; tb,fum&uonfvQif uwåm;rnfoenf;¿/
ygVd aum p uwåm¿/
--------------
okwf 294/ a,m ua&mwd o uwåm/

okwjf refrm tMuif um&uonf jyKwwf\? xkjd yKwwfaom um&uonf uw¬K
[laom trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuif um&uonf rdrdjyXmef;onfjzpfí Bud,mukd jyKwwf\/
xkdum&uonf uwåm;trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,m Bud,H twåyÜ"maem [kwGm ua&mwd? aom uwåKoanm
a[mwd/
uwåm; (3)rsK;d xku
d m&uonf ok'u ¨ wåm;¤if;? a[wkuwåm;¤if;? ur®uwåm;¤if;?
þokYd ok;H yg;tjym;&S\
d ? xko
d ;Hk yg;wkw
Yd iG -f
ok'u ¨ wåm; tMuifum&uonf uk, d w
f idk o
f mvQif Bu, d mukd jyKwwf\? xku
d m&
uonf ok'üwåm;rnf\/
a[wkuwåm; tMuifum&uonf jyKjcif;iSgpGrf;EkdifvQuf rjyKaom olwpfyg;ukd

(tjcm;olukd) ,SOfap\? xkdum&uonf a[wkuwåm;rnf\/
ygVd aom wd0ad "m ok'u ¨ wåm a[wkuwåm ur®uwåmwd/ ww¬ a,m
o,ar0 Bu, d H ua&mwd? aom ok'üwåm/ a,m tnH umwkH orw¬H tua&mEÅH
ur®H eda,maZwd? aom a[wkuwåm?
ykpH H ,xmÞ*EÅKH oraw¬m a'0'awåm? wranm ya,maZwd ]]*r,wd
a'0'wå}}EÅ/d
jrefrm a'0'wfonf oGm;jcif;iSg pGr;f Ekid \
f ? xkpd rG ;f Ekid af om a'0'wfudk tjcm;
olonf ,SOfap\? xkdtcgü (w'g) *r,wd a'0'wåH [laom
jy,k*o f nf (ya,ma*g) Ny;D \/
tzkdYwpfyg;um;- xkdxkdum½kdufukd pD&if&mü *päwd a'0'awåm?
wranm ya,mZ,wd ]]*r,wd a'0'wåH}}[lí tMuif[dwfteufukd jyjcif;ukd
qkdtyf\/ xkd[dwfteufukd jyjcif;ukdvnf; oGm;Ekdif pGrf;Ekdifonf\tjzpfukd ok'¨
uwåm;rS toD;jyonf\tpGr;f jzifh qkt d yf\/ þokYd ,ltyf\/ omrw¬, d ukd jyonf\
tpGr;f rS wpfyg;aomtjym;jzifh uk, d wf idk o
f mvQif tu,fíoGm;onf jzpft?hH xko d Ydk
uk d , f w k d i f o G m ;&mü apwwf o l \ Asmyg'jzif h tb,f t usKd ; &S d t H h e nf ; ?
onfrQomr[kwaf o; (udOb ö ad ,sm) rjyKwwfaom0w¬Kudk tpGr;f tm;onf jyKap\/
(aqmifap\) (pma&wd)? ausmufukd axmifap\? þokdYtp&Sdaom ukd,fwkdif
Ny;D apaom um&dwjy,k*o f nfvnf; rNy;D &m/
ygVd ,H ye ww¬ *päwd a'0'awåm? wranm ya,mZ,wd ]]*r,wd
a'0'wå}}EÅd a[wGw¬ed'óeH? wrÜd omrw¬d,'óe0aoe 0kwåEÅd *a[wAÁH/
tnxm ,'d o,ar0 *päw?d ud H ww¬ ya,mZuAsmyga&e tua&mEÅH Aave
um&,wd? ygomPH O|my,wDwd tm'dudOö e odaZÑ,s/
jrefrm þokwfüum; ]]uwåm}}[laomyk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd {w¬ ye ]]uwåm}}wd 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 295/ a,m uma&wd o a[wk/

okwjf refrm tMuifum&uonf jyKap\? xkdjyKapaomum&uonf a[wk
uwåK[al omtrnf&o
dS nf jzpf\/
3/ um&uu@ 663
0kwjdå refrm tMuifum&uonf jyKprG ;f Ekid af om uwåm;wpfyg;ukd jyKap\? xk-d

um&uonf [dwftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/ uwåm;onfvnf; jzpf\?
þokwfjzifh a[wkuwåm;[laomtrnfukd rSnfhtyf\/
0kwydå gVd a,m uwåm&H uma&wd? aom a[wkoanm a[mwdç uwåm
pmwd a[wkuwåKonm/
ur®uwåm; uHjzpfí jzpfonfvnf; jzpfaom tMuifum&uonfum; olwpfyg;\
Bu, d mukpd í
GJ jyKv,
G o
f nf\tjzpfaMumifh tvkv d odk mvQif Ny;D ouJo
h Ydk
jzpf\? xkdum&uonf ur®uwåm;rnf\/
ygVd a,m ye y&ó Bud,H y#dpö ur®blawmyd oku&wåm o,ar0
odZÑaEÅm 0d, a[mwd? aom ur®uwåm emr/
ykpH H ,xmÞ o,H u&D,aw ua#m/
jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ oifjzL;onf tvkv d Ndk y;D \/
½ly ua#m
ua#mum; u#vdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh a[wkuwåm;--um;?
a,mua&mwd o uwåm okwrf S uwåKonmukv d u dk af pí a,muma&wd oa[wk
okwfjzifh a[wkuwåm;--rSnfh? tmvyae p okwfü po'´gjzifh a[wkuwåm;--ü
yXrm {u0kpf od-ouf? (u#+od) aom okwfjzifh odukd MojyK? #-cGif; acs uyf?
ua#m
ua#mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H o,ar0 ypöaw Mo'aemwd/
jrefrm xrif;onf tvkdvkdomvQif usuf\? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly Mo'aem
Mo'aemum; Mo'evdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm rSef\ ]]twåyÜZmaem/y/ uxD,aw}}[lí þpum;ukd qkdtyf\/
(£'H 0peH) 0kwOå /ö
*gxmjrefrm olwpfyg;ukd raptyfonfvnf;jzpfaom olwpfyg;ukd aptyfonf
vnf; jzpfaom tMuifum&uonf rdru d ,dk u
f dk jyXmef;jcif;&So
d nf
jzpfí ud&, d mukd (trlt&muk)d jzpfap\? xku d m&uukd uwåm;[lí tjym;tm;jzifh
qkt d yf\/
*gxm ]]twåyÜ"maem ud&d,H? a,m edAÁawåwd um&aum/
tyÜ,kawåm y,kawåm 0g? o uwåmwd y0kpöwd/
*gxmjrefrm tMuifum&uonf jyKprG ;f Ekid af omuwåm;ukd trIü ,SOaf pwwf\?

xkdum&uukd a[wkuwåm;[lí qkdtyf\? tMuifum&uukd uH
jzpfíjzpfvQuv f nf; jyKv, G of nf jzpfí uwåm;[lí qkt d yf\? xku d m&uukd ur®
uwåm;[lí qkdtyf\/
*gxm a[wkuwåmwd uxdawm?
uwåKaem a,m ya,mZaum/
ur®uwåmwd okua&m?
ur®blawm uxD,aw}}wd/
apm'em apm'emOD;tHh (apma'rd) ]]oHa,ma*g Zm,aw}} þokt Yd p&So
d nf
wkdYü rdrdrjzpfrSDa&S;ü xif&Sm;r&Sdaom oHa,m*\jzpfjcif;Bud,m\
uwåm;\ tjzpfonf tb,fokdYjzpfoenf; þum; apm'emcsuf/
ygVd eEk p ]]oHa,ma*g Zm,aw}}wdtm'Dok uxH yka& toawm
ZeeBud,m, uwåKbma0g od,mwd¿/
tajzum; tajzukd qkt d yf\? o'´jy,k*of nf vlwt Ydk rSwjf zifh Ny;D onfomvQif
wnf;? rSe\ f C#paom0w¬K uu©Vpaom oabmtm;jzifh xif&mS ;
r&Sdaom ,kefcsKdponfukdvnf; oo 0domP paomo'´gonf a[mtyfonf\
tjzpfjzifh 0w¬Koabmtm;jzifh xif&Sm;&Sdaom w'syfuJhokdY ,lí vltrsm;onf
ac:a0:tyf\? tb,fhaMumifhenf; (uo®m) tMuifhaMumifh (,o®m) trnfukd
txl;MuaH omÓPfjzifh ,ltyfaom ynwfç y&rwftcsi;f t&muko d mvQif o'´gonf
a[mtyf\? C#paom0w¬K uu©Vpaom oabmuko d mvQif pifppf a[mtyfonf
r[kwf? 0w¬Koabmukdom a[mtyfonf&Sdaomf pu©Kpaom £aÈ´ç 0dnmOfç
tbdnmOfponfonf 0w¬Koabmukd rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif; csO;f ouJo h Ydk (ypöuu© &PH
0d,) ]]a&S;tcg r[mor®w rif;jzpfavNyçD aemuftcg ocFpBumF rif;jzpfvwåUH }} ,ck
ZrÁL'dwu f Re;f wpfaomif;&S\ d }}paom pum;ukd Mum;íjzpfaom okwr,ÓPf onf
0w¬Koabmukd rsufarSmufjyKjcif;\ vsOf;yg;jcif;onf¤if;? csKdU,Gif;aompum;ç
rSm;aomt,l&Sdaom 0g'ponfwkdY\ oabmrSefjzpfjcif;\ vsOf;yg;jcif;onf¤if;?
jzpf&m\? xkaYd Mumifh ÓPfjzifh Mut H yfaom ynwf\tpGr;f jzifv h nf; o'´g\ jzpfjcif;
onfvnf; jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdvQifxif&Sm;r&Sdaom oHa,m*ponf\vnf;
jzpfjcif;ud&,d m\ uwåKum&uonf jzpfonfomvQiw f nf;/ þum; tajzwnf;/
3/ um&uu@ 665
ygVd 0kpöawÞ avmuoauFwoda'¨g [d o'ýÜa,ma*g t0dZÆrmerÜd

[d avmaum o'´gbda",swm, 0dZrÆ meH 0d, *a[wGm a0g[&wd? 0duyÜA'k *d¨ [d-
wmuma&ma,0 [d oa'émbd", D awç e wk 0w¬Kobma0g? tnxm okwr,-
ÓaPeyd ypöau©e 0d, 0w¬Kobm0opäu d &PyÜoa*Fg p rkom0g' uk'|d 0d g'g'De-
rbm0yÜoa*Fg p od,m? wo®m Ak'yd¨ &duyÜw d ynwå0d aoeyd o'ý0Ü wåd a[mwDwd
toawm oHa,m*g'dóyd a[maw0 ZeeBud,m, uwåKum&uwmwd/
rOÆLomq&m tb,foq Ydk odk enf;[lrul m;-
ygVd r,m 0kwåó om"uH ,xm ud H 0peH rOÆLomp&da,m tm[/
jrefrm igonf qkt d yfaom pum;\ oufaowkid af jrmuf ,kMH unfavmuf-
aom rOÆLomq&monf qkdoenf;-
ygVd 0g ,xm a,e tmuma&e oHa,m*g'd uwåm? wxm awemuma&e
]]a0g[m&/y/ Zmwd,m}}wd tm[/
jrefrm tMuiftjcif;t&mjzifh oHa,m*ponfonf uwåm;wnf;? xkt d jcif;
t&mjzifh ]]a0g[m&/y/ Zmwd,m}}[lí qkd\/
*gxmjrefrm oo 0domPpaom o'´gonf orkwdynwfomvQif jzpf&m&Sd\?
zóponfuo hJ Ydk pifppf qwfqwf y&rwfomjzpf&m&So d nf r[kw?f
ynmjzifh MuHaom teufukd xkdo'´g\teuf[lí tjym;tm;jzifh qkdtyf\/
*gxm ]]a0g[m&0doa,m oa'´g? aeuEÅy&rw¬ad um/
Ak'¨douFyÜdawm taw¬m? wóaw¬mwd y0kpöwd/
*gxmjrefrm ÓPfjzifh ,ltyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh ,SOjf cif;onf tMuifah Mumifh
jzpf\? xkaYd Mumifh xif&mS ;r&So d nfomvQijf zpf\? ,SOjf cif;onf jzpf-
jcif; ud&d,m\ uwåm;onf jzpf\/ 0g- oHa,ma*g Zm,aw[lí ÓPfjzifh ,l-
tyfonf\tjzpfaMumifo h mvQif ,SOjf cif;onf jzpf\/
*gxm Ak'¨d,m *[dwwåm [d? oHa,ma*g Zm,aw £wd/
oHa,ma*g 0dZÆrmaem0? uwåm b0wd Zmwd,m}}wd/
jrefrm xkdok'üwåm;ü wwd,monf jzpf\/
ygVd wMw wwd,m/
ykpH H Zdaee a'odawm "ar®m/
jrefrm bk&m;onf w&m;ukd a[mtyf\/
½ly eeum; Zdevdiw

Zdaee f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;--um;? a,mu
a&mwd o uwåm okwjf zifh a[mjcif;teufudk Ny;D apwwfaom Zdeukd uwåm;-rSn?hf
uwå&d p okwfjzifh uwåm;teufü wwd,m{u0kpf em0dbwfouf? tawm aee
okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? e-cGi;f acs uyf? Zdaee
eeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Aka'ë Zdawm rma&m/
jrefrm bk&m;onf rm&fukd atmiftyf\/
½ly Aka'ëum; Ak'¨vid wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t[dem 'a|m ea&m/
jrefrm a>ronf vlukd ukduftyf\/
½ly t[d e mmum; t[dvid w f nf? em0dbwfouf? Ny;D \/
ykpH H Aka'ë aAm"dawm avmaum/
jrefrm bk&m;onf avmuukd odaptyf\/
½ly Aka'ëum; Ak'¨vid wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oa'¨[d um&dawm 0d[ma&m/
jrefrm uHç uH\tusKd;ukd ,kHMunfjcif;&SdukefaomolwkdYonf ausmif;ukd
aqmufvyk t f yf\/
½ly oa'¨ [ dum; o'¨vid w f nf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;--um;?
a,mu a&mwd o uwåm okwfjzifh a[mjcif;teufukd NyD;apwwfaom Zdeukd
uwåm;-rSnfh? uwå&d p okwfjzifh uwåm;teufü wwd,mA[k0kpf [d0dbwfouf?
'¨-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh '¨t
f pdwf t-ukd {jyK?
Yd yf? oa'¨[dum; Ny;D \/
'Äf sn;f {oku
0gpuonf a[mtyfaomuwåm;ü- wwd,mrjzpf/
ygVd tbd[daw e b0wd/
ykpH H u#H ua&mwd a'0'awåmç uma&wd 0g/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf tk;d ukjd yKvyk \
f ? wenf;um; jyKvyk af p\/
½ly a'0'awå mum; a'0'wåvid w f nf? onf[lí--aMumifh a[wk
uwåm;--um;? a,mu a&mwd o uwåm okwfjzifh a[mjcif;teufukd NyD;apwwf
aom Zdeukd uwåm;-rSnfh? uwå&d p okwfjzifh uwåm;wyg;ukd apckdif;wwfaom
a'0'wåukd a[wkuwåm;--rSnfh? tmvyae p okwfü po'´gjzifh a[wkuwåm;-ü
yXrm{u0kpf odouf? MojyK? cGi;f acs uyf? a'0'awåmum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 667
jrefrm wpfpw Hk pfck txl;okaYd &mufonfudk rSwaf Mumif;teufüÞ

ygVd £w¬rÇLwó vu©aPÞ
ykpH H om bdaEée oDaoe y*¢&aEÅe avm[dawe y#d0ó d umeH OZÑmayod/
jrefrm xku d mVDrnfaom uRerf onf uJaG omOD;acgif;&So d nf jzpfí (bdE-é
oDom [kwmG ) OD;acgif;uJv G aomf OD;acgif;uJjG cif;ü ,kpd ;D aom aoG;
&Sdonfjzpfí (y*¢&EÅ avm[dwm [kwGm) uJGaomOD;acgif;jzifh ,kdpD;aomaoG;jzifh
rSwt f yfaom (vu©w d m) xku d mVDrnfaom uRerf onf tdref ;D csi;f wku Yd dk (um½ku
d uf )H
rdrdtdrf&Sifukd (oómrduH) ("mwfuH) t,kwftm;jzifh ½Iap\? uJh&JUap\? apmif;
ajrmif;ap\/ (#DumESirhf nD)/
jrefrm ODeyOöAEäee yawåe tnH e0H ywåH apwmay,s? (ODeyOöAEäee
yawåm [kwGm) ig;zJGUatmuf ,kwfaom oydwf&Sdonf jzpfí
(aomaMumifh- &Sdaomf- jzifh) rSwftyfaom (vu©dawm) tMuif&[ef;onf (a,m
ye bdu©K) wpfyg;aom topfjzpfaom oydwfukd awmif;jim;tHh/
ykpH H wd'@aue y&dAmÁ Zur'ú/d©
jrefrm vSiw f o H ;Hk ckjzifh (uwåKa';jzif)h rSwt f yfaom (vu©w d m) y&dAZdk f
&[ef;ukd jrif\/
Bu, d m ty0*¾üÞ ty0a*¾Þ
ykpH H {uma[ae0 Am&mPod H yg,mod/
jrefrm wpfaeYcsi;f jzifv h Qif Am&mPoDoYdk a&muf\/
ykpH H e0[d rmao[d 0d[m&H ed|mayod/
jrefrm uk;d vwkjYd zifh ausmif;ukd Ny;D qk;H ap\/
ykpH H a,mZaee t"DwH Asmu&PH/
jrefrm ,lZemjzifh Asmu½kP;f usr;f ukd oif,\ l /
jrefrm Bud,my0*¾[o l nfum; Bu, d mukd vQipf mG Ny;D apjcif;wnf;/
ygVd Bud,my0a*¾gwd Bu, d m, tmokH y&de|d myeH/
ykAmÁ 'da,m*ü Þ ykAmÁ 'da,ma*Þ
ykpH H rmaoe ykaAÁm/ jrefrm wpfvjzifh a&S;ü jzpfoif\ h /
ykpH H ydw&m o'daom/ jrefrm tzESihf wl\/
ykpH H rmw&m oarm/ jrefrm trdEiS hf wl\/
ykpH H u[myaPe ODaem/ jrefrm tojymjzifh ,kwf\/

ykpH H "aee 0duavm/
jrefrm Opömjzifh csKUd \/ (þum; ODe|jy,k*)f
ykpH H todem uva[m/
jrefrm oefvQujf zifh vk,uf\/ oefvQuaf Mumifh cku d &f efjzpf\/
ykpH H tmpma&e edyak Pm/ jrefrm tusijhf zifh odraf rGU\/
ykpH H 0gpm, edykaPm/
jrefrm pum;jzifh odraf rGU\/ qk;H jzwfjcif;jzifh pifMu,f\/
ykpH H *kaVe rdóuH/ jrefrm wifvjJ zifh a&maESm\/
ykpH H wdave rdóuH/ jrefrm ESr;f jzifh a&maESm\/
ykpH H 0gpm, ocdavm/ jrefrm pum;jzifh ajyjypf jznf;ñSi;f \/
ykpH H rPdem taw¬m/ jrefrm ywåjrm;jzifh tvk&d \ Sd /
ykpH H "aee taw¬m/ jrefrm Opömjzifh tvk&d \ dS /
ykpH H ydw&m wkavsm/
jrefrm trESifhwl\/ (þum; tm'd t&wnf;)
umvt"Gew Yf üYdk Þ umv'¨gaeokÞ
ykpH H rmaoe bkOÆwd/
jrefrm wpfvjzifh wpfvywfv;Hk pm;\/
ykpH H a,mZae e *päwd/
jrefrm ,lZemjzifh ,lZemwkid w
f idk o
f mG ;\/
yXrmteufüÞ ypöawåÞ
ykpH H twåem0 twåmeH or®Eéwd/
jrefrm rdro
d nfyifvQif uk, d w f idk o
f nfyifvQif rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk orkw\
f /
uHteufü Þ ur®aw¬Þ
ykpH H wdav[d acawå 0ywd/
jrefrm ESrf;wkdYukd v,fü ysKd;\/
yOörtD eufüÞ yOör, d aw¬Þ
3/ um&uu@ 669
ykpH H okrkwåm r,H awe r[moraPe/

jrefrm igwko
Yd nf xk&d [ef;Bu;D a*gwrrS aumif;pGm vGwu
f ek Nf y/D
----------------
okwf 296/ o[m'da,ma* p/

okwjf refrm o[
o[tp&Sad omo'´gwk\ Yd t,SOf teufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm o[ o'¨d H orH emem 0dem tvH ud H þokt Yd p&Sod nfwEYdk iS hf ,SO&f mü
,SOfonf&Sdaomf vdifaemifrS wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd o[ o'¨d H orH emem 0demtvH udrad pö0rm'D[d a,ma* vd*rF mS
wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd? p oa'é o[aw¬yd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh o[o'´g\ teufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é o[aw¬y/d
jrefrm xko[ do[paomo'´
o[ gwkw Yd iG f o[o'´gESihf ,SOjf cif;onf Bu, d m *kPf
j'yf or0g,ü jzpf\/
ygVd ww¬ o[ o[oa'é a,ma*g Bud,m *kP 'AÁ or0ga, orÇ0wd/
ykpH H ,xmÞ 0dwauúe o[ 0wåwd/
jrefrm ykpH uH m;Þ 0dwufEiS whf uGjzpf\/ (Bu, d m)
ykpH H ykawåe o[ xlavm/
jrefrm om;ESifh wuG qlNzKd;\/ (*kP)f
ykpH H taEÅ0goduo'¨0d [ d m&dau[d o[ tmp&d,yk ZÑm,meH vmabm/
jrefrm edó,nf;,lwynfh OyZÑm,f,w l ynfw h EYdk iS w hf uG q&mOyZÑm,fwYdk
tm; vmbf&\/ (j'yf)
ykpH H edoD'd b*0g o'¨d H bdu©KoHaCe/
jrefrm bk&m;onf &[ef;oHCmESiw hf uG xkid af e\/
ykpH H o[aóe orH rdwm/
jrefrm wpfaxmifEiS t hf rQ EIid ;f &Snt hf yf\/
ykpH H oaAÁ[d ar yda,[d remay[d emembma0g 0dembma0g/
jrefrm cspftyfukefaom jrwfEkd;tyfukefaom tvkH;pkHaomolwkdYESifh ig\

igrS toD;oD;jzpfjcif; uif;íjzpfjcif;/
ykpH H oHaCm em0dyd *a*¾e OaygoxH ua&,s/
jrefrm oHCmonf **¾&[ef;½l;ESihf uif;ívnf; Oykou f dk jyK&m\/
ykpH H tvH aw £" 0gaoe/
jrefrm oift h m; þausmif;ü aejcif;onf roifh rtyf tusK;d r&S/d
ykpH H ud H ar {aue wdaPÖe? yk&daoe xmr'ódem/
jrefrm pGr;f tm;ukd jrpfavh&adS om a,mufsm;jzpfvQuv f nf; wpfa,muf
wnf;csnf; ul;ojzifh ightm; tb,ftusKd;&SdtHhenf;/
ykpH H ud H aw tZdeom#d,m/
jrefrm ynmrJah om &aohpOf;vJ oift h m; qHuspw
f jYdzk ifh tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;/
ykpH H ud H aw Zdeom#d,m/
jrefrm oift h m; cGgESiw hf uGaom opfeufa&ukd 0wfjcif;jzifh tb,ftusK;d
&St
d ehH nf;/
o[w¬Þ o[aw¬Þ
ykpH H a'0'awåm &mZ*[H yg0dod aumumvdaue ypämoraPe/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf aemufvu dk &f [ef;jzpfaom aumumvduESiw hf uG
&mZN*K[ d Nf rKUd okYd 0if\/
ykpH H 'kau©m Amav[d oH0gaom/
jrefrm olru dk w f EYdk iS whf uG aygif;azmf&jcif;onf qif;&Jjcif;\taMumif;jzpf\/
-----------------
okwf 297/ a[wGaw¬ p/

okwjf refrm [d w fteufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
jrefrm a,m*o'´gonf þokwüf vku
a,m* d \ f /
ygVd a,m*
a,m**¾[Prd[mEk0wåaw/
0kwjdå refrm [dwtf eufü¤if;? [dwt
f euf&adS omyk'Ef iS hf ,SO&f mü¤if;? vdiaf emifrS
wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
3/ um&uu@ 671
0kwydå gVd a[wGaw¬ç a[wGwy¬ Ü a,ma* p vd*rF mS wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/

t"dygÜ ,f wpkw H pfcak omtusK;d ukd jrifonf&adS omf ('da|) tEG, Asw&d w d t
f m;
jzifh jriftyfaom tusKd;ukd NyD;apjcif;iSg pGrf;Ekdifonf\tjzpf
wnf;[laom tMuiftaMumif;onf [dwfrnf\/ xkdtusKd;ukd NyD;apEkdifpGrf;aom
[dwo f nfyifvQif teufrnf\/ xk[ d wd tf eufü-
ygVd udo®dOö zav 'd|omrw¬d,H um&PH a[wk? aoma,0 taw¬m?
wo®d H a[wGaw¬/
ykpH H taEée 0owd/ jrefrm xrif;aMumifh ae\/
½ly taEé eum; tEévid w f nf? aMumifh[lí--aMumifh [dwf--um;? y&
ornm ya,ma* okwjf zifh tEéudk [dw-f -rSn?hf a[wGaw¬ p okwjf zifh [dwt f eufü
wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (tEé+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? Eé-
cGi;f acs uyf? taEéeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H "ar®e 0owd/ jrefrm w&m;aMumifh ae\/
½ly "ar®eum; "r®vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dZÆm, 0owd/ jrefrm twwfaMumifh ae\/
½ly 0dZÆm,,um; 0dZvÆ id wf nf? £w¬, d rawm--okwjf zifh 0dZ[
Æ al om £w¬d
vdif tum&EÅaemif tmypön;f ouf? (0dZ+Æ tm) ZÆ-cGi;f acs uyf? (0dZmÆ ) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ
aMumifh[lí--aMumifh [dwf--um;? y& ornm ya,ma* okwfjzifh 0dZÆmukd [dwf-
-rSn?hf a[wGaw¬ p okwjf zifh [dwt f eufü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (0dZmÆ +em)
ZÆ-cGi;f tm<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id u
f adk [maom tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm
em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk tm,jyK? acs uyf? 0dZÆm, Ny;D \/
*gxmjrefrm ,kwfaom trsKd;ü jzpfjcif;aMumifh ol,kwfonf rjzpf? jrwfaom

trsKd;üjzpfjcif;aMumifh ykPÖm;onf rjzpf? um,'kp½kdufpaom uH-
aMumifh ol,kwfonf jzpf\/ um,okp½kdufpaom uHaMumifh ykPÖm;onf jzpf\/
*gxm e Zpöm 0oavm a[mwd? e Zpöm a[mwd jAm[®aPm/
ur®Kem 0oavm a[mwd? ur®Kem a[mwd jAm[®aPm/
jrefrm ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh Opöm&S\d ? tusiafh Mumifh trsK;d jrwf\/
ygVd 'gaee abm*0g? tmpma& ukvD/
*gxmjrefrm tb,fokdYaom jrwfaomtusihfaMumifh oif\ vufonf tvkd&Sd

tyfaom 0w¬Kukd ay;wwfoenf;? tb,fokdYaom jrwfaom
tusif h aMumif h oif \ vuf o nf csKd N rd e f a umif ; jrwf a om 0w¬ K uk d
,kdxGufaptyfoenf;? tb,fokdYaom jrwfaomtusihfaMumifh oif\ oifhtm;
aumif;rItusK;d onf vufü jynfph o
Hk enf;/
*gxm aue ygPd umr'a'g aue ygPd r"kóa0g/
aue aw jA[®p&da,e? yknH ygPdrSd £ZÑwd/
½ly jA[®p&da,e
,eum; jA[®p&d,vdiw f nf? taEée½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
a[wGwy¬ a,m*ü Þ a[wGwy¬ a,ma* Þ
ykpH H aue edrad wåe/ jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h
ykpH H aue ya,mZaee/ jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h
ykpH H auea|e/ jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h
ykpH H aue a[wkem 0owd/
jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh aeoenf;/
½ly a[wkemmum; a[wkvid w f nf? a&SUtwkid ;f em0dbwfouf? Ny;D \/
---------------
okwf 298/ owårsaw¬ p/

okwjf refrm owårDteufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm owårDteufüvnf; vdiaf emifrS wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd owårsaw¬ p vd*FrSm wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f þowårsw¬ wwd,monf umvt"GeYf 'dom a'oponfwüYdk om
vQif jzpf\/
ygVd umv'¨ge'doma'om'Dok pm,H/
ykpH H awe ora,e/ jrefrm xktd cgü/
½ly awe
aweum; wvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;? a,m"ma&m
warmumoH okwjf zifh w-ukd Moumo-rSn?hf owårsaw¬ p okwjf zifh owårt
D eufü
wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (aw+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK?
w-cGi;f acs uyf? awe
aweum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 673
ykpH H awe umave/ jrefrm xktd cgü/

½ly awe
aweum; wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H umave "r®o0PH/
jrefrm avsmufywfaom tcgü w&m;emjcif;/
½ly umave
umaveum; umvvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aom a0g rrpöa,e ow¬m/
jrefrm xkd okwf tbd"r®n 0denf;onf igbk&m; vGefawmfrlaomtcg
oifwkdY\ q&monf jzpfvwåHU? (b0dówd)/
½ly rrpöa,e ,eum; rrpövid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmaoe/ jrefrm wpfvü pm;\/
½ly rmao
rmaoeeum; rmovdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,mZaee "m0wd/ jrefrm wpf,Zl emü ajy;oGm;\/
½ly a,mZaee
a,mZaeeum; a,mZevdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yk&w¬ad re "w&a|m/
jrefrm ta&SUt&yfü "w&|ewfrif;/
½ly yk&w¬darereum; yk&w¬rd vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'u©ad Pe 0d½Vl a§ um/
jrefrm awmift&yfü 0d½Vl u § ewfrif;/
½ly 'u©daPe Peum; 'u©P d vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ypäad re 0d½yl au©m/
jrefrm taemuft&yfü 0d½yl u©ewfrif;/
½ly ypädare
reum; ypärd vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Owåa&e uod0aEÅm/
jrefrm y&ukoed m#NrKUd rS ajrmuft&yfü uod0EÅNrKUd onf wnf\ (wd|wd)/
½ly Owåa&e &eum; Owå&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZaemCrya&e p/
jrefrm uod0EÅNrKUrS jyifyjzpfaom ajrmuft&yfüum; ZaemCNrKdUonf
wnf\ (wd|wd)/
½ly tya&e
tya&eum; ty&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,e b*0g awEkyouFrd £pöm'd/

jrefrm tMuift&yfü bk&m;onf&\ dS (tw¬)d xkt
d &yfoYdk csO;f uyf\/ þokYd
tp&So
d nfwnf;/
½ly a,e
a,eum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
----------------
okwf 299/ a,e*F0duma&m/

okwjf refrm tMuiftemtp&Sad om tpdwjf zifh taygif;\ azmufjyefjcif;ukd rSwf
tyf\ (vu©, d aw)? xkt d pdwüf (ww¬) wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tem&Sad om tMuiftpdwjf zifh tpdw&f adS om uk, d \f azmufjyefaom
tjcif;t&mukd rSwt f yf\? xkad zmufjyefaom tjcif;t&mtpdwüf
wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,e Asm"drwm ta*Fe t*Øaem 0duma&m vu©D,aw? ww¬
wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
0d*[ ¾ þokwfüvnf; xkdukd,ftm; vufpaom tpdwfonf &Sd\ (tw¬d)
xkdYaMumifh t*Frnf\/ ukd,fukd&tyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p t*Fró tw¬Dwd t*ø? o&D&H/
ykpH H tu©dem umaPm/ jrefrm rsupf jd zifh urf;\/
½ly tu©demmum; tu©v d id wf nf? jzif[ h í
l --aMumifh t*F0u d m&vu©P--
um;? y&ornm--okwfjzifh tu©dukd t*F0dum&vu©P-rSnfh? a,e*F0duma&m
d m&vu©P-ü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? tu©demmum; Ny;D \/
okwjf zifh t*F0u
ykpH H [aw¬e ukPD/ jrefrm vufjzifh aumuf\/
½ly [aw¬ eum; [w¬vid w f nf? emouf? {ejyK? cGif; acs uyf? NyD;\/
ykpH H yga'e caOÆm/ jrefrm ajcjzifh cGiaf omol/
½ly yga'e
yga'eum; yg'vdiw f nf? emouf? {ejyK? cGi;f acs uyf? Ny;D \/
ykpH H yd|,d m ckaZÆm/ jrefrm ausmufuek ;f jzifh uke;f \/
½ly yd|d,mmum; yd|v d id wf nf? jzif[h íl --aMumifh t*F0u d m&vu©P--um;?
y&ornm--okwjf zifh tu©u d dk t*F0u d m&vu©P-rSn?hf a,e*F0u d ma&m okwjf zifh
3/ um&uu@ 675
t*F0dum&vu©P-ü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (yd|d+em) |-cGif; £-<uif;? aw

£w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifukda[maom £ukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh
Yd yf? yd|d,mmum; Ny;D \/
yaemifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk ,mjyK? |fAsn;f £oku
----------------
okwf 300/ 0daooae p/

okwjf refrm 0daooeteufüvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0d*[
¾ þa*gwåponfjzifh txl;jyKtyfaom 0w¬K? txl;jyKtyf\? txl;
jyKwwf\? xkaYd Mumifh txl;jyKaMumif;jzpfaom owåad Mumifh 0daooe
rnf\/ tEG,fponfukd &tyf\ (vAÇwd)/
ygVd 0daooD,wd 0daoodwAÁH taeemwd 0daooeH? a*gwåm'd/
0kwjdå refrm tEG,f emrf Zmwf twwf t&G,f *kP[ f q
k t
dk yfaom xk0d ad ooe
teufü wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®d H a*gwåemrZmwdodyÜ0a,m*kPocFgaw 0daooeaw¬
wwd,m0dbwåd a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh yuwdyk'fponfwkdYaemifrSvnf; wwd,m0dbwfonf
jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é yuwdtm'D[d p/
ykpH H a*gawåe a*gwarm emaxm/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf tEG,t f m;jzifh a*gwr[laom trnfawmf&\ dS /
½ly a*gawå eum; a*gwåvid w f nf? jzifh[í l --aMumifh 0daooe--um;?
y&ornm--okwjf zifh a*gwåudk bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-rSn?fh 0daooae p okwjf zifh
bdEém'du&P0daooe-ü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (a*gwå+em) tawm aee
okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? wå-cGi;f acs uyf? a*gawåeum; Ny;D \/
*gxmjrefrm xkdrax&fonf om&dykwå&m[laom trnftm;jzifh ausmfaZm\?
ynmvnf;&S\ d bk&m;&Sio
f nf Zmwftm;jzifh rif;rsK;d wnf;/ avmuü
wkbufjzpfaom yk*K¾ v d rf &S/d
*gxm om&dykawåmwd emare? 0dókawm yn0g p aom/
Zmwd,m cwåda,m Aka'¨g? avmau tyÜ#dyk*¾avm/
½ly emare
emareum; emrvdiw f nf? a*gawåeESihf enf;wlwu G /f
*gxmjrefrm Zmwftm;jzifh arG;zGm;onfrS ckEpS Ef pS o f m&Sad o;aom ckEpS Ef pS o
f m&S-d
ao;vQuf xkad eYom &Sijf yKonfjzpfaom jzpfvQu?f xko d mraPi,f
onfvnf; ighukd qkH;rjim;tHh xkdtqkH;trukd (wH) OD;acgif;jzifh cHtHh/
*gxm w'[k yAÁZdawm oaEÅm? Zmwd,m owå0ódaum/
aomyd rH tEkomao,s? orÜ#dpämrd rw¬au/
½ly Zmwd,mmum; Zmwdvid w f nf? jzifh[í l --aMumifh 0daooe--um;?
y&ornm--okwjf zifh Zmwdudk bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-rSn?fh 0daooae p okwjf zifh
bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-ü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (Zmwd+em) w-cGi;f £-<uif;?
y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom em0dbwfukd ,mjyK? wfAsnf;
£oku Yd yf? Zmwd,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H odayÜe eVuma&m aom/
jrefrm twwftm;jzifh xkdolonf usLx&Honform;wnf;/
½ly odayÜeum; odyv Ü id wf nf? a*gawåe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H {ulewd Haom 0,om/
jrefrm t&G,t f m;jzifh ESpqf ,fu h ;dk ESp&f \
dS /
½ly 0,om
0,omum; 0,vdiw f nf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh 0daooe--um;?
y&ornm--okwjf zifh 0,ukd bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-rSn?fh 0daooae p okwjf zifh
bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-ü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? (0,+em) raem*Pm'dawm
od® eH me rdtm okwjf zifh 0,[laom raem*kP d ;f yk'af emifraS ESmif;aom em0dbwfudk
tmjyK? (0,+tm) o oa& 0g *arm okwfjzifh aemufem0dbwf tmtjyKaESmif;-
aomaMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? 0,om 0,omum; NyD;\/
ykpH H 0dZÆm, om"k/ jrefrm twwfjzifh aumif;\/
½ly 0dZÆm,
,um; 0dZv Æ id wf nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (0dZmÆ ) w'¨w d
emrfiJh? jzifh[íl --aMumifh 0daooe--um;? y&ornm--okwfjzifh 0dZÆmukd bdEém'd
u&P0daooe-rSn?fh 0daooae p okwjf zifh bdEmé 'du&P0daooe-ü wwd,m
{u0kpf em-ouf? (0dZÆm+em) ZÆ-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd CrSnfh?
Cawm em'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom em0dbwfukd tm,jyK? acs uyf?
0dZÆm, ,um; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 677
ykpH H ynm, om"k/ jrefrm ynmjzifh aumif;\/

