You are on page 1of 82

bpx izwga m` ek `xwie 253

b"qx xiqtz
Îz ¤̀ ÆWi¦ C¸© m¬¤kl̈ biV¦¸ d¦ e§ d JxC© ¦ i 'iY© g© (d :dŸxn§ z© Bx'k© ¦ i
rx®f̈Îz
© ¤̀ bi´¦V©i xi†¦väE xiv¦½ Ä .s`h© wË § l`© qFcl`© mMª l§
.x`c©AË § l`© JxC©¦ i s`h© wË § l`e©
ra© ŸU½ l̈ Æmk¤ n§ g§ l© m³¤Yl§ k£̀© e«© .`i©ip¦ d§ mMª n`
§ r© h§ oElM`
ª Y© e§
:mMª C§ l© A§ it¦ oiw' ¦ z` § e© oEniw¦ Y§ e§
:m«k¤ v§ x§ `© A§ gh†¤© al̈ m¬¤Ya§ Wi«
© e¦ it¦ dn` © l© QË
§ l`© mMª l§ lrB © `© e§ (e
rx©r̈§i `ẗḧwE .`ẗḧwl¦ `ẄïC§ oFkl§ rx©r̈ie¦ .Brf¦ n¦ qil© e§ oErB' § vp§ Y© t§ .Cl© A˧ l`
Cq¦ t© nË
§ l`© o`e©©igË § l`© “y© lH¦ r§ `© e§
oFkng
§ l© oElki § z¥ e§ .`r̈x©f xA© iwFR¥ `© l§
it¦ “nª i§ `l© siq© e§ .'ux`Ë © l`© on¦
:oFkrx© £̀ A© ov̈gExl§ oEaY§ z¦ e§ ®.rAU © n¦ l§ mYA ª l© M§ `'c©`¦ e§ (f :mMª C§ l© A§

i³¦Yz«© p̈ § e % ipy (ipy)


mMiª C¦ i§`© oiA© Erw© e§ .mMª i`
aNM©
¦ i 'iY© g© (g :mMª tEi
§ Cr
§ q§ YgY¦
© `©

m†¤Ya§ k© WE § ux¤ `¨½ Ä ÆmFlẄ .d©i`n© dqn'


© kË © l`© mMp ª n¦
rwi© e¦ .dee©A§ x¦ AlM ¦ Y© d©i`nË © l`e©
d³Ïg© iYº¦ A© W§ d¦ e§ cix£ ®¦ gn«© oi´¥̀ e§
:m«k¤ v§ x§ `© A§ xŸa¬ r£ zÎ`
«© Ÿl ax†¤ ¤ ge§ ux¤ `¨½ d̈Îon¦ Ædr̈ẍ
`ŸWA¦ `z̈ig© .liH¥ a© £̀ e© .ciP¦ n© C§ zil¥ e§ oFxWz¦ e§ .`r̈x`© A§ `n̈l̈W§ oiY¥ `© e§
m†¤Yt§ c©xE§ f :oFkrx© £̀ A© oFCr¦i `l̈ `Äxg© A§ oil¦ h§ ẅcE ®.`r̈x`© on¦

zï oEtCx
§ z¦ e§ :ax«¤ g̈l¤ m†¤ki¥pt§ l¦ El¬ t«§ p̈e§ m®¤kia¥ i§ Ÿ`Îz
« ¤̀
m³¤Mn¦ Eţc§ ẍ« § g :`Äxg© l§ oFkin¥ c̈w¢ oElR¦§ ie§ ®.oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A©
El̄t«§ p̈e§ EtŸC®x¦§ i d´ääx§ m†¤Mn¦ d¬¨`nE¥ d`¨½ n¥ ÆdẌn£ ¦g
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
ax¤ g¤ e§ :lM©d z¤̀ `xFaE ¥ mFlẄ dU ¤ Fr x¥nF` W¦iC© ©d `¤d§IW ¤ .xiv¦ Ä z ¤̀ W¦iC© mk¤ l̈ biV¦ d¦ e§ d
N¤W x©nFl Kixv̈ ¦ oi¥̀ .mk¤ v§ x§`© A§ xŸar£ z© `Ÿl xi¦v Ä©
a E ,xi¦
vÄ©d c©r FA mi¦wEq£r m¤Y`© e§ d¤Ax§ ªn
Kx¤C¤ xFa£rl© EN¦t£̀ `l̈¥̀ ,dn̈g̈§lO¦ ©l E`aï mk¤ n§ g§ l© mY¤ l§ k£̀ © e© :rx¤
©Gd© z©rẄ c©r Ew§qr© Y©
.ax¤ g̈l¤ mki¥¤ pt§ l¦ f :dp̈ic§
¦nl¦ dp̈ic§¦On¦ m¤kv§ x©
§` :eir̈¥nA§ KxÄ¥ z§ n¦ `Ed§e `r̈§nw¦ l¥kF` .raU © l̈
o¦n .mM¤ n¦ Etc§ ẍe§ g :Ed¥rx¥ ax¤ ¤gA§ Wi¦` lk̈£̀ n© ix£ ¥d Ex§n`Y `¤OW ¤ .mFlẄ iY¦ zp̈ © e§ e
:m¤kÄW ¤ mixFA¦
¦ Bd© o¦n `l§e ,m¤kÄW ¤ mi¦WN̈©gd© cFn§lY¦ ,mEl§M oi¥̀ mFlẄ oi¥̀ m¦` ,dY¤ W § n¦ ix£
¥de©
KM̈ i¦k§e .dääx§ mM¤ n¦ d`¨ nE ¥ d`¨ n¥ dẌn£ ¦ g ,ux¨¤`Ä mFlẄ i¦Yz© p̈§e z`f lM̈ x©g`© x©nFl
`l̈¥̀ x©nFl Kixv̈¦ dïd̈ `l `l£d©e ,oFA§Wg¤ d© `Ed `Ed o¥k§e .lM©d c¤b¤pM§ lEwẄ mFlẌ©dW ¤ o`M̈¦n
254 izwga m` ek `xwie cpx

b"qx xiqtz
YgY¦ mMi ª C¦ i§`© oiA© .mMª i` § Cr © `©
:ax«¤ g̈l¤ m†¤ki¥pt§ l¦ m²¤kia¥ i§ Ÿ`«
.mMi
ª l© `§ lAw ¦ `© e§ (h :mMª tEi § q§ oFkP§ n¦ d`nE
¨ .d`n ¨ l¦ `Ẅng© oFkP§ n¦ oEtCx¦§ ie§
it`
¦ e© .mMx' ª zM ¦ `© e§ mMxª n' ¦ z¦ `© e§ ®.oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© oElR¦
§ ie§ .oEwx§r̈§i `z̈FAx¦l§
oElM`
ª Y© e§ (i :mMª l§ iCd
¦ r© A§
oEBx'k
§ Y© e§ .wY© r§ nl izi´¦
ª `© wiY¦ r˦ pẗE h
§ l`© :`Äxg© l§ oFkin¥ c̈w¢
:'ziC¦ gË
§ l`© 'dx'v
`n© it¦ ip¦ Mq
mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ izi
© g© on¦ wiY¦ rË
§ n© lrB
§ l`©
© `© e§ (`i
´¦ x¥ t§ d¦ e§ mki¤½ l£̀
¥
:mM`
ª lw © `© `l© e§ i¬¦zŸniw£
.mMª pi «¦ de«© m®¤kz§ ¤̀ i†¦ziA¥ x§ d¦ e§
§ A©