½ly ynm,
ynm,um; ynvdiw f nf? tmypönf;ouf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wyom Owåarm/ jrefrm tusit hf m;jzifh jrwf\/
½ly wyom
wyomum; wyvdiw f nf? 0,om½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ok0aPÖe tbd½al yg/
jrefrm aumif;aomtqif;jzifh tvGet f qif;vS\/
½ly ok0aPÖeum; ok0PÖvid w f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yuwd,m tbd½layg/
jrefrm jyuawhtm;jzifh tvGet f qif;vS\/
½ly yuwd,mmum; yuwdvid w f nf? Zmwd,m½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a,bka,se rwådum/

jrefrm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajrnuf&adS om ajr/
½ly a,bka,se ,seum; a,bk,svid w f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oare "m0wd/
jrefrm nDñw G o f jzifh ajy;\/
½ly oare
oareum; orvdiw f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0doare "m0wd/
jrefrm rnDñw G o f jzifh ajy;\/
½ly 0doareareum; 0dorvdiw f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'dGa'gaPe "nH udPmwd/
jrefrm ESppf w
d jf zifh pyg;ukd 0,f\/
½ly 'dGa'gaPe
'gaPeum; 'daG 'gPvdiw f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H o[aóe tóau udPmwd £pöm'd/
jrefrm wpfaxmifjzifh jrif;wku Yd dk 0,f\? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly o[aóe
o[aóeum; o[óvdiw f nf? odayÜe½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
wwd,m0dbwsw¬ab' NyD;\/
------------------------
pwkw¬D0dbwsw¬ab'
ar; tb,fteufü pwkw0D¬ b d wfoufoenf;¿/
ygVd uo®d H taw¬ pwkw¬D¿/
---------
okwf 301/ orÜ'gae pwkw¬D/

okwjf refrm orÜ'geum&uü pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm orÜ'geum&uü vdiaf emifrS pwkw0D¬ b
d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd orÜ'geum&au vd*FrSm pwkw¬D0dbwåd a[mwd/
ar; tb,fum&uonfvQif orÜ'gefrnfoenf;¿/
ygVd udOö orÜ'geH¿/
---------------
okwf 302/ ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH/

okwjf refrm tMuif&[ef;tp&Sad om um&utm;vnf; ay;jcif;iSg tvk&d \ dS /
tMuif&[ef;tp&Sad om um&utm;vnf; wifw h ,f\/ a'0'wf
tp&Sdaom um&utm;vnf; aqmif\/ xkd&[ef;tp&Sdaomum&u a'0'wf
tp&Sad omum&uonf orÜ'gef[al omtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifum&utm;vnf; ay;jcif;iSgtvk&d \ dS ? tMuifum&utm;-
vnf; wifhw,f\? tMuifum&utm;vnf; aqmiftyf\? xkd
um&uonf orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,ó 0g 'gwkumarmç ,ó 0g a&mpawç ,ó 0g "m&,aw?
wH um&uH orÜ'geonH a[mwd/
0d*[
¾ xku
d m&utm; aumif;pGmylaZmfvçdk cs;D ajrm§ ufví dk ay;tyf\/ xkod Ydk
ay;&mjzpfaomowåad Mumifh xku
d m&uonf orÜ'gefrnf\? cHwwf
aom 0w¬Kukd &tyf\/ (vAÇwd)/
ygVd or®m y'D,aw tómwd orÜ'geH? y#d*g¾ [aum/
3/ um&uu@ 679
orÜ'gef 3-rsK;d xkod rÜ'gefonf ay;tyfaom 0w¬Kudk rjrpfjcif; awmifw h jcif;

ESpof ufjcif;wk\
Yd tpGr;f jzifh oH;k yg;tjym;&S\d /
ygVd wH ye wd0"d H 'd,srmeómed0g&PaZÑoemEkrwd0aoe/
ykpH H ,xmÞ Ak'¨ó ykyæH ,Zwd/
jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ bk&m;tm; yef;ukd ylaZmf\/
½ly Ak ' ¨ óum; Ak'¨vid wf nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó
'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH okwfjzifh Ak'ükd orÜ'gef-rSnfh?
orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef-ü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (Ak'+¨ o) om*arm
ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsn;f ooku Yd yf? Ak'¨ó Ny;D \/
ykpH H aAm"d½u k ó© ZvH ''gwd/
jrefrm aAm"dyiftm; a&ukd avmif;\/
½ly aAm"d½ku©óum; aAm"d½u k v
© id w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H taZÑoaeÞ ,mpumeH "eH ''gwd/

jrefrm wkdufwGef;jcif;üÞ olawmif;pm;wkt Yd m; Opömukd ay;\/
½ly ,mpumeHum; ,mpuvdiw f nf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--
um;? ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH okwjf zifh ,mpuukd
orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef-ü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (,mpu+
eH) u-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dokp okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh uftpdwf tukd
tm'DCjyK? ufAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? ,mpumeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tEkrwd,HÞ bduL© eH 'geH a'wd/
jrefrm cGifhjyKjcif;üÞ &[ef;wkt Yd m; tvSLukd ay;vSL\/
½ly bdu©LeHum; bduK© vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm tb,fpum;ukd qkdoenf;[lrlum;- ]]ted&m/y/ bdu©a0g}}[lí
bk&m;a[mawmfr\ l /
ygVd ,xm[/
*gxmjrefrm rjrpfjcif; awmif;í&onfudk ESpo f ufjcif;? rawmif;yJ&onfudk ESpf
oufjcif;\tpGrf;jzifh orÜ'gefukd okH;yg;tjym;&Sd\[lí qkdtyf\/
ykHpHum; ½ku© ,mpu bdua© 0g [lonfwnf;/
*gxm ]]ted&mu&Pm&m"-emAÇEn k 0aoe [d/

orÜ'geH wd"m 0kwåH? ½ku© ,mpu bdu©a0g}}wd/
ar; 'gwkumarmmarm[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz rif;\ 'Pf ('kw)f ukad y;\? þokpYd aomykpH w H üYdk orÜ'gefu onmukd
jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\d /
ygVd 'gwkumarmmarmwd ud ¿H &anm '@H ''gwd (£wdtm'Dok ed0g&Pw¬)H /
wifw h ,fjcif;ponfwüYdk Þ a&mpem'Dok yeÞ
a&mpem
ykpH H orPó a&mpaw opöH/
jrefrm &[ef;tm; 0pDopömonf wifhw,f\/
½ly orPó
orPóum; orPóvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--
um;? ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH okwjf zifh orPukd
orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef-ü ½kp"mwf\t,SOf a&mpeo'´g\
,SOf&mü pwkw¬D {u0kpf o-ouf? (orP+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh aemuf
o0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? orPó orPóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rm,o®EÅmerÜd oHCaba'g ½kpödw¬/
jrefrm t&Siw f tYdk m;vnf; oHCmuJjG ym;jcif;ukd rESpo f ufMuukev f if/h
½ly tm,o®EÅmeHum; tm,o®EKÅ vid w f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef-
-um;? ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH okwjf zifh tm,o®EKÅ udk
orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef-ü ½kp"mwf\t,SOf a&mpeo'´g\
,SO&f mü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (tm,o®EKÅ +eH) EÅ-cGi;f O-<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok
p okwfjzifh eH0dbwfaMumifh EÅKypönf;\tpdwf Oukd t-jyK? (tm, ,o®EÅf+t+eH)
okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfaMumifh EÅftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? EÅfAsnf;
tmoku Yd yf? tm,o®EÅmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,óm ,o®awm crwd/
jrefrm oufawmf&n S af om tMuift&Sit hf m; ESpo f uftyf\/
½ly tm,o®awm wmum; tm,o®EKÅ vid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef-
-um;? ,ó 'gwkumarm a&mpaw "m&,aw 0g wH orÜ'geH okwjf zifh tm,o®EKÅ udk
orÜ'gef-rSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gef-ü crk"mwf\ ,SOf&mü pwkw¬D
{u0kpf o-ouf? (tm,o®EKÅ +o) awmwdwm oo®d eH mok okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf
3/ um&uu@ 681
aMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG awmjyK? tm,o®awm

wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a'0'wåó ok0PÖpw ä Hå "m&,aw ,n'awåm/
jrefrm ,n'wfonf a'0'wftm; a&TxD;ukd aqmif;rkd;\/
½ly a'0'wåóum; a'0'wåvid w f nf? '&"mwf\t,SOf aqmif;rk;d jcif;
teufü oouf? of-vm? uyf? a'0'wåóum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]orÜ'gef[al omyk'o f nf¤if;ç 0g[laomyk'}f }onf¤if; vku
d \
f /
ygVd ]]orÜ'geHç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 303/ odvmC [Ek Xm oy "m& yd[ uk" 'k[ad ómol, &m"du©
ypömokP tEkywd*P d ykAuÁ wåma&mpew¬w'w¬ wkrw¬mvrw¬ rnmem'&yÜgPded
*wsw¬ur®ed tmodow¬ or®Kwd bd,sowårsaw¬ok p/
okwjf refrm odvmC mC"mwf [Ek"mwf Xm Xm"mwf oy
oy"mwf "[m&"[m&"mwf yd[ "mwf
uk""mwf 'k["mwf £ó £ó"mwf Ool,"mwf tm tma&S;&Sad om ok"mwf tEk a&S;&Sad om
a*
a*"mwf ywda&S;&Sdaom a* a*"mwf a&S;jzpfaom Bud,m\ uwåm;? tm a&S;&Sdaom
½k Z"mwf xkdokdYaomBud,m\tusKd; wkHypönf;teuf tvHo'´g\teuf rnwd
tem'& tygPdteuf þokdYaom "mwfteuf t,SOfü¤if;? *wdteuf &Sdaom
"mwfw\ Ydk uHü¤if;? awmifw h jcif;teuf&adS om o'´g\t,SOf orkwo d '´g\ t,SOf
bd,so'´g\ t,SOf owårDteufwkdYü¤if; orÜ'gef[laom trnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
wenf;- cs;D rGr;f jcif;teuf&adS om odvmC"mwf\t,SO?f y,fjcif;
teuf&adS om [Ek"mwf\t,SO?f qnf;uyfvyk af uR;jcif;teuf&adS om Xm"mwf\
t,SO?f opömjyKjcif;teuf&adS om oy"mwf\t,SO?f Opömacs;jcif;teuf&adS om "&
"mwf\t,SOf? awmifhwjcif;teuf&Sdaom yd["mwf\t,SOf? trsufxGufjcif;
teuf&adS om uk""mwf\t,SO?f jynfjh cif; oufvjdk cif;teuf&adS om 'k["mwf\
t,SO?f ñlpjl cif;teuf&adS om £ó"mwf\t,SOf apmif;ajrmif;csKycf s,jf cif;teuf
&Sdaom Ool,"mwf\t,SOf ESpfoufjcif; jypfrSm;jcif;teuf&Sdaom &m""mwf\
t,SOf ½Ijcif; rSwfjcif;teuf&Sdaom £u©"mwf\t,SOf ywda&S; tma&S;&Sdaom
ok"mwf? tEka&S; ywda&S;&Sad om a*"mwf\ a&S;jzpfaom Bu, d m\uwåm; Mum;jcif;
teuf&adS om "m"mwft,SO?f xkx d Bdk u,
d mtusK;d wkyH pön;f teuf tvHo'´g\teuf
atmufarhjcif;ESi, hf OS af om r½kad otyfaom owå0g[laomteufü¤if;? *wdteuf

&Sdaom"mwf\ uHü¤if;? awmifhwjcif;teuf orkwdo'´g\t,SOf bd,so'´g\
t,SOf owårt D eufü¤if; jzpfaom (y0wå)H xku d t
H p&Sad omum&uonf orÜ'gef
[laomtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm þokwo f nf av;yk'&f \ dS ? odvmC"mwfonf cs;D rGr;f jcif;teufü
jzpf\ (ba0)? wenf;- cs;D rGr;f jcif;teufüjzpfaom (y0wåó) odvm
C"mwf\ (odvmCó) t,SOüf (ya,ma*) jzpfaom (y0wå)H tMuifum&uonf
(,H um&uH) &Sd\ (tw¬d) xkdum&uonf (wH um&uH) orÜ'geftrnf&Sdonf
(orÜ'geonm) jzpf\? [Ek"mwfonf y,fjcif;teufü Xm"mwfonf vm;jcif;rS
epfjcif;teufü oy"mwfonf qJjcif;teufü "&"mwfonf aqmifjcif;teufü
yd,"mwfonf vkcd siaf wmifw h jcif;ü jzpf\ (ba0)? þokYd xku d Eëpaomteufü
jzpfuek af om odvmCpaom "mwfw\ Ydk t,SOüf ¤if;? uk""mwfonf trsux f u G jf cif;
teufü "k["mwfonf oufvkdjcif;teufü £ó"mwfonf jiLpljcif;teufü
Ool,"mwfonf tjypfukdxifpGmjyKjcif;ü þokdY xkdaumypaomteufü jzpfukef
aom uk"paom"mwfwkdY\¤if;? xkduk"paom"mwfwkdY\ aumypaomteufukd
a[mavh&Sdukefaom aumypaom"mwfwkdY\¤if;? t,SOfü¤if;? &m""mwfonf
ñSi;f qJjcif; ESpof ufjcif;wküYd ¤if;? £u©"mwfonf ½IijhJ cif; rSwjf cif;wküYd jzpf\ (ba0)?
þokdY [d H o'¨ponfüjzpfukefaom &m""mwfponfwkdY\t,SOfü¤if;? ywda&S;
tma&S;&Sv d Quf (Bu, d m0daooe) ywda&S; tma&S;&Sad om (ypöxufü q|D) ok"mwf\
(q|Davmy) emjcif; þemjcif;üjzpfaom þok"mwf\¤if;? tEka&S; ywda&S;&Sad om
a*"mwf\ toH[laomteufü þo'´teufüjzpfaom a*"mwf\vnf; a&S;
Bu, d m\ uwåm;onf¤if;? (0g) {wH[al omuH\ a&S;üjzpfaom bduK© [al om uwåm;
onf¤if;? tma&S;&Sdaom ½kZ"mwf\t,SOf ½kZ"mwfteuf&Sdaom 0d'ponf\
t,SOüf ¤if;? xkx d Bdk u, d m\tusK;d ü¤if;? wkyH pön;f teufü¤if;? tvHo'´g tvHteuf
&Sdaomo'´g\t,SOfü¤if;? atmufarhjcif; Bud,mESifh,SOfaom r½kdaotyfaom
owå0gr[kwaf omteufü¤if;? *wdteuf&adS om "mwfw\ Ydk uHü¤if;? awmifw h jcif;
teuf&adS omo'´g\ t,SOüf ¤if;? orkwo d '´g\t,SOf bd,so'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;?
owårt D eufü¤if;? þqkt d yfNy;D aomteufwüYdk jzpfaom (y0wå)H tMuifut H p&Sd
aom um&uonf &S\ d ? xkud tH p&Sad om um&uonf orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
3/ um&uu@ 683
0kwydå gVd pwkyÜ'rd'H/ od v mC uw¬aeç [Ek tye,aeç Xm *wded0wårSdç

oy tauúmaoç "& "m&aPç 0d [ £päm,H £apöawoH "mwleH ya,ma*ç uk "
aumayç 'k[ ZdCH om,Hç £ó £óm,Hç Ool, a'gom0du&aP £apöawoH
w'w¬0gpDeOö "mwleH ya,ma* p &m" [d o H moH&ma"okç £u© 'óeauFow l d
£aroH ya,ma* p ywd tm tmykAÁó ok o0aPwd £ró p tEk y wdykAÁó
a*
a*oa'´wd £ró p ykAÁuwåm p tma&mpew¬yÜa,ma*ç w'aw¬ç wkraw¬ç
tvrw¬yÜa,ma* p rnwdyÜa,ma* tem'a& tyÜgPded p *wsw¬meH ur®ed p
tmodow¬yaÜ ,ma* p or®Kwd bd,syaÜ ,ma*ok p owårsaw¬ pmwd wH ur®m'd-
um&uH orÜ'geonH a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gukd ,SOfjcif;aMumifh apjcif;Bud,m\t,SOf uyÜwdBud,m\
t,SOf ya[mwdBud,m\t,SOf OyrmjyKjcif; Bud,m\t,SOf
vuftkyfcsDjcif;Bud,m\t,SOf zmokBud,m\t,SOf tw¬o'´g\t,SOf ao,s
tp&Sdaomo'´gwkdY\t,SOfüvnf; a&S;odvmC"mwf ponfwkdY\t,SOfüuJhokdY
pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´*[ ¾ aPe y[dPwd uyÜwd ya[mwd OyrmOÆvu d &P zmok
tw¬ao,syÜbkwda,ma* p yka& 0d, pwkw¬D/
jrefrm odvmC mC"mwfponfw\ Ydk t,SOüf a&S;OD;pGm tpOfojzifh O'g[½kPf
ukd odtyf\ (O'g[&PH a0'dwAÁH)/
ygVd odvmCm'dyÜa,ma* wm0Þ
ykpH H Ak'¨ó odvmCaw/
jrefrm bk&m;tm; cs;D rGr;f \/
½ly Ak'¨óum; Ak'v ¨ id w
f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh cs;D rGr;f jcif;teuf&adS om odvmC"mwf\t,SOf cs;D rGr;f &m Ak'u ¨ dk
orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬D {u0kpf o-ouf?
(Ak'¨+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh ofvm? uyf? Ak ' ¨ óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H OyZÑm,ó odvmCaw? axmarwDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm OyZÑm,fq&mtm; cs;D rGr;f \? cs;D rGr;f \ þum; teufwnf;/
½ly OyZÑm,ó
OyZÑm,óum; OyZÑm,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H [Ekaw r,Sar0/
jrefrm ightm;omvQif tjypfukd y,f\? vSnfhywf\ pum;rqkd/
½ly r,SHum; trSvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh y,fjcif;teuf&adS om [Ek"mwf\t,SOf y,f&m trSudk orÜ'gef
rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (trS+o)
wk,HS r,SOö okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
r,SjH yK? r,S Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H [Ekaw wk,Sar0? tyvywDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm oifhtm;omvQif pum;rqkd? pum;rqkd þum;teufwnf;/
½ly wk , S Hum; wkrv
S id w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Oywda|,s ousyw k må eH 0¹ku/D
jrefrm vuform;onf omuD0ifrif;om;wkdYtm; qD;uyf&m\/
½ly ousykwåmeHum; ousyw k v
å id wf nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef-
-um;? odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh teD;uyfvyk af uR;jcif;teuf&adS om Oya&S;&Sad om
Xm"mwf\t,SOf teD;uyfvyk af uR;&m ousyw k uå dk orÜ'gefrn S ?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (ousyw k +å eH) oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh
eH0b d wfaMumifh a&SUwåtf pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ousykwåmeHum; Ny;D \/
t"dygÜ ,f þjy,k*üf vnf; Oy|mernfonfum; teD;okYd uyfjcif;yifwnf;/

ygVd {w¬ p Oy|meH emr Oy*reH/
ykpH H bduK© ó bkOrÆ meó ygeDa,e 0g 0d"yl aee 0g Oywda|,s/
jrefrm qGr;f pm;aom &[ef;tm; aomufa&jzif¤h if;? ,yfavcufojzif¤h if;?
teD;üuyfvQuf vkyaf uR;jim;tH/h
½ly bd u © K ó
óum; bdu©Kvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh teD;uyfvyk af uR;jcif;teuf&adS om Xm"mwf\t,SOf
teD;uyfvyk af uR;&m bduK© udk orÜ'gefrn
S ?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw¬D {u0kpf o-ouf? (bdu©K+o) of-vm? uyf? bd u © K ó óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wk,SH oyaw/ jrefrm oifhtm; usdef\/
½ly wk,SHum; wkrv S id w
3/ um&uu@ 685
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh usdefqkdjcif;teuf&Sdaom oy"mwf\t,SOf usdefqkd&m wkrSukd

(wkrS+o) wk,SH r,SOö okwfjzifh aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG wk,jHS yK? wk , S Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H r,SH oyaw/ jrefrm ightm; usdef\/
½ly r,S Hum; trSvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
t"dygÜ ,f þjy,k*üf um; used jf cif;rnfonfum; opömjyKjcif;wnf;/
ygVd { w¬ p oyeH emr opö&uPH/
"&"mwf\t,SOüf Þ "m&,wdyaÜ ,ma*Þ
jrefrm Opöm&Sio f nfomvQif orÜ'gefrnf\/
ygVd "edauma,0 orÜ'geH/
ykpH H ok0PÖH aw "m&,aw? £PH "m&,wDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm oifth m; a&Tudk Nr\
D tpGr;f jzifh ,l\? Nru D dk ,l\? þum; teufwnf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id wf nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh aqmifEiS ;f jcif;teuf&adS om "&"mwf\t,SOf aqmifEiS ;f &m wkru S dk
(wkr+S o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh aemuf{u0kpo f 0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh
ykpH H wó &anm r,H em*H "m&,mr/
jrefrm xkdrif;tm; igwkdYonf qifukd aqmif,lcJhukef\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh aqmif,jl cif;teufü &mZukd orÜ'gefrn S ?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh
orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? &mZó &anm &mZd aem ao okwjf zifh
aemufo0dbwfaESmif;aomaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG
&anmjyK? &anm&anmum; Ny;D \/
yd[yÜya,m*üÞ yd[yÜa,ma*Þ
jrefrm awmifwh tyfaomolonfomvQif orÜ'gefrnf\/
ygVd £päad wma,0/
ykpH H a'0gyd wó yd[,EÅd wm'daem/
jrefrm vmbm vmb ponfwoGef avmu'PfaMumifh azmufjyefr&Sd
wm'd*P k Ef iS jhf ynfph aHk om xk&d [EÅmtm; ewfwo Ydk nf awmifw
h uke\ f /
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh awmifw h jcif;teuf&adS om yd["mwf\t,SOüf wukd orÜ'gefrn S ?hf
orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (w+o) om*
armao okwfjzifh of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? wó wóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a'0gyd awoH yd[,EÅd? orÁK'¨geH owDrwH? yaw¬EÅDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm owd&Sdukefaom xkdbk&m;&SifwkdYtm; ewfwkdYonfvnf; awmifhw-
ukef\ þum;teufwnf;/
½ly orÁK'¨geHum; orÁK'¨vid w f nf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh awmifw h jcif;teuf&adS om yd["mwf\t,SOüf orÁK'u ¨ dk
orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬D A[k0kpf eH-ouf?
(orÁK'+¨ eH) '¨-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh a&SU '¨t
f pdwf
t-ukd tm'DCjyK? 'Äf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? orÁK'¨geHum; Ny;D \/
aum"tp&Sad omteufw\ Ydk t,SOüf Þ

aum"m'dtw¬meH ya,ma*Þ
jrefrm tMuifolUukd pJGí trsufxGuftyf\? xkdol\ orÜ'gefrnfonf
jzpf\/
ygVd ,H ywd aumayg? wó orÜ'geonm a[mwd/
ykpH H wó ukZÑ r[m0D&? ,'dwH wó ukayÜ,sH/
jrefrm Bu;D aomvkv
YH &Sad om &Si&f aoh xkrd if;tm; trsux
f u
G af vmh? igonf
xkdtvrÜ,ftm; tu,fí trsufxGufjim;tHh/
½ly wó
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh trsufxGufjcif;teuf&Sdaom uk""mwf\t,SOfü wukd
(w+o) om*arm ao okwfjzifh of-vm? uyf? wó wóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'k[,wd 'domeH araCm/
3/ um&uu@ 687
jrefrm rkd;onf t&yfrsufESmwkdYtm; jynfh\? zsuf\/

½ly 'd o meHum; 'dovdiw f nf? £w¬d,rawm--okwfjzifh 'do[laom
£w¬dvdif tum&EÅaemif tmypönf;ouf? o-cGif; acs uyf? ('dom) w'¨dwemrfiJh?
wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh zsuq f ;D jcif; teuf
&Sdaom 'k["mwf\t,SOfü 'domukd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh
orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? ('dom+eH) 'domeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,m rdwåmeH e 'kAÇwd/
jrefrm tMuifoo l nf taqGcifyeG ;f wktYd m;/
½ly rdwåmeHum; rdwåvid wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wdw¬d,m £óEÅd orPmeH/
jrefrm wdw¬dwkdYonf &[ef;wkdYtm; jiLplukef\/
½ly orPmeHum; orPvdiw f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh jiLpljcif;teuf&adS om £ó"mwf\t,SOüf orPukd
orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬D A[k0kpf eH-ouf?
(orP+eH) P-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wfaMumifh a&SUPf
tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? PfAsnf; tmokdYuyf? orPmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'kZeÆ m *kP0EÅmeH Ool,EÅ/d

jrefrm ol,w k w f o Ydk nf *kP&f u
dS ek af om olwt Ydk m; apmif;ajrmif;csKycf s,u f ek \
f /
½ly *kP0EÅmeHum; *kP0EÅKvid w f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh Ool,"mwf\t,SOüf *kP0EÅKudk orÜ'gefrn S ?hf orÜ'gae
pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬D A[k0kpf eH-ouf? (*kP0EÅK+eH) EÅ-cGif; O-
<uif;? EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwjf zifh eH0b d wfaMumifh EÅKypön;f \tpdwf Oukd t-jyK?
oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh a&SUEÅf tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? EÅAf sn;f
tmoku Yd yf? *kP0EÅmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H um Ool,m 0dZmewH/
jrefrm ynm&Sw d tYdk m; csKycf s,jf cif;onf tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;/
½ly 0dZmewHum; 0dZmeEÅvid w f nf? wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh Ool,"mwf\t,SOüf 0dZmeEÅudk orÜ'gefrn S ?hf orÜ'gae
pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (0dZmeEÅ+eH) aoaookEKÅ 0

okwjf zifh eH0b
d wfaMumifh EÅypön;f ukd EÅKypön;f uku d o
hJ iYdk ?hJ eHrw
dS H 0g okwjf zifh eH0bd wf
aMumihf tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG wHjyK? 0dZmewHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm &m""mwf £u©"mwf\t,SOfü tMuifum&utm; rdrjd yKtyf-
aom trIudk qkad pjcif;iSg tzefwvJvJ ar;tyf\/ (wó orÜ'ge
onm a[mwd) xkdum&utm; orÜ'geftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/ 0go'´gvkdufaom
aMumifh 'kwd,m0dbwfonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd &m"duy© aÜ ,ma* ,ó 0dypk eä H ur®0cd smyew¬?H 0g 0g"dum&awm 'kw, d m p/
ykpH H tm&ma"m ar &anm/
jrefrm igonf rif;tm; tm;&ESpo f uftyf\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh ESpfoufjcif;teufü &m""mwf\t,SOf ESpfouf&m &mZukd
(&mZ+o) &mZó &anm &mZd aem ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf aESmif;aomaMumifh
tvk;H pkaH om &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG &anmjyK? &anm &anmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &anm ty&ZÑw/d
jrefrm rif;tm; jypfrmS ;\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? tyykAÁ &m""mwf\t,SOf jypfrSm;&m
&mZukd orÜ'grSn?hf enf;wlwu G &f ef/
ykpH H &mZmeH 0g ty&ZÑwd/
jrefrm wenf;um; rif;ukd (tm;) rif;wkdYtm; jypfrSm;\/
½ly &mZmeHum; &mZvdiw f nf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh jypfrSm;jcif;teuf&Sdaom tyykAÁ &m""mwf\t,SOf
jypfrSm;&m &mZukd orÜ'grSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬D
A[k0kpf eH-ouf? (&mZ+eH) Z-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwf
aESmif;aomaMumifh Zftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ZfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? &mZmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H usm[H t,smeH ty&ZÑmrd/
jrefrm tuREykf o f nf t&Siw f t Ydk m; tb,fjypfrmS ;rdygoenf;/
½ly t,smeHum; t,svdiw f nf? &mZmeH½yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
3/ um&uu@ 689
ykpH H usm[H ta,s ty&ZÑmrd 0g/

jrefrm wenf;um; t&Siw f uYdk dk tb,fjypfrmS ;csirf o
d enf;/
½ly ta,sum; t,svid w f nf? &m""mwfonf our®ujzpfaom aMumifh
ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m vsif;vkvwfaomf odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh jypfrSm;jcif;
teuf&Sdaom tyykAÁ &m""mwf\t,SOf jypfrSm;&m &mZukd orÜ'grSnfh? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh 'kw,
d m0dbwf A[k0pk f a,m-ouf? (t,s+a,m) ,s-cGi;f t-
<uif;? oAÁa,mederm { okwjf zifh 'kw,d ma,m0dbwfudk {jyK? acs uyf? ta,sum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm,o®awm Oygvdaw¬&ó OyorÜ'gayau©m Oywdaomç
tm,o®EÅH 0g/
jrefrm Oywdóonf t&SiOf ygvdrax&ftm; yOöi;f tjzpfudk ½Ii\ hJ ? wenf;
um; t&Sifhukd/
½ly Oygvdaw¬&ó óum; Oygvdaw¬&vdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef-
-um;? odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh &Smjcif;teufü yykAÁ £u©"mwf\t,SOf &Sm&m
Oygvdaw¬&ukd orÜ'gefrnS ?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD ¬ {u0kpf
o-ouf? (Oygvdaw¬&+o) of-vm? uyf? Oygvdaw¬&ó óum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ywda&S; tma&S;&Sad om ok"mwf tEka&S; ywda&S;&Sad om a*"mwf-

wk\ Yd a&SUBu,
d m\ uwåm;onf¤if;? ok"mwf\ ywdo'´g tmo'´gESihf
,SOf&mü a*"mwf\vnf; tEko'´g ywdo'´gESifh ,SOf&mü a&S;jzpfaom Bud,m\
tMuifb*0gpaom uwåm;onf &S\ d (tw¬)d ? xkud wåm;onf orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf
jzpf\/
ygVd ypömokP tEkywd*dPmeH ykAÁuwåm p okaPmwdó "mwkó
ypöma,ma*ç *dPó p tEkywda,ma* ykAÁó ur®Kaem a,m uwåm? aom
orÜ'geoanm a[mwd/
ykpH H ,xmÞ b*0g bdu©L {w'a0gp/
jrefrm ykpH u H m;Þ bk&m;&Sio
f nf &[ef;wkuYd dk þpum;ukd rdeaYf wmfr\
l (0peH)/
t"dygÜ ,f þjy,k*üf bduL© [laom uHonf ty'geuHonf (0g) orÜ'gefponf
wkdYjzifh qkdtyfvQuf rqkdaomaMumifh tuxdwuHrnf\/ {wH
[laom uHonf y"meuHwnf;? (0g) uH\tpGrf;jzifh qkdtyfaomuHwnf;? b*0g
[laom uwåm;onf o0PÖBud,m\ o0PÖBud,mrS a&S;üjzpfaom {w'a0g p

[laomyk'fü qkdtyfaom edyæwåeD,uHjzpfíjzpfaom pum;ukd NyD;apwwfaom
uwåm;wnf;? (0g) ta0g p [laomBud,m\ uwåm;wnf;/
ygVd {w¬ ]]bdu©L}}wd tuxdwur®H? ]]{w}}EÅd uxdwur®H? ykAÁó 0pe
ur®ó uwåm b*0g/
ykpH H bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómókH/
jrefrm &[ef;wkoYd nf bk&m;&Sit f m; a&S;½Iemuke\ f /
½ly b*0awm
b*0awmum; b*0EÅKvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh ywda&S;&Sad om ok"mwf\t,SOf b*0EÅKudk orÜ'gefrn S ?hf
orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (b*0EÅK+o)
awmwdwm oo®d eH mok okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
awmjyK? b*0awm
b*0awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmokPEÅd Ak'¨ó bdu©L/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdYonf bk&m;&Siftm; pum;ukd vkdufemukef\/
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh tma&S;&Sdaom ok"mwf\t,SOf Ak'ükd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae
pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (Ak'¨+o) of-vm? uyf?
Ak'¨óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm bduK© ZeH "r®H oma0wd? wó bduK© aem Zaem tEk*P d mwd/
jrefrm xkdrSwyg; &[ef;onf vltaygif;ukd w&m;ukd Mum;\? vltaygif;
onf xkd&[ef;tm; tEkarm'emjyKvQuf em\/
½ly bdu©Kaem
aemum; bdu©Kvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh tEka&S;&Sad om a*"mwf\t,SOf bduK© udk orÜ'gefrn S ?hf
orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (bduK© +o) u©-
cGi;f O-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf psvawm oóaem 0g okwjf zifh
vaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? u©Af sn;f Ooku Yd yf? bdu©Kaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wó bdu©Kaem Zaem ywd*dPmwd? om"kum&'gem'dem wH
Oóm[,wDwd taw¬m/
3/ um&uu@ 691
jrefrm xk&d [ef;tm; vltaygif;onf a&S;½Iem\? aumif;cs;D ay;jcif;ponf

jzifh xkd&[ef;ukd tm;xkwfap\? þum;teufwnf;/
½ly bdu©Kaemaemum; bdu©Kvid wf nf? ywda&S;&Sdaom a*"mwf\t,SOf?
enf;wlwuG yf g/
*gxm jrefrm {w'a0g p ponfwüYdk ({w'a0gpmwdtm'Do)k tMuifb*0g[laom
um&uonf w&m;ukd a[mwwf\/ xkdb*0g[laom um&uukd
uwåm;[lí qkdtyf\/ a[mtyfaomw&m;ukd uH[lí qkdtyf\/ tMuif&[ef;
taygif;onf w&m;ukd emcHwwf\? a[mjcif;Bu, d mukd cHwwf\? xk&d [ef;taygif;
tm; orÜ'gef[lí od&m\/
*gxm a,m 0a'wd o uwåmwd? 0kwå ur®EÅd 0kpöwd/
a,m y#d*¾g[aum wó? orÜ'geH 0dZmed,mwd/
jrefrm ajymMum;jcif;teufESifh ,SOf&mü tMuifot l m; Mum;\? xkMd um;

tyfaomolonf orÜ'gefrnf\/
ygVd tma&mpew¬yÜa,ma* ,ó tma&mapwd? wH orÜ'geH/
ykpH H tma&mp,mrd a0g bdu©a0/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY oifwkdYtm; Mum;\/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrvS id w f nf? wktYd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh tma&mpeo'´g\t,SOf wkrSukd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (wkr+S eH) y'awm 'kw, d m pwkwD¬
q|Dok a0gaem okwjf zifh eH0bd wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG
a0gjyK? a0g
a0gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H y#da0',mrd a0g bdua© 0/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY oifwkdYtm; odap\/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? y#da&S;&Sad om a0'"mwf\t,SO?f enf;wl/
ykpH H tmrEÅ,mrd aw r[m&mZ/
jrefrm jrwfaomrif;Bu;D oift h m; odap\/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id wf nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh tmrEÅeo'´g\t,SO?f wenf;- tmykAÁ rEÅ"mwf\t,SOf odap&m
wkru S dk orÜ'gefrn
S ?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-
ouf? (wkr+S o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkrS
o'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG awjyK? aw awum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmrEÅ acg wH *pämrmwd 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; xko d u Yl dk xko
d t l m; vm-oGm;MupkUd [lí ac:ygukeaf vmh/
jrefrm þtma&mpew¬üvnf; tma&mpeo'´g\qkdjcif; tjym;[laom
teuf&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh a'oew¬ponfwkdY\ t,SOfüvnf;
pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
ygVd {w¬ p tma&mpe
tma&mpeo'´ó uxeyÜum&w¬wåm a'oew¬m'dyÜH
a,ma*yd pwkw¬D/
ykpH H "r®H a0g a'aoómrd/
jrefrm oifwkdYtm; w&m;ukd a[mtHh/
½ly a0g
a0gum; wkrv S id wf nf? a'oeo'´g\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a'aowk baEÅ b*0g "r®H bdu©LeH/
jrefrm t&Sifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;wkdYtm; w&m;ukd a[mawmf
rlygavmh/
½ly bdu©LeHum; bdu©Kvid w f nf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh a'oeo'´g\t,SOf bdu©Kukd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae
pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (bduK© +eH) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;
oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wfaMumifh uft © pdwf Oukd OD'C
D jyK? u©Af sn;f ODou Ydk yf?
bdu©LeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,xm aem b*0g Asmua&,s? ed½kwåd H aw y0u©mrd £pöm'd/
jrefrm igwkt Yd m; bk&m;&Sio f nf ajz\okYd oift h m; o'´gukd qkad ytH?h þokYd
tp&So d nfwnf;/
½ly aem
aemum; trSvid w f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh Asmu&Po'´g\t,SOf trSukd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (trS+eH) y'awm 'kw, d m pwkwD¬
q|Dok a0gaem okwjf zifh eH0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG
aemjyK? aem aemum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 693
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh yykAÁ 0p"mwf\t,SOf 0g- y0u©o'´g\t,SOf wkru S dk orÜ'gefrn
S ?hf
orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (wkr+S o) aw
aru0paeok p okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH omwkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG
awjyK? aw
awum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm w'w¬ü orÜ'gef[al omtrnf&o dS nf¤if;? pwkw0D¬ bd wfonf¤if;?
jzpf\/
ygVd w'aw¬ orÜ'geonmç pwkwD¬ p/
jrefrm ]]tawm aee okwfrS tawmyk'fç aom 0g okwfrS 0g[laomyk'f}}
onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tawmç 0g}}wd p 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 304/ tm, pwkaw¬u0peó wk/

okwjf refrm pwkw{D¬ u0kp0f b
d wf\vnf; tcsKUd ojzifh tm,tjyKonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tum&EÅjzpfaom vdiaf emifrS aemufjzpfaom pwkw{D¬ u0kp0f b
d wf\
tm,tjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t um&EÅawm vd*rF mS y&ó pwkaw¬u0peó tm,m tm,ma'aom
a[mwd 0g/
½kyf jrefrm o&avmyponfjyK/
ygVd o&avmyg'd/
ykpH H Ak'ó¨ w¬m, "r®ów¬m, oHCów¬m, ZD0w d H y&dpZö mrd/
jrefrm bk&m;\ *kPftusKd;iSg w&m;awmf\ *kPftusKd;iSg oHCmawmf\
*kPftusKd;iSg toufukd pGefY\/
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh pGefYjcif;Bud,m\tusKd;jzpfaom Ak'ükd orÜ'gefrSnfh? orÜ'gae
pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (Ak'+¨ o) om*arm ao
okwfjzifh of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? Ak ' ¨ óum; Ny;D \/
½ly "r®óç oHCó óum; "r®ç oHCvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f

ykpH H yd@ygwH y#dao0grd ae0 '0g, e r'g, e r@em, e 0dbo l em,/
jrefrm &Gmolom;i,fwu Ydk ohJ Ydk jrL;wl;aysmyf g; upm;jcif;tusK;d iSg qGr;f ukd rrSD
0Jyg? vufa0SUvufyef;onfwu Ydk o
hJ Ydk tm;[laomrm&f&pfjcif;tusK;d iSg
rrS0D yJ g? eef;wGi;f ol jynfw
h efqmrwku Yd ohJ Ydk t*FgBu;D i,f jynfNh zK;d jcif;tusK;d iSg rrS0D yJ g?
uRr;f orm; uajconfwu Ydk o
hJ Ydk ta&tqif;vSyajyjypfjcif;tusK;d iSg rrS0D yJ g/
½ly '0g,
'0g,um; '0vdiw f nf? iSg[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh wkyH pön;f \teufjzpfaom '0ukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? ('0+o) 0-cGi;f t-<uif;? tm,
pwkaw¬u0peó wk okwjf zifh tum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tm,jyK?
acs uyf? '0g,'0g,um; Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf r'g,
r'g,um; r'vdiw f nf? r@em, r@em,um; r@evdiw f nf? 0dblo-
em,
em,um; 0dbo l evdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H ODeó yg&dy&l , d m/

jrefrm ,kwfaomouFef;\ (0g) ukd jynfhpkHjcif;tusKd;iSg/
½ly yg&dyl&d,mmum; yg&dyl&dvid w f nf? iSg[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh eduyd© eBu, d m\tusK;d jzpfaom yg&dy&l u d dk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf
orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (yg&dy&l +d o) &-
cGif; £-<uif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £ukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh
o0dbwfudk ,mjyK? &fAsn;f £oku Yd yf? yg&dyl&d,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, oH0wåwd/
jrefrm tusK;d iSg pD;yGm;jcif;tusK;d iSg csr;f omjcif;tusK;d iSg jzpf\/
½ly tw¬m, ,um; tw¬vid w f nf? iSg[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó
"mwkumarm--okwfrS orÜ'geonmukd vkdufapí odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh
tusK;d w'w¬orÜ'gef wkrw¬orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (tw¬+o) tm,pwkaw¬u 0peó wk okwjf zifh tw¬
[laom tum&EÅrSaemufjzpfaom o0dbwfukd tm,jyK? (tw¬+tm,) w¬-cGif;
acs uyf? tw¬ m ,,um; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 695
rSwcf suf [d w m,
m,um; [dwvdifwnf? ok c g,
g,um; okcvdifwnf? enf;wl
wGufyg/
wkrw¬üÞ wkraw¬Þ
ykpH H avmumEkurÜm,? avmurEkurÜdwkEÅd taw¬m/
jrefrm vludk tpOfoem;jcif;iSg? vludk tpOfoem;jcif;iSg þum; teufwnf;/
½ly avmumEkurÜg, ,um; avmumEkurÜvid w f nf? iSg[lí--aMumifh
orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh wkHypönf;\teufjzpfaom avmumEk
ur®udk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-
ouf? (avmumEkurÜ+o) rÜ-cGi;f t-<uif;? tm,pwkaw¬u 0peó wk okwjf zifh
tum&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? acs uyf? avmumEkurÜg, ,um;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm zmok0d[m&m,/
jrefrm xkt
Yd wl csr;f ompGmaejcif;iSg/
½ly zmok0d[m&m,
m&m,um; zmok0[ d m&vdiw
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
tvHo'´g\teuf xku d jf cif; y,fjcif;wko
Yd nf tvHo'´g\teufwnf;/
ygVd tvHo'´ó tw¬m t&[y#dau©yg/
t&[w¬üÞ t&[aw¬Þ
ykpH H tvH ar &ZÆH/
jrefrm ightm; jynfpnf;pdrfonf xkduf\/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC
[Ek|m--okwjf zifh t&[teuf xku d jf cif;teuf tvHo'´g tvH[al om edygwf\
t,SOf xkduf&m trSukd orÜ'gef-rSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (trS+o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG arjyK? ar arum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tvH bdu©K ywåó/
jrefrm &[ef;onf oydwftm; xkduf\/
½ly ywå ó um; ywåvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh t&[teuf xku d jf cif;teuf tvHo'´g tvH[al om
edygwf\ t,SOf xku

d &f m ywåudk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef
teufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (ywå+o) of-vm? uyf? ywå óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tu©"kawåm yk&dóyk*¾avm emvH 'g&b&Pm,/
jrefrm a<utefMuL;aoma,mufsm;yk*K¾ v d o
f nf r,m;arG;jrLjcif;iSg rxku
d ?f
rpGr;f Ekid /f
½ly 'g&b&Pm,
'g&b&Pm,um; 'g&b&Pvdifwnf? rxk d u f j cif ; teuf ü
avmumEkurÜg,½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H tvH rav’m rv’ó/
jrefrm vufyrf;onfonf vufyrf;onftm; xkduf\/
½ly rv’óum; rv’vid w f nf? ywåó½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H t&[wd rav’m rv’ó/
jrefrm vufyrf;onfonf vufyrf;onftm; xkduf\/
½ly rv’óum; rv’vid w f nf? ywåó½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
y#dau©yüÞ y#dau©ayÞ
ykpH H tvH aw £" 0gaoe/
jrefrm oift h m; þausmif;ü aeojzifh rtyf/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w
[Ek|m--okwfjzifh t&[teuf y,fjcif;teuf&Sdaom tvHo'´g\t,SOf y,f&m
wkru S dk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-
ouf? (wkrS+o) awaru0paeok p okwfjzifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom
wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG awjyK? aw awum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tvH ar [d&nok0aPÖe/
jrefrm ightm; rOD;ao;aoma&T OD;Ny;D aoma&Tjzifh rckwv f yk af o;aoma&T
ckwv f yk Nf y;D aoma&Tjzifh tvkrd &d/S
½ly arum; trSvid w
ar f nf? aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H ud H ar {aue wdaPÖe/ ({aum wdaPÖm [kwGm)/
jrefrm wpfa,mufwnf;csn;f ul;ojzifh ightm; tb,frpl çtHeh nf;/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? tusK;d r&Sjd cif;teuf? aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
3/ um&uu@ 697
ykpH H ud H aw Z#m[d 'kar®"/

jrefrm ynmenf;aom &aohpOf;vJ oift h m; qHuspw f jYdk zifh tb,ftusK;d
&St
d ehH nf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id wf nf? tusK;d r&Sjd cif;teuf? aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ud H aww¬ pwkr|ó/
jrefrm oift h m; þt&mü ajracG;tm; tb,ftusK;d &St d ehH nf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id wf nf? tusK;d r&Sjd cif;teuf? aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm re"mwfEiS , hf OS af om ½kad ojcif;r&Sad om owå0gr[kwaf omteufü
uHteufüomvQif orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd rnwdyÜa,ma* tem'a& tyÜgPded ur®ead ,0Þ
ykpH H u|ó wk0H ran/
jrefrm xif;uJhokdY xif;rQavmuf oifhukd rSwfxif\/ wenf;- xif;tm;
xif;uJhokdY oifhukd oifhtm; rSwfxif\/ (ran £0)/
½ly u|ó
u|óum; u|vdiw f nf? uk[ d í
l --aMumifh uHteufudk vsi;f vkvuf
onf&adS omf odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh raxrJjh rif r½kad otyf owå0gr[kwaf om
teufü u|ukd orÜ'gef-rSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gef teufü pwkwD¬
{u0kpf o-ouf? (u|+o) of-vm? uyf? u|ó u|óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uVd*&F ó wk0H ran/
jrefrm xif;rQavmuf zJGrQavmuf oifhukd rSwfxif\/
½ly uVd*F&ó óum; uvd*&F vdiw f nf? u|ó½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ZD0dwH wdPm,yd e rnrmaem/
jrefrm jrufrQavmufvnf; toufukd ratmufarhrlí/
½ly wd P m, m,um; wdP vdifwnf? ukd [lí--aMumifh uHteufukd
vsi;f vkvufonf&adS omf odvmC [Ek|m--okwjf zifh raxrJjh rif r½kad otyf owå0g
r[kwaf om teufü u|ukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gef teufü
pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (wdP+o) tm,pwkaw¬u--okwfjzifh tum&EÅrS
aemufjzpfaomo0dbwfukd tm,jyK? cGif; acs uyf? wdPm, m,um; Ny;D \/
ar; tem'a&
tem'a&[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz ok0PÖH wH ran paomO'g[½kPw f üYdk wm;jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\ d /
ygVd tem'a&wd ud H¿ ok0PÖH wH ran (wsm'Dok ed0g"ew¬H)/

tem'a&
ykpH H ok0PÖH wH ran/
jrefrm a&TrQavmuf oifhukd rSwfxif\/
½ly ok 0 PÖ Hum; ok0PÖvid wf nf? odvmC [Ek|m--okwfjzifh owå0g
r[kwfaom teufü ok0PÖukd orÜ'gef-rSnfhoifhjim;aomfvnf; r½kdaotyfaom
teufr[kwfaomaMumifh rrSnfh&? ukd[lí--aMumifh uH--um;? ,H ua&mwd wH
ur®H okwjf zifh uH-rSn?hf ur®aw¬ 'kw,d m okwjf zifh uHteufü 'kw, d m {u0kpf tH-
ouf? PÖ-cGif; acs uyf? ok0PÖHum; Ny;D \/
ar; tyÜgPdeD[al omyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ajz *j'bH wk0H ran paomyk'w f üYdk jrpfjcif;tusK;d &S\d /
ygVd tyÜgPdeDwd ud ¿H *j'bH wk0H ran (wsm'Dok ed0g"ew¬)H /
ykpH H *j'bH wk0H ran/
jrefrm jrnf;rQavmuf oifhukd rSwfxif\/
½ly *j'bHum; *j'bvdiw f nf? odvmC okwjf zifh atmufarhjcif; Bu, d m
\ t,SOf ½kad ojcif;r&Sad om *j'bukd orÜ'gef-rSno hf ifjh im;aomfvnf; toufr&Sd
onf[w k f touf&adS omaMumifh rrSn&hf ? uk[ d í l --aMumifh uH--um;? ,H ua&mwd
wH ur®H okwfjzifh uH-rSnfh? ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m okwfjzifh uHteufü 'kwd,m {u0kpf
tH-ouf? b-cGif; acs uyf? *j'bHum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm *wdteuf&adS om uHteufü 0g 0go'´gvku d v f maomaMumifh 'kw, d m
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd *wsw¬ur®ed 0g0g"dum&awm 'kw, d m p/
ykpH H tayÜg o*¾g, *päwd/
jrefrm tenf;i,frQaom owå0gonf ewfjynfoYdk oGm;\/ ewfjynftusK;d
iSg oGm;\? ewfjynfokdY oGm;aomowå0gonf enf;\/
½ly o*¾ g ,
,um; o*¾vid w f nf? okdY[lí--aMumifh uHteufukd vsif;vk
vwfaomf odvmC--okwfjzifh *wdteuf&Sdaom *rk"mwf\ uHjzpfaomo*¾ukd
*wswu ¬ r®orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwo D¬ wk jf zifh pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? tm,
pwkaw¬u--okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd tm,jyK? cGif; acs uyf? o*¾ g , ,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tayÜg o*¾H *päwd/
3/ um&uu@ 699
jrefrm tenf;i,faom owå0gonf ewfjynfokdY oGm;\/

½ly o*¾Hum; o*¾vid w f nf? odvmC okwjf zifh tenf;i,f[al omteuf
ü o*¾udk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf uk[ d íl --aMumifh uH--um;? ,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh
uH-rSnfh? ur®aw¬ 'kwd,m okwfjzifh uHteufü 'kwd,m {u0kpf tH-ouf? *¾-cGif;
acs uyf? o*¾ Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H edAmÁ em, 0ZEÅ, d m/
jrefrm edAÁmefokdY oGm;onfukd? edAÁmeftusKd;iSg usifhonfukd tb,fokdY qkd&
tHhenf;? (ud H 0u©mrd)/
½ly edAÁmem,
em,um; edAmÁ evdiw f nf? o*¾g,½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rlvm, y#duaó,s/
jrefrm rlvtmywfoYdk tmywft&if;okYd iif&m\/
½ly rlvm, m,um; rlvvdiw f nf? o*¾g,½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rlvH y#duaó,s/
jrefrm rlvtmywfoYdk iif&m\/
½ly rlvHum; rlvvdiw f nf? o*H½¾ yk Ef iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm awmifhwjcif;teufü tm, b'´ ukov vpaomo'´gwk\ Yd t,SOf
üomvQif orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd tmoDoeaw¬ tm,kb'úkovm vm'da,ma*a,0/
ykpH H tm,o®awm 'DCm,k a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; &Snaf omtouf&o dS nf jzpfapownf;/
½ly tm,o® a wm wmum; tm,orEÅKvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh
orÜ'gef--um; odvmC--okwfjzifh awmifhwjcif;teufü tm,o®EÅKukd orÜ'gef-
rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? awm wd
wm oo®d eH mok okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG awmjyK? tm,o®awm wmum; Ny;D \/
½kyjf refrm awmwdwm oo®d eH mok}}okwjf zifh 0dbwfEiS w hf uGaom EÅ Kypön;f \
awmtjyKukd jyKtyf\ (uwåaAÁm)/
ygVd ]]awmwdwm oo®d eH mol}}wd EÅKó o0dbwåó d awm tma'aom/
ykpH H b'´H b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; aumif;jcif;onf jzyf gapownf;/

½ly b0awm
b0awmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;
odvmC--okwjf zifh awmifw h jcif;teufü b0EÅudk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? (b0EÅ+o) aoaook EÅK0 okwjf zifh
o0dbwfaMumifh EÅypönf;ukd EÅKypönf;uJhokdYiJh? awm wd wm oo®d Hemok okwfjzifh
aemufo0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom EÅKypönf;ukd 0dbwfESifh wuG awmjyK?
b0awm
b0awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukovH b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; temr&Sjd cif;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
b0awmum; b0EÅvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H temr,H b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; temr&Sjd cif;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
ykpH H okcH b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; csr;f omjcif;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
ykpH H twåH b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; tusK;d onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
ykpH H [dwH b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; tpD;tyGm;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
ykpH H oGm*wH b0awm a[mwk/
jrefrm t&Sit hf m; aumif;aomvmjcif;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly b0awm
ykpH H aomw¬d a[mwk oAÁowåmeH/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomowå0gwkt Yd m; csr;f omjcif;onf aumif;aomtvk&d -dS
jcif;onf jzpfapownf;/
or®Kwo d '´g\t,SOüf Þ or®Kwyd aÜ ,ma*Þ
3/ um&uu@ 700
ykpH H om"k or®Kwd ar wó b*0awm 'óem,/

jrefrm xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;tm; zl;jrif&jcif;iSg ightm; cGijhf yK&ygrlum; aumif;\/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um; odvmC-
-okwfjzifh or®Kwdo'´g\t,SOf trSukd orÜ'gef-rSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D okwfjzifh
orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? (trS+o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh
o0dbwfaMumifh or®Kwyd 'k af emifraS ESmif;aom tvk;H pkaH om trSo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS hf
wuG arjyK? ar
arum; Ny;D \/
bd,so'´g\t,SOüf Þ bd,syaÜ ,ma*Þ

ykpH H bda,smaom rwåm,/
jrefrm a&S;Murf;wrf;jrJ twkid ;f t&Snxf uf vGepf mG txl;ojzifh Murf;wrf;
onf jzpf&m\ (p@wa&m tó)/
½ly rwå m ,
,um; rwåvid w f nf? xuf[lí--aMumifh yrmPt,SOf
tyg'gef vsi;f vkvwfaomf odvmC--okwjf zifh bd,so'´g\t,SOf rwåudk orÜ'gef-
rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? (rwå+o)
tm,pwkaw¬u--okwjf zifh pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? wå-cGi;f acs uyf?
rwåm, ,um; Ny;D \/
jrefrm owårDteufü xifpGmjyKjcif; xif&Sm;jzpfjcif; ponfw\ Ydk t,SOf
ü orÜ'geftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/ (orÜ'geonm a[mwd)/
ygVd owård,awå tm0du&Pygwkb0em 0em'da,ma*Þ
ykpH H wk,OS ó ö tm0dua&mrd/

jrefrm xko d ifth m;vnf; xko d ifüvnf; xifpmG jyK\/
½ly wk,SHum; wkrv S id w
f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC-
-okwjf zifh owår-D -ü wkru S dk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw¬D{u0kpf o-ouf? (wkrS+o) wk,SH r,SOö okwfjzifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvkH;pkH
aom wkrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG wk,SHjyK? wk , S Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wó ar oauúm ygwk&a[mod/
jrefrm xkid ghtm; xkid gü odMum;rif;onf xif&mS ;jzpfNy/D
½ly arum; trSvid w

ar f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC-
-okwjf zifh owår-D -ü trSudk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü
pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? (trS+o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh
tvkH;pkHaom trSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG arjyK? ar arum; Ny;D \/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh apjcif;paom Bu, d mt,SOüf ¤if;? zmokpaom emrfw\ Ydk
t,SOüf ¤if;? orÜ'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd po'´*[ ¾ aPe y[dPm'dBu, d ma,ma*ç zmoktm'demrya,ma* pÞ
ykpH H wó y[daP,s/
jrefrm xkdoltm; apvTwf&m\/
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? odvmC-
-okwfü po'´gjzifh y[dPo'´g\t,SOf w-ukd orÜ'gef-rSnfh? orÜ'gae pwkw¬D
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? (w+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh
of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? wó wóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bdu©LeH 'lwH yga[od/
jrefrm &[ef;wdYktm; wrefukd apvTwf\/
½ly bdu©LeHum; bdu©Kvid w f nf? wkdYtm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC--okwüf po'´gjzifh y[dPo'´g\t,SOf bduK© -ukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae
pwkw¬D okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw¬DA[k0kpf eH-ouf? (bdu©K+eH) u©-cGif; O-
<uif;? oke[H o
d k p okwjf zifh eH0b
d wfaMumifh u©t
f pdwf Oukd OD'C
D jyK? u©Af sn;f ODou
Ydk yf?
bdu©LeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uyÜwd orPmeH tma,ma*g/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdYtm; tma,m*ywfonf tyf\/
½ly bdu©LeHum; bduK© vid wf nf? uyÜwo d '´g\t,SO?f bduL© eHEiS ehf nf;wl/
ykpH H {uó 'dEéH 'dGEéH wdPÖH ya[mwd/
jrefrm wpfa,mufaomoltm; vSLtyfaom0w¬Konf ESpaf ,mufo;Hk a,muf
aom olwkdYtm; avmuf\/
½ly {uó
{uóum; {uvdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
odvmC--okwüf po'´gjzifh ya[mwdo'´g\t,SOf {u-ukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae
3/ um&uu@ 703
pwkwD¬ okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkw{D¬ u0kpf o-ouf? ({u+o) om*arm ao

okwfjzifh of-vm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? {uó {uóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H OyrH aw u&dómrd/
jrefrm oifhtm; Oyrmukd jyKtHh/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w
[Ek|m--okwüf po'´gjzifh u&"mwf\t,SO?f wkru S dk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬
okwfjzifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (wkrS+o) awaru0paeok p
okwjf zifh o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om wkro S '´gukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG awjyK? aw
awum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H tOÆvd H aw y*¾PSmrd/
jrefrm oifhtm; vuftkyfukd csD\/
½ly aw
awum; wkrSvid w f nf? yykAÁ *["mwf\t,SOf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wxm wó zmok a[mwd/
jrefrm xkrd w
S yg; xko
d Ul tm; csr;f omjcif;onf jzpf\/
½ly wó
[Ek|m--okwüf po'´gjzifh zmoko'´g\t,SO?f wukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf orÜ'gae pwkwD¬
okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (w+o) ofvm? uyf? wó wóum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H avmuoaw¬m/
jrefrm avmutm; (vltaygif;tm;) tusKd;onf jzpf\/
½ly avmuó
avmuóum; avmuvdiw f nf? tw¬o'´g\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rPdem ar taw¬m/
jrefrm ightm; ywåjrm;jzifh tvkd&Sd\/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? tw¬o'´g\t,SO?f aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aoa,sm ar taw¬m £pöm'd/
jrefrm ightm; jrwfaomtusK;d onf jzpf\ (a[mwd) þokt Yd p&So
d nfwnf;/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? tw¬o'´g\t,SO?f aw½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm ]]pwkw¬D}}[laom yk'fonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]pwkw¬Dwd 0wåaw/
okwf 305/ earma,m*g'DoGyd p/

okwjf refrm earm
earmt,SOt f p&So d nfwüYdk vnf;/
0kwjdå refrm earmt,SOfü¤if;? aomw¬d oGm*w ponfwkdYESifh¤if;? t,SOfü
earm
vdiaf emifrS pwkw0D¬ b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd earm
earmo'á,ma*ç aomw¬doGm*wm *wm'D[d p a,ma* vd*rF mS pwkwD¬
0dbwåd a[mwd/
ykpH H earm aw Ak'¨ 0D&w¬K/
jrefrm BuD;aomvkHYv&Sdaom t&Sifbk&m; t&Sifbk&m;tm; &Sdckd;jcif;onf
jzpfapownf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrSvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó
"mwkumarm--okwüf 0go'´gjzifh earm[laomedygwft,SOüf wkru S dk orÜ'gef-rSn?hf
earma,m*g'DoyG d p okwjf zifh earmo'´g\t,SOjf zpfaom orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬
{u0kpf o-ouf? (wkrS+o) awaru0paeok p okwfjzifh o0dbwfaMumifh
ykpH H earm ua&m[d em*ó/
jrefrm &[EÅmtm; &Scd ;dk jcif;ukd jyKavmh/
½ly em*ó
em*óum; em*vdiw f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó
"mwkumarm--okwüf 0go'´gjzifh earm[laomemrfy'k \ f t,SOüf em*ukd orÜ'gef-
rSn?hf earma,m*g'DoyG d p okwjf zifh earmo'´g\t,SOjf zpfaom orÜ'gefteufü
pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (em*+o) of-vm? uyf? em*ó em*óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H erw¬K Ak'g¨ eH/
jrefrm bk&m;&Siwf t Ydk m; &Scd ;dk jcif;onf jzpfapownf;/
½ly Ak'¨geHum; Ak'v ¨ id w
f nf? wkt Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó
"mwkumarm--okwüf 0go'´gjzifh earm[laomemrfy'k \ f t,SOüf Ak'u ¨ dk orÜ'gef-
rSn?hf earma,m*g'DoyG d p okwjf zifh earmo'´g\t,SOjf zpfaom orÜ'gefteufü
pwkwD ¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? (Ak'+¨ eH) '¨-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh eH0b
d wfaMumifh
'f̈tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? 'f̈Asn;f tmoku Yd yf? Ak'¨geHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H erw¬K aAm"d,m/
3/ um&uu@ 705
jrefrm oAÁñwk ÓPf r*fÓPftm; &Scd ;dk jcif;onf jzpfapownf;/

½ly aAm"d,mmum; aAm"dvid w f nf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;?
,ó "mwkumarm--okwüf 0go'´gjzifh earm[laomemrfy'k \ f t,SOüf aAm"dudk
orÜ'gef-rSnfh? earma,m*g'DoGyd p okwfjzifh earmo'´g\t,SOfjzpfaom
orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ {u0kpf o-ouf? (aAm"d+o) "-cGi;f £-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm
ayg okwfjzifh £w¬dvdif £-ukd y-rSnfh? yawm,m okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom
o0dbwfudk ,mjyK? aAm"d,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aomw¬d yZmeH/

jrefrm owå0gwkt Yd m; csr;f omjcif;onf jzpfapownf; (a[mwk)/
½ly yZmeHum; yZvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (yZm) w'¨w
d
emrfi?hJ wkt
Yd m;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? ,ó "mwkumarm--okwüf 0go'´gjzifh
earm[laomedygwfy'k \ f t,SOüf yZmukd orÜ'gef-rSn?hf earma,m*g'DoyG d p okwjf zifh
earmo'´g\t,SOfjzpfaom orÜ'gefteufü pwkwD¬ A[k0pk f eH-ouf? yZmeH um;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H oGm*wH aw r[m&mZ/
jrefrm jrwfaomrif;Bu;D oift h m; aumif;aomvmjcif;wnf;/
½ly aw
awum; wkrv S id w
f nf? taw¬m[laomedygwfy'k \ f t,SO?f a&SUaw
twkdif; enf;wlwGufyg/
ykpH H taxm aw t'k&m*wH/

jrefrm xkdNrKdU oifhtm; raumif;aomvmjcif; r[kwf/
½ly aw
awum; wkrSvid w f nf? oGm*wH[laomemrfyk'f\t,SOf? a&SUaw
twkdif; enf;wlwGufyg/
jrefrm ]]umav 0wårmem wDaw PGm'a,m okwrf S umavyk'çf b0dó
wd *rm'D[d PD*dPf okwfrS b0dówd[laomyk'f}}onf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]umavç b0dówD}}wd p 0wåaw/
----------------
okwf 306/ bm00gpdrSd pwkw¬D/

okwjf refrm tem*wfjzpfaomumvü Bud,mukd a[mavh&Sdvwfaomf pwkw¬D
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm tem*wfjzpfaomumvü Bud,mukd a[mavh&Sdvwfaomf pwkw¬D
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd bm00gpdrSd pwkw¬D0dbwåd a[mwd b0dówdumav/
0dN*Kd[f jzpfjcif;? jzpfjcif;/ ygVd b0eH bma0g/
0dN*Kd[f csuv f wH?h wenf;um;- csujf cif; csujf cif;/
ygVd ypödóawç ypeH 0g ygaum/
teuf aemiftcg csujf cif;iSg oGm;\? csujf cif;iSg oGm;\/ þum; teuf-
wnf;? þtwl cHpm;okH;aqmiftHhaomiSg oGm;\? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
ygVd ygum, 0Zwd? ypdwHk *päww D d taw¬m/ {0H abm*g, 0Zwd £pöm'd/
pwkw0D¬ bd wswa¬ b' Ny;D \/
-------------------------
yOörD0dbwsw¬ab'
ar; tb,fteufü yOör0D b d wfonf jzpfoenf;¿/
jrefrm uo®d H taw¬ yOörD¿/
okwf 307/ tyg'gae yOörD/

okwjf refrm tyg'geum&uü yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
ar; tb,fum&uonf tyg'gefrnfoenf;¿
ygVd udryg'geH¿/
--------------
okwf 308/ ,o®m'aywd b,rm'awå 0g w'yg'geH/

okwjf refrm tMuif&mG tp&Sad om um&urSvnf; zJ\? tMuifc;dk oltp&Sad om
um&urSvnf; ab;onf jzpf\? tMuifq&m OyZÑm,ftp&Sad om
3/ um&uu@ 707
um&urSvnf; twwfukd oif,l\? xkd&Gmtp&Sdaomum&u? ckd;oltp&Sdaom

um&u? q&m OyZÑm,ftp&Sad omum&uonf tyg'gef[al omtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Bu, d mukyd idk ;f jcm;&m pGe&Yf mjzpfaom tMuif&mG tp&Sad omum&urS-
vnf; zJoGm;\? aMumufjcif;\taMumif;jzpfaom tMuifckd;ol
paomum&urSvnf; aMumufjcif;onf jzpf\? a[mMum;wwfaom tMuifq&m
paom um&urSvnf; &Gwt f yfaom twwfudk oif,\ l ? xku
d m&uonf tyg'gef
trnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ,o®m 0g t0"dawm taywdç ,o®m 0g b, a[wkawm b,H
b0wdç ,o®m 0g tu©mwm&m 0dZHÆ tm''gwd? wH um&uH tyg'geonH a[mwd/
tyg'geHy'k \ f 0dN*K[d f þ*grpaom um&urS zJí ,lwwf\? xkaYd Mumifh tyg'gef
rnf\/
ygVd tyaewGm £awm tm''gwDwd tyg'geH/
tyg'geftjym; xkt d yg'gefonf t&mtxl;tm;jzifh 1^jytyfaom Bu, d m-
vQif t&m&Sdaom tyg'gef¤if;/ 2âqmiftyfaomBud,m
vQif t&m&Sdaomtyg'gef¤if;/ 3^qíodtyfaom Bud,mvQif t&m&Sdaom tyg
'gef¤if;/ þokYd ok;H yg;tjym;&S\ d /
ygVd wH ye wd0"d H 0do,aba'e ed'|d´ 0do,Hç Oygwå0o d ,Hç tEkar,s-
0do,Oömwd-
ed'|d´ 0do,tyg'gef tyg'gefrn S &hf mjzpfaom Bu,d mtxl;\ jytyfonf\tjzpf
aMumifh ed'|d´ 0do,tyg'gefrnf\/
ygVd tyg'geonm0do,ó Bu, d m0daooó ed'|d´ wåm ed'´d|0do,H/
ykpH H *grm tayEÅd rkea,m/
jrefrm &GmrS &[ef;wko Yd nf zJuek \f /
½ly *grm
*grmum; *grvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwfjzifh tayEÅdü zJjcif;teuf&Sdaom tyykAÁ £""mwf\t,SOf zJ&m
jzpfaom *grukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
{u0kpf o®m-ouf? (*gr+o®m) r-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh *gr[laom
ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? *grm *grmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H e*&m ed*¾awm &mZm/
jrefrm rif;onf NrKdUrS xGuf\/

½ly e*&m
e*&mum; e*&vdiw f nf? ed*a¾ wmü xGuo f mG ;jcif;teuf&adS om edyAk Á
*rk"mwf\t,SO?f *grm½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G /f
qufjyrnf- þokwüf ]]ygyg pdwHå ed0g&a,? ygyg ed0ga&EÅ}d }tp&So d nfwüYdk
ukd,fESifh,SOfjcif; a&S;&Sdaom zJoGm;jcif;onf tu,fíum; r&Sd? xkdokdYyif r&Sdaomf
vnf; pdwEf iS , hf OS jf cif; a&S;&Sad om zJomG ;jcif;\ jzpfoifjh cif;aMumifh þokwjf zifo h mvQif
tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]ygyg pdwHå ed0g&a,? ygyg ed0ga&EÅ}D }wdtm'Dok ,'dyd um,
oHa,m*ykAu Á my*reH ew¬?d wxmyd pdwo å aH ,m*ykAu
Á ó ty*reó orÇ0awm
£rdem p tyg'geonm/
½ly ygyg
ygygum; ygyvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m 'aywd-
-okwjf zifh edyAk Á 0'"mwf\t,SOf wm;jrpf&m ygyukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD
okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (ygy+o®m) y-cGif; t-<uif;?
o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh ygy[laom ykvi’d t f um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m 0dbwfudk
tmjyK? acs uyf? ygyg ygygum; Ny;D \/
Oygwå 0do,tyg'gef tMuifjy,k*üf um; xkwaf qmiftyfaom ty*re

Bud,mukd t&mjyKí jzpf\? xkdtyg'gefonf Oygwå 0do,tyg'gefrnf\/
ygVd ,w¬ ye ty*reBud,H OygwåH tZÑm[#H 0do,H uwGm y0wåwd?
wH Oygwå0do,H/
ykpH H ,xmÞ 0vm[um 0daZÆmwaw 0dZÆK/
jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ wdrfwkdufrSxGufvwfí vQyfonf ypf\/
½ly 0vm[um
0vm[umum; 0vm[uvdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
,o®m 'aywd--okwfjzifh edykAÁ urk"mwf\t,SOf 0vm[uukd tyg'gef--rSnfh?
tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (0vm[u+
o®m) u-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh 0vm[u[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅ
aemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? 0vm[um
0vm[umum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukolvawm ypwDwd/
jrefrm usDrS aqmifí csuf\? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
3/ um&uu@ 709
½ly ukolvawm awmum; ukov l vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;

,o®m 'aywd--okwjf zifh tyykAÁ eD"mwf\t,SOf aqmif&m ukov l ukd tyg'gef--
rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü awmypön;f ouf? ukolvawm awmum;
Ny;D \/
jrefrm þjy,k*üf vnf; wdrw f ukd rf xS u G íf pyg;usrD S aqmifí þokv Yd Qif
tyg'gefrSnfh&m ykAÁumvBud,mukd xkwfaqmiftyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]0vm[um edur© ç® ukov l awm tyaewGm}}wd p ykABÁ u, d m
tZÑm[&D,wd/
ar; tEkar,s0do, ,tyg'gefonf tb,fenf;/
ygVd tEkar,s0do,H ,xmÞ
ykpH H rmxk&m yg#vdykwåau[d tbd½lyg/
jrefrm rxk&jynfolwkdYonf yg#vdykwfjynfolwkdYxuf vGefaomtqif;
&Su
d ek \
f /
½ly yg#vdykwåau[dum; yg#vdyw k uå vdiwf nf? wkx Yd uf[í l --aMumifh
tyg'gef--um; ,o®m 'aywd--okwu f dk vku d af pí 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh 0dbwåtyg'gef-
-rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD A[k0kpf [d-ouf? (yg#vd
ykwu å +[d) u-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d uG ma&m { okwjf zifh [d0b d wfaMumifh uftpdwf
t-ukd {jyK? ufAsn;f {oku Yd yf? yg#vdykwåau[dum; Ny;D \/
rSef\ þjy,k*fü tm[m&paom wpfpkHwpfckaom*kPfjzifh vGefuJukefí
þokdY trlt&mtxl;ukd qçtyfonfomvQifwnf;? þyg#vdykwåau[d[laom
jy,k*üf um; 'l&EÅdow k üf 0dbwåo'´gjzifh tyg'geftrnfrn S jhf cif;ukd jyKtyf\/ rSe\ f
]]ed'|d́ 0do,H/y/ rwH}}[lí þpum;ukd (£'H 0peH) qkt d yf\/
ygVd {w¬ [d auepd *kaPe OuúHoD,EÅDwd tEkara,sm0 Bud,m0dao
aom/ £ ye 'l&EÅdumm'doak wå 0dbwå*[ ¾ aPe tyg'geonm/ 0kwOå ö
*gxmjrefrm tcsKdUaom tyg'gefonf jytyfaom tyg'gefrSnfh&m Bud,mvQif

t&m&S\ d ? tcsKUd aom tyg'gefonf xkwaf qmiftyfaom tyg'gef
rSnfh&m Bud,mvQif t&m&Sd\? xkdrSwyg; tcsKdUaom tyg'gefonf qçtyfaom
Bud,mvQif t&m&Sd\? þokdYvQif tyg'gefukd okH;yg;tjym;jzifh odtyf\/
*gxm ]]ed'´d|0do,H udOöd? Oygwå0do,H wxm?

tEkar,s0o d ,Oömwd? tyg'geH wd"m rw}}EÅ/d
tyg'gef 2-rsK;d xkt d yg'gefonfyif pvtyg'gef tpvtyg'gef tpGr;f jzifh
ESpyf g;tjym;&So d nfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd wa'0 pvmpv0aoe 'k0"d rÜd a[mwd/
ar; pvtyg'gefonf tb,fenf;Þ
pv
ygVd pvH ,xmÞ
ykpH H "m0wm [w¬drSm ywdawm tuFko"m&D/
jrefrm qifO;D pD;onf ajy;aomqifrS us\/
½ly [w¬drSmum; [w¬v d id wf nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwjf zifh [w¬u d t dk yg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü
yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ([w¬+d o®m) o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk
rSmjyK? [w¬drSmum; Ny;D \/
ar; tpvtyg'gefonf tb,fenf;Þ
tpv
ygVd tpvH ,xmÞ
ykpH H yAÁwm Mow&EÅd 0ep&m/
jrefrm rkqkd;wkdYonf awmifrS qufukef\/
½ly yAÁwmmum; yAÁwvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwjf zifh yAÁwukt d yg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü
yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (yAÁw+o®m) w-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh
yAÁw[laom ykvd’iftum&EÅaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf?
yAÁwmmum; Ny;D \/
aMumufjcif;\taMumif;jzpfaom tyg'gefüÞ
b,a[wkrÞ dS
ykpH H apm&m b,H Zm,wd/
jrefrm ckd;olrS (aMumifh) aMumufjcif;onf ab;onf jzpf\/
½ly apm&m
apm&mum; apm&vdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwfjzifh aMumufjcif;teufü apm&ukdtyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD
3/ um&uu@ 711
okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (apm&+o®m) &-cGif; t-<uif;?