WiR¥ `© e§ .oFkl§ `äḧF`l§ ix¦ni § ¤̀ e§ :m«k


§ n¥ A§ i¥pRz ¤ Y§ `¦ i†¦zix¦ AÎz
§ ¤̀
(iyily) % iyily :oFkO§ r¦ inï
¦ w§ zï miw¥ £̀ e© ®.oFkzï
§ i¥Bq`© e§ .oFkzï
§
i¬¥pR§ n¦ oẄ¾ ïe§ o®ẄFp o†Ẅï m¬¤Yl§ k£̀ © «© i (zexaegn odyk iying)
`Ÿc£ § z¥ e§ :E`i«vFY
©g mc̈w¢ on¦ ®.`ẅiY¦ r© e§ .wiY¦ r© C§ `ẅiY¦ r© oElki ¦ W †c̈g̈
¦ Ÿle§ m®¤kkF
lr¬©b§ zÎ` § z« A§ i†¦pM̈W§ n¦ i¬¦Yz« © p̈ § `i :oFPt© Y§
:oFkzï
§ ix¦ni § n© oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ :m«k
§ n¥ wig¥ x§©i `l̈e§ ®.oFki¥piA¥ ip¦ MW ¤ z§ ¤̀ i†¦Wt©§p
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
:dp̈FW`xd̈¦ zix§¦Ak© `l dẄc̈£g zix§ ¦A Epi¥̀ `l̈¥̀ ,EtCx¦ §i mi¦tl̈£̀ i¥pW § m¤Mn¦ d¨`n¥
Ei§d¦i zFx¥Rd© .oẄFp oẄï mY¤ l§ k£̀ © e© i oi¦
A x§ª
n l
¦ d xFY©
¨ d z¤̀ oi¦U Frd̈ oi¦hr̈En d¤nFC
oẄFP©d oẄï `¤d§IW ¤ ,oX
¥ i©iz§ d¦ §l mi¦aFh§e oix§ § n¦ .'ebe mki
¦OY© W ¤ a¥ iŸ§ ` Eltp̈§ e§ :dxFY© ¨ d z¤̀ oi¦UFrd̈
:c©wY§ y
§ ¤̀§NW¤ n¦ lFk¡`l¤ d¤tï mi¦pẄ WlẄ§NW ¤ :ux¨ ¤`d̈ Kx¤c§ ¤M `N¤W m¤ki¥pt§ l¦ oi¦lt§ Fp Ei§d¦IW ¤
zFpx§ ¨Bd© Ei§d¦IW¤ .E`ivFY ¦ Wc̈g̈ i¥pR§ n¦ oẄïe§ m¥NW © §l i©wq̈£r lM̈¦n d¤pR̈¤̀ .mki ¤ l£̀
¥ izi¦ ¦ pẗE h
,oẄï zF`¥ln§ zFxv̈F`d̈§e Wc̈g̈ zF`¥ln§ K¤ln¤ §l ,d¤nFC xäC̈©d d©n§l lẄn̈ ,m¤kx© §kU §
x¥g`© mFwn̈§l zFxv̈F`d̈ zFP©t§l m¤Y`© mi¦kix§ ¦vE :mi¦p £ M z xFz§
© A `©
z i¦
` c¦
§ M , 'eke mi¦l r
£ FR x©
k V̈¤W
d¤f .i¦pM̈W§ n¦ iY¦ zp̈© e§ `i :ok̈Fz§l Wc̈g̈¤d zz¥ l̈ izi ¦ A¥ x§d¦ e§ :dï§ax§ §tA§ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ izi
¦e dïx¦ ¦ x¥ t§ d¦ e§
i¦gEx oi¥̀ .iW¦ t© § p lr© b§ z¦ `Ÿle§ :WC̈§wO¦ d© zi¥A z ¤̀ izŸ¦ niw£ ¦ de© :dẗEw§f dn̈Fw§A .mk¤ z§ ¤̀
xäC̈ z©hi¦lR§ oFW§l dl̈i¦rB§ lM̈ .m¤kÄ dv̈ẅ zix§ ¦AM© `l ,dẄc̈£g zix§ ¦A .mk¤ Y§ `¦ izi ¦ x¦ A§
i¦M (`k ` 'a l`eny) Fn§M ,x¥g`© xäc̈§A r© ElÄ©D zix§ ¦A `l̈¥̀ ,Dz̈F` m¤Yx© §td¥ W
¤ dp̈FW`xd̈ ¦
dg̈i¦WO§ d© l¤Aw¦ `l ,mixFA¦ ¦ B o¥bn̈ l©r§b¦p mẄ (l `l dinxi) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,x©tEY `N¤W dẄc̈£g
ic§
¥M ,lẌª an§ a¤lg¥ A§ xFr§NW ¤ o¥bn̈ oi¦gW § FOW¤ dc̈Ed§i zi¥A z¤̀§e l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i zi¥A z¤̀ i¦Yxk̈§ ©e
«¦ de«© h :wecwcd wlg
:rxln izniwde zaiz .mkz` izixa z` i¬¦zŸniw£
dpx izwga m` ek `xwie 255

b"qx xiqtz
mk¤½ kF § źA§ ÆiY¦ k§ N© d© z§ d¦ e§ ai .mMª pi § A© `n© it¦ ixEp ¦ xii¦ q`
© e© (ai
m†¤Y`© e§ mi®¦dŸl`«l¥ m†¤kl̈ izi¬¦ ¦ id̈e§ mYp`
ª e© .`d`
:dS`'
© k© `Ar
© l© `¦ mMª l§ oEM`§ e©
© y¦ il¦ EpEMY§
¥ `© e§ :mr̈
iz¦ p§ ik¦ W§ ixW « l§ i¬¦lÎEid§ Y«¦ i'c¦ N§ `© .mMª A§ x© dNl © `© `©p`§ (bi
o`© on¦ .xvn¦ Cl© A§ on¦ mMª YB § x'k
© `©
oEY`© e§ ®.Dl̈`
¡ l¤ oFkl§ i¥ed ¤̀ e§ .oFki¥piA¥
YxQ© M© e§ .`Ci© A¦ r§ mdª l§ EpEMY§
d´F̈d§i iºp£ ¦ bi :mr© l§ in© c̈w¢ oFdY§ mMª Yx § ii© q© e§ .mMª xv§ `© qiA` ¦ x©w§
ml© o`¦ e§ (ci :`x` © xg© `©
iz`³¥
¦ vFd xW£̀ ¤̧ mki¤À d¥ Ÿl¡
«` .Elnr § Y© ml© e§ .Erih¦ Y§ e§ il¦ Ernq § Y¦
:`©i`v© eË §l`© d'c©d© rin¦ B§ A§
m¦ix½© v§ n¦ ux´¤̀
¤ n¥ Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀
mk¤½ N§ rª zŸh́Ÿn ÆxŸAW§ ¤̀ ë« mic®¦ är£ m†¤dl̈ zŸ¬id§ n«¦
oFkzï
§ ziwi ¡ ï§i `p̈ £̀ :zEI« n
¦ R¥ `© C§ .oFk£dl̈` ¦ nF
§ w« m†¤kz§ ¤̀ K¬¥lF`«ë
®.oFkP§ n¦ `Ïn© n§ r© xip¦ zix¦A© z© e§ .oiCa
¦ r© oFdl§ i¥edn¦ N§ n¦ .m¦ixv
© n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥
`ŸlÎm
¬ `¦ § ci % iriax t :`z̈Exig¥ A§ oFkzï§ zix¦A© c©e§
¤ ¥̀ d̈ zŸe†v§ O¦ d© ÎlM̈ z¬¥̀ EU½ r£z
:dN« «© `Ÿl´ e§ i®¦l Er† n§ W§ z¦
:oiN¥ `¦ d̈ `ÏcFT
© R¦ lM̈ zï ®.oEcAr
§ z© `l̈e§ .ix¦ni
§ n¥ l§ oElA§ w© z§ `l̈ m`¦ e§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
`Ÿl m`¦ e§ ci :dẗEw§f dn̈Fw§A .zEIn¦ nFw § aFT¦i `N¤W ,zi¦pg£ F` u¥g z©Mn© eil̈r̈¥n wi¦lg§ d© §l
z©rcl̈
© ,dxFY©¨ A mi¦ln¥ r£ zFi§dl¦ .il¦ Ern§ W§ z¦ m¤kÖ¦r li¥Ih© £̀ .mk¤ kFz § A§ iY¦ k§ N© d© z§ d¦ e§ ai :xFrd̈
`EdW § M¦ ,zF§vO¦ d© mEI¦w§l lFkï .mi¦nk̈£g Wx©c¦ §n mi¦r§fr§ C§©fn¦ Ei§dz¦ `l§e ,m¤Mn¦ cg̈¤̀ M§ oc¥ ¤r o©bA§
,xEn¨` zF§vn¦ mEI¦w ix£ ¥d ,'ebe EU£rz© `l§e x¥nF` x©n Fl cFn§ lY¦ ,i¦
P O
¤ n
¦ E` xi¦
§ Y `l lFkï .i¦PO¤ n¦
zFi§d¦l ,i¦l Er§nW § z¦ `l m¦`e§ m¥Iw© n§ i¦p£̀ d©n `©d .mki ¤ dŸ¥ l` ¡ 'd i¦p £̀ bi :mi¦ l`¥l m¤kl̈ i¦zi¦id̈§e
i¦l oi¥̀ ,i¦l x©nFl cFn§lY¦ d©nE .dxFY© ¨ A mi¦ln¥ £r zFU£rl© lFkï i¦p£̀ W ¤ i¦A Epi¦n£̀ Y© W ¤ i¦p£̀ i`c§ ©M
,FA cFx§n¦l o¥EM© z§ n¦ E FpFAx¦ z¤̀ xi¦MO© d© d¤f `l̈¥̀ m¦ix§ ©vn¦ ux¤̀ ¤ n¥ m¤kz§ ¤̀ i¦z`¥vFd ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,d¤N ¥̀ lM̈
,'d i¥pt§ l¦ c¦iv© xFA¦b (h i ziy`xa) cFx§n¦pA§ o¥k§e oi¦nM§ .zŸhŸn :mi¦lFc§B mi¦Q¦p m¤kl̈ i¦zi¦Ur̈§e
mFc§q i¥W§p`© A§ o¥k§e ,FA cFx§n¦l o¥EM© z§ n¦ E Fxi¦MO© W
¤ mi¦aM§ r© O§ d© lFrd̈ i¥W`x¨ i¥pW § A¦ [däEg§Yd© ] c¥zï
mixi¦
¦ Mn© ,c`§n 'd©l mi¦`Ḧ©g§e mi¦rx¨ (bi bi my) xi¦Y©ie§ xFX©d W`x¥n `¥vY¥ `N¤W dx¥ ¨qFO©d
.EUr£ z© `Ÿle§ :FA cFx§n¦l mi¦p§EM© z§ n¦ E mp̈FAx¦ z¤̀ zFx¥qFn L§l dU ¥ £r (a fk dinxi) Fn§M ,xW ¤ T¤d©
:zFx¥ar£ i¥YW § ix£¥d EU£rY© `l Ec§n§lY¦ `N¤Xn¦ :[lFrd̈ z©rEvx]§ f"rla `"lbpeipew zFhenE
256 izwga m` ek `xwie epx