o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh apm&[laom ykvi’d t
f um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom o®m0dbwfudk
tmjyK? acs uyf? apm&m
apm&mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wPSm, Zm,wD b,H/
jrefrm wyfjcif;aMumifh ab;onf jzpf\/
½ly wPSmum; wPSvid w f nf? tm;ypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (wPSm)
w'¨dwemrfiJh? aMumifh[lí--aMumifh um&P--um; y&ornmya,ma* okwfjzifh
um&P--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfukd vkdufapí um&Paw¬ p okwfjzifh
um&Pteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (wPSm+o®m) PS-cGi;f tm-<uif;? o®m o®d H
eH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? wPS mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ygyawm Owåowd/
jrefrm raumif;rIrS vef\ Y /
½ly ygyawm
ygyawmum; ygyvdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwjf zifh aMumufvefjY cif;teufü ygyukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬
okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü awmypön;f ouf? ygyawmygyawmum; Ny;D \/
oifMum;wwfaom tyg'gefüÞ tu©mw&dÞ

ykpH H OyZÑm,m odu©H *PSmwd/
jrefrm OyZÑm,frS twwfukd oif,l\/
½ly OyZÑm,m
OyZÑm,mum; OyZÑm,vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
,o®m 'aywd--okwjf zifh oif,jl cif;teufü OyZÑm,ukt d yg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (OyZÑm,+o®m) ,-cGif;
t-<uif;? o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh OyZÑm,[laom ykvi’d tf um&EÅaemifraS ESmif;aom
o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? OyZÑm,mOyZÑm,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmp&d,rSm t"Daw/
jrefrm q&mrS oif,l\/
½ly tmp&d,rSmum; tmp&d,rSvid w f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H tmp&d,awm okPmwd/
jrefrm q&mrS em\/
½ly tmp&d,awm awmum; tmp&d,vdiw f nf? rS[í

l --aMumifh tyg'gef--
um; ,o®m 'aywd--okwjf zifh oif,jl cif;teufü OyZÑm,ukt d yg'gef--rSn?hf uGpd
D eufü awmypön;f ouf? tmp&d,awm
awm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört awmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]tyg'gef}}[laomo'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]tyg'ge}}EÅd t"duma&m/
-----------------
okwf 309/ "mwkemrmerkyo*¾a,m*g'doGyd p/

okwjf refrm "mwfemrfw\ Ydk t,SOüf ¤if;? Oyom&t,SOt f p&So
d nfwüYdk ¤if;? Oy
om&t,SOt f p&So d nfwüYdk ¤if;? tyg'gefrnf\/
0dN*Kd[f "mwfwkdYvnf; emrfwkdYvnf;? "mwfemrfwkdY/
ygVd "mwa0g p emrmed p "mwkemrmed/
0kwjdå refrm a&SUaemufow k wf jYdk zifh rpD&iftyfaom rSwaf Mumif;&Sud ek af om xk-d
"mwfemrfwkYd\ t,SOfü¤if;? Oyom&t,SOfü¤if;? tm'do'´gjzifh
edygwft,SOfü¤if;? xkd"mwfç emrfç Oyom&ç edygwfwkdYESifh,SOfaom um&uonf
tyg'gefrnfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd awoH t0d[w d vu©PmeH "mwkemrmeH ya,ma*ç Oyo*¾a,ma*
p tm'doa'é edygwa,ma* p wH,kwåH um&uH tyg'geonH a[mwd/
jrefrm "mwf\t,SOfü a&S;OD;pGm y&m y&ma&S;&Sad om Zd"mwf\t,SOüf tMuif
um&uukd olwpfyg;wkYd rESyd pf ufEidk ?f xku d m&uonf tyg'geftrnf
&Sdonf jzpf\/ (aom tyg'geoanm)/
ygVd "mwkyÜa,ma* wm0Þy&mZda,ma* a,m toa,Sm/
jrefrm ya&S;&Sad om bl"mwft,SOüf tMuifum&uonf trGejf zpf&mwnf;?
xkud m&uonf tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd ybla,ma* yba0g/
jrefrm Ze"mwf\t,SOüf jzpfaom 0w¬K\ tMuifjyXmef;aomoabmonf
&Sd\? (tw¬d) xkdjyXmef;aomoabmonfvnf; tyg'geftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
ygVd Zeda,ma* Zm,rmeó yuwd p/
3/ um&uu@ 713
ykpH H ,xmÞ Ak'ö®m y&maZEÅd tnwdw¬d,m/

jrefrm ykHpHum;Þ omoemawmfrSwpfyg;aom t,l&Sdukefaom wdw¬dwkdY-
onf bk&m;rS ½IH;ukef\/
½ly Ak'ö®mum; Ak'¨vid w f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; "mwkem
rme--okwjf zifh y&ykAÁ Zd"mwf\t,SOf Ak'u ¨ dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh
tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? Ak'ö®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H [dr0wm yb0EÅd yOö r[me'da,m/
jrefrm jrpfBu;D ig;pD;wko
Yd nf [dr0EÅmawmifrS trGejf zpfuek \ f /
½ly [dr0wm0wmum; [dr0EÅKvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
"mwkem rme--okwjf zifh píjzpfjcif;teuf&adS om yykAÁ bl"mwf\t,SOf píjzpf&m
[dr0EÅKudk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? ([dr0EÅK+o®m) trSwrk ES KÅ &mZjA[®w-å -okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwfudk
uJo h iYdk ?hJ awmwdwmo o®d eH mok okwjf zifh EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG wmjyK? [dr0wm
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H te0wwårmS r[mo&m yb0EÅ/d
jrefrm te0wuftidk rf S av;rsuEf mS pD;aom jrpfBu;D wko Yd nf trGejf zpfuek \
f /
½ly te0wwårSmum; te0wwåvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--
um; "mwkem rme--okwfjzifh píjzpfjcif;teuf&Sdaom yykAÁ bl"mwf\t,SOf
te0wwåudk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? (te0wwå+o®m) o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd rSmjyK?
te0wwårSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tpd&0wd,m yb0EÅd ukE'é ad ,m/
jrefrm jrpfi,fwo Ydk nf tpd&0wDjrpfrS trGejf zpfuek \ f /
½ly tpd&0wd,mmum; tpd&0wdvid w f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--
um; "mwkem rme--okwjf zifh píjzpfjcif;teuf&adS om yykAÁ bl"mwf\t,SOf pí
jzpf&m tpd&0wDudk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
{u0kpf o®m-ouf? (tpd&0wd+o®m) w-cGif; £-cGif;? aw £w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh
£wd¬vdifukda[maom £ukd y-rSnfh? yawm ,m okwfjzifh yaemifrSaESmif;aom
o®m0dbwfudk ,mjyK? tpd&0wd,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H umrawm Zm,wD aomaum/

jrefrm pk;d &drjf cif;onf 0w¬Kumrukd tm½kjH yKí jzpfaom udavomumr-
aMumifh jzpf\/
½ly umrawm
umrawmum; umrvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
"mwkem rme--okwfjzifh Ze"mwf\t,SOf umrukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm yOö
rsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü awmypön;f ouf? umrawm
umrawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,o®m aom Zm,aw *ded/
jrefrm xkrd ;D onf; tMuifxif;rS jzpf\/
½ly ,o® mum; ,vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; "mwkem
rme--okwfjzifh Ze"mwf\t,SOf ,ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh
tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ,o® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H O&o®m Zmawm ykawåm/
jrefrm &ifrS om;onf jzpf\/
½ly O&o®mum; O&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ur®awm ZmwH £È´d,H/
jrefrm £aÈónf uHaMumifh jzpf\/
½ly ur® a wm wmum; ur®vid wf nf? aMumifh[lí--aMumifh um&P--um;
"mwkem rme--okwjf zifh Ze"mwf\t,SOf ur®udk um&P--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬
D eufü awmypön;f ouf? ur®awm
okwjf zifh yOört wmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm emro'´g\t,SOfü wpfyg;[laomteuf&Sdaomo'´g £w&

paom
paomo'´gwkEYd iS hf ,SO&f mü tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf (tyg'geonm) jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
ygVd emryÜa,ma* tnw¬dw&m &m'D[d ,kawåÞ
ykpH H emnMw 'ku©m oarÇmwd/
jrefrm ocFg&'kup© onfrS wpfyg;aom owåZ0D yk*v ¾ onf (tanm) rjzpf/
½ly 'k u © mum; 'ku©vid w
f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; "mwkem
rme--okwfjzifh wpfyg;[laomteuf&Sdaomo'´g\t,SOf 'ku©ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh?
tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ('ku+© o®m) u©-
cGif;? o®mod® HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? 'k u © mum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 715
ykpH H emnH 'ku©m ed½kZÑwd/

jrefrm cEÿOöu'kur© S wpfyg;aom owå0gponfonf rcsKy/f
½ly 'ku©mum; 'kuv © id w
f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wawm tane uar®e/
jrefrm xkdy#doaEükd jzpfwwfaom uHrSwpfyg;aom uHaMumifh/
½ly uar® eum; ur®vid w f nf? aMumifh[lí--aMumifh um&P--um;
"mwkem rme--okwjf zifh wpfyg;[laomteuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOf ur®udk um&P-
-rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwu f vdk udk af pí um&Paw¬ p okwjf zifh um&Pteufü
yOör0D bd wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? o®m em okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk em0dbwfuo hJ iYdk ?hJ r®-
cGif; t-<uif;? tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? acs uyf? uar® e Ny;D \/
ykpH H wawm £w&H/
jrefrm xk0d w¬Krw
S pfyg;aom 0w¬Ku/dk
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; "mwkem
rme--okwfjzifh £w&o'´g\t,SOf wukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm yOö rsaw¬
D eufü awmypön;f ouf? wawm
okwjf zifh yOört wawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Obawm okZmawm ykawåm £pöm'd/
jrefrm rdbufzbuf ESpyf g;pkrH S om;onf aumif;pGm zGm;\ þokpYd onfwnf;/
½ly Obawm
Obawmum; Obvdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; "mwkem
rme--okwjf zifh aumif;pGmjzpfjcif;teuf&adS om okyAk Á Ze"mwf\t,SOf aumif;pGm
jzpf&m Obukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOö rsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü awmypön;f
ouf? Obawm
Obawmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm Oyo*¾ESifh,SOfaomyk'fwkdYwGif MuOfjcif;teuf&u dS ek af om ty

ty[l-
aom Oy&d[al om Oyom&wkEYd iS hf ,SO&f mü¤if;? r&d,m'teuf tbd
0d"dteuf&Sdaom tm[laom Oyom& t,SOfü¤if;? twl[laomteuf tpm;
ay;jcif;teuf&Sdaom ywd[laomOyom&ESifh ,SOf&mü¤if;? tyg'geftrnf&Sdonf
jzpf\/
ygVd Oyo*¾,kawåok tyy&D[d 0ZÆeaw¬[d a,ma*ç r&d,m'gbd0d"d
taw¬ tma,ma* ywdem ywde"d yd wd'geaw¬e a,ma* p/
ykpH H ,xmÞ tyomvm, tm,EÅd 0gPdZm? omvH 0aZÆwmG wd taw¬m/

jrefrm H m;Þ ukeo
ykpH u f nfwo Ydk nf Z&yfudk MuOfí vmuke\ f ? Z&yfudk MuOfí
þum; teufwnf;/
½ly omvm,
omvm,um; omvvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf? cGi;f acs uyf? (om
vm) w'¨w d emrfi?hJ uk[d í
l --aMumifh uHteufuv dk si;f vkvwfaomf? "mwkem rme-
-okwjf zifh MuOfjcif;teuf&adS om tyOyom&yk'\ f t,SOf MuOf&mjzpfaom omvmukd
tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf?
(omvm+o®m) tm aCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id u
f adk [maom tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm
em'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tm,jyK? v-cGif; acs uyf?
omvm,
omvm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H w,m y&dyAÁwm a'a0g 0ówd? yAÁwH 0aZÆwGmwd taw¬m/
jrefrm xkdrSwpfyg; rkdCf;onf awmifukd MuOfí &Gm\? awmifukd MuOfí
þum;teufwnf;/
½ly yAÁ w mmum; yAÁwvdiw f nf? ukd[lí--aMumifh uHteufukdvsif;vk
vwfaomf? "mwkem rme--okwjf zifh wxm[laom yAÁwukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (yAÁw+o®m) w-cGi;f t-
<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? yAÁ w mmum; Ny;D \/
r&d,m'üÞ r&d,m'g,HÞ
ykpH H tmyAÁwm acwåH/
jrefrm awmifwkdifatmif v,fwnf;/
½ly yAÁwmmum; yAÁwvdiw
f nf? wkid af tmif[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwkem rme--okwfjzifh r&d,m'teuf&Sdaom tmOyom&\t,SOf yAÁwukd
tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf?
(yAÁw+o®m) w-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf?
yAÁwmmum; Ny;D \/
tbd0"d üd Þ tbd0"d rd ÞdS
ykpH H tmjA[®avmum oa'´g tAÇK*p¾ w ä ?d jA[®avmuH tbdAsmaywGmwd
taw¬m/
3/ um&uu@ 717
jrefrm jA[®mjynfudk ESUH í toHonf vTr;f rk;d í wuf\? jA[®mjh ynfudk ESUH í
þum;teufwnf;/
½ly jA[®avmum
vmumum; jA[®avmuvdiw f nf? wkid af tmif[í
l --aMumifh
tyg'gef- um;? "mwkem rme--okwjf zifh tbd0"d t d euf&adS om tmOyom&\t,SOf
ysHUESHUvTrf;rkd;í wuf&m jA[®avmuukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh
tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (jA[®avmu+o®m) u-cGif; t-<uif;?
o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? jA[®avmum vmumum; Ny;D \/
ywde"d üdÞ Þ
ywde"d rd dS
ykpH H Ak'ö®m ywd om&dykawåm "r®a'oem, tmvywdawrmoH/
jrefrm bk&m;rS twljzpfaom om&dyw k &å monf 0gwGi;f ok;H vywfv;Hk w&m;
a[mjcif;iSg ac:\/
½ly Ak'ö®mum; Ak'¨vid wf nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem
rme--okwjf zifh twljyKjcif;teuf&adS om ywd[al omOyom&\t,SOf twljyK&m
Ak'u ¨ dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-
ouf? Ak'ö®mum; Ny;D \/
ywd'geüÞ ywd'gaeÞ
ykpH H Cwró awvo®m ywd ''gwd/
jrefrm xkdoltm; axmywfukd qDrS tpm;jyKí ay;\/
½ly awvo® mum; awvvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwkem rme--okwjf zifh tpm;ay;jcif;teuf&adS om ywd[al omOyom&\t,SOf
tpm;ay;&m awvukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü
yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? awvo®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ueuró [d&no®m ywd ''gwd/
jrefrm xkdoltm; a&Tukd aiGrS tpm;jyKí ay;\/
½ly [d&no®mum; [d&nvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
jrefrm edygwfü,SOfaom yk'fwkdYwGif &daw emem 0demmtp&Sad om yk'-f

wkEYd iS hf ,SO&f mü tyg'geftrnf&o
dS nf jzpf\/
ygVd edygw,kawåok &daw emem 0dem'D[d a,ma*Þ

ykpH H &daw o'¨r®m ukawm okcH vbwd/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;w&m;rS uif;í csrf;omukd twDrSm&tHenf;/
½ly o'¨r®mum; o'¨rv ® id wf nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem
rme--okwjf zifh uif;jcif;[laomteuf&adS om &daw[laomedygwfy'k \ f t,SOf uif;&m
o'¨r®ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? (o'¨r+® o®m) r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mo®d eH H 0g owfjzifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK?
acs uyf? o'¨r®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aw bdu©L ememukvm yAÁZdwm/
jrefrm xk&d [ef;wkoYd nf trsK;d rS MuOfuek í
f &[ef;jyKuek \
f /
½ly uk v mmum; ukvvdiw f nf? MuOfjcif;teuf&Sdaom emem[laom
edygwfy'k \
f t,SO?f enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H 0dem o'¨r®m ew¬anm aumpd emaxm avmau 0dZÆwd/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;w&m;rS MuOfí wpfyg;aom wpfpkHwpfckaom ukd;-
uG,f&monf avmuü r&Sd/
½ly o'¨ r ® mum; o'¨r®vid w f nf? uif;jcif;teuf&Sdaom 0dem[laom
edygwfy'k \
f t,SO?f enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H t&da,[d ykxa*0g,H Zaem/

jrefrm þvltaygif;onf t&d,mwkdYrS toD;omvQifwnf;/
½ly t&da,[dum; t&d,vdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwkemrme--okwjf zifh toD;tjcm;[laomteuf&adS om ykx[laomedygwfy'k \ f
t,SOf oD;jcm;&m t&d,ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü
yOörD A[k0pk f [d-ouf? (t&d,+[d) ,-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh
[d0dbwfaMumifh ,tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ,fAsnf; {okdYuyf? t&da,[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,m0 jA[®avmum oa'´g tAÇK*¾päwd/
jrefrm jA[®jynfwkdifatmif jA[®jynfukd ESHUí toHawmfonf wuf\/
½ly jA[®avmum
vmumum; jA[®avmuvdiw f nf? wkid af tmif[íl --aMumifh
tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem rme--okwjf zifh tbd0"d td euf&adS om tmOyom&\t,SOf
3/ um&uu@ 719
ysHUESHUvTrf;rkd;íwuf&m jA[®avmuukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh

tyg'gefteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (jA[®avmu+o®m) u-cGif; t-<uif;?
o®mo®d HeH 0g owfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? jA[®avmum vmumum; Ny;D \/
tydo'´g tydo'´gjzifh ur®um&u tyg'geum&uwk\ Yd tv,fü yOör0D b d wf
onf jzpf\/ umv'¨geüomvQif (umv'¨gae {0) umvt"Geu Yf dk
a[maomo'´gwkaYd emifro S mvQif yOör0D b
d wfonf jzpf\/
ygVd tyd*[ ¾ aPe ur®myg'geum&uraZÑyd yOörD umv'¨gae[d/
ykpH H yu©o®m 0dZÑwd rd*H/
jrefrm rkq;dk onf (vk'a´ um) wpfq,fih g;&ufrS orifudk ypfazmuf\/
½ly yu©o®mum; yu©vid w f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem
rme--okwfü tm'do'´gjzifh yu©[laomtyg'geum&u rd*[laom ur®um&u
ESpyf g;wktYd v,fjzpfaom yu©udk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef
teufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? yu©o®mum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm rkqkd;onf þaeYrS wpfq,fhig;&ufrS orifukd ypfazmuf\/ þ
t"dyÜg,fukd (£wd t"dyÜga,m) qkdtyfonf (0kawåm) jzpf\/
ygVd vk'áum £awm yu©o®m rd*H 0dZÑwDwd 0kwåH a[mwd/
ykpH H {0H rmoo®m bkOÆwd abmZeH/
jrefrm þtwl wpfvrS abmZOfukd pm;\/
½ly rmoo®mum; rmovdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem
rme--okwfü tm'do'´gjzifh £awm[laomtyg'geum&u abmZeH [laom
ur®um&u ESpfyg;wkdYtv,fjzpfaom rmoukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD
okwfjzifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? rmoo®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aumom 0dZÑwd ukOÆ&H/
jrefrm þt&yfrS (£awm) wmig;&mtwGif;rS qifukd ypfazmuf\/
½ly aumom
aumomum; aumovdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwkem rme--okwüf tm'do'´gjzifh £awm[laomtyg'geum&u ukO&Æ [ H al om
ur®um&u ESpfyg;wkdYtv,fjzpfaom aumoukd t*g&urZÑtyg'gef--rSnfh?
tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? o-cGif; t-
<uif;? o®mod® HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? aumom aumomum; Ny;D \/
po'´g po'´gjzifh ybko'´g\teufü¤if;? xkyd bkteuf&adS omo'´g\ t,SOf

ü¤if;? yOör0D b
d wfonf (yOör)D jzpf\/
ygVd p o'´*[ ¾ aPe ybkwsmsm'dtaw¬ç w'w¬yaÜ ,ma* pÞ
ykpH H ,awm[H b*ded t&d,m, Zmwd,m Zmawm/
jrefrm ESr tMuif*grpí igonf jrwfaom&[ef;Zmwfjzifh jzpf\/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwkem
rme--okwfü po'´gjzifh wpfpkHwpfckaomo'´gESifh r,SOf&mü ,ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh?
uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü awmypön;f ouf? ,awm ,awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,awm o&mrd twåmeH/
jrefrm tMuiftcgrSpí (ybkwd) rdrdukd,fukd atmufarh\/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,awm yawåmo®d 0dñkwH/
jrefrm tMuiftcgrSpí (ybkw)d odMum;vdrm® aomol\tjzpfoYdk a&muf-
onf jzpf\/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,wGm"du&PareH/
jrefrm tMuifpu©KaÈu ´ dk rapmifjh cif;aMumifh xk&d [ef;ukd ({eH)/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? um&uteuf&adS om t"du&Pt,SO?f
enf;wlwu G yf g/
½ly t"d u &PH um; t"d u &Pvdifwnf? aMumif h [ l í --aMumif h
[dwfteufukd vsif;vkvwfaomf "mwkem rme--okwfü po'´gjzifh t"du&Pukd
t&da[wGw¬tyg'gef-rSnfh? 'kwd,myOörDeOö okwfü po'´gjzifh tyg'gefteufü
'kw, d m {u0kpf tH-ouf? (t"du&P+tH) P-cGi;f acs uyf? t"du&PHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,awm ybkwd/ jrefrm tMuiftcgrS pí/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGufyg/
ykpH H ,awm y|m,/ jrefrm tMuiftcgrS pí/
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGufyg/
ykpH H wawm y|m, £pöm'd/
jrefrm xktd cgrSpí? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
3/ um&uu@ 721
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw
f nf? enf;wlwGufyg/
----------------
okwf 310/ &u©Pw¬merdpädwH/

okwjf refrm apmifjh cif;teuf&u dS ek af om "mwfw\ Ydk t,SOüf tMuifqeftp&S-d
aom um&uukd usD;tp&Sdaomum&uonf tvkd&Sdtyf\ (,H
um&uH umum'd0eH)? xkq d eftp&Sad om um&uonf tyg'gef[al omtrnf&o dS nf
jzpf\/ wenf;- "mwfwkdY\ ("mwleH) t,SOfü (ya,ma*) apmifhtyfaomteuf
&Su d ek af om qef us;D tp&Su d ek af om um&uwkw Yd iG f tMuifqeftp&Sad om um&uukd
(,H um&uH) vlwo Ydk nf (rEkaó[d) tvk&d t dS yf\/ xkq d eftp&Sad omum&uonf
(wH um&uH) tyg'geftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\ (tyg'geonm a[mwd)/
0kwjdå refrm apmifjh cif; jrpfjcif;teuf&u dS ek af om "mwfw\ Ydk t,SOüf tMuifum&
uukd tvkd&Sdtyf\? xkdum&uonf tyg'geftrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd &u©Pw¬meH "mwleH ya,ma* ,H £päw d ?H wH um&uH tyg'geonH
a[mwd/
po'´g "mwkemrmeokwrf S vku d af om po'´g\ t&mjzpfaomaMumifh tvkd
r&Sad umif;aom um&uonf tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\ (tyg-
'geonm a[mwd)/
ygVd p um&m"dum&awm tedpw dä Oö/
&u©Po½kyf qufO;D tHh þokwüf jrpfjcif;onf¤if;? apmifjh cif;onf¤if;? &u©Prnf\/
ygVd &u©PH apw¬ ed0g&PHç wm,eOö/
ykpH H umau &u©EÅd w@Kvm/
jrefrm qefrS usD;wkdYukd apmifhukef\/
½ly w@Kvm
w@Kvmum; w@Kvvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
&u©Pw¬me rdpw dä H okwjf zifh apmifjh cif;teuf&adS om &u©"mwf\t,SOf apmif&h m
w@Kvukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? (w@Kv+o®m) v-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mod® HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd
tmjyK? acs uyf? w@Kvmw@Kvmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,0g y#daoa"EÅd *ga0g/

jrefrm rka,mrS EGm;wkdYukd wm;jrpfukef\/
½ly ,0g
,0gum; ,0vdiw f nf? wm;jrpfjcif;teuf&adS om ywdyAk Á od"mwf\
t,SOf? enf;wlwGufyg/
ar; tedpädwonf tb,fenf;Þ
ygVd tedpädwH ,xmÞ
ykpH H ygyg pdwåH ed0g&a,/
jrefrm raumif;rIrS pdwu f dk wm;jrpf&m\/
½ly ygyg
ygygum; ygyvdiw f nf? ed0g&a,ü edykAÁ0'"mwf\t,SOf? enf;wl
wGufyg/
ykpH H ygyg ed0ga&EÅ/d
jrefrm raumif;rIrS wm;jrpfuek \ f /
½ly ygyg
ygygum; ygyvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H &mZawm 0g apm&awm 0g t*¾dawm 0g O'uawm 0g emem-
b,awm 0g emema&m*awm 0g eemOy'´0awm 0g tm&u©H *PSEÅK/
jrefrm rif;rS¤if;? ckd;olrS¤if;? rD;rS¤if;? a&rS¤if;? txl;xl;aomab;rS¤if;?
trsKd;rsKd;aoma&m*grS¤if;? trsKd;rsKd;aom Oy'á0grS¤if;? tapmifh
ta&Smufukd ,lapukefownf;/
½ly &mZawm
&mZawmum; &mZvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
&u©Pw¬me rdpw dä H okwjf zifh tedpw dä um&uü apmifah &Smufjcif;teuf&adS om &u©
"mwf\t,SOf apmifah &Smuf&m &mZukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh
yOört D eufü awmypön;f ouf? &mZawm
&mZawmum; Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf apm&awm--paom½kyrf sm;ukv d nf; enf;wlwu

G yf g/
jrefrm ]]£päwd }H }[laomyk'o
f nf vku d \f /
ygVd ]]£päw
d }}rdwd 0wåaw/
----------------
3/ um&uu@ 723
okwf 311/ a,e 0g} 'óeH/

okwjf refrm tMuifOyZÑm,ftp&Sad om um&uonf rdr\ d (twåaem) rjrif-
jcif;ukd wynft
h p&Sad om um&uonf (odóm'dem) tvk&d tdS yf\?
(£pädwH) xkdOyZÑm,ftp&Sdaom um&uonf (wH um&uH) tyg'geftrnf&Sdonf
jzpf\ (tyg'geonm a[mwd)/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifOyZÑm,fpaom um&urSvnf; rjrifjcif;ukd yke;f wwfaom
wynfhponfonf tvkd&Sdtyf\? xkdOyZÑm,fpaom um&uonf
tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf tyg'geftrnfjzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,e t'óerdpädwH tEÅ&"m,aEÅe? wH um&uH tyg'geonH
a[mwd 0g/
t"dygÜ ,f yke;f wwfaomwynfph onfüomvQif þokwjf zifh tyg'geftrnf&dS
onf jzpf\/
ygVd tEÅ&"mae0g,H/
ykpH H OyZÑm,m tEÅ&"m,wd odaóm? edvD,wDwd taw¬m/

jrefrm wynfhonf OyZÑm,frS ykef;\? ykef;\ þum;teufwnf;/
½ly OyZÑm,m
OyZÑm,mum; OyZÑm,vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
a,e 0g 'óeH okwfjzifh rjrifjcif;ukdtvkd&Sdaom tEÅ&"m,wd Bud,m\t,SOf
rjrifwwfaom OyZÑm,ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gef teufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-
ouf? (OyZÑm,+o®m) ,-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK?
acs uyf? OyZÑm,m
OyZÑm,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwmydwl[d tEÅ&"m,wd ykawåm/
jrefrm om;onf rdbwkdYrS ykef;\/
½ly rmwmydwl[dum; rmwmydwv k id w
f nf? wkrYd [
S í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef-
-um;? a,e 0g 'óeH okwfjzifh rjrifjcif;ukdtvkd&Sdaom tEÅ&"m,wd Bud,m\
t,SOf rjrifwwfaom rmwmydwu k dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gef teufü yOörD {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? (rmwmydw+k [d) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b
d wf
aMumifh wftpdwf Oukd OD'C
D jyK? wfAsn;f ODouYdk yf? rmwmydwl[dum; Ny;D \/
ar; 0g
0g[laom yk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd 0g
0gwd ud H¿/
ykpH H aZw0ae tEÅ&[dawm/
jrefrm aZw0efausmif;awmfü (rS) wnfaomvltaygif;ü uG,\ f ? rjrif?
þokdYponfü tyg'gefukdwm;jrpfjcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ (£wdtm'Dok
tyg'geonm ed0g&ew¬)H /
½ly aZw0ae
aZw0aeum; aZw0evdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
a,e 0g 'óeH okwfjzifh rjrifjcif;ukdtvkd&Sdaom tEÅ&"m,wd Bud,m\ t,SOf
rjrifwwfaom aZw0eukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? a,e 0g 'óeH okwfü 0go'´gjzifh
yOört D eufü owår{D u0kpf od® -H ouf? (aZw0e+o®d )H e-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g
okwfjzifh od® H0dbwfukd {jyK? acs uyf? aZw0ae
aZw0aeum; Ny;D \/
ar; a,e
a,e[laomyk'o f nf tb,ftusK;d &So d enf;¿/
ygVd a,em
a,emwd ud ¿H /
ykpH H ,au©m waw¬0 tEÅ&"m,wd/
jrefrm rmefewfonf xkt d &yfüomvQif uG,\ f ? þoktYd p&So
d nfwüYdk tyg
'gef[al omtrnfudk wm;jrpfjcif;tusK;d &d\ S (£pöm'Dok tyg'ge onm ed0g&ew¬)H /
½ly ww¬um; wvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Mwxowår, d m oAÁemar[d
okwjf zifh wçoAÁemrfy'k af emif xypön;f ouf? (w+x) wGm'a,m 0dbwåo d nma,m
okwjf zifh xypön;f ukd owår0D b d wftrnfrn S ?hf 0a*¾ aCmomaCmomeH--okwjf zifh
xypönf;ukd to'doa'Gabmf w¬-jyK? ww¬um; Ny;D \/
--------------
okwf 312/ 'l&EÅd u'ümvedr®mewGmavmy'doma,m*0dbwåm-
&yÜa,m* ok'ÿÜarmpe a[wk 0d0dwåyÜrmP ykAÁa,m* AEë *kP0pe yO§
uxeaxmumuwåLok p/
okwjf refrm 'l&o'´g 'l&teuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOf 'l&teuf tEÅu d o'´g tEÅu d
teuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOf t"GeuYf Edk idI ;f ½Sn&hf mumvukd EIid ;f &Sn&hf m
wGmypönf;aus&m 'domo'´g 'domteuf&Sdaomo'´g\t,SOf a0befjcif;teuf
tm&wdo'´g tm&wdteuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOf pifjcif;teuf vGwjf cif;teuf ykpmä
3/ um&uu@ 725
[dwfteuf qdwfjcif;teuf EdIif;&Snfhjcif;teuf ykAÁo'´g\t,SOf zJGUjcif;teuf

aus;Zl;ukq d jdk cif;teuf ar;jcif;ajzjcif;tenf;i,f[al omteuf uwåm;r[kwaf om
Óyu[dwt f eufwüYdk vnf; tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\ (tyg'geonm a[mwd)/
0kwjdå refrm 'l&o'´g 'l&teuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOf 'l&teufü¤if;? tEÅu d o'´g
tEÅduteuf&Sdaomo'´g\t,SOfü¤if;? t"GefYukdEIdif;&Snfh&mü¤if;?
umvukdEIdif;&Snfh&mü¤if;? wGmypönf;aus&mü¤if;? 'domo'´g 'domteuf&Sdaom
o'´g\t,SOfü¤if;? a0befjcif;teufü¤if;? tm&wdo'´g tm&wdteuf&Sdaom
o'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;? pifjcif;teuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;? vGwjf cif;teuf&adS om
o'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;? ykpmä [dwt f eufü¤if;? qdwjf cif;teuf&adS omo'´g\teufü¤if;?
EIid ;f &Snjhf cif;teufü¤if;? ykApÁ aomo'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;? zJUG jcif;teuf&adS omo'´g\
t,SOüf ¤if;? aus;Zl;ukd qkjd cif;teufü¤if;? ar;jcif;teufü¤if;? ajzjcif;teufü¤if;?
tenf;i,f[al omteufü¤if;? uwåm;r[kwaf om Óyu[dwt f eufü¤if;? ykid ;f -
jcm;&mjzpfíjzpfaom [dwf uH ponfjzpfíjzpfaom tMuifum&uonf &Sd\?
xku d m&uonf tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'l&aw¬ç tEÅu d aw¬ç t'ërd m® aeç umvedrm® aeç wGmavmayç 'dom
a,ma*ç 0dbawåç tm&wdyÜa,ma*ç ok'¨w¬yÜa,ma*ç yarmpew¬yÜa,ma*ç
a[wGaw¬ç 0d0w d wå y¬ aÜ ,ma*ç yrmPaw¬ç ykAaÁ ,ma*ç AEëw¬yaÜ ,ma*ç *kP0pae
yaO§ç uxaeç axmuaw¬ç tuwå&d p ,'0"dblwHç a[wkur®m'dblwOö? wH
um&uH tyg'geonH a[mwd/
po'´g p o'´gjzifh ,SOof ifah omtavQmuf 'kw, d m0dbwf wwd,m0dbwf
q|D0b d wfonfv f nf; jzpf\/
ygVd p oa'é ,xma,m*H 'kwd,mç wwd,mç q|D p/
{uodujf yKí qk&d ykH þokwüf vnf; 'l&o'´g 'l&teufvnf; tEÅu d o'´g tEÅu
d
teufvnf; þokYd teufo'´gwl {uodujf yKí 'l&EÅu d [lí
qkdtyf\? þokdYrSwftyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p 'l&EÅu d w¬Omö wd 'l&EÅduEÅd o½layuaooH uwGm
d Oö 'l&EÅu
0kwEå dÅ '|AÁ/H
tusK;d um; xkaYd Mumifh 'l&o'´g 'l&teuf&adS omo'´g tEÅu

d o'´g tEÅu
d teuf
&Sad omo'´g\t,SOüf ¤if;? xk'd &l teuf tEÅu
d teufü¤if;? tyg'gef
trnfrn
S &hf onf jzpf\/
ygVd awe 'l&EÅd uw¬yÜa,ma*ç w'aw¬ p tyg'geoanm a[mwd/
'l&o'´g 'l&teuf&Sdaomo'´g\t,SOfü a&S;OD;pGmÞ

'l&w¬yÜa,ma* wm0Þ
ykpH H uD0'la&m £awm eVum&*garm/
jrefrm þt&yfrS usLx&Honf\&Gmonf tb,frQavmuf a0;oenf;/
½ly £awm
£awmum; £rvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwfjzifh 'l& o'´g\t,SOf £rukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh
yOört D eufü £ro'´gaemif awmypön;f ouf (£r+awm) £ród xH 'ged-- okwjf zifh
awm ypönf;aMumifh £ro'´gukd £jyK? £awm £awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wawm [a0 'l&w&H 0'EÅd/
jrefrm xkdajrESifh aumif;uifa0;aomxuf xif&Sm;pGm olawmfaumif;
w&m;ESifh rolawmfw&m; tvGefa0;\[lí qkdukef\/
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? xuf[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; ,o®m
'aywd--okwf ukd vkdufapí 'l&EÅd--okwfjzifh 0dbwåtyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm yOö
rsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü wo'´gaemif awmypön;f ouf wawm wawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *grawm emwd'al &/
jrefrm &GmrS ra0;vGe;f aom t&yfü/
½ly *grawm
*grawmum; *grvdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -
okwfjzifh ra0; vGef;&m *grukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh yOörD
teufü *gro'´g aemif awmypön;f ouf *grawm *grawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tm&um aw armCyk&dom £ro®m "r®0de,m/
jrefrm xkrd *fzv
dk u
f if;uGm bm0emrrS;D tcs;D ES;D aoma,mufsm;wko
Yd nf þokYd
aom tbd"r®m 0denf;[kqkdtyfaom omoemawmfrS a0;ukef\/
½ly "r®0de,m ,mum; "r®0de,vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh 'l&teuf&adS om tm&umo'´g\t,SOf "r®0ed ,ukd tyg'gef--
3/ um&uu@ 727
rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf?

("r®0de,+o®m) ,-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs
uyf? "r®0de,m ,mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H aZw0ae tEÅ&[dawm/
jrefrm aZw0efausmif;awmfü (rS) wnfaomvltaygif;ü uG,\ f ? rjrif?
þokdYponfü tyg'gefukdwm;jrpfjcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ (£wdtm'Dok
tyg'geonm ed0g&ew¬)H /
½ly aw[dum; wvdiw f nf? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh 'l&teuf&adS om tm&umo'´g\t,SOf wukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d-ouf? (w+[d) w-cGi;f t-
<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf[d0dbwfaMumifh wftpdwf t-ukd {jyK?
wfAsnf; {okdYuyf? aw[dum; Ny;D \/
'l&teufüÞ 'k&aw¬Þ
ykpH H 'l&awm0 eróEÅ/d
jrefrm ta0;rSvQif &Scd ;dk uke\f /
½ly 'l & awm
awmum; 'l&vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh 'l&ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü 'l& o'´gaemif
awmypön;f ouf 'l&awm awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t'ó 'l&awm0 tm*pä E/HÅ
jrefrm ta0;rSvQif vmonfukd jrif\/
½ly 'l&awm
awmum; 'l&vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G f
tEÅu d o'´g tEÅu d teuf&adS omo'´g\ t,SOüf Þ
tEÅu d w¬yaÜ ,ma*Þ
ykpH H tEÅduH *grm/ jrefrm &GmrS eD;\/
½ly *grm
*grmum; *grvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh
tEÅduo'´g \ t,SOf *grukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh
tyg'gefteufü yOörD 0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (*gr+o®m) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod®
eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? *grm *grmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tmoEéH *grm/ jrefrm &GmrS eD;\/
½ly *grm
*grmum; *grvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H orDyH *grm? *gró orDyEÅd taw¬m/
jrefrm &GmrSeD;\ &Gm\ &GmrS teD;wnf;? þum;teufwnf;/
½ly *grm
*grmum; *grvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm 'kw, d m0dbwfonf¤if;? wwd,m0dbwfonf¤if; jzpf\/
ygVd 'kwd,mç wwd,m p/
rSwcf suf þokwjf zifh tyg'gefrn hf po'´gjzifh 'kw,
S í d m0dbwf wwd,m0dbwf
ouf&rnf/
ykpH H 'l&H *grH tm*awm/ jrefrm a0;aom&GmrS vm\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiwf nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh
'l&o'´g\ t,SOf *grukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? 'l&EÅd--okwfü po'´gjzifh 'kwd,m 0dbwf
{u0kpf tH-ouf? (*gr+tH) r-cGi;f acs uyf? *grHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'la&e *gare tm*awm? 'l&awm *grm tm*awmwd taw¬m/
jrefrm a0;aom&GmrS vm\? a0;aom&GmrS vm\? þum;teufwnf;/
½ly *gare
*gareum; *grvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh 'l&o'´g\ t,SOf *grukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf 'l&EÅ-d -okwüf po'´gjzifh wwd,m
0dbwf {u0kpf em-ouf? (*gr+em) r-cGi;f ? em0dbwfudk {ejyK? acs uyf? *gare
*gareum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'l&H *gare 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; a0;aom &GmrS/
½ly *gare
*gareum; *grvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEÅduH *grH tm*awm/
jrefrm eD;aom &GmrS vm\/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tEÅduH *gare 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; eD;aom &GmrS/
½ly *gareum; *grvdiw
*gare f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tmoEéH *grH/
jrefrm eD;aom &GmrS/
½ly *grHum; *grvdiw f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
3/ um&uu@ 729
ykpH H tmoEéH *gare 0g £pöm'd/

jrefrm wenf;um; eD;aom&GmrS? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly *gare
*gareum; *grvdiw f nf? a&S;enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm t'ümvedr®meü- edrm® ernfonfum; EIid ;f &Snjhf cif;wnf;? xkEd idI ;f -
,SOjf cif;ukd odtyfonf&adS omf tyg'geftrnf&o dS nf jzpf\ (tyg-
'geonm a[mwd)/
ygVd t'ümvedr®mae edrm® eH emr y&drmPH? wo®d H *rsrmaeÞ
ykpH H £awm rxk&m, pwlok a,mZaeok ouFóH/
jrefrm þrxk&jynfrS av;,lZem twkid ;f t&Snw f üYdk ouFójynfonf
wnf\/
½ly £awm
okwjf zifh pwlok a,mZaeok-[k t"Geu Yf Edk idI ;f &Sn&hf mü £rukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm
yOörsaw¬ okwfjzifh yOörDteufü £ro'´gaemif awmypönf;ouf? (£r+ awm)
wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf £ród xH 'ged-- okwjf zifh
£ro'´gukd £jyK? £awm £awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &mZ*[awm yOöpwåmvDoa,mZerw¬au om0w¬/d
jrefrm &mZN*K[ d Nf rKUd rS av;q,fih g;,lZemtxufü (av;q,fih g;,lZemü
omvQif) om0w¬dNrKdUonf wnf\ (XdwH)/
½ly &mZ*[awm
&mZ*[awmum; &mZ*[vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh t"Geu Yf Edk idI ;f ,SO&f mü &mZ*[ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬
okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü &mZ*[o'´gaemif awmypön;f ouf? &mZ*[ awm awmum; Ny;D \/
umvukEd idI ;f &Sn&hf müÞ umvedrm® aeÞ
ykpH H £awm {ue0kwu d yÜrw¬au 0dyóD b*0g avmau OyÜZó dÆ wd/
jrefrm þb'úrÇmrS uk;d q,hw f pfurÇmxufü (uk;d q,fw h pfurÇmtwkid ;f
t&Snüf omvQi)f 0dyóDb&k m;onf avmuü jzpfxeG ;f yGiv hf if;awmfr\
l
½ly £awm
okwjf zifh umvukd EIid ;f &Sn&hf mü £rukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh
yOört D eufü £ro'´gaemif awmypön;f ouf? (£r+awm) wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh
awmypönf;ukd 0dbwftrnfrSnfh? £ród xH 'ged-- okwfjzifh £ro'´gukd £jyK?

£awm
£awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £awm £awm 0óo[ópöa,e Aka'¨g avmau OyÜZó dÆ wd/
jrefrm þESprf S tESpw f pfaxmifveG o f jzifh (tESpw f pfaxmifveG &f mü bk&m;
&Siof nf avmuü yGiahf wmfrv l wåUH /
½ly £awm
£awmum; £rvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm wGmypönf;tqkH;&Sdaomyk'f\ ausjcif;rnfonfum;- xkw d mG -
ypönf;teuf jzpfoifhvQufvnf; xif&Sm;r&Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;?
xkdwGmypönf;rausjcif;ukd odtyfonf&Sdaomf (*rsrmae) uH tm"m&wkdYukd qkdtyf
ukefonf&Sdaomf xkdwGmypönf;ausaomt&mü uH tm"m&wkdYü tyg'geftrnf&Sd
onf jzpf\ (tyg'geonm a[mwd)/
ygVd wGmypö,EÅó avmayg emr w'w¬orÇa0yd t0dZrÆ mewm? wo®d
H wGmavmay ur®m"du&aPokÞ
ykpH H ygom'g ouFar,s? ygom'H tbd½[ k wd mG ouFar,smwd taw¬m/
jrefrm jymom'frS ajymif;a&TU&m\? jymom'fokdY wufí ajymif;a&TU&m\?
þum;teufwnf;/
½ly ygom'g
ygom'gum; ygom'vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwjf zifh wGmypö,EÅaus&m uH\t&mjzpfaom ygom'ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD 0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (ygom'+o®m) '-
cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? ygom'g ygom'gum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm [w¬du©E¨m/
jrefrm xkrd w
S yg; qifausmufuek ;f rS ajymif;a&TU&m\/
½ly [w¬du©E¨mum; [w¬u d E© v
¨ id wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbd"r®m ykpäEÅd? tbd"r®H okwGm 0g/
jrefrm tbd"r®mrS ar;ukef\? wenf;um; tbd"r®mukd Mum;emí/
½ly tbd"r®mum; tbd"r®vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tbd"r®m ux,EÅd? tbd"r®H yXdwGm 0g/
jrefrm tbd"r®mrS &Gwfukef\? wenf;um; tbd"r®mukd &Gwfí/
½ly tbd"r®mum; tbd"r®vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
3/ um&uu@ 731
ykpH H tmoem 0k|a[,s? tmoae edoD'dwGm 0g/

jrefrm ae&mrS x&m\? wenf;um; ae&mü xkdifaeí/
½ly tmoem
tmoemum; tmoevdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm 'domteufudk a[mavh&u dS ek af om o'´gwkEYd iS hf ,SO&f mü¤if;? 'dom
teufü¤if; Þ
ygVd 'dow¬0gpD[d a,ma*ç 'doaw¬ pÞ
ykpH H £awm om yk&drm 'dom/
jrefrm þt&yfrS þjrifrh &d k af wmifrS xkad exGu&f m t&yfonf ta&SUt&yfwnf;/
½ly £awm
okwjf zifh Oy&d [laom 'domo'´g\t,SOf £rukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬
okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü £raemif awmypön;f ouf? £ród xH 'ged--okwjf zifh £r
o'´gukd £jyK? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf £awm
£awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £awm om 'u©dPm 'dom/
jrefrm þt&yfrS þjrifrh &dk af wmifrS xko d al oponfudk xkw&f mt&yfonf
awmift&yfwnf;/
½ly £awm
ykpH H £awm om ypädrm 'dom/
jrefrm þt&yf þjrifrh &d k af wmifrS xkad e0if&mt&yfonf taemuft&yfwnf;/
½ly £awm
ykpH H £awm om Owå&m'dom/
jrefrm þt&yfrS þjrifrh &dk af wmifrS xkjd rifrh &dk af wmift0if jrifaumif;aom
t&yfonf ajrmuft&yfwnf;/
½ly £awm
ykpH H £awm om 'u©dPm 'dom/
jrefrm þt&yfrS þjrifrh &dk af wmifrS xko d al oponfudk xkw&f mt&yfonf
awmift&yfwnf;/
½ly £awm
ykpH H t0Dpad wm Oy&db0*¾g/
jrefrm t0Dprd S txufb0*fwidk af tmif/
½ly t0Dpdawm wmum; t0Dpv d id w

f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwfjzifh Oy&d [laom 'domo'´g\t,SOf t0Dpdukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? uGpdawm
yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü t0Dpad emif awmypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh
awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf t0Dpdawm wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H O'Ḧ yg'wvm/
jrefrm ajcz0g;tjyifrS txufü/
½ly yg'wvm
yg'wvmum; ygom'vdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwfjzifh O'¨H[laom 'domo'´g\t,SOf yg'wvukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gefteufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (yg'wv+o®m) v-
cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? yg'wvm
yg'wvmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ta"m auo rw¬um £pöm'd/
jrefrm qHzsm;rS atmufü þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly auorw¬ummum; auorw¬uvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
'domteufüÞ 'doaw¬Þ
ykpH H yk&w¬rd awm/ jrefrm ta&SUt&yfr/S
½ly yk&w¬drawm
awmum; yk&w¬rd vdiw f nf? rS[í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh ta&SUt&yf[al om 'domo'´g\t,SOf yk&w¬rd ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf
uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü yk&w¬rd aemif awmypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m-
-okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf yk&w¬drawm
awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'u©P d awmwdtm'd/
jrefrm awmift&yft&yf þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly 'u©dPawmawmum; 'u©P d vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
rSwcf suf þyk&w¬rd awm paomjy,k*üf um; owårt D eufü awm
awmypön;f onf
jzpfrvl nf; jzpfavNy/D
ygVd {w¬ ye owår, d awå awm
awmypöa,myd b0dówd/
jrefrm 0dbwårnfonfum; rdr[ d q k t dk yfaom 0denf;ponfonf (\) toD;
jyKtyfonf jzpfvQufvQif xkdygo@ponfrS y0&paom*kPfjzifh
a0befjcif;wnf;/ xkad 0bef&müÞ
3/ um&uu@ 733
ygVd 0dbwåH emr o,H 0dbwåaó0 w'nawm *kaPe 0dbZeH? wo®d

H 0dbawåÞ
ykpH H ,awm yPDwwa&m 0g 0dod|wa&m 0g ew¬d/
jrefrm tMuif0ed nf;w&m;awmfxuf txl;ojzifh jrwfaom w&m;awmf-
onf¤if;? txl;ojzifh jrwfaomw&m;awmfonf¤if;? r&S/d
½ly ,awm
,awmum; ,vdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh yPDww& 0do|d w&[k qkt d yfaom 0dbwåt,SOf ,ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf
uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü ,aemif awmypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m-
-okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf ,awm
,awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H twå'aEÅm wawm 0&H/
jrefrm rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk ,Ofaus;atmif qk;H rjcif;onf xko d wl pfyg;ukd ,Ofaus;
atmif qkH;raomxuf jrwf\/
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? twå'EÅ[laom0dbwft,SOf? enf;wl/
ykpH H udOömyd 'geawm oDvar0 0&H/
jrefrm 'gexuf oDvonf tu,fíum; jrwfyg\/
½ly 'geawm
'geawmum; 'gevdiw f nf? oDv[laom0dbwft,SO?f enf;wl/
ykpH H wawm r,m okwm tókwar0 A[kw&H/
jrefrm igonf Mum;emtyfaom *kPx f uf? rMum;tyfaom *kPo f nfom
vQif rsm;jrwf\/
½ly ok w mmum; okwvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwfjzifh tókw [laom 0dbwåt,SOf okwukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD
okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (okw+o®m) w-cGi;f t-
<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? ok w mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oDvar0 okwm aoa,sm/
jrefrm oDvonfomvQif tMum;tjrifxuf txl;ojzifh cs;D rGr;f tyf\/
½ly ok w mmum; okwvdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
q|D0b
d wfonfvnf; jzpf\/ q|Dp/
ykpH H qEé0wk eD H ygo@meH y0&H ,'d'H ok*w0dea,m/
jrefrm tMuifo*k w0de,onf (a,m t,H) uk;d q,fah jcmufyg;ukeaf om

wPSm'd|w d nf;[laom aMumhuiG ;f ukd jzpfapwwfuek af om w&m; wkx Yd uf jrwf\/
½ly ygo@meHum; ygo@vdiw f nf? wkdYxuf[lí--aMumifh 0dbwå
tyg'gefukd--um; 'l&EÅd--okwfjzifh a0befjcif;teuf&Sdaom y0&o'´g\t,SOf
a0bef&m ygo@ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf 'kw, d m yOöreD Oö okwjf zifh yOört D eufü q|D
0dbwf A[k0pk f eH0b d wfouf? @-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wf
aMumifh @tpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? @fAsnf; tmodkYuyf? ygo@meHum; NyD;\/
jrefrm tm&wdya,m*rnfonfum; MuOfjcif;teuf&adS om o'´gESihf ,SOf
jcif;wnf;? xkt d m&wdteuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOüf Þ
ygVd tm&wdyÜa,ma*g emr 0d&rPw¬o'ýaÜ ,ma*g/ ww¬Þ
ykpH H to'¨r®m tm&wd/
jrefrm olawmfr[kwf ol,w k rf mwk\ Yd w&m;rS MuOfjcif;/
½ly to'¨r®mum; to'¨rv ® id w
f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwjf zifh tm&wdo'´g\t,SOf to'¨ru ® dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh
tyg'gef teufü yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (to'¨r®+o®m) r®-cGif; t-<uif;?
o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? to'¨r®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d&wd ygyg/
jrefrm raumif;rIrS MuOfjcif;/
½ly ygyg
ygygum; ygyvdiw f nf? 0d&wdo'´g\t,SO?f enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygPmwdygwm a0&rPD/
jrefrm olUtoufudk owfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;/
½ly ygPmwdygwm gwmum; ygPmwdygwvdiw f nf? a0&rPdo'´g\t,SO?f
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t'dEmé 'gem y#d0&d awm/
jrefrm olUOpömukd ck;d jcif;rS a&SmifMuOf\/
½ly t'd E é m 'gem
'gemum; t'dEém'gevdiw f nf? y#d0d&wo'´g\t,SOf?
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜ#0d &d awm rkom0g'g/
jrefrm vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm;ajymqkjd cif;rS rMuOf/
3/ um&uu@ 735
½ly rk o m0g'g
m0g'gum; rkom0g'vdifwnf? tyÜ#d0d&wo'´g\t,SOf?
enf;wlwu
G /f
jrefrm pifjcif;teuf&adS om o'´g\t,SOüf Þ
ygVd ok'w¨ y¬ aÜ ,ma*Þ
ykpH H avmbeDa,[d "ar®[d oka'¨g toHoa|m/
jrefrm avmb\tm½kjH zpfuek af om wuftyfuek af om w&m;wkrYd S pifMu,f
\? ra&maESm/
½ly "ar®[dum; "r®vid w f nf? wkrYd [
S í
okwjf zifh pifMu,fjcif;teuf&adS om ok'o ¨ '´g\t,SOf "r®udk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d-ouf? ("r®+[d) r®-cGi;f t-
<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh a&SUr®ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? acs
uyf? "ar®[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwdawm p ydwdawm p oka'¨g tEkyuúKa|m t*&[dawm/
jrefrm trdrS¤if; tbrS¤if; pifMu,f\ trsufrxGuftyf rqJa&;tyf?
ruJ&h UJ tyf/
½ly rmwdawmç ydwdawm wmum; rmwkvid çf ydwv k id w
f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh
tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh ok'o
¨ '´g\t,SOf pifMu,f&m rmwkç ydwu k dk tyg'gef-
-rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü rmwkç ydwak emif awmypön;f ouf?
wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf (rmwk+awm? ydw+k awm)
w-cGif; O-<uif;? ydwm'De rodrSd okwfü todrSdo'´gjzifh aemufawmypönf;aMumifh
wko'´g\tpdwf Oukd £jyK? wfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? rmwdawmç ydwdawm wmum; Ny;D \/
yarmpeteuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOüf Þ
yarmpew¬yaÜ ,ma*Þ
ykpH H y&drak wåm 'kuo
© m® wd 0'grd/
jrefrm qif;&Jtaygif;rS vGwf\ þokdYa[mawmfrl\/
½ly 'ku©o®mum; 'kuv © id w
f nf? rS[í
okwfjzifh yarmpeo'´g\t,SOf 'ku©ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh
tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? 'ku©o®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rkawåm rm&AEëm/

jrefrm rm&frif;\taESmiftzJUG rS vGw\ f /
½ly rm&AEëmmum; rm&AEëvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
'l&EÅd--okwfjzifh yarmpeo'´g\t,SOf aESmifzJGU&m rm&AEëukd tyg'gef--rSnfh?
tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (rm&AEë
+o®m) e-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? rm&AEëm
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H e aw rkpöEÅd rpöKem/
jrefrm xk&d [EÅmwkoYd nf aojcif;rS rvGwu f ek /f
½ly rpö K em
emum; rpöKvid w f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh vGwjf cif;teuf&adS om yarmpeo'´g\t,SOf vGw&f m rpöKudk tyg'gef--
rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf?
(rpöK+o®m) trSwrk ES KÅ --okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk emjyK? rpöKem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rkawåm[H oAÁygao[d/

jrefrm igonf cyford ;f aom vlüjzpfaom aMumhuiG ;f ? ewfüjzpfaom aMumh
uGif;wkdYrS vGwf\/
½ly oAÁygao[dum; oAÁygovdiw f nf? wkrYd [
S í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--
um; 'l&EÅd--okwfjzifh vGwf&mjzpfaom rkwåo'´g\t,SOf oAÁygoukd tyg'gef--
rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD0dbwf A[k0kpf [d-ouf?
(oAÁygo+[d) o-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh
a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? acs uyf? oAÁygao[dum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm [dwfteufüç tw¬ o½layuaoo\ ,ltyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh
[dwt f euft,SOüf vnf; oAÁemrfrS yOör0D bd wfonf jzpf\ (yOörD a[mwd)/
ygVd a[wGaw¬ç o½layuaooó *[dwwåm a[wGw¬yÜa,ma* p
oAÁemrawm Þ
ykpH H uo®m Ek wkrSH '[&m e rD,a&/
jrefrm tb,fhaMumifh oif\ oifwkdY\ "r®ygvtrsKd;ü (ukav) touf
wpf&mhEpS q f ,frjynf<h u,faom oli,fwo Ydk nf raoukeo f enf;/
3/ um&uu@ 737
½ly uo®mum; ud v H id w f nf? aMumif[ h íl --aMumifh [dwt f eufu-dk -um;

'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh [dwt
f euf&adS om ud o H '´gukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh
tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (ud +H o®m) udó ua0 p okwüf
po'´gjzifh o®m0dbwfaMumifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? uo® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uo®m £a"0 r&PH b0dówd/
jrefrm tb,fah Mumifh þt&yfüomvQif aojcif;onf jzpfvwåUH enf;/
½ly uo® mum; ud Hvid w f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H uo®m a[wkem/
jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h
½ly uo® mum; ud Hvid w f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ,o®m p ur®med ua&mEÅd/
jrefrm tMuifhaMumifhvnf; uHwkdYukd jyKukef\/
½ly ,o®mum; ,vdiw f nf? aMumif[ h í l --aMumifh [dwt f eufu-dk -um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh ,o'´gukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü
yOörD0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ,o® mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ,o®m wd[ bdu©a0/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY tMuifhaMumifh þavmuü/
½ly ,o® mum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wo®m wd[ bdu©a0 {0H odu©dwAÁH/
jrefrm &[ef;wkdY xkdYaMumifh þomoemawmfü þokdY usifhtyf\/
½ly wo® mum; wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wo®m Aka'¨go®d jAm[®P/
jrefrm oDvykPmÖ ; xko d Ydk tbdan,sponfwu Ydk dk odaomaMumifh igbk&m;
onf Ak'¨rnfonf jzpf\/
ykpH H ,o®m um&Pm/ jrefrm tMuiftaMumif;aMumif/h
½ly ,o® mum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wo®m um&Pm/ jrefrm xkt d aMumif;aMumif/h
ykpH H ud Hum&Pm/ jrefrm tb,fah Mumif/h

½ly ud Hum&Pm m&Pmum; ud u H m&Pvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--
um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh ud u H m&Pukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef
teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (ud u H m&P+o®m) P-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod®
HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? acs uyf? ud Hum&Pm m&Pmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm 'kwd,m0dbwfç q|D0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd 'kwd,mç q|Dç wwd,m p/
ykpH H ud Hum&PH/ jrefrm tb,fah Mumif/h
½ly ud Hum&PHum; ud Hum&Pvdiw f nf? ukd[lí--aMumifh uH--um;
,H ua&mwd wH ur®H okwjf zifh ud u H m&Pukd uH--rSn?hf ur®aw¬ 'kw, d m okwjf zifh
uHteufü 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf tH-ouf? (ud u H &P+tH) P-cGi;f acs uyf? ud
Hum&PHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wH udó a[wk/
jrefrm xko
d jYdk zpfjcif;onf tb,fah Mumifeh nf;/
½ly udóum; ud v H id wf nf? aMumif[ h í l --aMumifh [dwt f eufu-dk -um;
'l&EÅd--okwfjzifh [dwfteuf&Sdaom ud Ho'´gukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? 'kwd,m yOörDeOö
okwjf zifh yOörtD eufü q|D0b d wf {u0kpf o-ouf? AsOaÆ e p okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf
aMumifh a&SUudtxufü&Sad om ed*[ ¾ w d u f adk cs? om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0d
bwfaMumifh a&SUüof-vm? ofAsnf; aemufookdYuyf? ud óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H udó wkarS udvrx/
jrefrm tb,fah Mumifh oifwo Ydk nf yifyrf;Muukeo f enf;/
½ly ud óum; ud Hvid w f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H aue a[wkem/ jrefrm tb,fah Mumif/h
½ly aue
aueum; ud v H id wf nf? aMumif[ h í l --aMumifh [dwt f eufu-dk -um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh [dwt f euf&adS om ud o H '´gukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh
tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (ud +H o®m) udó ua0 p okwüf
po'´gjzifh o®m0dbwfaMumifh ud Ho'´gukd u-jyK? (u+o®m) trSwkrSEÅK-- okwfü
tm'do'´gjzifh o®m0dbwfukd emjyK? (u+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwf ukd
{ejyK? u-cGi;f acs uyf? aue aueum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 739
ykpH H aue um&aPe/ jrefrm tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h

½ly aue
aueum; ud Hvid w f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H a,e rda"uapö owåm/
jrefrm tMuifhaMumifh þavmuü tcsKdUukefaom owå0gwkdYonf/
½ly a,e
a,eum; ,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H awe edrad wåe/ jrefrm xkt
d aMumif;aMumif/h
½ly awe
aweum; wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H awe 0kwrå pd mö 'Do/k
jrefrm xkdYaMumifh qkdtyf\? þokdYtaomykHpHwkdYü/
½ly awe
aweum; wvdiw f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
jrefrm ]]a[wGaw¬ p}}okwfjzifh wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd ]]a[wGaw¬ pm}}wd wwd,m/
jrefrm 0d 0 d w årnfonfum; uif;jcif;wnf;? xkdpdwfjcif;uif;jcif;teuf

t,SOüf Þ
ygVd 0d0dwåH emr 0da0"eH? w'w¬yaÜ ,ma*Þ
ykpH H 0d0dawåm ygyum "r®m/
jrefrm ,kwfrmaomw&m;rS uif;\/
½ly "r®mum; "r®vid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh
uif;qdwjf cif;teuf&adS om 0d0w d o å '´g\t,SOf uif;qdw&f m "r®udk tyg'gef--rSn?hf
tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ("r®+o®m)
r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? "r®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d0ad pö0 umar[d/
jrefrm 0w¬Kumr udavomumrwkdYrS uif;qdwfíomvQif/
½ly umar[dum; umrvdiw f nf? wkrYd [S í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwfjzifh uif;qdwfjcif;teuf&Sdaom 0d0dwåo'´g\t,SOf uif;qdwf&m umrukd
tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf A[k0pk f [d-
ouf? (umr+[d) r-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh [d0dbwfaMumifh
rftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? rfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? umar[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0d0pd ö tukoav[d "ar®[/d

jrefrm tukov dk jf zpfuek af om w&m;wkrYd S uif;íomvQi/f
½ly "ar®[dum; "r®vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm yrmP
yrmPteuf&adS omo'´g\t,SOüf wwd,m0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd yrmPaw¬ wwd,m p/
ykpH H tm,mrawm p 0dw¬m&awm p a,mZeH/
jrefrm tvsm;rS¤if;? teHr¤S if;? wpf,Zl emtwkid ;f t&Sn&f \ dS /
½ly tm,mrawmç 0dw¬m&awm &awmum; tm,mrvdifç 0dw¬m&vdiw f nf?
rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh tm,mrç 0dwm¬ &ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf
uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü tm,mrç 0dwm¬ &aemif awmypön;f ouf?
tm,mrawmç 0dw¬m&awm &awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *rÇD&awm p ykxkvawm p a,mZeH pE´bm*g, y&drmPH/
jrefrm tapmufteufr¤S if; txl;rS¤if; wpf,Zl emonf *E´bm*gjrpf\
twkid ;f t&Snw f nf;/
½ly *rÇD&awmç ykxkvawm awmum; *rÇ&D vdiçf ykxv k vdiw
f nf? enf;wl/
ykpH H y&dau©yawm e0a,mZeowy&drmaPm rZÑrd ya'aom/
jrefrm t0ef;rS rZÑrd t&yfonf ,lZemuk;d &m twkid ;f t&Sn&f \ dS /
½ly y&dau©yawm awmum; y&dau©yvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 'DCaom e0 0d'w¬ad ,m ok*w0d'w¬, d m yrmPdum uma&wAÁm/
jrefrm tvsm;rS ukd;xGmwkdYukd jrwfpGmbk&m; vufoef;txGmawmfjzifh
twkid ;f t&Snw f u
Ydk dk jyKaptyfuek \ f /
½ly 'DCaom aomum; 'DCvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -
okwjf zifh EIid ;f &Snjhf cif;teufü e00d'w¬o d '´gt,SOf 'DCukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae
yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ('DC+o®m) 'DaCm
a&[d okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd aomjyK/
jrefrm þyrmPüvnf; ]]o®m[do®d HeH okwfrS o®myk'fonf¤if;ç aomç 0g}}
[laomyk'o f nf¤if;? vku d o
f nf&adS omf/
ygVd {w¬ p ]]o®m[dod® eH }}rdpmö 'dawm ]]o®m}}wd p ]]aomç 0g}}wd p 0wårmae/
-----------------
3/ um&uu@ 741
okwf 313/ 'DaCma&[d/

okwjf refrm 'D Co'´g Mo& Mo&o'´gwkaYd emifrS aom
aomtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm 'D Co'´g Mo&
Mo&o'´gwkaYd emifrS aom
aomtjyKonf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'DC Mo& Mo&£apöaw[d o® m0peó aom aomtma'aom a[mwd 0g/
ykpH H 'DCaom/ jrefrm tvsm;rS/
½ly 'DCaom
aomum; 'DCvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -
okwfjzifh 'DCukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ('DC+o®m) 'DaCma&[d okwjf zifh 'DCo'´gaemifraS ESmif;
aom o®m0dbwfukd aomjyK? 'D C aom aomum; NyD;\/
ykpH H 'DCrSm 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; tvsm;rS/
½ly 'D C rS mum; 'DCvdiwf nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwfjzifh 'DCukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? ('DC+o®m) o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk
rSmjyK? 'DCrSmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H Mo&aom/ jrefrm þrSmbufr/S
½ly Mo&aomum; Mo&vdiw
Mo&aom f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwfjzifh Mo&ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (Mo&+o®m) 'DaCma&[d okwjf zifh Mo&o'´gaemifraS ESmif;
aom o®m0dbwfukd aomjyK? Mo&aom
Mo&aomum; NyD;\/
ykpH H Mo&rSm 0g/ jrefrm wenf;um; þrSmbufrS/
½ly Mo&rSmum; Mo&vdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -
okwfjzifh Mo&ukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gefteufü yOörD
0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (Mo&+o®m) o®m[dod® eH H rSmbdrdS 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk
rSmjyK? Mo&rSmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm wwd,m0dbwfonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd wwd,m p/
ykpH H a,mZeH tm,mare/
jrefrm rkefñSif;aphonf tvsm;rS wpf,lZem&Sd\? teHrS wpf,lZem&Sd\?
tapmufrS wpf,Zl em&S\d /

½ly tm,mare
tm,mareum; tm,mrvdiw f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh tm,mrukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü
yOörD 0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (tm,mr+o®m) trSwrk ES KÅ --okwüf tm'd o'´gjzifh
o®m0dbwfukd emjyK? (tm,mr+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? r-
cGi;f acs uyf? tm,mare
tm,mareum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H a,mZeH 0dwm¬ a&eç a,mZeH OaAÁa"e/
½ly 0dw¬ma&eç OaAÁa"e
"eum; 0dwm¬ &ç OaAÁ"vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm a&S;OD;pGm[laomteufudk a[maom ykAÁo'´gESihf ,SOjf cif;onf ykAÁ

a,m*rnf\? þykykAÁa,m* ,m*üvnf; ykAo Á '´gonf 'domteufü jzpf-
avhr&Sdaom yk A Ápaomo'´gukd rSwfaMumif;wnf;? þokdY rSwftyf\/ xkdYaMumifh
y&
y&paomo'´gESihf t,SOüf vnf; yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
ygVd yXrw¬0gpaue ykAo Á a'é a,ma*g ykAÁa,ma*g? pw¬ p ykA*Á [ ¾ PH
t'dow¬0w k adå em ykAÁm'd*[ ¾ Pókyvu©PEÅd '|AÁ/H awe y&m y&m'da,ma*yd/
ykpH H Þ
,xm ykaAÁ0 ar bdu©a0 oarÁma"m? £awm ykaAÁema[mod/
jrefrm ykpH uH m;Þ &[ef;wkYd igbk&m;\ opömav;yg;ukd odonfrS a&S;OD;u-
vQif þtcgrSa&S;ü rjzpf\/
½ly £awm
okwjf zifh £rukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü £raemif
awmypönf;ouf? (£r+awm) £ród xH 'ged--okwfjzifh £r o'´gukd £jyK?
wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf £awm
£awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wawm y&H ypöErdÅ m Zey'g/
jrefrm xkt d &yfrS jyifyonf ypöEZÅ eyk'w f w
Ydk nf;/
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh wukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü waemif
awmypönf;ouf? wGm'a,m--okwfjzifh 0dbwfrSnfh? wawm wawmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H "mwkvda*F[d y&m ypö,m/
jrefrm "mwfvid w f aYdk emifrS ypön;f wko
Yd nf aESmif;uke\f / 0g- oufuek \f /
3/ um&uu@ 743
½ly "mwkvda*F[dum; "mwkv*d Fvid w f nf? wkrYd [

S í
l --aMumifh tyg'gef-
-um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh "mwkv*d u F dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef
teufü yOörD 0dbwf A[k0kpf [d-ouf? ("mwkvd*F+[d) *F-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG
uma&m { okwjf zifh aemuf[0d b d wfaMumifh *F-tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? *FAf sn;f {oku Yd yf?
"mwkvda*F[dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wawm tya&e ora,e/
jrefrm xkt d cgrS wpfyg;aomtcgü/
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? a&SUwawmESifh enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wawm Owå&drÜd £pöm'd/
jrefrm xkx Yd uftvGev f nf; þokt Yd p&Sod nfwnf;/
½ly wawm
wawmum; wvdiw f nf? wkdYxuf[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;
,o®m'aywd--okwu f dk vku
d af pí uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü waemif
awmypönf;ouf? wGm'a,m--okwfjzifh 0dbwfrSnfh? wawm wawmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm aESmifzUGJ jcif;teuf&adS omo'´g\ t,SOüf zJUG jcif;\taMumif;jzpfaom

NrD[laomteufü yOörD0dbwfonfvnf; jzpf\? wwd,m0dbwf
onfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd AEëw¬yÜa,ma* AEëa[wkrdS £aP yOörçD wwd,m p a[mwd/
ykpH H owo®m Aa'¨g ea&m &nm/
jrefrm t&m[laomNraD Mumifh vludk rif;onf aESmifzUGJ tyf\/
½ly owo®mum; owvdiw f nf? aMumif[
h íl --aMumifh [dw-f -um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwjf zifh aESmifzUGJ jcif;teuf&adS om AE¨K\t,SOf aESmifzUGJ &m owukd tyg'gef-
-rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOörD 0dbwf {u0kpf o®m-ouf?
owo®mum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oawe 0g Aa'¨g ea&m/
jrefrm wenf;um; t&m[laomNrDaMumifh vlukd aESmifzJGUtyf\/
½ly oawe
oaweum; owvdiw f nf? aMumif[
h íl --aMumifh [dw-f -um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwfjzifh aESmifzJGUjcif;teuf&Sdaom AE¨K\t,SOf aESmifzJGU&m owukd tyg'gef--
rSn?hf 'l&EÅ-d -okwüf po'´gjzifh wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf em-ouf? w-cGi;f t-<uif;?
tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? acs uyf? oawe oaweum; Ny;D \/
*kP0pe tusK;d Ny;D jcif;\taMumif;jzpfíjzpfaom aus;Zl;ukq d jdk cif;onf *kP
0pernf\? xkdtusKd;NyD;jcif;\taMumif;jzpfíjzpfaom aus;Zl;ukd
qkjd cif;ü yOör0D bd wfonfvnf; jzpf\/
ygVd zvom"ea[wkbw l ó *kPó 0peH *kP0peH? wo®d H *kP0pae
yOörDç wwd,m p/
ykpH H £ó&d,m ZeH &u©wd &mZmç £ó&da,e 0g/
jrefrm tpk;d &jcif;aMumifh vltaygif;ukd rif;onf apmifah &Smuf\? wenf;
um; tpd;k &jcif;aMumif/h
½ly £ó&d,mmum; £ó&d,vdiw f nf? aMumif[ h í l --aMumifh um&P-
-um; y&ornm--okwjf zifh um&Ptrnfrn S ?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwu f vdk u
dk af pí?
um&Paw¬ p okwfjzifh um&Pteufü yOörD {u0kpf o®m-ouf? o®mod® HeH 0g
okwfjzifh o®m0dbwfukd tmjyK? ,-cGif; acs uyf? £ó&d,mmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oDvawm eH yoHoEÅdç oDave 0g/
jrefrm xkdolUukd oDvaMumifh csD;rGrf;ukef\? wenf;um; oDvaMumifh/
½ly oDvawm awmum; oDvvdiw f nf? aMumif[ h íl --aMumifh um&P--um;
y&ornm--okwjf zifh um&Ptrnfrn S ?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü
oDvaemif awmypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh 0dbwfrn S ?hf oDvawm awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ynm, 0drw k rdå aem £pöm'd/
jrefrm ynmaMumifh udavomrS vGwaf om pdw&f \ dS ? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly ynm,
ynm,um; ynvdiw f nf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (ynm)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ aMumif[ h íl --aMumifh [dw-f -um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh aus;Zl;ukd qkjd cif;ü
ynukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwjf zifh tyg'gef teufü yOör0D b d wf {u0kpf
o®m-ouf? (yn+o®m) tm aCm okwjf zifh £w¬v d id af [m tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm
em'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o®m0dbwfukd tm,jyK? n-cGif; acs uyf?
ynm,
ynm,um; Ny;D \/
ar;jcif; ajzjcif;teufüÞ yO§uxaeokÞ
ykpH H ukawmod wHG/
jrefrm oifonf tb,ft&yfrS vmonf (tm*awm) jzpfoenf;/
3/ um&uu@ 745
½ly wmum; ud Hvid w

uk a wm f nf? rS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅd--
okwjf zifh ud u
H dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh yOört D eufü ud aH emif
awmypön;f ouf? (ud +H awm) uk[d [ H o H k p okwjf zifh ud oH '´gukd ukjyK? wGm'a,m-
-okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd 0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf ukawm
wmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukawm b0H/
jrefrm t&Sifonf tb,frS vmoenf;/
½ly uk a wm
wmum; ud v H id wf nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H yg#vdyw k aå wm/
jrefrm yg#vdyw k jf ynfrS vmownf;/
½ly yg#vdykwåawm wmum; yg#vdyw k v
å id w
f nf? rS[íl --aMumifh tyg'gef-
-um; 'l&EÅd--okwjf zifh yg#vdykwåudk tyg'gef--rSn?hf uGpad wm yOörsaw¬ okwjf zifh
yOört D eufü yg#vdyw k åaemif awmypön;f ouf? wGm'a,m--okwjf zifh awmypön;f ukd
0dbwftrnfrn S ?hf yg#vdykwåawm wmum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm þae&müvnf; uxernfonfum; ajzjcif;wnf;/
ygVd {w¬ p uxeH emr 0dóZÆe/H
jrefrm twefi,f[laomteufü j'yfukdra[m&mü yOör0D b d wf wwd

,m 0dbwfonf jzpf\/ j'yfukdra[m&müum; u½kdPf;ü wwd,m
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
ygVd axmuaw¬ towG0pae u&aP wwd,m p/
ykpH H axmum rkpöwd/
jrefrm twefi,frS (aMumifh) vGwf\/
½ly axmum
axmumum; axmuvdiw f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d
-okwjf zifh axmuukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf tyg'gae yOörD okwfjzifh tyg'gef teufü
yOör0D b
d wf {u0kpf o®m-ouf? (axmu+o®m) o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk
tmjyK? u-cGif; acs uyf? axmum
axmumum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H axmaue rkpöwd 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; twefi,frS (aMumif-h jzif)h vGw\ f /
½ly axmaue
axmaueum; axmuvdiw f nf? jzif[
h í
l --aMumifh u½kPd ;f teuf-
-um;? u&aP wwd,m okwfjzifh u½kdPf;teufü wwd,m{u0kpf em-ouf?