b"qx xiqtz
.inEq
¦ x§ it¦ mYC ª d§ ¦ f lA© (eh
m¬¦`e§ Eq`¨½ n§ Y¦ i´©zŸTgª AÎm § `¦ § eh
in`
¦ Mg
E‡kqt
© `© mMq ª tp ª `© Y`lw
§ Y© e§ .i`©i`v© e§ Elnr
© `© e§
§ Y© `l© l§
m®¤kW§ t© § p lr´©b§ Y¦ i†©hR̈W§ nÎz
¦ ¤̀
r©pv`© `'vi © `© `©p`§ (fh :iCd
lM¦ e©`§ t§ .Y`AEw
© rË © l`© d'c©d© mMª A§
¦ r©
ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ ÆzFUr£ i³¦Yl§ a¦ l§
lQl¦ `© `n© gª on¦ drx © q¦ 'il© r§ mMª A§ Îz ¤̀ m†¤kx§ t§ d© l§ iz©½ Ÿev§ n¦
mMª pEi
§ r§ u»k¦ y© Y§ `n© .d“` © gË © l`e©
oErxf§ Y© e§ .mMª qEt
§ p§ lA'c
¦ Y© e§ © A¦ m`¦ e§ :izi
zï m`¦ e§ .oEvEwY§ inïw «¦ x¦ A§
dŸpElM`© ª ie§ .'b`x©tË ¦ l`l¦ mMª rx© § f
ca© r¡n¤ l§ `l̈C§ lic¦ A§ .oFkWt©
§ p wig¥ x©Y§ i©piC¦
iA'
¦ v'©
© b Ng¦ `§ e§ (fi :mMª i` § Cr © `©
:inï
¦ w§ zï oFkzEip̈W
§ `© l§ ®.icFT
© R¦ lM̈ zï

m³¤kil¥ r£ iY¦¸ c§ w© t§ d¦ e§ mk¤À l̈ z`ŸǴÎdU ¤ r«


¡ ¤̀ iºp£̀¦ Îs © fh
zF¬Nk© n§ zg© C½©T© dÎz © ¤̀ e§ zt´¤ ¤ gX
© dÎz
© ¤̀ Ædl̈d̈«A¤
mk¤½ r£ x©§ f Æwix¦ l̈ m³¤Yr§ x§© fE Wt®p̈ ¤ zŸáic¦ nE § m¦i†©pir¥
oFkil¥ r£ xrq ¤ a¥ i§ Ÿ`« Ed†ªlk̈£̀ e«©
© `© e§ .oFkl§ `C̈ cia¥ r¡ ¤̀ `p̈ £̀ s`© :m«ki
oErxf§ z¦ e§ .Wt© p§ og̈R§ nE
© oipi
¦ r© ok̈Wg
§ n© .`ŸgC©w© e§ `Ÿtg¤ W
© `ŸlEdiA¦
mk¤½ Ä Æip© ẗ i³¦Yz«
© p̈ § fi :oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© Di¥PElki¥
§ ie§ ®.oFkrx©
£ f Epẅix¥l§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
y"iletp` ,xÜÄ©d z¤̀ s¥ gW ¤ i¦lFg .zt¤ g¤ W© mix¥
© O§ W ¦g£̀ A© q¥̀ Fn .Eq`¨ n§ Y¦ izŸ © Tgª A§ m`¦ e§ eh
Fzg̈i¦t§p dl̈§wEd¤W g© Etp̈§l d¤nFC ,[zFrEA] f"rla `¥pFU .mk¤ W§ t© § p lr© b§ Y¦ ih© R̈W§ n¦ :mi¦UFrd̈
g© iC§ ¤ i¦lFg .zg© C©w© :dẗEr§f eip̈R̈ zi¦`x©
¦wO© W §nE mix¥ ¦g£̀ z¤̀ r© ¥pFn .zFUr£ iY¦ l§ a¦ l§ :mi¦nk̈£gd©
(ak al mixac) Fn§M ,Fxi¦ra§ n © E Fn§Og© n§ E sEB©d z¤̀ [zFe§vO¦ a© ] x¥tFM .izF © v§ n¦ lM̈ z ¤̀ :zFU£rn¥
zŸaic¦ nE§ m¦i©pir¥ zFNk© n§ :i¦R`© a§ dg̈cẅ§ W¥̀ i¦M l§e ,i©zF§vn¦ lM̈ z¤̀ xn̈¡`¤p KM̈§l ,mi¦zi¦Ev¦ `N¤W
l©w¥IW¤ zF`x¦ §l zFlk̈§e zFtFv m¦i©pi¥rd̈ .Wtp̈ ¤ z ¤̀ mk¤ x§t§ d© l§ :zF§vO¦ d© lM̈ z¤̀ xn̈¡`¤p
zFWẗ§Pd© Ea£̀ c¦§i§e ,`¥tx¥¨i `N¤W sFq§e ,`¥tx¥ ¨i§e ,zFx¥a£r r©aW ¤ ix£ ¥d xẅi¦rÄ x¥tFM .izi ¦ x¦ A§
d¨`Ä Dp̈i¥̀ W
¤ dë£̀ Y© lM̈ .FzFn§A FY§gR© W § n¦ §NW¤ zi¦ri¦aX § d© c©r o¥ke§ ,dϦpX
§ d© zx¤xFB
¤ dp̈FW`xd̈ ¦
:m¦i©pi¥r oFi§lM¦ dïEx§w dk̈Ẍn§ ªn z¤lg¤ Fz§e mix¥ ¦g£̀ A© q©`n̈ ,dÜr̈ `l§e ,c©nl̈ `l :o¤d EN¥̀ §e
m¦`e§ ,gn̈§vz¦ `l§e Erx§§fY¦ .wix¦ l̈ mY¤ r§ x§© fE z¤̀ ©r¥pFn ,mi¦nk̈£gd© z¤̀ `¥pFU ,mi¦UFrd̈
.i©pẗ iY¦ zp̈
© e§ fi :m¤ki¥a§iF` EdElk̈£̀©e gn̈§vY¦ :xẅi¦rÄ x¥tFM ,zF§vO¦ A© x¥tFM ,mix¥ ¦g£̀ d̈
:m¤kl̈ rxd̈§
© l i©wq̈£r lM̈¦n i¦p£̀ d¤pFR ,i¦NW ¤ i`p̈§R :m¤ki¥lr£ i¦zi¦Ev¦ §e .mki ¤ l¥ r£ iY¦ c§ w© t§ d¦ e§ fh
fpx izwga m` ek `xwie 257