(axmu+em) tawm aee okwjf zifh em0dbwfudk {ejyK? u-cGi;f acs uyf? axmaue
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tyÜrwåum rkpw ö /d
jrefrm tenf;i,frS (aMumifh) vGwf\/
½ly tyÜrwåummum; tyÜrwåuvdiw f nf? axmumESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tyÜrwåaue 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; tenf;i,frS (aMumif-h jzif)h vGw\ f /
½ly tyÜrwåaue ueum; tyÜrwåuvdiw f nf? axmaueESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H udpäm rkpöwd/
jrefrm qif;&JNiKjd iifyifyef;jcif;rS vGw\ f /
½ly udpämmmum; udpv ä id w
f nf? axmumESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H udapäe 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; qif;&JNiKjd iifyifyef;jcif;rS (aMumif-h jzif)h vGw\ f /
½ly udapäeum; udpävid w f nf? axmaueESihf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm um&uESirhf wlaom rjyKwwfaom Óyu[dwüf Þ
ygVd tuwå&t d um&auÓyua[wkrÞ dS
ykpH H ur®ó uwwåm Oypdwwåm OóEéwåm 0dykvwåm OyÜEéH a[mwd
pu©K0n d mPH/
jrefrm ukov dk f tukov dk uf \ H jyKtyfaomaMumifh yGm;aptyfaomaMumifh
yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh yGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh pu©K
0dnmOfonf cPwå,okdY a&mufonf jzpf\/
ykpH H e wm0d'H emr½lyH ta[wku/H oAÁw¬ oAÁ'g oaAÁoOö {uo'do
bm0gywådawm/
jrefrm þemrf½yk o f nf a[wktaMumif; ypö,taMumif;r&Sd þokaYd om
a[wkut,lukd cGifhrjyKtHh tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrlum; (uo®m)
cyfodrf;aombkHü cyfodrf;aomumvü cyfodrf;aomolwkdYtm;vnf; wpfckwnf;
wlrQaomtjzpfoYdk a&mufaumif;aomaMumifw h nf;/
*gxm jrefrm jzpfNy;D í r&Sjd cif;aMumifh twnfrjru J ek o
f wnf;? jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;jzifh
3/ um&uu@ 747
ESyd pf ufjcif;aMumifh qif;&Juek o

f wnf;? tvko
d rYdk vku
d w
f wfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tpkd;r&? þokdY vu©Pm,OfokH;yg;ukd/
*gxm [kwmG tbm0awm}edpmö ? O',AÁ,yDVem/
'ku©m t0o0wådwåm? tewåmwd wdvu©PH/
jrefrm ]]yOör}D }[laomyk'of nf vku d \f /
ygVd ]]yOör}D }wd 0wåaw/
-----------------
okwf 314/ um&Paw¬ p/

okwjf refrm um&Pteufüvnf; yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0dN*K[
d f rdrd\tusKd;ukd jyKwwf\? xkdYaMumifh um&urnf\? um&P[dwf
Zeu[dwu f dk &tyf\ (vAÇw)d /
ygVd ua&mwd twåaem zvEÅd um&PH/
0kwjdå refrm xkud m&Pteufüvnf; yOör0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®d H um&Paw¬ p yOörD0dbwåd a[mwd/
t"dygÜ ,f [dwt f eufü wwd,m0dbwf\vnf; pD&iftyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh
þ0d"o d nf tcsKUd ojzifh jzpf\/
ygVd 0duyÜem,Hç a[wGaw¬ wwd,m, p 0d[dwwåm/
ykpH H teEkaAm"m tyÜ#ad 0"m pwkEHé t&d,opömeH ,xmblwH t'óem

{0rd'H 'DCr'¨geH oE¨m0dwH oHo&dw?H t0dZmÆ ypö,m ocFg&m? ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH?
t0dZmÆ , awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m? ocFg&eda&m"m 0dnmP-
eda&ma"m? 0dnmPeda&m"m £pöm'd/
jrefrm av;yg;ukeaf om t&d,opömwku Yd dk avsmufywfpmG rodjcif;aMumifh
[kwrf eS w
f idk ;f rjrifjcif;aMumifh þokYd &Snpf mG aom þumvywfv;Hk
ajy;oGm;&avNy?D t0dZmÆ [laomtaMumif;aMumifh ocFg&wko Yd nf jzpfuek \
f (orÇ0EÅ)d
ocFg&[laomtaMumif;aMumifh 0dnmOfonf jzpf\ (orÇ0wd)? t0dZÆm\omvQif
t<uif;rJh 0d&m*rnfaomr*fjzifh csKyjf cif;aMumifh ocFg&\csKyjf cif;onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)
ocFg&csKyjf cif;aMumifh 0dnmOf\ csKyjf cif;onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)? 0dnmOf\csKyjf cif;aMumifh

þokdY tp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly teEk a Am"m
Am"mum; teEkaAm"vdifwnf? aMumifh[lí--aMumifh
tyg'gef--um; 'l&EÅ-d -okwjf zifh teEkaAm"ukd a[wGwt ¬ yg'gef--rSn?hf um&Paw¬
p okwfjzifh [dwfteufü yOörD{u0kpf o®m-ouf? (teEkaAm"+o®m) "-cGif; t-
<uif;? o®mod® eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®m0dbwfudk tmjyK? acs uyf? teEkaAm"m Am"mum; Ny;D \/
rSwcf suf tyÜ#ad 0"mum; tyÜ#ad 0"vdiw f nf/
t'óemum; t'óevdiw f nf/
t0dZmÆ ypö,mum; t0dZmÆ ypö,vdiw f nf/
ocFg&ypö,mum; ocFg&ypö,vdiw f nf/
taoo0d&m*eda&m"mum; taoo0d&m*eda&m"vdiw f nf/
tm;vk;H aom½kyrf sm; teEkaAm"m½kyEf iS hf enf;wlwu G yf g/
yOör0D b
d wswa¬ b' Ny;D \/
-------------------------
q|D0dbwsw¬ab'
ar; tb,fteufü q|D0b d wfonf jzpfoenf;¿/
ygVd uo®d H taw¬ q|D¿/
-------------
okwf 315/ omrdo®d H q|D/

okwjf refrm omrdteufü q|D0b
d wfonf jzpf\/
ar; tb,fteufonfvQif omrdrnfoenf;¿/

ygVd aum p omrD¿/
------------
3/ um&uu@ 749
okwf 316/ ,ó 0g y&d*¾a[m wH omrD/

okwjf refrm tMuifo\ l vnf; odr;f qnf;jcif;onf jzpf\/ xkOd pöm\ t&Sio f nf
omrdtrnf&o dS nf jzpf\/
0dN*K[
d f xuf0ef;usirf S ,ltyf\? xkaYd Mumifh y&d*[ ¾ rnf\/
ygVd y&d*,
¾ w D d y&d*¾a[m
S w [m/
0kwjdå refrm tMuifteufonf tMuifo\ l odr;f qnf;tyfaomOpömwnf;?
tMuifteufonf tMuifol\ b@mtp&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh
(b@mwd bma0e) pyf\? xkt d eufonf tMuifo'´g\ Xmetp&So d nf\tjzpfjzifh
(Xmem'dbma0e) pyf\? xkyd &d*[ ¾ ponfudk pJíG xkt d eufonf omrdtrnf&o dS nf
jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd a,m ,ó y&d*¾a[m tm,awåm orÁE¨D? wH ywd aom taw¬m
omrdoanm a[mwd/
0go'´g 0g
0go'´gjzifh t&Sijf zpfaomol wAÁypön;f ½kZpaomo'´gwk\ Yd t,SOüf
vnf; omrdtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\ (omrdoanm a[mwd)/
ygVd 0g
0g*¾[aPe omrd wAÁ ½kZm'da,ma*yd/
orÁmef 3-rsK;d þorÁmeft&müvnf; Bu, d mESiphf yfjcif; r&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifh
um&utjzpf\ rjzpf? rSef\ omrdtjzpfukd Bud,mum&upyfjcif;
wnf;[laom tjzpf\ tusKd;\tjzpfjzifh ,ltyf\? xkdYaMumifhomvQif &anm
yk&daom [lí qkdtyfonf&Sdaomf tMuifhaMumifh rif;onf xrif;&du©may;\?
a,mufsm;onfvnf; cH,l\? xkdYaMumifh &mZ yk&do[lí odtyf\? þokdYtMuif
teufonf tMuifo\ l Opöm\tjzpfjzif¤h if;? teD; taygif; tpdwf azmufjyefjcif;
tusK;d tcku d t
f wefY Zmwf *kPf Bu, d m ponf\tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? pyf\ tvk;H pkv
H nf;
jzpfaom xkdol\ pyfjcif;\ wnf&mjzpfíjzpfaom 0daooeorÁmef XmeDorÁmef
tm*rDorÁmef\ tpGr;f jzifh ok;H yg;tjym;&Sad om xkt d eufonf omrdrnf\/ þodYk
,ltyf\/
ygVd {w¬ p Bu, d mbdorÁEm¨ bm0g e um&uwm orÇ0wd/ omrdbma0g
[d Bu, d mum&ubm0ó zvbma0e *[dawm? wxm [d ]]&anm yk&ad om}}wd
0kawå ,o®m &mZm ''gwdç yk&daom p ywd*¾PSmwd? wo®m ]]&mZyk&daom}}wd
0dnm,wd/ {0H a,m ,ó tm,awåm ao0um'dbma0e 0g b@bma0e 0g

orDy orl[m0,0 0dum&um&d,t0w¬m Zmwd *kP Bud,m'd0aoe 0g? wó
oAÁómyd aom orÁE¨m"m&blawm 0daooe |meD tm*rD0aoe wd0da"myd
taw¬m omrD emrmwd *a[waAÁm/
rSef\ ]]Bud,mum&u/y/ wdawm}}[laom þpum;ukd (£awm)
qktd yf\/ 0kwOå /ö
*gxm jrefrm ''gwdpaom Bu, d m &mZpaom um&uaMumifh jzpfaom þar;\
tcsOf;wnf;[laom 0daooeç 0daoodwAÁjzpfjcif;\ taMumif;
jzpfaom tó &anm paom 0daooeç £'H yk&ad om paom 0daoodwAÁ jzpfjcif;\
taMumif;jzpfaom xkdpyfjcif;teufonf orÁmeftrnf&Sd\? xkdorÁmefukd
qkt d yfonf&adS omf q|D0b d wfudk pD&iftyf\/
*gxm ]]Bud,mum&uoOÆmawm? taó'H bm0a[wkaum/
orÁaE¨m emr aom taw¬m? ww¬ q|D 0d"D,aw/
*gxm jrefrm orÁmefonf olwpfyg;ESihf pyfonf\tjzpfonfomvQif (yg&wEÅßH
{0) jzpf\? (0g) q|D0b d wfouftyfaomyk'rf S wpfyg;aomyk'f jy|mef;
onfomvQif jzpf\? xko d rÁmefudk qkt d yfonf&adS omf &mZmpaom 0daooe {'EÅ
paom XmeD ykxpaom tm*rD[q k tdk yfaom ok;H yk'af emifrS q|D0b
d wfonf jzpf\?
(ba0)? yk&o d paom 0daoospaom Xme? *paom tm*kP[ f q
k tdk yfaom ok;H yk'f
aemifrS q|D0b d wfonf rjzpf (e ba0)/
*gxm yg&wEÅßH [d orÁaE¨m? ww¬ q|D ba0wdawm/
Oyg"d|mem *rdawm? e 0daoosm'dawm wdawm}}wd/
0daooeaemifrS a&S;OD;pGmÞ O'g[½kPu f m; (O'g[&PH)/
0daooeawm wm0Þ
jrefrm &anm yk&ad omwnf;? þjy,k*üf vnf; rif;onf a,mufsm;ukd ykPmÖ ;
paom wpfyg;aomt,SOfrS epfap\? xkdYaMumifh 0daooernf\?
a,mufsm;onf xkd0daooeonf txl;jyKtyf\? xkdYaMumifh 0daoodwAÁrnf\?
þ&anm yk&ad om[laomjy,k*Ef iS hf twl cyford ;f aomjy,k*rf S odtyf\? 0daoos
yk'Ef iS hf ,SO&f mü 0daooeaemifro S mvQif q|D0b d wfonf jzpf\/
ygVd &anm yk&ad omwd? {w¬ p &mZm yk&o d H tnomrdawm 0daoaowd
3/ um&uu@ 750
ed0awåww D d 0daooeH? yk&ad om awe 0daooD,wDwd 0daoodwaAÁm? {0H oAÁw¬

0daoodwAÁa,ma* 0daooeawm0 q|D/
OpömESiphf yfaomorÁmefüÞ ba@e orÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H y[lwH ar "eH ouú/
jrefrm odMum; ig\Opömonf rsm;pG/
½ly ar
arum; trSvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g y&d*¾
a[m--okwfjzifh ykdifqkdifolt,SOfjzpfaom arukd omrd--rSnfh? omrdod® H q|D okwf
jzifh q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (trS+o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf
aMumifh tvHk;pkHaomtrSo'´gukd 0dbwfESifhwuG arjyK? ar arum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H {uó y#d0aD om/ jrefrm xko
d \ l tzk/Yd
½ly {uó
{uóum; {uvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g
y&d*¾a[m--okwfjzifh ykdifqkdifolt,SOfjzpfaom {uukd omrd--rSnfh? omrdod® H q|D
okwf jzifh q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ({u+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf
aMumifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; ookdYuyf? {uó {uóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bduK© ó yw¬p0D &H/ jrefrm &[ef;\ oydwo f uFe;f /
½ly bdu©Kóóum; bduK© vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
orDyorÁmefüÞ orDyorÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H trÁ0eó jrefrm o&ufO,mOfawm\teD;ü/
½ly trÁ0eó eóum; trÁ0evdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó
0g y&d*¾a[m--okwfjzifh trÁ0eukd orDyorÁmef--rSnfh? omrdod® H q|D okwf jzifh
q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (trÁ0e+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwf aMumifh
a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsn;f ooku Yd yf? trÁ0eóeóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H edAmÁ eaó0 oEÅad u/ jrefrm edAmÁ ef\omvQif teD;ü/
½ly edAÁmeó
eóum; edAmÁ evdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
orl[orÁmefü Þ orDyorÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H ok0PÖó &mod/ jrefrm a&T\ tpk/
½ly ok0PÖóum; ok0PÖvid w f nf? orl[orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H bdu©LeH orla[m/ jrefrm &[ef;wk\ Yd taygif;/
½ly bdu©LeHum; bduK© vid w f nf? wk\

Yd [lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó
0g y&d*¾a[m--okwfjzifh bdu©Kukd orl[orÁmef--rSnfh? omrdod® H q|D okwf jzifh
q|DA[k0pk f eH-ouf? (bduK© +eH) u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[
H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b
d wf
aMumifh a&SUu©ftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? u©fAsnf; tmokdYuyf? bdu©LeHum; Ny;D \/
t0,0orÁmefüÞ t0,0orÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H rEkóaó0 aw oDoH/
jrefrm oif\OD;acgif;onf vl\ OD;acgif;uJo h w
Ydk um;/
½ly rEkóóóum; rEkóvdiw f nf? t0,0orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ½ku©ó omcg/ jrefrm opfyif\ opfcuf/
½ly ½ku©óum; ½kuv © id w
f nf? t0,0orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
0dum&orÁmefüÞ 0dum&orÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H ok0PÖó 0duwd/ jrefrm a&T\ azmufjyefjcif;/
½ly ok0PÖóum; ok0PÖvid w f nf? 0dum&orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H b|"nmeH owåK/
jrefrm avSmt
f yfaompyg;wk\
Yd rke/Yf
½ly b|"nmeHum; b|"nvdiw f nf? 0dum&orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
um&d,orÁmefüÞ um&d,orÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H ,0ó tuFka&m/
jrefrm rka,m\ (rk&if;)\ tñGefY tan§muf tukduf/
½ly ,0ó
,0óum; ,0vdiw f nf? um&d,orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H arCó oa'´g/ jrefrm rkdCf;\toH xpfBuKd;oH/
½ly arCó
arCóum; arCvdiw f nf? um&d,orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykwåmyd wó A[a0g/
jrefrm xkod \
l om;wkoYd nfvnf; uk;d uswd w
f pfa,muf tHah vmufx;l vnf;
trnfwpfyg; rsm;ukepf /G
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? um&d,orÁmef-rSnfh? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H ur®meH zvH 0dygaum/
3/ um&uu@ 753
jrefrm uHwkdY\ tusKd;quf tusKd;&if;/

½ly ur®meHum; ur®vid w
f nf? um&d,orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu
G /f
t0w¬orÁmefüÞ t0w¬morÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H cE¨meH ygwkbma0g/ jrefrm cE¨mwk\
Yd xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;/
½ly cE¨meHum; cE¨vid w f nf? t0w¬orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H cE¨meH Z&m/
jrefrm cE¨mwk\Yd qk;d &Gm;a[mif;jrif; &ifjh cif;/
ykpH H cE¨meH aba'g/ jrefrm cE¨mwk\Yd ysupf ;D jcif;/
ZmwdorÁmefüÞ ZmwdorÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H rEkóó bma0g/ jrefrm vl\ tjzpf/
½ly rEkóóóum; rEkóvdiw f nf? ZmwdorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H rEkómeH Zmwd/ jrefrm vlwkdY\ Zmwf/
½ly rEkómeHum; rEkóvdiw
f nf? ZmwdorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
*kPorÁmefüÞ *kPorÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H ok0PÖó 0aPÖm/ jrefrm a&T\ tqif;/
½ly ok0PÖóum; ok0PÖvid w f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H 0aPÖm e cDa,x wxm*wó/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmfonf rukeEf idk /f
½ly wxm*wó
wxm*wóum; wxm*wvdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSnfh? enf;wl
wGufyg/
ykpH H Ak'ó ¨ *kPaCmaom/
jrefrm bk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh ausmfaZmaomtoH/
½ly Ak'¨óum; Ak'v ¨ id wf nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ykygæ eH *aE¨m/ jrefrm yef;wk\
Yd &eH/Y
½ly ykyægeHum; ykyv æ id wf nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H zvmeH &aóm/ jrefrm opfoD;wkdY\ t&om/

½ly zvmeHum; zvvdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pdwó å zkoem/ jrefrm pdw\ f tm½ku H adk wGUjcif;/
½ly pdwåóum; pdwv å id wf nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H odyÜdumeH owH ew¬d/
jrefrm a,mufoGm;wkdY\ wpf&monf r&Sd/
½ly odyÜdumeHum; odyu dÜ vdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wdvmeH rk|d/ jrefrm ESr;f qk\
Yd tqky/f
½ly wdvmeHum; wdvvdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H awoH orma,ma*g
jrefrm xkod w l \
Ydk aygif;,SOjf cif;/
½ly awoHum; wvdiw f nf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g
y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh wukd *kPorÁmef--rSn?hf omrdo®d H q|D okwf jzifh q|DA[k0pk f
eH-ouf? (w+eH) w-cGi;f t-<uif;? oHomaoGu0paeok p okwjf zifh aemufe0H b d wf
aMumifh a&SUwftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? wfAsnf; {okdYuyf? (aw+eH) oAÁawm eH oHomeH
okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwfukd oHjyK? awoHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oEd̈aem 0darmau©m/ jrefrm tpyf\ vGwjf cif;/
½ly oE¨daem emum; oE¨dvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g
y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh oEü d dk *kPorÁmef--rSn?hf omrdo®d H q|D okwf jzifh q|D{u0kpf
o-ouf? (oE¨+d o) "-cGi;f £-<uif;? £0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh £ukd ps-rSn?hf psvawm
oó aem 0g okwjf zifh psaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? oE¨daem Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm*ó ynmyg&rd H tm& AÇç ykAÁp&d,H 0g/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;\ ynmyg&rDudk wenf;um; a&S;tusiu hf dk taMumif;jyKí/
½ly wxm*wó
wxm*wóum; wxm*wvdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf a&S;enf; wlwu G yf g/
ykpH H okcH aw/ jrefrm oif\ csrf;om/
½ly aw
awum; wkrSvid w f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g
y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh wkru S dk *kPorÁmef--rSn?hf omrdo®d H q|D okwf jzifh q|D{u0kpf
o-ouf? (wkr+S o) awaru0paeok p okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh wkro S '´g
ukd 0dbwfESifhwuG awjyK? aw awum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 755
ykpH H 'ku©H aw/ jrefrm oif\ qif;&J/

½ly aw
awum; wkrSvid w f nf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H apwaom y&d0w d auúm O'yg'd/
jrefrm pdwf\ tMuHonf xif&Sm;jzpf\/
½ly apwaom
apwaomum; apwvdiw f nf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó
0g y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh apwukd *kPorÁmef--rSn?hf omrdo®d H q|D okwf jzifh q|D{u0kpf
o-ouf? (apw+o) oó apm okwfjzifh o0dbwfukd MojyK? o oa& 0g *arm
okwfjzifh a&SUü oftu©&mvm? ofAsnf; MookdYuyf? apwaom apwaomum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ynm, y#Kbma0g/
jrefrm ynm\ vdr®monf xufonf xifonf\tjzpf/
½ly ynm,
ynm,um; ynvdiw f nf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (ynm)
w'¨w d emrfihJ \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh ynmukd
*kPorÁmef--rSnfh? omrdod® H q|D okwf jzifh q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (ynm+o) n-
cGi;f tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfukd tm,jyK? acs uyf? ynm, ynm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ½lyó v[kwm/
jrefrm edyEæ ½é yk \ f ayghonf\tjzpf/
½ly ½lyó óum; ½lyvdiw f nf? *kPorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ½lyó rk'w k m/
jrefrm edyEæ ½é yk \f El;nHoh nf\tjzpf/
ykpH H ½lyó Oypa,m/
jrefrm edyEæ ½é yk \
f jzpfp/
Bu,d morÁmefüÞ Bu,d morÁaE¨Þ
ykpH H yg'ó Ou©yd eH/ jrefrm ajc\ csjD cif;/
½ly yg'ó
yg'óum; yg'vdiw f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yg'ó t0au©yeH 0g/
jrefrm wenf;um; ajc\ ry,fjcif;/
½ly yg'ó
yg'óum; yg'vdiw f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H [w¬ó ordOeÆ /H jrefrm vuf\ auG;jcif;/
½ly [w¬ óum; [w¬vid w f nf? Bud,morÁmef-rSnfh? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H yg'geH yom&PH/ jrefrm ajcwk\
Yd qefjY cif;/
½ly yg'geHum; yg'vdiw
f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "mwleH *reH/ jrefrm "mwfav;yg;wk\ Yd oGm;jcif;/
½ly "mwleHum; "mwkvid w f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H "mwleHa,0 XmeHç edoZÆmç o,eH 0g/
jrefrm "mwfav;yg;wk\Yd &yfjcif; xkid jf cif; wenf;um; tdyjf cif;/
½ly "mwleHum; "mwkvid w f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wxm*wó emra*gwåm'd/
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;\ trnf tEG,f ponfonf/
½ly wxm*wó
wxm*wóum; wmxm*wvdifwnf? Bud,morÁmef-rSnfh?
enf;wlwu
G /f
ykpH H wó um&PH/ jrefrm xkdtusKd;\ taMumif;/
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? Bud,morÁmef-rSnfh? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H wó rmwmydwa&m/jrefrm xkdol\ rdbwkdY/
½ly wó
ykpH H wó yk&awm ygwk&a[mod/
jrefrm xkod \l a&S;rS 0g- a&S;ü xif&mS ;jzpf\/
½ly wó
ykpH H wó ypäawm/ jrefrm xkdol\ aemufrS? 0g- ü/
½ly wó
ykpH H e*&ó 'u©P d awm/ jrefrm NrKUd \ awmift&yfü/
½ly e*&ó
e*&óum; e*&vdiw f nf? Bu,d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0omeH wwda, rmao/
jrefrm ESpwf \Ydk ok;H vajrmufü/
½ly 0ómeHum; 0óvdiw f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H e wó Oyrm/ jrefrm xkdol\ Oyrmonf r&Sd/
3/ um&uu@ 757
½ly wó
ykpH H uka0&ó Avd £pöm'd/
jrefrm uka0&ewfrif;\ Avdewfpm þokt Yd p&So
d nfwnf;/
½ly uka0&ó
0&óum; uka0&vdiw f nf? Bu, d morÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm Þ
XmeorÁE¨Dyk'faemifrS {'EÅ\ ,-jyK? t0yk'\ f MojyK/
ygVd Þ
Xmedawm ,ar'EÅóma'aom? Mo t0ó/
jrefrm tm*rDy'k af emifrS ykxyk'\f tqk;H ü *tu©&mvm þokt Yd p&So
d nf
wkdYwnf;/
ygVd tm*rdawm ykxóm*arm £pöm'd/
omrda,m*üÞ omrda,ma*Þ
ykpH H a'0gerdaE´m/
jrefrm pwkr[m&mZf wm0wd o H mewfw\ Ydk tpk;d &ozG,f bk&ifoMd um;rif;/
½ly a'0geHum; a'0vdiw f nf?omrdorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rd*geH &mZm/ jrefrm om;wkdY\ rif;/
½ly rd*geHum; rd*vdiw f nf? omrdorÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
wAÁ ½kZm'da,m*ü Þ wAÁ ½kZm'da,ma* Þ
ykpH H r[maoemywDeH OZÑmaywAÁH 0duE´w d AÁH 0d&0dwAÁ/H
jrefrm ewfppfoBl u;D av;uswd Ef pS af ,mufwu Ydk dk odaptyf\? wkid Mf um;tyf\?
ac:tyf\? a<u;aMumftyf\/
½ly r[maoemywDeHum; r[maoemywdvid w f nf? wAÁ ½kZm'da,m*
orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H a'0'wåó ½kZwd/
jrefrm a'0'wf\ t*FgBu;D i,fwo Ydk nf (t*Fr*Fged) emusi\ f /
½ly a'0'wåóum; a'0'wåvid w f nf? wAÁ ½kZm'da,m* orÁmef-rSn?hf
enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H wó a&ma*g OyÜZÆwd/
jrefrm xkod \
l emusijf cif;onf jzpf\/
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? wAÁ ½kZm'da,m* orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &Zuó0w¬H ''gwd/

jrefrm c0gonf\ vufü ([aw¬) t0wfudk zGwaf vsmjf cif;iSg (a"m0ew¬)H
ay;\/
½ly &Zuó
&Zuóum; &Zuvdiw f nf? wAÁ ½kZm'da,m* orÁmef-rSn?hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rkom0g'ó MowåyÜH £pöm'd/
jrefrm rkom0g'ukd vefY\ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly rkom0g'ó
m0g'óum; rkom0g'vdiw f nf? wAÁ ½kZm'da,m* orÁmef-rSn?hf
enf;wlwuG /f
jrefrm ]]uGp'd w
k ,
d m q|Deraw¬ okwüf uGpyd 'k çf wwd,mowåreD Oö okwüf
wwd,mowåreD yH 'k }f }onf vku d \f /
ygVd ]]uGpdç wwd,mowårDeH}}EÅd p 0wåaw/
-------------------
okwf 317/ q|D p/

okwjf refrm q|D0b d wfonfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm wwd,m0dbwf owår0D b d wfw\ Ydk teufü tcsKjYd y,k*üf q|D0b
d wf
onfvnf; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wwd,mowårDeraw¬ uGpd q|D0dbwåd a[mwd/
,Z"mwf\ u½kP d ;f üÞ ,Zó u&aPÞ
ykpH H ykyæó Ak'Ḧ ,Zwdç ykayæe 0g/
jrefrm yef;jzifh bk&m;ukd ylaZmf\? wenf;um; yef;jzif/h
½ly ykyæóum; ykyv æ id wf nf? jzif[
h íl --aMumifh u½kP
d ;f --um; a,e 0g
u,d&aw okwfjzifh ,Z"mwf\t,SOf ykyæukd u½kdPf;--rSnfh? q|D p okwfjzifh
wwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ofvm? uyf? yk y æ óum; Ny;D \/
½ly ykayæeum; ykyv æ id wf nf? jzif[
d ;f --um; a,e 0g
u,d&aw okwfjzifh ,Z"mwf\t,SOf ykyæukd u½kdPf;--rSnfh? u&aP wwd,m
okwfjzifh u½kdPf;teufü wwd,m {u0kpf em-ouf? tawm aee okwfjzifh
em0dbwfudk {ejyK? yæ-cGi;f acs uyf? ykayæeum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 759
ykpH H Cwó t*¾d H Zka[mwd/

jrefrm axmywfjzifh rD;ukd ylaZmf\/
½ly Cwó
Cwóum; Cwvdiw f nf? Zk["mwf\t,SO?f ykyó æ ESihf enf;wl/
a,mif,rf;jcif;teuft,SOüf Þ ok[w d w¬a,ma*Þ
ykpH H ywåH Mo'eó yla&wGm? Mo'aeemwd taw¬m/
jrefrm oydwfukd qGrf;jzifh jynfhapí qGrf;jzifh þum; teufwnf;/
½ly Mo'eó
Mo'eóum; Mo'evdiw f nf? jzif[h íl --aMumifh u½kP d ;f --um; a,e
0g u,d&aw okwjf zifh yl&"mwf\t,SOf Mo'eukd u½kP d ;f --rSn?hf q|D p okwjf zifh
wwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ofvm? uyf? Mo'eó Mo'eóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £rar0 um,H yl&H emeyÜum&ó tokpad em ypöa0u©w/d
jrefrm txl;xl;tjym;jym;aom rpifMu,faom 0w¬Kjzifh jynfah om þ½ly
um, cE¨mukd,fukdomvQif qifjcif\/
½ly tokpdaem emum; tokpdvid w f nf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf;--um;
a,e 0g u,d&aw okwfjzifh yl&"mwf\t,SOf tokpdukd u½kdPf;--rSnfh? q|D p
okwfjzifh wwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (tokpd+o) p-cGif; £-<uif;?
£0PÖK0PÖm--okwjf zifh £ukd ps-rSn?hf psvawm oó aem 0g okwjf zifh psaemifrS
aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? pfAsn;f £oku Yd yf? tokpdaem emum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yl&H [d&nok0PÖó/
jrefrm a&TaiGjzifh jynf\
h /
½ly [d&nok0PÖóum; [d&nok0PÖvid w f nf? yl&"mwf\t,SOf
Mo'eóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yl&wd Amavm ygyó/
jrefrm vlru dk o
f nf raumif;rIjzifh jynf\ h /
½ly ygyó
ygyóum; ygyvdiw f nf? yl&"mwf\t,SOf Mo'eóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
twl[laomteufç ud Hç tvHo'´gponfwkdY\ t,SOfüÞ
wkvswu¬ rd vrm'da,ma*Þ
ykpH H ydwkó wkavsm? ydw&m 0g wkavsm/
jrefrm tzESihf tz\ cHwiG ;f yg;pyfponfjzifh (rkcg'dem) wl\? wenf;um;
tzESihf qif\/
½ly ydwkóum; ydwv k id w

f nf? ESi[ hf í
l --aMumifh o[m'da,m*--um;
y&ornm ya,ma* okwfjzifh ydwkukd o[m'da,m*-rSnfh? q|D p okwfjzifh
t[m'da,m*teufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ofvm? uyf? yd w k óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwk o'daom? rmw&m o'daom 0g/
jrefrm trdESifh wl\? wenf;um; trdESifh wl\/
½ly rmwkum; rmwkvid w f nf? ESifh[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwfjzifh wwd
,mteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? w-cGi;f O-<uif;? Ooo®d H oavmayg p okwjf zifh
rmwk\ Oukd OxyfjyK? o0dbwfukdvnf; acs? wfAsnf; OokdYuyf? rmwkum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ud H wó p wk|ó/
jrefrm ESpo f uftyfaom xk0d w¬Kjzifv h nf; tb,frt l ehH nf;/
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh a,e 0g u,d&aw--
okwjf zifh Oo"mwf\t,SOf w-ukd u½kP d ;f -rSn?hf q|D p okwjf zifh u½kP d ;f teufü
q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ofvm? uyf? wó wóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ud H awe wka|emwd taw¬m/
jrefrm ESpo
f uftyfaom xk0d w¬Kjzifh tb,frt l ehH nf; þum;teufwnf;/
½ly awe
aweum; wvdiw f nf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh a,e 0g u,d&aw--
okwfjzifh Oo"mwf\t,SOf w-ukd u½kdPf;-rSnfh? u&aP wwd,m okwfjzifh
u½kdPf;teufü wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? {ejyK? cGif; acs uyf? awe aweum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H tvH wó p wk|ó/
jrefrm ESpof uftyfaom xk0d w¬Kjzifv h nf; tusK;d r&S/d
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? a&S;enf;wlwGuf/
uwåm;teufü udwyf pön;f t,SOüf Þ
uwå&d udwyÜp, ö a,ma*Þ
ykpH H aombem upöm,eó uwdç upöm,aee 0g/
jrefrm upönf;rax&fonf wenf;um; upönf;rax&fonf jyKjcif;onf
wifw h ,fp/G
½ly upö m ,eó
,eóum; upöm,evdiw f nf? ESifh[lí--aMumifh q|D p
okwjf zifh uwåm;teufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (upöm,e+o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh
aemufo0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü ofvm? uyf? upöm,eó ,eóum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 761
ykpH H aombem upöm,eó uwdç upöm,aee 0g/

jrefrm upönf;rax&fonf wenf;um; upönf;rax&fonf jyKjcif;onf
wifw h ,fp/G
½ly upöm,aee,aeeum; upöm,evdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;--
um; a,mua&mwd ouwåm okwfjzifh u&"mwf\t,SOf upöm,eukd uwåm;--
rSnfh? u&aP wwd,mokwfukd vkdufapí uwå&d p okwfjzifh uwåm;teufü
wwd,m {u0kpf emouf? emukd {ejyK? cGif; acs uyf? upöm,aee ,aeeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H &anm or®awmç &nm 0g/
jrefrm rif;onf wenf;um; rif;onf orkoftyf\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? onf[í l --aMumifh uwåm;--um; q|D p
okwjf zifh uwåm;teufü q|D {u0kpf oouf? (&mZ+o) &mZó &anm &mZdaem
ao okwjf zifh aemufo0dbwfaMumifh &mZo'´gukd &anmjyK? aemufo0dbwfuv dk nf;
acs? &anm
&anmum; Ny;D \/
½ly &nm
&nmum; &mZvdiw f nf? onf[lí--aMumifh uwåm;--um; a,m
ua&mwd ouwåm okwfjzifh &mZukd uwåm;-rSnfh? u&aP wwd,m okwfukd
vku d af pí uwå&d p okwjf zifh uwåm;teufü wwd,m{u0kpf emouf? (&mZ+em)
hf uG &nmjyK? &nm
emrSd &nm 0g okwjf zifh em0dbwfaMumifh &mZo'´gukd 0dbwfEiS w &nmum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H {0H &anm ylZdawm/
jrefrm þtwl rif;onf ylaZmftyf\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H &anm ouúawm/
jrefrm rif;onf t½kt d aojyKtyf\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H &anm typdawm/
jrefrm rif;onf tav;tjrwfjyKtyf\/
½ly &anm
&anmum; &mZvdiw f nf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H rmedawm/
jrefrm rif;onf jrwfE;dk tyf\/
½ly &anmum; &mZvdiw

&anm f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trwH awoH bdu©a0 ty&dbkwåH? a,oH um,*wmowd
ty&dbkwåm £pöm'd/
jrefrm tMuif&[ef;wdkYonf qHpaomum,tpkukd tm½kHjyKí jzpfaom
owdudk rapmifah &Smuftyf? xk&d [ef;wko Yd nf tNrKu
d tf &omukd rok;H
aqmifxkduf? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly awoHum; wvdiw f nf? wkdYonf[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
uwåm;teufü q|DA[k0pk f eH-ouf? (w+eH) w-cGif; t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p
okwjf zifh wpftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? (wf+{+eH) oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwjf zifh eH0b d wfudk
oHjyK? wfAsnf; {okdYuyf? awoHum; Ny;D \/
½ly a,oHum; ,vdiw f nf? awoHESifh enf;wlwGuf/
owårt D eufü ukovtp&Sad omt,SOüf Þ
owår, d aw¬ ukovm'da,ma*Þ
ykpH H ukovm epö*Dwó odu©dwm pmwk&dw¬da,m/
jrefrm uçjcif; oDçjcif;ü vdrm® ukeaf om epö*w D rS wpfyg;aom rde;f rwk\ Yd
trIü oiftyfNyD;aom twwf&Sdukefaom wifhw,fprÜg,fjcif;ESifh
jynfph u
Hk ek af om uajconfrwko Yd nf/
½ly epö*Dwó óum; epö*Dwvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
owårt D eufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (epö*w D +o) om*arm ao okwjf zifh aemufo
0dbwfaMumifh a&SUü ofvm? ofAsn;f ooku Yd yf? epö*Dwó óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukoavm wHG &xó t*Fypö*FgeH/
jrefrm oiftb,rif;om;onf &xm;\ t*FgBuD;i,fwkdYü vdr®monf
r[kwfavm/
½ly t*Fypö*FgeHum; t*Fypö*v F id w f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
owårDteufü q|DA[k0pk f eH-ouf? (t*Fypö*F+eH) *F-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p
okwjf zifh aemufe0H bd wfaMumifh *ftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? *FAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? *FAsn;f
tmoku Yd yf? t*Fypö*FgeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukoavm r*¾ó/
jrefrm taMumif;[kwfonfü vdr®m\/
3/ um&uu@ 763
½ly r*¾ óum; r*¾vid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh owårD
teufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (r*¾+o) ofvm uyf? r*¾ óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukoavm tr*¾ó/
jrefrm taMumif;r[kwo f nfü vdrm® \/
½ly tr*¾óum; tr*¾vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oEÅd [d baEÅ OVm&m ,u©m b*0awm yoEém/
jrefrm t&Sifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü Munfñdkukefaom jrwfukefaom ewf
bDvl;wkdYonf &SdukefonfomvQifwnf;/
½ly b*0awm
b*0awmum; b*0EÅKvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
owårt D eufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (b*0EÅK+o) awmwdwm oo®d eH mok okwjf zifh
o0dbwfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS w hf uG awmjyK? b*0awm
b*0awmum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'd0oó wdu©wåKH? 'd0ao wdu©wåKH 0g/
jrefrm wpfaeYwnf;ü ok;H Burd ?f wenf;um; wpfaeYwnf;ü ok;H Burd /f
½ly 'd 0 oó
oóum; 'd0ovdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
owårDteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? ('d0o+o) ofvm uyf? 'd0oó oóum; Ny;D \/
½ly 'd 0 ao
aoum; 'd0ovdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh od® Houf? o®mod® HeH 0g
okwfjzifh od® H0dbwfukd {jyK? cGif; acs uyf? 'd 0 ao
aoum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmoó 'dGu©wåKH £pöm'd/
jrefrm wpfvü okH;Budrf pm;\ (bkOÆwd) þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly rmoó
rmoóum; rmovdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh q|D p okwjf zifh
owårDteufü q|D{u0kpf o-ouf? (rmo+o) ofvm uyf? rmoó rmoóum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm ]]uGpd 'kw,
d m paomokwrf S uGpçd q|D||[laomyk'o f nf vku
d \ f /
ygVd ]]uGpdç q|D}}wd p 0wåaw/
--------------
okwf 318/ 'kwd,myOörDeOö/

okwjf refrm 'kw,
d m0dbwf yOör0D b
d wfw\
Ydk teufü (taw¬) q|D0b
d wfouf
onf jzpf\ (a[mwd)/
0kwjdå refrm 'kw, d m0dbwf yOör0D b d wfw\ Ydk teufüvnf; tcsKUd jy,k*üf q|D0d
bwf oufonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd 'kwd,myOörDeraw¬ p uGpd q|D0dbwåd a[mwd/
'kw, d mteufü uHteufü udwyf pön;f t,SOüf Þ
'kwd,aw¬ ur®ed udwua,ma*Þ
ykpH H wó b0EÅd 0wåma&m/
jrefrm xkdolUukd uJh&JUwwfaomolwkdYonf jzpfukef\/
½ly wó
wóum; wvdiw f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
'kwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf oouf? (w+o) ofvm uyf? wó wóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H o[om ur®ó uwåma&m/
jrefrm taqmwvsif uHukd jyKwwfukef\/
½ly ur®óum; ur®vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H trwó 'gwm/
jrefrm tNrKu d ef Ad mÁ efudk ay;wwfaom bk&m;? tNrKu d o f "k mukd ay;wwfaom
odMum;/
½ly trwó
trwóum; trwvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H bdEémeH oE¨mwm/
jrefrm uJjG ym;avNy;D aomolwu Ydk dk aphpyfwwf\/
½ly bdEémeHum; bdEv é id wf nf? wku Yd [ dk í
l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
'kw, d mteufü q|DA[k0pk f eHouf? (bdE+é eH) Eé-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H od k p okwjf zifh
eH0b f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? uyf? bdEémeHum; Ny;D \/
d wfaMumifh Eét
ykpH H o[dwmeH tEkyÜ'gwm/
jrefrm wuGjzpfuek af omolwu Ydk dk wuGjzpfoifch iG fh tqift h m;ay;wwf\/
½ly o[dwmeHum; o[dwvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aAma"wm yZm,/
jrefrm owå0gukd odapwwf\/
½ly yZm,
yZm,um; yZvdiw f nf? tmypön;f ouf cGi;f acs uyf? (yZm) w'¨w d
emrfi?hJ uk[d í
l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh 'kw, d mteufü q|D{u0kpf
3/ um&uu@ 765
oouf? (yZm+o) Z-cGi;f tm-<uif;? tm aCm okwjf zifh tmukd C-rSn?hf Cawm
em'DeH okwjf zifh CaemifraS ESmif;aom o0dbwfudk tm,jyK? acs uyf? yZm, yZm,um;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ur®ó um&awm ew¬d/
jrefrm uHukd jyKwwfaomolonf r&Sd/
½ly ur®óum; ur®vid w f nf? wóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H 0dyguó p a0'aum/
jrefrm 0dygufukdvnf; cHpm;wwfaomolonf r&Sd/
½ly 0dyguó
guóum; 0dyguvdiw f nf? wóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t0doH0g'aum avmuó/
jrefrm vludk rcRw,f iG ;f apwwf/
½ly avmuó
avmuóum; avmuvdiw f nf? wóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygygeH tu&PH okcH/
jrefrm raumif;rIwu Ydk dk rjyKjcif;onf csr;f om\/
½ly ygygeHum; ygyvdiw f nf? bdEmé eHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H pwkEéH r[mblwmeH Oyg'g, yoma'g/
jrefrm av;yg;ukefaom r[mbkwfwkdYukd pJGí rSDí aMujcif;/
½ly r[mblwmeHum; r[mblwvdiw f nf? bdEmé eHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tpä&da,m t&Zaue 0w¬meH &ma*g/
jrefrm yef;qkd;onf r[kwfbJ t0wfwkdYukd wyfjcif;? tHhbG,f&SdpG/
½ly 0w¬meHum; 0w¬vid w f nf? bdEmé eHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tpä&da,m ta*gygvaue *g0DeH a'ga[m/
jrefrm EGm;ausmif;om;r[kwb f J EGm;wku
Yd dk Ek&Yd nfñpS jf cif;onf tHb h ,G &f pdS /G
o&"mwf £ok"mwf ponfwkdY\ uHteufü xkdYtwl q|D

0dbwfonf jzpf\ (q|Dp ba0)/
wxm o&dpmä 'DeH ur®eÞ
d
ykpH H rmwk o&wd/
jrefrm trdukd atmufarh\/
½ly rmwkum; rmwkvid w f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
'kwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf oouf? (rmwk+o) w-cGif; O-<uif;? Ooo®d H o
avmayg p okwjf zifh wftpdwf Oukd OxyfjyK? aemufo0dbwfuv dk nf; acs? wfAsn;f
Ooku Yd yf? rmwkum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmw&H o&wd/
jrefrm trdukd atmufarh\/
½ly rmw&Hum; rmwkvid w f nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf
tHouf? (rmwk+tH) w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåH okwjf zifh aemuft0H b d wfaMumifh
a&SUwftpdwf Oukd tm&fjyK? wfAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? &fAsn;f tHou Ydk yf? rmw&Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H e awoH aumpd o&wd? owåmeH ur®yÜpö,m/
jrefrm Nywd må jzpfaomowå0gwk\ Yd £ómrapä&ESi, hf OS af om uHaMumifh xkd
Nydwåmjzpfaom owå0gwkdYukd wpfpkHwpfa,mufaomaqGrsKd;onf
ratmufarh trSwrf &/
½ly awoHum; wvdiw f nf? wkuYd [ dk í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
'kwd,mteufü q|DA[k0kpf eHouf? (w+eH) w-cGif; t-<uif;? oAÁemrmeH eHrSd p
okwfjzifh w-[laom oAÁemrf\tpdwf t-ukd {jyK? oAÁawmeH oHomeH okwfjzifh
w-[laomoAÁemrfy'k rf S aemufjzpfaom eH0b d wfudk oHjyK? wfAsn;f {oku Yd yf? awoH
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykwåó £päwd/ jrefrm om;ukd tvkd&Sd\/
½ly ykwåóum; ykwv å id wf nf? uk[ d í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
'kwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf oouf? (ykwå+o) ofvm uyf? yk w å óum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ykwåH £päwd/ jrefrm om;ukd tvkd&Sd\/
½ly yk w å Hum; ykwåvid wf nf? ukd[lí--aMumifh 'kwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf
tHouf? (ykwå+tH) w-cGif; acs uyf? yk w å Hum; Ny;D \/
u&"mwf\jyKjcif;teufüvnf;Þ
ua&mwdó ywd,wae pÞ
ykpH H ywd,weH tbdocFga&m/
jrefrm ywd,we[lonfum; jyKjyifjcif;wnf;? jyKjyifjcif;onf ywd,we
rnf\/
3/ um&uu@ 767
ykpH H O'uó ywdu½k ak w/jrefrm a&ukd jyKjyif\/

½ly O'uó
O'uóum; O'uvdiw f nf? ukd[lí--aMumifh 'kwd,myOörDeOö
okwfjzifh u&"mwf\ jyKjyifjcif;teufü 'kwd,mteufü q|D{u0kpf oouf?
(O'u+o) ofvm uyf? O'uó O'uóum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H O'uH ywdu½k ak w/ jrefrm a&ukd jyKjyifwwf\/
½ly O'uHum; O'uvdiw f nf? uk[d í l --aMumifh 'kw, d m0dbwf {u0kpf
tH-ouf? (O'u+tH) u-cGi;f acs uyf? O'uHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H u@ó ywduk½kaw/jrefrm jrm§ ;ukd ajzmifah tmif
jyKjyif\/
½ly u@ó
u@óum; u@vdiw f nf? O'uóESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H u@H ywduk½kaw/
jrefrm jrm§ ;ukd ajzmifah tmif jyKjyif\/
½ly u@Hum; u@vdiw f nf? O'uHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
,kwjf cif; aMumufjcif;teufü ,SOaf om yOört D eufüÞ
yOör, d aw¬ y&d[medb,w¬a,ma*Þ
ykpH H tó0ewm "r®ó y&d[m&EÅ/d
jrefrm rem&jcif;aMumifh w&m;rS ,kwu f ek \
f /
½ly "r® óum; "r®vid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
,kwjf cif;[laom yOört D eufü q|D{u0kpf oouf? ("r®+o) ofvm uyf? "r®óum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H ud H Ek acg t[H wó okcó bm,mrd/
jrefrm tb,fhaMumifh igonf xkdcsrf;omrS aMumuftHhenf;/
½ly okcó óum; okcvdiw f nf? aMumufjcif;teufü enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oaAÁ woEÅd '@ó/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwo Ydk nf 'PfrS aMumufuek \ f /
½ly '@ó
'@óum; '@vdiw f nf? aMumufjcif;teufü enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oaAÁ bm,EÅd rpöKaem/
jrefrm cyford ;f aomolwo Ydk nf aojcif;rS aMumufuek \ f /
½ly rpöKaem
aemum; rpöKvid w f nf? rS[í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö okwjf zifh
aMumufjcif;[laom yOörDteufü q|D{u0kpf oouf? (rpöK+o) pö-cGif; O-<uif;?

£0PÖK 0PÖm--okwjf zifh Oukd v-rSn?hf psvawm oó aem 0g okwjf zifh v-aemif
rS aESmif;aom o0dbwfudk aemjyK? pö-f Asn;f Ooku Yd yf? rpöKaem
aemum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bDawm pwkEéH tmod0domeH £pöm'd/
jrefrm vsiaf om tqdy&f u dS ek af om tpG,üf tqdy&f u dS ek af om pm;wkid ;f -
tqdyjf zpfuek af om a>rav;rsK;d wkrYd S aMumuf\? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly pwkEéHum; pwkocsmF o'´gwnf? wkrYd [ S í l --aMumifh 'kw, d myOöreD Oö
okwfjzifh aMumufjcif;[laom yOörDteufü q|DA[k0kpf eHouf? (pwk+eH) aem p
'Gg'dawmeHrdS okwjf zifh pwkocsmF o'´gaemif eftu©&mvm? efAsn;f eHou Ydk yf? pwkEéHum;
Ny;D \/
ajz *rÇ&D Oö uxH uwåm paomykpH w H üYdk q|D0b d wfudk epfap&jcif;tusK;d
&S\
d /
ygVd uG p Dwd ud H¿ *rÇD&Oö uxH uwåm (wsm'Dok q|Dedao"ew¬H)/
ykpH H *rÇD&Oö uxH uwåm/
jrefrm cE¨mtm,we ponf ,SOv f Quf eufeaJ ompum;ukv d nf; ajymqkd
wwf\/
ykpH H umave "r®d H uxH bmodwm a[mwd/
jrefrm oifhwifhaomtcgü w&m;pum;ukd a[mwwfonf jzpf\/
ykpH H ya&oH yknmed tEkarm'dwm/
jrefrm olwpfyg;wk\ Yd aumif;rIwu Ydk dk 0rf;ajrmufwwf\/
ykpH H AkZÑwd m opömed/
jrefrm opömav;yg;wkdYukd odwwf\/
ykpH H u#H um&aum/ jrefrm tkd;ukd jyKwwf\/
ykpH H yoa0g Cmwaum/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYukd owfwwf\/
jrefrm twDaw w w0EÅK wm0D okwfjzifh oufaomwç w0EÅKç wm0D[l

aom ed|rnfaom ypön;f ponfw\
Ydk t,SOüf vnf; ur®wq
¬ |Donf rjzpf/
ygVd wxm e ed|m'Dok p Þ
3/ um&uu@ 769
ykpH H okcumrD 0d[m&H uawm/

jrefrm csrf;omukd tvkd&Sdaomolonf ausmif;ukd aqmufvkyfNyD/
ykpH H &xH uw0aEÅm/ jrefrm &xm;ukd jyKvyk Nf y/D
ykpH H &xH uwm0D/ jrefrm &xm;ukd jyKvyk Nf y/D
ykpH H u#H uwGm/ jrefrm zsmoifjzL;ukd jyKvyk \
f /
ykpH H u#H ua&maEÅm/ jrefrm zsmoifjzL;ukd jyKvyk \
f /
ykpH H u#H u&maem/ jrefrm zsmoifjzL;ukd jyKvyk \
f /
ykpH H u#H uk½rk maem/ jrefrm zsmoifjzL;ukd jyKvyk \
f /
þokt Yd p&So
d nfwnf;/ £pöm'd/
q|D0b
d wswa¬ b' Ny;D \/
---------------------
owårD0dbwsw¬ab'
okwf 319/ Moumao owårD/
okwjf refrm Moumoum&uü owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Moumoum&uü owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd Moumoum&au owårD0dbwåd a[mwd/
ar; tb,fum&uonfvQif Moumornfoenf;¿/
ygVd aum p Moumaom¿/
------------
okwf 320/ a,m"ma&m warmumoH/

okwjf refrm tMuifum&uonf uwåm; uH Bud,mwkdY\ wnf&monf jzpf\?
xkdum&uonf Moumo[laomtrnf&Sdonf jzpf\/
0dN*K[
d f xkdum&uü atmufrusatmif aqmifwwf\ xkdokdYaqmif&mjzpf
aom owådaMumifh tm"m&rnf\? wnf&mukd &tyf\/ (vAÇwd)/
ygVd tm"m&D,wd to®Ed dÅ tm"ma&m? t"du&PH/
0kwjdå refrm uwåm; uHEiS w hf uGjzpfuek af om aejcif; csujf cif;paom Bu, d mwk\ Yd
wnf&mjzpfaomteufaMumifh tMuifum&uonf uwåm; uHü
wnfaom Bud,m\wnf&monf jzpf\? xkdum&uonf Moumo[laomtrnf
&So d nf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd uwåKur®ora0wmeH edoZÆypem'dBud,meH ywd|mea|e a,m
tm"ma&m? wH um&uH MoumoonH a[mwd/
ykpH H ua# edo'D wd a'0'awåm/
jrefrm a'0'wfonf zsmoifjzL;ü ae\/
½ly ua#
ua#um; u#vdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m
a&m warmumoH okwjf zifh Moumo-rSn?hf Moumao owårD okwjf zifh Moumo
teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d o H uf? (u#+o®d )H oAÁa,mede rm{ okwjf zifh od® 0H b d wf
ukd {jyK? cGif; acs uyf? ua#
ua#um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H xmvd,H Mo'eH ypwd/
jrefrm xrif;tk;d ü xrif;ukd csu\ f /
½ly xmvd , Hum; xmvdvdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
a,m"m a&m warmumoH okwfjzifh Moumo-rSnfh? Moumao owårD okwfjzifh
Moumo teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d Houf? (xmvd+o®d H) v-cGif; £-<uif;? aw
£w¬dcsm ayg okwfjzifh £w¬dvdifukda[maom £ukd v-rSnfh? Cyawm o®d H,H 0g
okwjf zifh vaemifraS ESmif;aom od® 0H bd wfudk ,HjyK? xAsn;f £oku Yd yf? xmvd,Hum;
Ny;D \/
Bud,mukd aqmifykH xkpd um;ukd xif&mS ;apthH ([dwyH gu#H ua&mrd) þjy,k*üf
uwåm; uH jzpfuek af om a'0'wå wE´Kvwku Yd dk aqmifwwf
aomaMumifh xkad '0'wå wE´KvESihf umva&S; aejcif; csujf cif;wnf;[laom Bu, d m
ukd aqmif\/
ygVd {w¬ [d a'0'wåw@KvmeH uwåKur®meH "m&Pawm wHora0wH
tmoeypeocFgwH Bud,H "ma&wd emr/
Moumo 4-rsKd; xkdokdYoabm&Sdaom (wm'daom) Moumoonfum; Asmyd
um"m&onf¤if;? Moyodavodum"m&onf¤if;? omrDyu d m
3/ um&uu@ 771
'g&onf¤if;? Asmydum"m&onf¤if;? a0o,dum"m&onf¤if;? þokdY av;yg;

tjym;&S\
d /
ygVd aom yem,armumaom pwkAadÁ "m Asmydaum Moyodavodaum
omrDydaum a0o,daumwd/
Asmydum"m& xkad v;yg;wkw Yd iG f tMuiftm"m&ü tvk;H pkv H nf;jzpfaom wnf&m

jzpfonf t&iftwkdif; ESrf;paomteufonf (yuwduwåm;) qD
paom tma",sonf (yw¬#uwåm;) ESUH tyfonf (0duwduwåm;) jzpf\/ (ouv
AsmyDz)Ydk tMuif Ek&Yd nfpaom tm"m&üom tma",sjzpfíjzpfaom a&ponfonf
wpfpdwfukd ESHUí wnf\/ ({ua'oAsmyDzkdY) xkdtm"m&onf Asmydurnf\/
ygVd ww¬ Asmydaum emr ,w¬ ouavmyd tm"m&blawm taw¬m
tma"a,se yw¬a#m a[mwd? ,o®dOö tma",sblwH udOöd AsmaywGm wd|wd/
jrefrm xkOd 'g[½kPo f nf tb,fenf;/
ygVd wH ,xmÞ
ykpH H wdavok awvH tw¬d/ jrefrm ESrf;wkdYü qDonf &Sd\/
½ly wd a vokum; wdvvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
Moumo teufü owårD A[k0kpf okouf? (wdv+ok) v-cGif; t-<uif;?
ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh ok0b d wfaMumifh vftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? vfAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
wdavokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H cDavok ZvH/ jrefrm a&wkdYü Mumonf &Sd\/
½ly cDavokum; cDvvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H '"drdS oyÜw D /d jrefrm Ek"Yd rf;ü axmywfonf &S\ d /
½ly '"drSu d m; '"dvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m a&m
warmumoH okwfjzifh Moumo-rSnfh? Moumao owårD okwfjzifh Moumo
teufü owårD {u0kpf od® Houf? ('"d+od® H) o®m[do®d HeH rSmbdrSd 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0d
bwfudk rSjd yK? '"drSdum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm Moyodavodum"m& m"m&rnfonfum; xkt d m"m&ü tm"m&toD;
tma",toD; Ny;D uke\ f ? 0g- xif&mS ;ukeaf om ae&mpaom oHCm
paomyk'fteufwkdY\ a&mufí uyfNidaomtm;jzifh uyfa&mufjcif;onf jzpf\/

tMuifxrif;tkd;paom a&üom xrif;paom tm",fonf uyfNid\? uyfNidí
wnf\? (tv’D,ezkdY) xkdtm"m&onf Moyodavodum"m&rnf\/
ygVd Moyodavodaum emr yapöuod'g¨ eH bm0geH ,w¬ Oyodav aoe
Oy*arm a[mwd? ,o®dOö tma"a,sm Oyodvdówd tv’D,dwGm wd|wd/
xkOd 'g[½kPo f nf tb,fenf;Þ wH ,xmÞ
ykpH H tmoae edodaEém oHaCm/
jrefrm ae&mü oHCmonf ae\/
½ly tmoae
tmoaeum; tmoevdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
Moumo teufü owårD {u0kpf od® Houf? (tmoe+od® H) o®mod® HeH 0g okwfjzifh
o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? e-cGif; acs uyf? tmoae
tmoaeum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H xmvd,H Mo'eH ypwd/
jrefrm xrif;wküYd xrif;ukd csu\ f /
ykpH H Ca#ok O'uH tw¬d/
jrefrm tkd;wkdYü a&onf &Sd\/
½ly Ca#okum; C#vdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
Moumo teufü owårD A[k0kpf okouf? (C#+ok) #-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG
uma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh #ftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? #fAsnf; {okdYuyf?
Ca#okum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'la& Xdawm/ jrefrm ta0;ü wnf\/
½ly 'la&&um; 'l&vdiw f nf? tmoaeESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H orDay Xdawmwd/
jrefrm teD;ü wnf\ þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly orDayyum; orDyvdiw f nf? tmoaeESihf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm omrDydum"m& rnfonf tMuiftm"m&onf teD;jzpfaom EGm;

ausmif;om;&Gmponfü teD;&Sad om jrpfponf\ **Fgpaom trnf
3/ um&uu@ 773
ukd wifpm;í xk*d *Fgponfü pyfí jzpfjcif;&So

d nf\tjzpfudk jyKjcif;iSg wnf&mjrpfudk
txl;MuHtyf\? xkdtm"m&onf omrDydum"m&rnf\/
ygVd omrDydaum emr ,w¬ orDay orDyda0g[m&H uwGm w'g ,wå
0kww då m'Dyew¬H tm"m&bma0g 0duyÜ, D wd/

ykpH H **Fg,H aCmaom 0owd/
jrefrm **Fgjrpfü EGm;ausmif;om;&Gmonf ae\/
½ly **F g ,Hum; **Fvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (**Fg)
w'¨w d emrfi?hJ ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m a&m warmumoH okwjf zifh
Moumo-rSn?hf Moumao owårD okwjf zifh Moumo teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d
Houf? (**Fg+o®d H) *F-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh? Cyawm
o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom o®d H0dbwfukd ,HjyK? *FfAsnf; tmokdYuyf?
**Fg,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H **Fg, orDay 0aZm 0owDwd taw¬m/
jrefrm **Fgjrpf\ teD;ü EGm;jcHonf ae\ þum;teufwnf;/
½ly orDayyum; orDyvdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m
a&m warmumoH okwfjzifh Moumo-rSnfh? Moumao owårD okwfjzifh Moumo
teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d o H uf? (orDy+o®d )H o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H b
d wfukd
{jyK? cGi;f acs uyf? orDayyum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&wd aZw0ae? om0w¬d,m orDaywd
taw¬m/
jrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf om0w¬jd ynfü aZw0efausmif;awmfü ae\?
om0w¬djynf\ teD;ü þum; teufwnf;/
½ly om0w¬d,Hum; om0w¬v d id fwnf? **Fg,HEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
½ly aZw0ae
aZw0aeum; aZw0evdiw f nf? orDayESihf enf;wlwu G /f
jrefrm a0o,dum"m& rnfonf tMuiftm"m&ü vkt d yfaoma'o umv
ponfrw S pfyg;aom a'oç umv ponfjzpfjcif;\tpGr;f tm;jzif¤h if;? t&yf txl;ukd
jzwfonf\tpGr;f tm;jzif¤h if;? tm"m&tjzpfudk Mut H yf\/
ygVd a0o,daum emr ,w¬ tnw¬mbm00aoeç a'oEÅ&m0apä'

0aoe 0g tm"m&bma0g y&duayÜg/
ykpH H tmumao oukPm yu©EÅd/
jrefrm aumif;uifü iSuw f o Ydk nf ysuH ek \ f /
½ly tmumao
tmumaoum; tmumovdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--
um; a,m"m a&m warmumoH okwjf zifh Moumo-rSn?hf Moumao owårD okwjf zifh
Moumo teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d o H uf? (tmumo+o®d )H o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh
o®d H0dbwfudk {jyK? cGif; acs uyf? tmumao
tmumaoum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H blro D k rEkóm p&EÅ/d
jrefrm ajrwkdYü vlwkdYonf vSnfhvnfukef\/
½ly blrDou k m; blrv
d id w
f nf? wküYd [lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m
teufü owårD A[k0pk f okouf? (blr+d ok) r-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh
aemufok0dbwfaMumifh rftpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? rfAsnf; þokdYuyf? bl r D o kum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H Zavok rpäm/
jrefrm a&wkdYü ig;wkdYonf vSnfhvnfukef\/
½ly Zavokum; Zvvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
Moumo teufü owårD A[k0kpf okouf? (Zv+ok) v-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doG
uma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh vftpdwf tukd {jyK? vfAsn;f {oku Yd yf?
Zavokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yga'ok ywdawm/ jrefrm ajcwkdYü vJus\/
½ly yga'okum; yg'vdiw f nf? ZavokEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ygyo®d H&rwD raem/
jrefrm raumif;rIü pdwo f nf arGUavsm\ f /
½ly ygyo®d Hum; ygyvdiw f nf? o®d 0H b d wfouf? Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 775
ykpH H yoaEém Ak'o ¨ moae/

jrefrm bk&m;omoemü Munfñkd\/
½ly Ak'ömoae
moaeum; Ak'o ¨ moevdiw f nf? tmumaoESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ynm, om"k/ jrefrm ynmü aumif;\/
½ly ynm,
ynm,um; ynvdifwnf? tmypönf;ouf? cGif; acs uyf? (ynm)
w'¨w d emrfi?Jh ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m a&m warmumoH okwjf zifh
Moumo-rSn?hf Moumao owårD okwjf zifh Moumo teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d
Houf? (ynm+o®d H) n-cGif; tm-<uif;? tmaCm okwfjzifh tmukd C-rSnfh?
Cawmem'DeH okwfjzifh CaemifrSaESmif;aom od® H0dbwfukd tm,jyK? acs uyf?
ynm,
ynm,um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 0dea, edyak Pm/
jrefrm 0denf;ü qk;H jzwfjcif; oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,f\/
½ly 0dea,
a,um; 0de,vdifwnf? tmumaoESihf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H rmw&d om"k/ jrefrm trdü aumif;\/
½ly rmw&dum; rmwkvid w f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um; a,m"m
teufü owårD {u0kpf o®d o H uf? (rmwk+o®d )H w-cGi;f O-<uif;? tanoGm&wåo H wk jf zifh
wftpdwf Oukd tm&jyK? (rmwf+tm&+o®d H) ow¬Kydwm'De rm odod® H odavmayg p
okwf jzifh tm&jyK\tmukd t-&ójyK? (rmwf+t&+o®d )H wawm o®d rH d okwjf zifh o®d
0H b d wfudk £jyK? &-cGi;f acs uyf? rmw&dum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ydw&d edykaPm £pöm'd/
jrefrm tzü vkyaf uR;jcif; odrahf rGU\ þokt Yd p&So
d nfwnf;/
½ly ydw&dum; ydwv k id fwnf? rmw&dEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
Moumo[k qkd&ykH tvk;H pkv H nf;jzpfaom þtm"m&onf rkcsm"m&\tpGr;f -
jzif¤h if;? wnf&mtjzpfudk Muo H nf\tpGr;f jzif¤h if;? Bu,d m\
wnf&monf jzpf\? xkaYd Mumifh xku d m&uukd Moumo[líomvQif qkt d yf\? þokYd
odtyf\/
ygVd oaAÁmyd pm,rm"ma&m y"me0aoe 0g y&duyÜdw0aoe 0g
Bu, d m, ywd|m b0wDwd Moumaom MoumaomawG0 0kawåmwd a0'dwaAÁm/
jrefrm rSef\ ]]ud&d,m/y/ rawm}}[lí þpum;&yfukd qkdtyf\/

ygVd 0kwaå Oöw/H
*gxmjrefrm tMuifum&uü uwåm; uHwkdY\ ud&d,monf wnfonf jzpf\?
xkdum&uukd Moumo[lí qkdtyf\? xkdum&uonf Asmydu
paomtm;jzifh av;yg;tjym;&S\d /
*gxm ]]ud&d,m uwåKur®meH? ,w¬ a[mwd ywd|dwm/
]Moumaom}wd y 0kawåm aom? pwk"m Asmydum'dawm/
*gxmjrefrm wdv cD& ponfukd Asmydu[lí odtyf\? u#ponfudk Moyodav
odu[lí odtyf\? **Fgponfukdum; omrDydu[lí odtyf\?
tmumoukd 0do,[lí odtyf\/
*gxm Asmydaum wdvcD&m'd? ua#m Moyodavodaum/
omrDydaum wk **Fg'd? tmumaom 0doa,m rawm}}wd/
jrefrm ]]q|Dç owårD}}[laomo'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]q|Dç owård}}wd p t"duma&m/
----------------
okwf 321/ omrdó&m"dywd'g,m'ou©yD wdbyl olwuko av[d p/

okwjf refrm omrdo'´g £ó&o'´g t"dywdo'´g 'g,m'o'´g omrdo'´g ywdbl
o'´g yokwo'´g ukovo'´gwkdYukd ,SOfonf&Sdaomf q|D0dbwf
owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm omrdo'´g £ó&o'´g t"dywdo'´g 'g,m'o'´g omrdo'´g ywdbl
o'´g yokwo'´g ukov[laom þo'´gwku Yd dk ,SO&f mü q|D0b
d wf
onf¤if;? owår0D b d wfonf¤if;? jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd omrD £ó& t"dywd 'g,m' ou©d ywdbl yolw ukov£apö
aw[d a,ma* q|D0dbwåd a[mwdç owårD p/
jrefrm q|Dç owårD 0dbwfEpS yf g;vk;H oufjcif;tusK;d iSg þt&mü þokwu f dk
qkjd cif;onf jzpf\/
ygVd Ob,w¬H 0peH/
3/ um&uu@ 777
ykpH H *0H omrd/ jrefrm EGm;wk\ Yd t&Siw f nf;/

½ly *0Hum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdY\[lí--aMumifh omrd--um; ,ó 0g
y&d*a¾ [m--okwjf zifh a*gukd omrd-rSn?hf omrdó&m "dywd--okwjf zifh omrdo'´g\
t,SOf q|DA[k0kpf eHouf? (a*g+eH) wawmerH ywdrSm--okwfjzifh ormofr[kwf
&mü eH0dbwfukd tHjyK? a*gtpdwf Moukdvnf; t0jyK? 0fAsnf; tHokdYuyf? *0Hum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H a*gok omrd/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd t&Sio f nf/
½ly a*gok um; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh Moumo--um;
Moumao owårD okwfjzifh owårDA[k0kpf okouf? a*gokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H *0H £óa&m/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd tpk;d &\/
ykpH H a*gok £óa&m/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd tpk;d &\/
ykpH H *0H t"dywd/ jrefrm EGm;wkdY\? wkdYü t&Sifwnf;/
ykpH H a*gok t"dywd/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd t&Siw f nf;/
ykpH H *0H 'g,ma'g/ jrefrm EGm;wk\
Yd wküYd tarGcw H nf;/
ykpH H a*gok 'g,ma'g/ jrefrm EGm;wküYd tarGcw H nf;/
ykpH H *0H ou©d/
jrefrm EGm;wkdY\ oufaownf;? rsufarSmufwnf;/
ykpH H a*gok ou©d/
jrefrm EGm;wkdYü oufaownf;? rsufarSmufwnf;/
ykpH H *0H ywdb/l
jrefrm EGm;wküYd pJí
G jzpfaomolwnf;? toD;ok;H aqmifcpH m;aomolwnf;/
ykpH H a*gok ywdbl/
jrefrm EGm;wküYd pJí
G jzpfaomolwnf;? toD;ok;H aqmifcpH m;aomolwnf;/
ykpH H *0H yolawm/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYü avhusuf\/
ykpH H a*gok yolawm/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYü avhusuf\/
ykpH H *0H ukoavm/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYü vdr®m\/
ykpH H a*gok ukoavm/ jrefrm EGm;wkdYü vdr®m\/
---------------------
okwf 322/ ed'¨g&aP p/

okwjf refrm ed'g¨ &Pteufüvnf; q|Dç owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0dN*K[
d f xkwfí aqmifjcif;wnf;? xkwfí aqmifjcif;/
ygVd eD[&dwmG "m&PH ed'¨g&PH/
t& Zmwf *kPf Bu, d m emrfwjYdk zifh taygif;rS wpfpw d uf dk toD;jyKjcif;ukd
&tyf\/
ygVd Zmwd *kP Bu, d m emar[d ork'g,awm {ua'oó ykxuú&P/
0kwjdå refrm xkded'¨g&Pteufukd odtyfonf&Sdaomf xjkdtaygif;ukd a[maom
vdiaf emifrS q|D0b d wfonf¤if; owår0D b d wfonf¤if; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®d H ed'g¨ &Paw¬ *rsrmae wawm ork'g,0gpdv*d rF mS q|D0b d wåd
a[mwd owårD p/
ykpH H rEkómeH cwåda,m ol&warm/
jrefrm vlww Ydk iG f rif;rsK;d onf &J&ifvh eG \
f /
½ly rEkómeHum; rEkóvdiw f nf? wkw Yd iG [ f íl --aMumifh ed'g¨ &P--um;
y&ornm--okwfjzifh rEkóukd ed'¨g&P-rSnfh? ed'¨g&aP p okwfjzifh ed'¨g&P-ü
q|DA[k0k pk f eH-ouf? (rEkó+eH) ó-cGi;f t-<uif;? oke[ H o
d pk okwjf zifh aemufeH
0dbwfaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? ofAsnf; tmokdYuyf? rEkómeHum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H rEkaóok cwåda,m ol&warm/
jrefrm vlww Ydk iG f rif;rsK;d onf &J&ifvh eG \
f /
½ly rEkaóokum; rEkóvdiw f nf? wkw Yd iG [f íl --aMumifh ed'g¨ &P--um;
y&ornm--okwfjzifh rEkóukd ed'¨g&P-rSnfh? ed'¨g&aP p okwfjzifh ed'¨g&P-ü
owårAD [k0pk f ok-ouf? (rEkó+ok) ó-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh
aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUoftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? ofAsn;f {oku Yd yf? rEkaóokum;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H *g0DeH orÜEcé &D wrm/
jrefrm EGm;rwkw Yd iG f EGm;eufronf txl;ojzifh csKNd red af omEk&Yd nf&\ dS /
½ly *g0D e H um; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYwGif[lí--aMumifh ed'¨g&P--um;
3/ um&uu@ 779
y&ornm--okwfjzifh a*gukd ed'¨g&P-rSnfh? ed'¨g&aP p okwfjzifh ed'¨g&P-ü

q|DA[kk0kpf eH-ouf? (a*g+eH) e'g'dawm 0gþ okwfjzifh a*gaemif þypönf;ouf?
(a*g+þ+eH) *-cGi;f Mo-<uif;? awok 0k'-d¨ -okwjf zifh a*gtpdwf Moukd tm0jyK? acs
uyf? (*g0+þ+eH) 0-cGi;f acs uyf? *g0DeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H uPSm *g0Dok orÜEécD&wrm/
jrefrm EGm;rwkw Yd iG f EGm;eufronf txl;ojzifh csKNd red af omEk&Yd nf&\ dS /
½ly *g0D o kum; a*gvdifwnf? wkdYwGif[lí--aMumifh ed'¨g&P--um;
y&ornm--okwfjzifh a*gukd ed'¨g&P-rSnfh? ed'¨g&aP p okwfjzifh ed'¨g&P-ü
owårDA[kk0kpf ok-ouf? (a*g+ok) *-cGif; Mo-<uif;? a,mok p okwfü po'´gjzifh
a*gtpdwf Moukd tm0jyK? (*f+tm0+ok) e'g'dawm 0gþ okwfjzifh a*gaemif
þypönf;ouf? (*f+tm0+þ+ok) *ftpdwf tukdacs uyf? (*g0+þeH) 0-cGif; acs
uyf? *g0Dokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H t'¨dumeH "m0aEÅm oDCwarm/
jrefrm c&D;oGm;wkw Yd iG f ajy;oGm;aomolonf vQijf refveG ;f \/
½ly t'¨dumeHum; t'ü d vdifwnf? rEkómeHEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H t'¨dauok "m0aEÅm oDCwarm/
jrefrm c&D;oGm;wkw Yd iG f ajy;oGm;aomolonf vQijf refveG ;f \/
½ly t'¨dauokum; t'ü d vdifwnf? rEkaóokEiS hf enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tm,o®m tmeaE´m t&[wH tnwa&m ta[modç t&-[aEÅok
0g £pöm'd/
jrefrm t&Sit f meE´monf &[EÅmwkw Yd iG f wenf;um; &[EÅmwkw Yd iG f wpfyg;
tygt0ifonf jzpf\? þokt Yd p&So d nfwnf;/
½ly t&[wHum; t&[EÅKvid w f nf? wkw Yd iG [
f í l --aMumifh ed'g¨ &P--um;
y&ornm--okwfjzifh t&[EÅKukd ed'¨g&P-rSnfh? ed'¨g&aP p okwfjzifh ed'¨g&P-ü
q|DA[k0k pk f eH-ouf? (t&[EÅK+eH) eHrw dS H 0g okwjf zifh eH0b d wfaMumifh tvk;H pkaH om
EÅKypön;f ukd 0dbwfEiS whf uG wHjyK? t&[wHum; Ny;D \/
½ly t&[aEÅokum; t&[EÅKvid w f nf? wkw Yd iG [
f í
l --aMumifh ed'g¨ &P-
-um; y&ornm--okwjf zifh t&[EÅKudk ed'g¨ &P-rSn?hf ed'g¨ &aP p okwjf zifh ed'g¨ &P-
ü owårAD [k0k pk f ok-ouf? (t&[EÅK+ok) EÅKóaEÅm a,mok p okwjf zifh ok0b d wf
aMumifh EÅKtpdwf Oukd t-jyK? EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemuf

ok0b
d wfaMumifh EÅpf w Yd yf? t&[aEÅokum; Ny;D \/
d f t-ukd {jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku
-----------------
okwf 323/ tem'a& p/

okwjf refrm ½kad ojcif;r&Sad om Bu, d m\t,SOüf vnf; q|D owår0D b d wfonf
jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm r½kad ojcif; Bu, d mukd odtyfonf&adS omf &[ef;jyKjcif;paom r½k-d
aojcif; Bu, d mwpfyg;ukd rSwaf Mumif;jzpfaom qkjd cif;paomBu, d m
&Sdaom rmwmydwkpaom vdifaemifrS q|D0dbwfonf¤if; owårD0dbwfonf¤if;?
jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd tem'a& *rsrmae bm00wm vd*rF mS q|D0b d wåd a[mwdç owårD
p/
ykpH H tumrumeH rmwmydwel H ½k'EÅmeH yAÁZ/d
jrefrm tvkrd &Su d ek af om rdbwk\ Yd ikjd rnfwrf;ukepf Of &[ef;jyK\/
½ly ½k ' EÅ m eHum; ½k'EÅvdifwnf? pOf[lí--aMumifh tem'&--um;
y&ornm--okwjf zifh ½k'EÅudk tem'&-rSn?hf tem'a& p okwjf zifh tem'&-ü q|D
A[k0kpf eHouf? (½k'EÅ+eH) EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufeH0dbwf
aMumifh EÅt f pdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK? EÅAf sn;f tmoku Yd yf? ½k'EÅmeHum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rmwmydwo l k ½k'aEÅok yAÁZ/d
jrefrm rdbwko Yd nf ikad <u;ukepf Of &[ef;jyK\/
½ly ½k ' aEÅ o kum; ½k'EÅvdifwnf? pOf[lí--aMumifh tem'&--um;
y&ornm--okwfjzifh ½k'EÅukd tem'&-rSnfh? tem'a& p okwfjzifh tem'&-ü
owårDA[k0kpf okouf? (½k'EÅ+ok) EÅ-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh
aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh EÅt f pdwf t-ukd {jyK? EÅAf sn;f {oku Yd yf? ½k'aEÅokum; Ny;D \/
*gxmjrefrm 0óEÅ&mrif;Bu;D \ ½IpOf ykwcf ufvQuf xkZd Zl umykPmÖ ;onf oli,f

wkdYukd rdrdae&mt&yfokdY (ou|meH) aqmif\? vltrsm;onf ½IpOf
aorif;onf ac:,líoGm;\/
3/ um&uu@ 781
*gxm tmaum#,aEÅm aom aewd? od0d&mZó ayu©awm/

rpöK *päwd tm'g,? ayu©rmae r[mZae/
½ly od0d&mZó
mZóum; od0d&mZvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh q|D {u0kpf
oouf? (od0&d mZ+o) ofvm uyf? od0d&mZó mZóum; Ny;D \/
½ly r[mZae
r[mZaeum; r[mZevdifwnf? ü[lí--aMumifh owår{D u0kpf o®d
Houf? (r[mZe+o®d H) o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? e-cGif; acs uyf?
r[mZae
r[mZaeum; Ny;D \/
½k'EÅmeHonf tem'&? rmwmydwleHonf tem'&0EÅ? yAÁ Z donf
tem'&d,? ydwmmonf tem'&d,0EÅ/
½k'aEÅokonf tem'&? rmwmydwlokonf tem'&0EÅ? yAÁZdonf
tem'&d,? ydwmmonf tem'&d,0EÅ/
----------------
okwf 324/ ur®u&Pedrdwåaw¬ok owårD/

okwjf refrm uHteuf u½kP d ;f teuf edrw d t
f eufwüYdk owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm uH u½kP d ;f edrw d [ f ul ek af om þteufwüYdk owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd ur®u&Pedrw d £ å apöawoGaw¬ok vd*rF mS owår0D b d wåd a[mwd/
uHteufü Þ ur®aw¬ Þ
ykpH H bdu©Lok tbd0ga'EÅd/
jrefrm &[ef;wdu Yk dk &Scd ;dk uke\ f /
½ly bdu©Lokum; bdu©Kvdifwnf? wkdYukd[lí--aMumifh uH--um; ur®
u&Pedrw d aå w¬ok owårD okwjf zifh uHteufü owårAD [k0k pk f okouf? (bduK© +ok)
u©-cGi;f O-<uif;? oke[ H o d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh u©tf pdwf Oukd OD'CD
jyK? u©Af sn;f ODouYdk yf? bdu©Lokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rk'e¨ d pkrw dÁ mG / jrefrm xdyu f dk eef;í/
½ly rk ' ¨ e d um; rk ' ¨ v d i f wnf? uk d [ l í --aMumif h uH - -um; ur®
u&Pedrw d aå w¬ok owårD okwjf zifh uHteufü owår{D u0kpf od® o H uf? (bduK© +o®d )H
jA[®awm wko®d Hed okwfü wko'´gjzifh rk'äemifrSaESmif;aom o®d H0dbwfukd edjyK?
rk'ëdum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yk&doó Am[mok *a[wGm/
jrefrm a,mufsm;\ vufarmif;wkdYukd ukdifí/
½ly Am[mokum; Am[vdifwnf? bduL© okEiS hf enf;wlwu
G /f
u½kP d ;f teufüÞ u&Paw¬Þ

ykpH H [aw¬ok yd@m, p&EÅd/
jrefrm vufwkdYjzifh qGrf;tvkdYiSg vSnfhvnfukef\/
½ly [aw¬ou k m; [w¬vid w f nf? wkjYd zif[
d ;f --um; ur®
u&Pedrdwåaw¬ok owårD okwfjzifh u½kdPf;teufü owårDA[kk0kpf okouf?
([w¬+ok) w¬-cGif; t-<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh
w¬ftpdwf tukd {jyK? w¬fAsnf; {okdYuyf? [aw¬ o kum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H yaw¬ok yd@m, p&EÅd/
jrefrm oydwfwkdYjzifh qGrf;tvkdYiSg vSnfhvnfukef\/
½ly yaw¬okum; yw¬vid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H yaxok *päE/dÅ
jrefrm c&D;wkjYd zifh oGm;uke\f /
½ly yaxokum; yxvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H aomyd rH tEkomao,s? orÜ#dpämrd rw¬au/
jrefrm xk, d aeY &Sijf yKp ckEpS Ef pS o
f m;t&G,f omraPi,fonfvnf; ighudk
qk;H rjim;tH?h OD;acgif;jzifh 0efct H /hH
½ly rw¬ a u uum; rw¬uvdifwnf? jzifh--aMumifh u½kdPf;--um;? ur®
u&Pedrdwåaw¬ok owårD okwfjzifh u½kdPf;teufü owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf?
(rw¬u+o®d H) u-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? acs uyf?
rw¬au uum; Ny;D \/
edrw d tf eufüÞ edrw d aå w¬Þ
ykpH H 'Dyd par®ok [naw/
jrefrm opfukd ta&wkdYaMumifh owftyf\/
½ly par® o kum; pr®vdifwnf? wkdYaMumifh--aMumifh edrdwf--um;? ur®
3/ um&uu@ 783
u&Pedrw d aå w¬ok owårD okwjf zifh edrw d t f eufü owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (pr®+ok)
r®-cGi;f t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh r®t f pdwf t-
ukd {jyK? r®Af sn;f {oku Yd yf? par®okum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H ukOÆa&m 'aEÅok [naw/
jrefrm qifukd tpG,fwdkYaMumifh owftyf\/
½ly 'aEÅokum; 'EÅvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tPkrawåok 0aZÆok b,'óm0D/
jrefrm tPkjrLrQ&u dS ek af om tjypfwaYdk Mumifv h nf; ab;tm;jzifh ½Iavh&\ dS /
½ly 0aZÆokum; 0ZÆvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H orÜZmerkom0ga' ygpdw, då /H
jrefrm odvQuf cRw, f iG ;f aompum;ukd qkjd cif;aMumifh ygpdwt f mywfoif\ h /
½ly orÜZmerkom0ga' m0ga'um; orÜZmerkom0g'vdiw f nf? aMumif-h -aMumifh
edrdwf--um;? ur® u&Pedrdwåaw¬ok owårD okwfjzifh edrdwfteufü
owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (orÜZmerkom0g'+o®d H) '-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g
okwjf zifh o®d 0H bd wfudk {jyK? '-Asn;f {oku Yd yf? orÜZmerkom0ga'm0ga'um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H rkom0g'edrw d Hå rkom0g'yÜp, ö mwd taw¬m/
jrefrm cRw, f iG ;f aompum;ukd qkjd cif;aMumifh cRw, f iG ;f aompum;ukd qkjd cif;
aMumifh þum;teufwnf;/
jrefrm ]]owårD}}[laomo'´gonf vkduf\/
ygVd ]]owårD}}wd t"duma&m/
------------------
okwf 325/ orÜ'gae p/

okwjf refrm orÜ'gefteufüvnf; owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm orÜ'gefteufüvnf; vdiaf emifrS owår0D b
d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd orÜ'geaw¬ p vd*FrSm owårD0dbwåd a[mwd/
ykpH H oHaC 'dEéH r[yævH/
jrefrm oHCmtm; ay;tyfaom tvSLonf BuD;aomtusKd;&Sd\/
½ly Cum; oHCvdifwnf? tm;[lí--aMumifh orÜ'gef--um;? orÜ

oH a C
'gae p okwjf zifh orÜ'gefteufü owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? (oHC+o®d )H o®mo®d eH H 0g
okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd {jyK? C-cGif; acs uyf? oH a C Cum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H oHaC a*gwrd a'[d/
jrefrm a*gwrD oHCmtm; vSLavmh/
½ly oH a C
Cum; oHCvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H oHaC aw 'daEé t[aOö0 ylZdawm b0dómrd/
jrefrm oHCmtm; oifonf vSLtyfonf&Sdaomf igbk&m;ukdvnf; ylaZmf
tyfonf jzpf&mtH/h
½ly oH a C
Cum; oHCvdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
*gxmjrefrm tMuifred ;f ronf aumuf½;dk EG,jf zifh Ny;D aom yef;ukd apwDtm; ay;
vSLbl;aomaMumifh xkrd ed ;f ronf a&TjzifNh y;D aom &ifvrT ;f yef;uk¤d if;?
aAmZÑicf Ek pS yf g;w&m;yef;uk¤d if; &\/
*gxm ,m yvmvr,H rmvH? em&D 'wGme apwda,/
tvw¬ uOöer,H? rmvH aAmZÑ*ØuOö om/
½ly apwda, ,um; apwd,vdiw f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
----------------
okwf 326/ yOörsaw¬ p/

okwjf refrm yOört D eufüvnf; owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm yOörtD eufüvnf; owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd yOörsaw¬ p vd*FrSm owårD0dbwåd a[mwd/
ykpH H u'vDok *aZ &u©E/dÅ
jrefrm iSuaf ysmyifwrYdk S qifwuYdk dk apmifah &Smufuek \
f /
½ly u'vD o kum; u'vdvdifwnf? wkdYrS[lí--aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
yOörsaw¬ p okwfjzifh tyg'gef[kqkdtyfaom yOörDteufü owårDA[k0kpf okouf?
(u'vd+ok) v-cGi;f £-<uif;? oke[ H o
d k p okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh a&SUvf
tpdwf £ukd þ'DCjyK? vfAsnf; þokdYuyf? u'vDokum; Ny;D \/
3/ um&uu@ 785
okwf 327/ umvbma0ok p/

okwjf refrm umv
umv[laomteuf Bu, d m[laomteufwüYdk vnf; owår0D b d wf
onf jzpf\/
umvrnfonfum; vufzspfq,fwGuf[laomcP? q,fcP[laomv,?
q,fv,[laom cPv,? q,fcPv,[laom rk[w k ?å
q,frk[kwå[laom v,rk[kwf? eHeufpaomt&wnf;/
ygVd umavm emr edaro cP v, rk[kwå ykAÁPSm'daum/
jrefrm bm0rnfonf- Bud,mwnf;? xkdbm0Bud,mukdvnf; þt&mü
oGm;jcif;paom Bud,mwpfyg;ukd rSwfaMumif;jzpfaom Bud,mukdomvQif tvkd
&St d yf\/
ygVd bma0g emr Bu, d m? om apw¬ Bu, d EÅ½yl vu©Pm0 t"dayÜwm/
0kwjdå refrm xkt d cg[laomteufü¤if;? oGm;jcif;paom Bu, d mwpfyg;ukd rSw-f
aMumif;jzpfaom pm;jcif;paomBud,mteufü¤if;? vdifaemifrS
owår0D b d wfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd wo®d H umvaw¬ p bm0vu©aP bm0aw¬ p vd*FrSm owårD-
0dbwåd a[mwd/
umvüÞ umavÞ
ykpH H ykAP Á o
S ra, *awm/
jrefrm eHeuftcgü oGm;\/
½ly ykAÁPSora,ra,um; ykAP Á o S r,vdiw f nf? ü[lí--aMumifh umv-
um;? umvbma0ok p okwfjzifh umvteufü owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (ykAÁPS
d wfudk {jyK? ,-cGi;f acs uyf? ykAÁPSora,
or,+o®d )H o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H b
um; Ny;D \/
ykpH H om,ESora, tm*awm/
jrefrm ncsrftcgü vm\/
½ly om,ESora, ra,um; om,ESor,vdifwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H tumav 0ówd wó/
jrefrm xkwd &m;rapmifah om rif;\ wkid ;f Ekid if t H &yfü (a'ao) pku d yf sK;d csed f
r[kwaf omtcgü rk;d &Gm\/

½ly tumav
tumavum; tumvvdifwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H umav wó e 0ówd/
jrefrm xkw d &m;rapmifah om rif;\ wkid ;f Ekid if t
H &yfü (a'ao) pku d yf sK;d csed üf
rk;d r&Gm/
½ly umav
umavum; umvvdifwnf? enf;wlwGuf/
ykpH H zkórmorSm wDok rmaook a0omcrmaom/
jrefrm jymokdvrS okH;vwkdYü uqkefvwnf;/
½ly rmaook um; rmovdifwnf? wkdYü[lí--aMumifh umv-um;?
umvbma0ok p okwjf zifh umvteufü owårAD [k0pk f okouf? (rmo+ok) o-
cGif;? t-<uif;? oftpdwf tukd {jyK? ofAsnf; {okdYuyf? rmaookum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H £awm owo[órSd? uayÜ OyÜZÆd pu©Krm/
jrefrm þb'úyfrS wpfoed ;f ta&twGu&f adS om om&uyfü ig;yg;aom
pu©Ktjrif&adS om y'krw k Kå &d jf rwfpmG bk&m; jzpfxeG ;f yGiv
hf if;awmfr\ l /
½ly uayÜum; uyÜvid w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
bma0ebm0vu©PmüÞ bma0ebm0vu©aPÞ
ykpH H bdu©KoHaCok abmZD,rmaeok *awm/
jrefrm &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf? wkdYukd qGrf;pm;ukefvufaomf qGrf;auR;ukef
vwfaomf oGm;\/
½ly abmZd,rmaeokum; abmZd,rmevdiw f nf? aomf[í
l --aMumifh
bm0vu©P-um;? y&ornmya,ma* okwjf zifh abmZd,rmeukd bm0vu©P-
rSnfh? umvbma0ok p okwfjzifh bm0vu©Pteufü owårDA[k0kpf okouf?
(abmZd,rme+ok) e-cGif; t<uif;? ok[doGuma&m { okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwf
aMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd {jyK? efAsn;f {oku Yd yf? abmZd,rmaeokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H bkawåok tm*awm/
jrefrm qGr;f pm;tyfuek Nf y;D aomf vm\/
½ly bkawåokum; bkwv å id fwnf? enf;wlwuG /f
ykpH H a*gok 'k,Srmemok *awm/
3/ um&uu@ 787
jrefrm EGm;rwku Yd dk Ekñ

Yd pS t f yfuek Nf y;D aomf oGm;\/
½ly 'k,Srmemokum; 'k,rS mevdiw f nf? aomf[í l --aMumifh bm0vu©
P-um;? y&ornmya,ma* okwjf zifh 'k,rS meukd bm0vu©P-rSn?hf umvbma0
ok p okwjf zifh bm0vu©Pteufü owårAD [k0pk f okouf? ('k,rS me+ok) e-cGi;f
t<uif;? okeH[dok p okwfjzifh aemufok0dbwfaMumifh eftpdwf t-ukd tm'DCjyK?
efAsn;f tmoku Yd yf? 'k,Srmemokum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H 'k'¨gok tm*awm/
jrefrm EkñYd pS t
f yfuek Nf y;D aomf vm\/
½ly 'k'¨gokum; 'k'v ¨ id wf nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H Zm,rmae acg om&dyw k å aAm"doawå t,H 'oo[ódavmu
"mwk oHurÜd urÜurÜd orÜa0"d/
jrefrm om&dyw k &å m... bk&m;avmif;onf zGm;vwfaomf wpfaomif;-
ta&twGu&f adS om þZmwdacwf avmu"mwfonf jyif;pGmvIy\ f ?
jyif;pGmtjym;tm;jzifh vIyf\? xkdrS þrS vIyf\/
½ly Zm,rmae
Zm,rmaeum; Zm,rmevdiw f nf? aomf[í l --aMumifh bm0vu©
P-um;? y&ornmya,ma* okwjf zifh Zm,rmeukd bm0vu©P-rSn?hf umvbm
a0ok p okwfjzifh bm0vu©Pteufü owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? (Zm,rme+o®d H)
e-cGi;f t<uif;? o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H b d wfudk {jyK? acs uyf? Zm,rmae
Zm,rmaeum; Ny;D \/
*gxmjrefrm jrwfpmG bk&m;onf <uawmfrv l wfaomf tvk;H pku H ek af om ausmufcJ
Bu;D wko Yd nf¤if;? tvk;H pku H ek af om ausmufjyKwf ausmufp&pfwo Ydk nf
¤if;? tvk;H pku
H ek af om tk;d jcrf;uJw G o Ydk nf¤if;? tvk;H pku H ek af om opfiw k f ql;wko
Yd nf
¤if;? vrf;c&D;rS a&SmifvzTJ u J sit f yfuek \ f /
*gxm ygomPm ou©&m ap0? uXvm cgPkuP³um/
oaAÁ r*¾g 0d0aZÆEÅd? *päaEÅ avmuem,au/
½ly *päaEÅum; *päEv Å id w f nf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H £ro®d H owd £'H a[mwd £pöm'd/

jrefrm þt0dZÆmpaom taMumif;onf&Sdaomf þocFg&paom tusKd;-
onf jzpf\? þokdYtp&Sdonfwnf;/
½ly £ro®d Hum; £rvdiw f nf? aomf[í l --aMumifh bm0vu© P-um;?

y&ornmya,ma* okwjf zifh £rukd bm0vu©P-rSn?hf umvbm a0ok p okwjf zifh
bm0vu©Pteufü owår{D u0kpf o®d o H uf? £ro®d Hum; Ny;D \/
----------------
okwf 328/ Oyg"sm"duó d &0pae/

okwjf refrm Oyo'´g t"do'´gwk\ Yd t,SOüf vGeaf omteuf tpk;d &ol&adS om
teufukd a[monf&Sdaomf owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
þokwo f nf ESpyf 'k &f \dS / 'dyG 'rd'/H
0kwjdå refrm vGeaf omteufü¤if;? tpk;d &aomteufü¤if;? jzpfuek af om Oy t"d
[laom þo'´gwkdY\ t,SOfü tvGef[laomteuf tpkd;&jcif;
teufukd a[mjcif;ukd odtyfonf&Sdaomf vdifaemifrS owårD0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd t"duaw¬ç £ó&aw¬ p 0wårmae[d Oyt"d£apöaw[d a,ma*
t"duó d &0pae *rsrmae vd*rF mS owår0D b d wåd a[mwd/
vGeaf omteufü Þ t"du0paeÞ
ykpH H Oy cg&d,H a'gaPm? cg&d,m a'gaPm t"daumwd taw¬m/
jrefrm xkdYxuf vGef\? (aom) xkdwkdYxuf vGefonfum; tb,fenf;-
pdwfwnf;? wenf; pdwfonf wkdYü vGef\/
½ly cg&d,Hum; cg&Dvid w f nf? xuf[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;? "mwk
emrmerkyo*¾--okwfjzifh cg&Dukd tyg'gef--rSnfh? Oy"sm"d udó&0pae okwfjzifh
t"duteuf&Sdaom Oyo'´g\t,SOf owårD {u0kpf o®d Houf? (cg&D+o®d H) &-cGif;
þ-<uif;? aw £w¬cd sm ayg okwjf zifh þukd y-rSn?hf taCm &ó--okwjf zifh yrnf
aom þukd £&ójyK? Cyawm o®d H,H 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0dbwfukd ,HjyK? &fAsnf;
£oku Yd yf? cg&d,Hum; Ny;D \/
ykpH H wxm Oy edau© u[myPH/
jrefrm xkdrSwpfyg; tojymonf edu©ü edu©xuf vGef\/
½ly Oyedau©um; Oyeduv © id fwnf? xuf[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwk emrmerkyo*¾--okwjf zifh Oyeduu © dk tyg'gef--rSn?hf Oy"sm"d udó&0pae
3/ um&uu@ 789
okwjf zifh t"duteuf&adS om Oyo'´g\t,SOf owårD {u0kpf o®d o H uf? (Oyedu+©

o®d )H u©-cGi;f t-<uif;? o®mo®d eH H 0g okwjf zifh o®d 0H b d wfudk {jyK? acs uyf? Oyedau©um;
Ny;D \/
ykpH H t"da'a0ok Aka'¨g/
jrefrm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ewfwkdYxuf vGef\/
½ly a'a0okum; a'0vdifwnf? wkx Yd uf[í l --aMumifh tyg'gef--um;?
"mwk emrmerkyo*¾--okwjf zifh a'0ukd tyg'gef--rSn?hf Oy"sm"d udó&0pae okwjf zifh
t"duteuf&Sdaom Oyo'´g\t,SOf owårD A[k0kpf okouf? (a'0+ ok) 0-cGif;
t-<uif;? ok[o d u G ma&m { okwjf zifh aemufo0k b d wfaMumifh 0ftpdwf t-udk {jyK?
0fAsn;f {oku Yd yf? a'a0okum; Ny;D \/
jrefrm rif;ç rdz&k m;ç rif;om;ç rif;o®;D [laom or®Kwed wfç pwkr[m&mZf
paom Oyywådewfç &[EÅm[laom 0dok'¨dewf[kqkdtyfukefaom
okH;yg;vnf;jzpfukefaom ewfwkdYxuf oAÁñkbk&m;onfomvQif vGef\ þum;
teufwnf;/
ygVd or®KwdOyywåd0dok'¨da'0ocFgaw[d wd0da"[dyd a'a0[d oAÁñl
Aka'¨g0 t"daumwd taw¬m/
tpk;d &aomteufüÞ £ó&0paeÞ
ykpH H t"d jA[®'awå yOömvm/
jrefrm yOömvwkid ;f olwo Ydk nf jA[®'wfrif;onf tpd;k &\/
½ly jA[®'awåum; jA[®'wåvdifwnf? \[lí--aMumifh omrd--um;?
,ó 0g y&d*a¾ [m wH omrD okwjf zifh omrd--rSn?hf Oy"sm"d udó&0pae okwjf zifh
£ó&teuf&Sdaom t"do'´g\t,SOf tpkd;&ol[laom omrdteufü owårD
{u0kpf o®d Houf? (jA[®'wå+o®d H) wå-cGif; t-<uif;? o®mo®d HeH 0g okwfjzifh o®d H0d
bwfudk {jyK? acs uyf? jA[®'awåum; NyD;\/
jrefrm jA[®'wfrif;wnf;[laom tpk;d &aomol &S\ d ? yOömvwkid ;f olwo
Ydk nf
jA[®'wfrif;wnf;[laom tpk;d &aomol&u dS ek \
f ? þum;teufwnf;/
ygVd jA[®'wådó&m yOömvmwd taw¬m/
---------------
okwf 329/ r@dwkókauúok wwd,m p/

okwjf refrm Munfjcif;aMumifh Mujcif;teufwu Ydk dk odtyfonf&adS omf wwd,m-
0dbwfonf jzpf\/
0kwjdå refrm Munfjcif; tm;xkwjf cif;[luek af om þteufwu Ydk dk odtyfuek o
f nf
&Sdaomf vdifaemifrS r@dw OókuúteufESifh ,SOfaom vdifEkdifrS
wwd,m0dbwfonf¤if; owår0D b d wfonf¤if; jzpf\/
0kwydå gVd r@dwOókuú£apöawoGawåok *rsrmaeok vd*FrSm wwd,m-
0dbwåd a[mwdç owårD p/
r@dwo'´g þokwüf r@d wo'´gonfum; MuOfjcif;teufudk a[m\/
ygVd r@dwoa'´g yaew¬ yoEéw0¬ gpaum/
Oókuo ú '´g tm;xkwfjcif;teufEiS hf wuG jzpfjcif;teuf&\ dS /
ygVd Oókuúoa'´g oþ[aw¬m/
ykpH H ÓaPe yoaEém/
jrefrm olawmfaumif;onf (oyÜK&ad om) ÓPfjzifh ÓPfaMumifh Munfñ\ dk ?
MunfñkdbG,f jzpf\/
½ly ÓaPe
ÓaPeum; ÓPvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf;--um;?
wwd,mowåreD Oö okwjf zifh Munfvifjcif; tm;xkwjf cif;ü wwd,m0dbwf {u0kpf
emouf? (ÓP+em) tawm aee okwfjzifh em0dbwfukd {ejyK? P-cGif; acs uyf?
ÓaPe
ÓaPeum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ÓPo®d H yoaEém/
jrefrm ÓPfü ÓPfaMumifh Munfñkd\/
½ly ÓPo®d Hum; ÓPvdifwnf? jzifh[lí--aMumifh u½kdPf;--um;?
wwd,mowårDeOö okwfjzifh owårD{u0kpf o®d Houf? ÓPo®d Hum; NyD;\/
ykpH H ÓaPe Oókauúm/
jrefrm ÓPfjzifh ÓPfaMumifh tm;xkwfonf\tjzpfESifh wuG jzpf\/
½ly ÓaPe
ÓaPeum; ÓPvdifwnf? enf;wlwu G /f
ykpH H ÓPo®d H Oókauúm oyÜK&daom/
3/ um&uu@ 791
jrefrm ÓPfü ÓPfaMumifh tm;xkwf\/

½ly ÓPo®d Hum; ÓPvdifwnf? enf;wlwu
G /f
*gxmjrefrm um&uonf uwuúpH aom onm\tpGr;f jzifh ajcmufyg;tjym;&S\ d

uHonf ckESpfyg;tjym;&Sd\? uwåm;onf ig;yg;tjym;&Sdonf jzpf\?
u½kP d ;f onf ESpyf g;tjym;&So d nf jzpf\? orÜ'gefudk ok;H yg;tjym;jzifh odtyf\/
*gxm um&uH qAÁd"H onm-0om qAÁDowD 0d"H/
yab'g owå"m ur®H? uwåm yOö0da"m ba0/
*gxmjrefrm u½kP d ;f onf ESpyf g;tjym;&So d nf jzpf\? orÜ'gefudk ok;H yg;tjym;jzifh
odtyf\? tyg'gefonf ig;yg;tjym;&Sd\? tm"m&onf av;yg;t
jym;&S\d ? þokt Yd jym;tm;jzifh ESpq f ,fah jcmufyg;tjym;&S\ d /
*gxm u&PH 'k0d"H a[mwd? orÜ'geH wd"m rwH/
tyg'geH yOö0d"H? tm"ma&m wk pwkAÁda"m/
jrefrm 0dbwfwo Ydk nfum; yXrm0dbwfponf\ tpGr;f jzifh &Spyf g;tjym;-
&Su
d ek of nf jzpfuek \ f /
ygVd 0dbwåad ,m ye ypöw0å pem'd0aoe t|0d"m b0EÅ/d
,xmÞ t|0d"m b0EÅd? wxm rmed½kwåd,H ypöwå/y/ rEÅd rm*päm
,aem tm[/
tMuiftjcif;t&mtm;jzifh &Spfyg;tjym;&Sdukefonf jzpfukef\? xkd
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rmed½w k udå sr;f ü ypöw/å y/ rH}}[lí t&Sirf [mupön;f q&monf
qkd\/
rSwcf suf ,xm tm[ ESpfyg;jyrl aemufrS¤if; wxm,SOf/
*gxmjrefrm vdi&f Sd vdifrJh ponftjym;&Sdukefaom teufwkdY\ 0gpuukd a[m-
tyfonfrS toD;aomoabmtrQukd jyKwwfaom yXrm0dbwf
onf¤if;? edyw æ å eD, paom uHEiS , hf OS af om 'kw,
d m0dbwfonf¤if;? u½kP d ;f teuf
ESihf ,SOaf om wwd,m0dbwfonf¤if;? orÜ'gefEiS , hf OS af om pwkw0D¬ b d wf¤if;? tyg
'gefteufEiS , hf OS af om yOör0D b d wf¤if;? orÁmefuadk [maom q|D0b d wf¤if;? uwåm;
uHwkdY\ wnf&mMoumoukd jywwfaom owårD0dbwf¤if;? &Spfckajrmufaom
tmvkyt f eufü oufaom 0dbwf¤if; þokYd &Spyf g;tjym;&Su d ek o
f nf jzpfuek \f /
*gxm ]]ypöwrå yk a,m*Oö? u&PH orÜ'ged,/H
edóuúH omrd0peH? bkrm® vyer|r}}EÅ/d

y'½lyod'ud¨ sr;f ü ok;H ckajrmufaom um&utykid ;f onf þwGif Ny;D Ny/D
£wd y'½lyod'¨d,H um&uua@m wwda,m/
-------------------------------------------------------
1372-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfväef; (7)&uf (15-10-2010) aomMumaeYnae

(3;20)em&DtcsdefwGif vufa&;rljzifh a&;om;í NyD;\/
1372-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmf (13)&uf (5-11-2010) Mumoyaw;aeY
n (6;10)em&DtcsdefwGif uGefysLwmjzifh ½kdufESdyfí NyD;\/
uGefysLwmpmpD
t&Sif0de,mpm&
a&;om;xkwfa0NyD;aompmtkyfrsm;
1/ 'kv’b&Sifusifh0wf (wdyd#uausmif;awmfrl)
2/ 0denf;odu©myk'fawmfrsm;orkdif; (yxrwJG)
3/ 0denf;odu©myk'fawmfrsm;orkdif; ('kwd,wJG)
4/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g (yxrwGJ)
5/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g ('kwd,wGJ)
6/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g (wwdwGJ)
7/ Zmwft|uxmedó, ('kuedygwf)
8/ Zmwft|uxmedó, (wduedygwf)
9/ Zmwft|uxmedó, ('ou? {um'ou? 'Gg'ou? aw&ou)
10/ Zmwft|uxmedó, (yudPÖuESifh 0Dowdedygwf)
a&;om;xkwfa0NyD;aompmtkyfrsm;
1/ 'kv’b&Sifusifh0wf (wdyd#uausmif;awmfrl)
2/ 0denf;odu©myk'fawmfrsm;orkdif; (yxrwJG)
3/ 0denf;odu©myk'fawmfrsm;orkdif; ('kwd,wJG)
4/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g (yxrwGJ)
5/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g ('kwd,wGJ)
6/ vufa&G;pOf jrefrmo'´g (wwdwGJ)
7/ Zmwft|uxmedó, ('kuedygwf)
8/ Zmwft|uxmedó, (wduedygwf)
9/ Zmwft|uxmedó, ('ou? {um'ou? 'Gg'ou? aw&ou)
10/ Zmwft|uxmedó, (yudPÖuESifh 0Dowdedygwf)

01 Ru Pa Theik Di

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 Ru Pa Theik Di

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

omoem aumZm c&pf

301/ 299/ a,e*F0ud ma&m/ 674

322/ 320/ a,m"ma&m warmumoH/ 769

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

*gxmjrefrm txl;ojzifhpifMu,faom rdrdoabmukd aqmifaom taxmif

xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;\ q,fyg;aomw&m; &Spfa,mufaomoHCmukd¤if;? wpf e nf ;

(c) upöm,eOömp&d,H erdwmG ?

*gxmjrefrm om0uyg&rD pkpH uD s,0f ef; xGe;f yjcif;okYd cyif;xkwaf csmufa&mufNy;D

okwf 1/ taw¬m tu©&onmawm/

vu©Pm&Sdaom tusKd;pD;yGm;jzifh tvkd&SdaomtrsKd;om;onf x<uvkHYvtp&Sdukef

onm0d"me xkdusrf;ü tpjzpfaom oE¨dt&mü a&S;OD;pGm tu©&m&opaom

okwf 2/ tu©&myg'a,m {upwåmvDoH/

ttu©&mponfw\ Ydk tpOfudk qk[ d eftxl;ukd igonf qkt d yf\/txl;um;

uP²Ztu©&m xkXd mefajcmufyg;üjzpfaom av;q,fw h pfv;Hk aom tu©&m

wmvkZtu©&m £0Pf ESpfvkH;? p0*f ig;vkH;? ,tu©&mwkdYonf tmapmuf

i Ú P e r-wko Yd nf uP²paom rdrw

ygVd [ um&H yOöara[0? tEÅ|m[d p oH,kwH/

u&PH vQmv,ft&yfonf tmapmufüjzpfaom p q ps Úç £ þ ,

ygVd £wa& edódwm/

okwf 3/ waw¬m'EÅm o&mt|

o&m tMuiftu©&mwko Yd nf (a, tu©&m) olwpfyg;ukd rrSrD í

okwf 4/ v[krwåm wa,m &óm/

0kwjdå refrm xkd&SpfvkH;aomo&wkdYwGif ayghaom vQifaomumv&Sdukefaom

okwf 5/ tan 'DCm/

ajz rH ap wHG edcPH 0ae/ ykawåm wsm[H r[m&mZ þokdYpaom O'g[½kPf

okwf 6/ 'krSd *½k/

okwf 8/ aoom AsOÆem/

ygVd AsO,DÆ wd {aw[d taw¬mwd AsOÆemm/

okwf 9/ 0*¾g yOöyOöaom rEÅm/

ar; xkd0*fwdkYonf tb,fonfwkdYenf; [lrlum;/

okwf 10/ tH £wd ed*¾[DwH/

AdEK´ ESihf ed*[

okwf 11/ y&ornm ya,ma*/

ygVd 0demaom avmayg/ &óó&m ou'DaC[d tnrnH o0PÖ m emr?

ykpH H ynm £`E´d,H/ yk'pf yf ynd`E,

½ly aema[wHum; aem[d+{wH[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu G /f

ygVd £wD" o&m'donm,H oAÁoE¨u

okwf 12/ ykArÁ a"mXdwró&H oa&e 0da,mZa,

okwf 13/ o&m oa& avmyH/

jrefrm avmyH [ l a om þo'´ g onf ausjcif ; wnf ; [l a omtusKd ; uk d

okwu f dk owår0D bd wfjzifh jytyfaomf a&S;um&d,u D dk omvQif pD&ifjcif;onf jzpf\/

okwf 14/ ea, y&H ,kawå/

ykpH H ,ó £'ged/ yk'pf yf ,ó'ged/

½ly ,ó'gedum; ,ó+£'ged[k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ó-cGi;f t- <uif;?

½ly awodum; aw+ tod[k yk'fjzwf? enf;wlwGuf/

0dbwåd0dy&dPmarm}}wd uwGm ]]oa&mç o&rSmç avmy}}EÅd p 0wårmaeÞ

okwf 15/ 0g ya&m to½lyg/

to½ly tMuifo&onf wlaomokw&d o dS nf r[kwf xkaYd Mumifh (£wdwo®m)

tzkw Yd pfyg;um;- tMuifah Mumifh tm[laomOyom&onf ykid ;f jcm;jcif;

ygVd ,o®m ye r&d,m'g,Hç tbd0"d rd dS p 0wårmaem tm tmOyoa*¾g 0d,

edpö tedpö rjzpfaom ykpH rH sm;

ykpH H o'¨`d E,d´ /H yk'jf zwf o'¨g+£`E, d´ /H

ykpH H pu©m,weH/ yk'jf zwf pu©K+tm,weH/

½ly wH ukaww¬um; wH ukawm+{w¬[k yk'jf zwf? enf;wlwu

ykpH H e Oaywd/ yk'pf yf aemaywd/

ykpH H pE´ O'a,m/ yk'pf yf paE´m'a,m/

jrefrm þokt Yd p&Sad om þokwüf a&SUyk'üf t0Pfjzpfaomo&wk\ Yd o&m

okwf 16/ uGpmo0PÖH vkawå/

0kwjdå refrm£0Pfjzpfíjzpfaom aemufjzpfaom o&onf¤if;? Otu©&m jzpfí

jrefrm tMuif&[EÅm\ pu©Kpaom£a`Ew ´ o Ydk nf/

ykpH H q £ar "r®m/ yk'pf yf q,dar "r®m/

ykpH H pämr[H/ yk'jf zwf pämrd+t[H

ykpH H awemwm/ yk'jf zwf aw+temwm/

ykpH H omwH/ yk'jf zwf ok+tmwH/

ykpH H t"d tmrm/ yk'jf zwf tZÑmrm/

½ly 'k0ØuHum; 'k+tØu[ H k yk'jf zwfíwnf? ykArÁ a"m--okwjf zifh '-cGi;f

ygVd 0gwd uð¿ tsmga& (wsm'Dok £,k0edao"ew¬)H /

jrefrm þjy,kw f üYdk ag ta0g ormao [laom0dbwfw\Ydk yk'o

okwf 32/ ag oa& ykxómarm uGpd/

tmarm tMuiftu©&monf vmwwf\? xkaYd Mumifh xkt d u©&monf tmr

a,m0dbmjzifh 0d-ESpv f ;Hk ukd AÁ-f ESpv