b"qx xiqtz
Ec³ ẍe§ m®¤kia¥ i§ Ÿ`« i´¥pt§ l¦ m†¤Yt©§ Bp¦ e§ iC©i§ oiA© oEnC¦ vp
§ Y© t§ .mMª A§
m†¤Yq© § pe§ mki ¤½ ¥̀ p§ ŸU« Æmk¤ ä mMi
ª l© r§ ile
¦ Yq©
© ie§ .mMª i` § Cr © `©
Al`¦ M© `l© e§ oE“t¦ Y§ t§ .mMi ª p`
¦ y©
i¦fbEx oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ :m«k¤ z§ ¤̀ s¬¥cŸxÎoi ¥̀ e§ rn© iP¦ n¦ ElAw
§ Y¦ ml© o`¦ e§ (gi :mMª l§
.oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© mc̈w¢ oExaY© z¦ e§ .oFkA§
ÎcrÎm © `¸¦ § gi :oFkzï§ sic¥x¨C§ zil¥ e§ oEwxr§ z¦ e§ ®.oFki ¥̀ p§ q̈ oFkA§ oFCx¦ie§
mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ d ´ẍQ© § il§ ÆiY¦ t§ q«© ïe§ i®¦l Er† n§ W§ z¦ `Ÿl¬ dN¤ ¥̀½
§ n¥ l§ oElA§ w© z§ `l̈ .oiN¥ `¦ cr© m`¦ e§ :m«ki
.ix¦ni ¥ ŸH« gÎl
¤ z` © r© ra†¤ ©W
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
,m¤kr£ x©§f wixl̈
¦ m¤Y§rx§©fE x¥g`© xäC̈ .c©wY§ W § ¤̀ :m¤kÄ Eh§lW § ¦i Frn̈W§ n© M§ .mki¤ ¥̀ p§ U mk¤ ä Ecẍe§
dŸ©`W ¤ ,x¥Ac§ ©n aEzM̈©d zFpÄ©d§e mi¦pÄ©d c¤b¤pM§ i¦p£̀ s`© ,Ff dẄxR̈¦ ¨ n mi¦p£ M zxFY © zcB̈© ©`
,mz̈F` d¤Nk© n§ E `Ä `§hg¥ d© §e ,ol̈C© §bn§ E m¤dÄ l¥nr̈ o¥ke§ ,s©`A§ `l̈¥̀ x¥Ac§ ©n i¦pi¥̀ .z`ŸG dU ¤ r¡ ¤̀
i¦zi¦Ax§
¦e i¦Yg§ R© h¦ xW ¤ £̀ (ak a dki`) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ :(ck weqt) ix¤ ¦wA§ m¤kÖ¦r i¦p£̀ s©` i¦Yk§ ©ld̈§e
xn̈¡`¤PW¤ Fn§M .mk¤ Ä i©pẗ iY¦ zp̈ © e§ :mN̈¦k i¦a§iF` zFc§wFR zFM©Od© Ei§d¦IW ¤ .mki¤ l¥ r£ iY¦ c§ w© t§ d¦ e§
dr̈xÄ
¨ xn̈¡`¤p KM̈ ,m¤ki¥l£̀ i¦zi¦pẗE däFH©A dc̈Ew§R dp̈FW`xd̈ ¦ W¤ c©r ,Ff§l FG¦n m¤kz§ ¤̀
FC§a©r§l x©n`¨ W ¤ K¤ln¤ §l ,lẄn̈ El§Wn̈ .i©pẗ i¦Yz© p̈§e .dl̈d̈A¤ :Dl̈ dP̈¤kn§ q§ ¤̀§e zx¤ ¤g`© `i¦a`¨ m¤kl§ v§ ¤̀
m¤kÖ¦r i¦p£̀ w¥qFr§e i©wq̈£r lM̈¦n i¦p£̀ d¤pFR z©Mn© Ff ,Ffi¥̀ e§ ,zFIx§ ¦Ad© z¤̀ z¤ld¤ a© O§ d© dM̈©n
`¤d§IW¤ .mki ¤ a¥ iŸ§ ` i¥pt§ l¦ mY¤ t© § Bp¦ e§ :[dr̈x§¨l] `Ed§W mc̈¨` Kl̈ W¥i .zt¤ g¤ X© d© z ¤̀ :oz¤ Fn
oFki¥aäC§ i¥l£ra© E mi¦pt§ A¦ n¦ m¤kz§ ¤̀ bxFd ¥ z¤eÖ©d ,eil̈r̈ xEnẄ FxܧA lä£̀ dḦ¦OA© lḦnE ª d¤lFg
.mki¤ ¥̀ p§ U mk¤ ä Ecẍe§ :uEg©An¦ m¤kz§ ¤̀ oi¦ti¦Tn© mi¦Yr ¦ F` .sg̈§W¦p `EdW § ,z¤tg¤ W
© x©nFl cFn§lY¦
,m¤käE m¤Mn¦ `l̈¥̀ mi¦`§pFU ci¦n§rn© i¦pi¥̀ W § cFn§lY¦ ,©giC§ ¦wn© Epi¥̀ §e g© Fp lä£̀ sg̈§W¦p `EdW §
l¥̀ x¨U
§ ¦i l©r mic§ ¦nFr ml̈Frd̈ zFO ª̀¤W dr̈Ẅ§AW ¤ F` .©giC§ ¦wn© `EdW § c¥O©ln§ ,z©gC© ©Td© z¤̀§e x©nFl
xn̈¡`¤PW¤ ,iElB̈©AW ¤ d©n `l̈¥̀ mi¦Ww§ a© n§ mp̈i¥̀ Fn§v©rA§ `Ed xEaq̈ lä£̀ g© iC§ ¦wn© `EdW § mi¦Yr¦
dl̈r̈§e l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i rxf̈ © m¦` dïd̈§e (c .b e mihtey) `Ed F` .m¦i©pi¥r zFN©kn§ x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,d¤ig§ ¦IW ¤
m¤di¥lr£ Ep£g©Ie© 'ebe mc¤ ¤w i¥pa§ E w¥ln̈£re© oïc¦ §n mix¥ ¦g£̀ lä£̀ d¤ig§ ¦IW ¤ Fn§v©rA§ xEaq̈ Epi¥̀
dr̈Ẅ§A lä£̀ ,ux¨ ¤`d̈ lEa§i z¤̀ Ezi¦gW § ©Ie© :W¤tp̈ zFaic§ ¦nE x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,d¤ig§ ¦IW ¤ mixEa§ ¦ q
mi¦UR§ g© n§ m¥d ,m¤käE m¤Mn¦ m¤ki¥l£r ci¦n§r`© W ¤
Dp̈i¥̀ e§ Dr̈xFf § .mk¤ r£ x©§f wix¦ l̈ mY¤ r§ x§© fE
dkin) x¥ nF` `Ed o¥k§e ,m¤kN̈¤W zFI¦pFn§hO© d© x©g`©
mi¦`Ä m¤ki¥a§iF` d©n dŸ©rn¥ E ,z©gO© v© n§
m¤di¥lr£ n¥ mxFr§¨ e i¦Or© x¥̀ W § El§k`¨ xW ¤ £̀©e (b b
EdElk̈£̀©e x©nFl cFn§lY¦ d©nE ,mi¦lk§ F`§e
scŸ¥x oi ¥̀ e§ :dn̈i¥̀ i¥pR§ n¦ .mY¤ q© § pe§ :'ebe Ehi¦Wt§ d¦ dp̈FW`x¦ dp̈Ẅ Dr̈xFf § ,c©vi¥M `©d ,m¤ki¥a§iF`
m¦`§e .dN¤ ¥̀ cr© m`¦ e§ gi :© M i¦lA§ n¦ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ mi¦a§iF`§e z©gO© v© n§ dϦpW § dp̈Ẅ ,z©gO© v© n§ Dp̈i¥̀ §e
:Er§nW§ z¦ `l m¤kÖ¦r zFM©Od© d¤N ¥̀ cFr§A ,xFvÖ©d i¥ni¦l d¨`EaY§ mi¦`v§ FnE mi¦`Ä
lr© ra© W ¤ :mix¥ ¦ i cFr .iY¦ t§ qï
¦g£̀ oixEQ¦ © e§ d¨`EaY§ Eh§wl̈ `N¤W ,ar̈xÄ ¨ mi¦zn¥ mi¦pt§ A¦ W ¤ §e
258 izwga m` ek `xwie gpx

b"qx xiqtz
:oFkiaFg
¥ lr© ra© W§ ®.oFkzï
§ iCx
¥ n¦ l§ siqF`
¥ e§
.AiC¦ `§ Yl © `© it¦ mMª YC© § f .d'c©d©
:mM`©
ª i`h© k§ 'il© r§ rAq© m®¤k§Grª oF`´ BÎz§ ¤̀ i†¦Yx§ a© Ẅ « § hi
.mMª G§ r¦ x`C©Yw
.CiC¦ gË § l`M©
§ `¦ xq¦ M`
mM`
ª n© q§
© e© (hi
lrB© `© e§
l½f¤ x§ A© M© Æmki
¤ n¥ WÎz§ ¤̀ i³¦Yz«© p̈e§
`©ptiªt¦ (k :q`g© Pl` § M© mMª vx § `© e§
© ¤̀ e§ :dẄ
xAz « gª P§ M© m†¤kv§ x§ `© Îz ¤̀ e§
Bx'k
¦ Y© `l© e§ .`'©b`x©t§ mM`‹© ª ewª
xB© y¦ e§ .`d`
© C©`§ mM'
ª vx§ `© `Ïn© W§ zï oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ .oFktwEY
§ xẅ§i zï
:dŸxn' § z© Bx'k©¦ i `l© `xg © Sl © `© `z̈g̈`© N© n¦ `l̈§fxa© M§ oiti
¦ T¦ Y© oFki¥eN̈r¦ C§
.`©B`©Bl¦ ir¦ n§ mYM ª l© q§ o`¦ e§ (`k `p̈iQ¦ g© oFkizFgz
¥ C¦ `r̈x`© e§ ®.`xh ¨ n¦
mMª YC©
§ f il¦ Ernq § Y© o`© EyY§ ml© e§
m¬©z § k :oixi¦ R¥ ca© r¡n¤ N§ n¦ `Ẅg̈pM¦
Dl̈½ Ea§iÎz ¤̀ Æmk¤ v§ x§ `© o³¥YzÎ` ¦ Ÿle§ m®¤k£gŸM« wix†¦ l̈
¦ o†¥Yi¦ `Ÿl¬ ux¤ `¨½ d̈ ur´¥e§
§ g¥ Epẅix¥l§ sEqie¦ :Fi« x§ R
`l̈e§ .oFkli
:DiA¥ `¦ oiY¦
¥ i `l̈ ®.`l̈wg© ol̈i`¦ e§ .DYl
© l© r£ zï oFkrx© £̀ oiY¥ z¦
r«© ŸńW§ l¦ Ea`† Ÿz `Ÿl¬ e§ ix¦ w¤½ ÆiO¦ r¦ Ek³ l§ YÎm
«¥ `¦ § `k
:m«ki ¤ z`¥ ŸH« g© M§ ra†¤
© W dM̈½ n© Æmki ¤ l¥ r£ i³¦Yt§ q«© ïe§ i®¦l
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
rxf̈
© `N¤W Wxg̈ © `N¤W l©nr̈ `N¤W mc̈¨` ix£ ¥d r©aW ¤ l©r zFi¦pr̈x§tª r©aW ¤ .mki ¤ z`Ÿ
¥ Hg©
z©rẄ§aE xC¦ ¤r `N¤W g©QM¦ `N¤W W¥M¦p `N¤W z ¤̀ iY¦ x§a© Ẅe§ hi :dl̈§rn© §l zFxEn£̀ d̈ zFx¥ar£ d̈
KM̈§A oi¥̀ ,FzF` d¤wl§ n© E oFtC̈¦W `Ä xi¦vT̈©d x¥nF` `Ed o¥k§e ,WC̈§wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤f .mk§ ¤ Grª oF`§B
W¥M¦pe§ rxf̈§
© e Wxg̈§
© e l©nr̈¤W mc̈¨` lä£̀ ,mEl§M oF`§B i¦WC̈§wn¦ z¤̀ l¥Ng© n§ i¦p§pd¦ (`k ck l`wfgi)
ix£
¥d ,Fz` d¤wl§ n© E oFtC̈¦W `äE xC¦ ¤r§e g©Qk¦ §e
z ¤̀ e§ l¤fx§A© M© mki ¤ n¥ W§ z ¤̀ iY¦ zp̈ © e§ :m¤k§Grª
z ¤̀ mk¤ v§ x§`© oY¥ z¦ `Ÿle§ :zFd¥w d¤f§NW ¤ eiP̈¦W
mẌ¤W ,d ¤ n§NW ¤ n¦ dẄẅ Ff .dẄg§ ª PM© mk¤ v§ x§`©
z©rẄ§A Dl̈ li¦aFn dŸ©`W ¤ d©n s©` .Dl̈Eai§
l©r xW ¤ £̀ Li¤nẄ Eid̈§e (bk gk mixac) x¥nF` `Ed
`¤d§i ux¨ ¤`d̈ o¦n EN¦t£̀ .ux¤ `¨ d̈ ur¥ e§ :rx¤ ©Gd© oi¦ri¦fn§ m¦in© Ẍ©d Ei§d¦IW ¤ ,'ebe z ¤ g§p L§W`x
:dḧp̈£gd© z©rẄ§A eiz̈Fxi¥R hi¦pg§ ©i `N¤W ,iEwl̈ dr̈i¦fn§ Dp̈i¥̀ ux¨ ¤`d̈§e dr̈i¦fn§ z ¤ g§Pd© W¤ Kx¤c§ ¤M
u¥r`© dḦ©n§lE dl̈§rn© §l W¥OW © n§ .oY¥ i¦ `Ÿl zx¤ ¤OW © n§ `i¦de§ r© i¦fn¥ l¤fx© §Ad© oi¥̀ W§ Kx¤c§ ¤M
xi¦Xn© dx§ ¤tn© `EdW § M¦ .Fix§R¦ oY¥ i¦ `Ÿl :ix§ ¦R`© §e oi¦ri¦fn§ Ei§d¦i `l m¦in© Ẍ©d o`M̈ lä£̀ ,d̈i¤zFxi¥R
r©aW¤ o`M̈ W¥i§e ,zFll̈§w i¥YW § ix£ ¥d ,eiz̈Fxi¥R ml̈FrÄ axFg ¤ `¤di¦e r© i¦fn¥ l¤fx©§Ad© oi¥̀ W
§ Kx¤c§ ¤M
Epi¥zFAx¦ .ix¦ w¤ iO¦ r¦ Ekl§ Y¥ m`¦ e§ `k :zFI¦pr̈x§Rª dr̈i¦fn§ z ¤ g§Pd© W ¤ Kx¤c§ ¤M dr̈i¦fn§ `¤dY§ ux¨ ¤`d̈§e
o¥M ,mi¦wx§
¨tl¦ `l̈¥̀ Epi¥̀ W§ ,dx§ ¤wn¦ A§ ,i`x£©r Ex§n`¨ .mk£ ¤ gŸM wix¦ l̈ mz© e§ k :d̈i¤zFxi¥R zc¤ ¤A`© n§ `i¦d§e
hpx izwga m` ek `xwie 259

oFaiz¥ `l̈e§ .EiWw© A§ in© c̈w¢ oEkd̈Y§ m`¦ e§ b"qx xiqtz


d`¨ z̈i ¥̀ l§ siqF`
¥ e§ .ix¦ni § n¥ l§ `l̈Äw© l§ 'il© r§ rAq© id¦ .dAx'
© v©
:oFkiaFg
¥ M§ ra© W§ ®.`g̈n© oFkil¥ r£ .mMi ª t¦ wlh ¦ `© e§ (ak :mM`© ª i`h© k§
.mMª P§ n¦ lM' ¦ z©§ it§ `xg © Sl© `© o`ei© g©
z³©IgÎz
© ¤̀ mk¤¹ ä iY¦¸ g§ l© W§ d¦ § ak lN¦ wi
© e¦ .mMn ª i` ¦ d© A§ on¦ rhw© © ie§
:mMª Y` § wx© hª yg‹© eY © Y© e§ .mMC ª C©r§
mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ d´l̈M§ W¦ e§ Ædc¤V̈d© d'c©d© A§ il¦ EAC§ `Y © Y© ml© o`¦ e§ (bk
mk¤½ Y§ n§ d¤ AÎz
§ ¤̀ Ædz̈ix¸¦ k§ d¦ e§ ir¦ n§
`'vi
mYM ª l© q§ e§
© `© `©p`§ Yxq¦ (ck :`©B`©Bl¦
z`AEw© rË © l`©

EO†©Wp̈e§ m®¤kz§ ¤̀ dḧir†¦ n§ d¦ e§ mMª YA § x'© v§ e§ .B`©BlË § l`© 'il© r§ mMr ª n©


:mM`©ª i`h© k§ 'il© r§ rAq© A§
¥ £̀ e© :m«ki
`x¨Ä z©Ig© zï .oFkA§ ixb̈ ¤ k¥ x§ C© `n© w¦ Yp § nª .`ti © q© mMi ª f'b
¦ `© e§ (dk
.oFkxi§ r¦ A§ zï i¥viWzE
¥ .oFkzï
§ liMz
¥ z© e§
§ Ëz¦ `Ÿl¬ dN¤ ¥̀½ AÎm
Ex†q« § `¸¦ § bk :oFkz§ g̈xF` oïC©
§ vie¦ ®.oFkzï
§ xrf
© z© e§
®.ix¦ni
§ n¥ l§ oFcxz :ix¦ w«¤ i†¦Or¦ m¬¤Yk§ l£
§ z¦ `l̈ .oiN¥ `¦ A§ m`¦ e§ © de«© i®¦l
ix¦ w®¤A§ m†¤kÖr¦ i²¦p£̀ Îs`© i¯¦Yk§ l© d̈« § ck :EiWw© A§ in© c̈w¢ oEkd̈zE
:m«ki¤ z`¥ ŸH« gÎl
© r© ra†¤ © W ip¦ `Îm©
¨½ B Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀ i³¦ziM¥ d¦ e§
:oFkiaFg
¥ lr© ra© W§ ®.`p̈ £̀ s`© oFkzï ¥ `© e§ .EiWw© A§ oFkO§ r¦ .`p̈ £̀ s`© jd̈ £̀ e©
§ iwl
§ w© p§ Æzn¤ w¤̧ Ÿp ax¤ g¤À mki
zix½¦ AÎm ¤¹ l¥ r£ iz`
¦¸ a«
¥ d¥ e§ dk
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
EN¥̀ s©` ,oi¦zi¦nn§ E oi¦kW § Fp EN¥̀ d©n .xẗr̈ oFW§l Wx¥ ¤R m¥g©pn§ E .zF§vO¦ A© i`x£ ©r Ek§lY¥
ux¤̀¤ A§ mi¦pẄ Eid̈ xä§M .oi¦zi¦nn§ E oi¦kW § Fp x©w§i o¥k§e ,L§l§bx© x© d (fi dk ilyn) o¥k§e ,dr̈i¦pn§
K¥WFp cFxr̈ ,zi¦nn¥ E K¥WFp xFn£g l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i FnEBx© §z§l d¤f oFWl̈ aFxẅ§e ,(fk fi ilyn) g© Ex
:mi¦Ph© T§ d© EN¥̀ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ dl̈M§ W¦ e§ :zi¦nn¥ E mĦl mi¦Ww§ O© W ¤ ,i¦WFw oeW§l qFl§w§p ª̀§NW ¤
:uEg©An¦ .mk¤ Y§ n§ d¤ A§ z ¤̀ dz̈ix¦ k§ d¦ e§ .mki
¤ z`Ÿ
¥ Hg© M§ ra© W ¤ :i©l ¥̀ axẅ§
¥ zd¦ n¥ r©pÖ¦d§l
EOWp̈ © e§ :mi¦pt§ A¦ n¦ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ dḧir¦ n§ d¦ e§ r©aW¤ x©Rq§ n¦ A§ mix¥ ¦g£̀ zFi¦pr̈x§Rª r©aW ¤
,mi¦Ph© w§ mi¦li¦aW § E mi¦lFc§B mi¦li¦aW § .mki ¤ k¥ x§C© :iE ¦B oFW§l .iY¦ g§ l© W§ d¦ e§ ak :m¤ki¥z`H©gM§
,dÏ©g oW ¥ §e ,dn̈¥dA§ oW ¥ ,zFI¦pr̈x§Rª r©aW ¤ ix£ ¥d z¤lM¤ W © n§ dÏ©g `l̈¥̀ i¦l oi¥̀ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ dl̈M§ W¦ e§
,dḧi¦rn§ d¦ §e ,dz̈ix§¦kd¦ §e ,dl̈§MW
¦ e§ ,xẗr̈ i¥l£ f z©ng£ ,o¦i©pn§ KM̈§A DM̈x§C© oi¥̀ W§ dn̈¥dA§ ,KM̈§A DM̈x§C¤©W
:i©l ¥̀ aEWl̈ .il¦ ExqË § z¦ `Ÿl bk :EO©Wp̈§e g©NW © £̀ zFn¥dA§ oW¤ §e (ck al mixac) x©nFl cFn§lY¦
Kx¤c§ ¤M zix§ § mẅp̈ W¥i§e .zix¦ A§ mw© p§ dk dz̈i¦nn§ `¤dY§ W
¦AA© Epi¥̀ W ¤ o¦i©pn§ E .m¦iY© W
§ ix£ ¥d ,mÄ
.EdϦwc¦§v§NW ¤ eip̈i¥r iEO¦q Ed¤f§e ,zFnẅ§p x¨`W § i¥l£ f z©ng£ m¦r (my) x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,Dz̈k̈i¦W§pA¦
260 izwga m` ek `xwie qx

b"qx xiqtz
'il© `¦ oErn¦ YB
§ Y© t§ .CdrË © l`© 'dn© w© §p
m®¤kix¥ r̈« Îl ¤̀ m†¤Yt§ q¡© `«p¤ e§
it¦ `A© eË §l`A¦ 'zrA ¦ `© e§ .mM`
C©i it¦ oEnN§ q© Yª e© .mMª pi
ª x©wª
§ A© `n©
mk¤½ kF§ źA§ Æxa¤ c¸¤ iY¦ g³© § NW¦ e§
oir¦ n§ mMª l§ xqM ¦ `© e§ (ek :ECrË § l`© izi
¦ `© e§ :a«i¥F`Îc©iA§ m†¤YY© p¦ e§
on¦ xiz¦ M§ fA¦ k© § it§ .m`r© Hl § `©
xEPY© it¦ mMª n` § r© h§ `q© PË ¦ l`©
oFkP§ n¦ oErxRz¦
© ie§ .`Äxg© A§ oil¦ h§ ẅC§ oFkil¥ r£
o`©finË ¦ l`A¦ dŸpECxiª e¦ .Cg` ¦ e© .`z̈ixF` ¨ lr© oEYxa© r£ C© lr© `z̈Epr̈xER
o`¦ e§ (fk :oErAy§ Y¦ `l© e§ oElM` § Y© e§ `p̈z̈Fn ixb̈ ¥ £̀ e© .oFki¥exw¦ l§ oEWpMz © z¦ e§
d'c©d© A§ .Erih¦ Y§ e§ il¦ Ernq § Y¦ ml© :d`§
¨ pq̈ c©iA§ oExqnz© z¦ e§ ®.oFki¥piA¥
ir¦ n§ mYM
ª l© q§ e§ .Y`AEw © rË© l`©
`'vi m¼ g¤ lÎd
© `© `©p`§ Yxq¦ (gk :`©B`©Bl¦ ¤ H¥ n«© m» k¤ l̈ ix´¦ a§ W¦ § ek
Æmk¤ n§ g§ l© mi³¦Wp̈ xU ¤ r´¤ Et`¨ e§
lw®¨W§ O¦ A© m†¤kn§ g§ l© Eai¬¦Wd¥ e§ cg̈½ ¤̀ xEṔz© A§
.`l̈ki
§ n¥ cir¥ q§ oFkl§ xAz © A¦ :ErÄ
© `c « U§ z¦ `Ÿl¬ e§ m†¤Yl§ k£̀
© e«©
®.`l̈ẅzn© A§ oFkng
§ l© oEaizï
¦ e§ .cg© `xEP
¨ z© A§ oFkng
§ l© oiW¦ p§ xq© r£ .oïti¥ie§
Er† n§ W§ z¦ `Ÿl¬ z`Ÿf½ AÎm § `¸¦ § fk q :oErAU § z¦ `l̈e§ oElki
§ z¥ e§

§ n¥ l§ oElA§ w© z§ `l̈ .`c̈A§ m`¦ e§ :ix¦ w


®.ix¦ni «¤ A§ i†¦Or¦ m¬¤Yk§ l£
© de«© i®¦l
ix¦ wÎz
®¤ n£ © gA«© m†¤kÖr¦ i¬¦Yk§ l© d̈« § gk :EiWw© A§ in© c̈w¢ oEkd̈zE
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
xU¤ r¤ Et`¨ e§ :ar̈x¨ i¥Sg¦ m¥de§ ,l¤kF` c©rq§ n¦ xW ¤ £̀ i¦zix§ ¦A z©nw§ ¦p zix§ ¦A m©w§p x¥g`© xäC̈
:mi¦vr¥ x¤qFg¥n .cg̈ ¤̀ xEPz© A§ mk¤ n§ g§ l© miWp̈ ¦ `i¦d `x§ ¨wO¦ A© W ¤ ax¤ ¤g z©`ä£d lM̈ .m¤Yx© §a£r
d¨`EaY§ d© `¤dY§ W ¤ .lẅW§ O¦ A© mk¤ n§ g§ l© EaiW¦ d¥ e§ uEg©d o¦n .mY¤ t§ q¡ © `p¤ e§ :mi¦a§iF` zFlï£g z¤ng¤ §ln¦
zx¤¤AY© W § n¦ E dl̈Et§p z©R zi¥U£r©p§e z¤aw¤x¦ §p xa¤ c¤ iY¦ g§ N© W¦ e§ :xFvÖ©d i¥pR§ n¦ mixr̈¤
¦ d KFY l¤̀
mixä
¦X § d© z¤̀ zFl§wFW§e zFaW § Fi o¥d§e ,xEP©YA© c©iA§ m¤YY© ¦pE x¤aC© ¤d ic§ ¥i l©r§e .mk¤ kFz§ A§
.ErÄU§ z¦ `Ÿle§ mY¤ l§ k£̀ © e© :m¤di¥pi¥A mẅ§Ng© §l mi¦pi¦Nn© oi¥̀ W § i¦t§l ,m¤ki¥l£r mixS̈© ¦ d mi¦a§iF`d̈
zFI¦pr̈x§Rª r©aW ¤ ix£ ¥d .m¦ir© O¥ d© KFz§A dx¥̀ ¨ n§ ef z¤̀ mi¦
` i¦
v Fn m¤ d W
§ k¦ §
e ,m¦i©
l ẄExi¦
A z¥Od© z¤̀
x¤qFg ,m¤g¤l d¥Hn© x¤aW ¤ ,x¤aC¤ ,xFvn̈ ,ax¤ ¤g .mg¤ l¤ dH¥ n© ek :a¥iF` c©iA§ mi¦pŸ¦p ,Fx§aẅ§l z¥Od©
m¤YY© ¦pe§ .m¦i©rO¥ A© dx¥̀ ¨ n§ ,dl̈Et§p z©R ,mi¦v¥r :fr d¥Hn© (fi gn dinxi) Fn§M ,or̈§Wn¦ oFW§l
:ax¤ ¤gd© `i¦dW § ,oï§pO¦ d© o¦n Dp̈i¥̀ (dk weqt) lM̈ m¤kl̈ xFAW § ¤̀ .mg¤ l¤ dH¥ n© mk¤ l̈ ix¦ a§ W¦ A§
`qx izwga m` ek `xwie 261

b"qx xiqtz
ip¦ `Îs
¨½ `© Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀ i³¦Yx§ Q¦
© ie§ .B`©BlË ¦ l`© Y`aEw © r© A§ mMrª n©
jd̈ £̀ e© :m«ki ¥ ŸH« gÎl
¤ z` © r© ra†¤
©W :mM`©ª i`h© k§ 'il© r§ rAq© A§ mMª YA § C©`© e§
mEgl§ oElM`
ª Y© 'iY© g© (hk
s`© oFkzï
§ iCx
¥ ¤̀ e§ .f©bx§ sFwzA¦ oFkO§ r¦
ctp ¦ `© e§ (l :mMª Y`© § pAE§ mMi© ª pA§
:oFkiaFg
¥ lr© ra© W§ ®.`p̈ £̀ .mMª C` § Cp © `© rhw
© `© e§ .mMª ri § A©
m®¤ki¥pA§ x´©UA§ m†¤Yl§ k£̀
© «© hk 'il© r§ .mMª C`
§ qB© `© iwl
¦ `© e§
:mM` ª lw © `© e§ .mMª Yi'
§ b`¦ e©h§ C`qB © `©
¥ ŸY m†¤kiz¥ Ÿp« A§ x¬©UaE
:El«k` § .`A` © x'© k§ mM` ª x©wª lrB © `© e§ (`l
oFkzp̈
§ A§ xWaE
© ®.oFki¥pA§ xU
© A§ oElki
§ z¥ e§ lAw© `© `l© e§ .mMq ª C` ¦ w© n§ yge ¦ `© e§
:mMª pi§ A`¦ x©w§ `'vx© `© `l© e§
Îz ¤̀ iYº¦ c§ n© W§ d¦ § l :oElki§ Y¥
Îz ¤̀ ÆiY¦ z« © p̈e§ mki¥ ¤½ p ´ÖgÎz
© ¤̀ ÆiY¦ x© k§ d¦ e§ mki ¤À z¥ Ÿn« Ä
i†¦Wt©
§ p d¬l̈r« £ b̈e§ m®¤kilE ¥ N« B¦ i†¥xb§ RÎl ¦ r© mki ¤½ x¥ b§ R¦
zï oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ .oFkiq¥ pq ¥ £̀ e© :m«k
§ p¦ g£ zï u¥Sw© £̀ e© .oFkz§ n̈Ä zï i¥viW ¤ z§ ¤̀
i³¦Yz«
© p̈ § `l :oFkzï§ ix¦ni§ n¥ wig¥ xi© e¦ ®.oFkzë§ r£ ḧ xEBiR¦ lr© .oFkixb¥ R¦
m®¤kiW ¥ C§ w§ nÎz¦ ¤̀ i†¦zFOW£ ¦ de«© dĽ x§ g̈ Æmki ¤ x¥ r̈« Îz ¤̀
.`Äxg̈ oFki¥exw¦ zï oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ :m«k£ ¤ gŸgi « p¦ gi†¥
© xA§ gi © x½¦ `¨ `Ÿl´ e§
:oFkz§ Ẅi¥pM§ oAxEw
© ®.`ër£ x©A§ liA¥ w© £̀ `l̈e§ .oFkiW
¥ Cw
§ n© zï iC©
¥v £̀ e©
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
`©d ,mixEn£̀
¦ zFpÄxẅ § ix£ ¥d g© ix¨¦` `l§e x¥nF` oi¦n .mki¥ ¤ pÖg© :zFi¦pxi¦ ¨ AE mi¦lC̈§bn¦ .mki ¤ zŸ
¥ nÄ l
o¦n ,m¤ki¥WC§ §wn¦ z¤̀ i¦zFOW ¦ d£ ©e m¥Iw© n§ i¦p£̀ d©n m¥W l©re§ .zFB©Bd© l©r oici¦ ¦ n§rO© W¤ dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r
Eid̈W¤ l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i l¤W zFxï§W ,zFIcEc§ ¦ Bd© z ¤̀ iY¦ zp̈ © e§ :mi¦pÖ©g oi¦iEx§w dÖ©gA© oici¦ ¦ n§rO© W ¤
r©aW¤ ix£ ¥d .mẄ `al̈ zFcr̈Fp§e zFWC© §wz§ n¦ mz̈¨`x¦§i mi¦`i¦vFnE ,Eid̈ ar̈x¨ i¥gEt§Y .mki ¤ x§¥ bR¦
zcn̈
© W § d© §e ,zFpäE mi¦pÄ x©UA§ z©li¦k£̀ zFI¦pr̈x§Rª l¥tFp§e z©rw© a§ ¦p Fqx§ ¥kE ,mz̈F` mi¦wX § ©pn§ E mẅi¥gn¥
o`M̈ oi¥̀ mi¦pÖ©g z©zix§ ¦M .m¦iY© W§ ix£ ¥d ,zFnÄ wEN¦q d¤f .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ iW¦ t© § p dl̈rb̈ £ e§ :d̈i¤lr̈
El§R¦i zFI¦pxi¦¨ Ad© zcn̈© W ¥i l©r `l̈¥̀ zEpr̈x§Rª lFkï .dÄx§g̈ mki
§ d© ic§ ¤ x¥ r̈ z ¤̀ iY¦ zp̈© e§ `l :dp̈i¦kW §
z¤̀ i¦Yz© p̈§e .EzxM̈¦ § ie§ zFB©Bd© i¥W`x§ ¨AW ¤ mi¦pÖ©gd© z¤̀ i¦p£̀ i¦zFOW ¦ d£ ©e x¥nF` `EdW § M¦ ,mc̈¨`n¥
.r©Ax©§` dp̈i¦kW § wEN¦q .WlẄ ix£ ¥d 'e¥b§e m¤kix§ ¥bR¦ i¦p£̀ d©n `©d ,xEn¨` mc̈¨` ix£ ¥d (al weqt) ux¨ ¤`d̈
l§e ,zFIcEc§¦ Bd© o¦n WC̈§wn¦ oFnÖW ¦ ,mixr̈ ¦ o©Ax§gª z ¤̀ izFO ¦ W£ ¦ de© :aẄë x¥aFr¥n dÄxg̈ § m¥Iw© n§
:r©aW¤ ix£ ¥d ,zFpÄxẅ§ g© ix¨ ¦` `Ed§WM¦ ,zFpÄxT̈© § d o¦n lFkï .mki ¤ W¥ C§ w§ n¦
262 izwga m` ek `xwie aqx

b"qx xiqtz
.mMp
ª n¦ Cl© AË § l`© `©p`§ yge ¦ `© e§ (al
ux®¨¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ i†¦p£̀ i¬¦zŸOW£ ¦ d «© al
.mMª i`
mMi
§ Cr © `© `dp © n¦ yge
ª x'¦ c§ `© e§ (bl :`d© A§ oini
¦ Yq©
© ie§
¦ w¦ nË
ª l`©
mki¤½ a¥ i§ Ÿ`« Æd̈il¤̧ r̈ En³ n§ Ẅ« e§
Cx¦B© `© e§ .mn© ª̀ lË`© oiA© `n© it¦ zï `p̈ £̀ iC© ¥v £̀ e© :DÄ « mi†¦aW§ ŸI« d©
mMª vx
§ `© xiv¦ Y© t§ .mM` ª x©e§ siQl © `©
®.oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© Dl© r£ oFCv¦ie§ .`r̈x`©
(cl :`A` © x'© k§ .mM` ª x©wªe§ .dyg © e©
'ux`Ë © l`© ite
¦ Yq
© Y© oi'c¦ `©
© pig¦ d´¤xf̈¡` Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀ § bl :DA© oia¦ zï§ C§
.`dY© yg © e© m`»i©i`© lEh .`d© l§ h© rª
.mMª i`
§ Cr © `© Cl© A§ it¦ mYp ª `© e§ m†¤kix£¥ g`«© i¬¦zŸwix£ «¦ de«© m½i¦ FBa©
.'ux`Ë © l`© Aii© qY © Y© oi'c¦ `© © pig¦
Æmk¤ v§ x§ `© d³z̈i§ d̈« e§ ax®g̈
¤
.`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ xC©a© £̀ oFkzï
§ e§ :dÄ« x§ g̈ E¬id«§ i¦ m†¤kix¥ r̈« e§ dn̈½ n̈W§
oïed¦
§ i oFki¥exw¦ e§ ®.`ïcv̈ oFkrx© £̀ idzE
¥ .`Äxg© A§ oil¦ h§ ẅC§ oFkix¥z§ Ä ixb̈
¥ £̀ e©
lŸMµ d̈iz¤À ŸzA§ WÎz
© ¤̀ ux¤ `¹̈ d̈ dv¤¸ x§ Y¦ Áf ¨ cl :`Äxg̈
z´©AW§ Y¦ f`¨µ m®¤kia¥ i§ Ÿ`« ux´¤̀¤ A§ m†¤Y`© e§ dÖ½ X © d̈ i´¥n§i
¥ Y¦ oik¥ A§ :d̈iz
zï `r̈x`© irx «¤ ŸzA§ WÎz
© ¤̀ z†v̈x§ d¦ e§ ux¤ `¨½ d̈
.oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© rx© £̀ A© oEY`© e§ .z`i
© Cv
¦ C¦ oinFi
¦ lŸM .`d̈H© n¦ W§

wix¥¦OW ¤ mc̈¨`M§ ,x¥dn© zx¤ ¤fFg Dp̈i¥̀ m¤kix£ ¥g`© däFh dC̈¦n Ff .ux¤ `¨ d̈ z ¤̀ i¦p £̀ izŸ¦ OW£ ¦ de© al
mk¤ v§ x§`© dz̈i§ d̈e§ :xFf§g©l oẗFq oi¥̀ e§ m¦iO© d© z¤̀ g© Ex z©g©p mi¦a§iF`d̈ E`§vn§ ¦i `N¤W l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i§l
KFY¦nE Dk̈Fz§l aEWl̈ Ex£dn© Y§ `N¤W .dn̈n̈W§ mk¤ z§ ¤̀ e§ bl :d̈i¤aW
§ FI¦n dn̈¥nFW `¤dY§ W ¤ ,mv̈x© §`A§
zFax£ ¥g m¤kl̈ zF`x¦ §p ,dÄxg̈
§ Ei§d¦i m¤kixr̈ ¥ KM̈ i¥pA§ W
¤ dr̈Ẅ§AW ¤ ,dẄẅ dC̈¦n Ff .m¦iFBa© dxf̈¡ ¤`
Fxi¦rn¥ E Fnx© §Mn¦ E Fzi¥An¦ d¤lFB mc̈¨`W ¤ dr̈Ẅ§AW ¤ d¤f z¤̀ d¤f mi¦`Fx cg̈¤̀ mFwn̈§l mi¦lFB dp̈ic§ ¦n
,mi¦ax£¥g Fzi¥aE Fnx© §M oi¥̀ EN¦`M§ xFf§gl© FtFq§e mc̈¨`M§ ,dx§¤fO¦ a© M§ Ex§f¦p l¥̀ x¨U § ¦ie§ ,oi¦ng£ ©pz§ n¦ E
.d¤vx§Y¦ f`¨ cl :mi¦p £ M zxFz§ © A dïEp§W KM̈ dẅEaC§ o¤dn¥ z©g`© oi¥̀ e§ dẗ©pA§ mixFr§ ¦ U dxFG© ¤d
:d̈i¤zFH¦nW § l©r q©rM̈W ¤ mFwÖ©d q©rM© z¤̀ qi¥It© Y§ ax¤ ¤gd© s¥lFX¤WM§ .izŸ¦ wix£ ¦ de© :DŸx¦ §ag£ A©
:d̈i¤zFz§AW © z¤̀ K¤lO¤ l© .zv̈x§d¦ e§ z¤hn¤ W § ¦Pd© ax¤ ¤g FWx¨c¦ §nE .oc̈§Pd© o¥wFxz§ n¦
dlb` enk gzte `eya ie`xde lebq `eya s"l`d `a .mieba d´¤xf̈¡` mkz`e bl :wecwcd wlg
izi`x oke onwlc `ziipz oke izi`xy o`bizd lka dyebc o"iyd .dÖ½ X© d̈ ini lk cl :(a"ixdn)
:a"ixdnl yexita
bqx izwga m` ek `xwie 263

:`d̈H© n¦ W§ zï irx


¥ z¦ e§ ®.`r̈x`© hinW
¥ Y© oik¥ A§ b"qx xiqtz

zŸA® W§ Y¦ d†ÖX © d̈ i¬¥n§iÎl ¨ dl AA© q§ e§ (dl :`d© l§ h© rª ite


o`© `dY © yg © e© m`ii© `©
¦ Yq
© Y© e§
lEh
« Î`Ÿl x¯¤W£̀ z´¥̀
d²z̈a§ Ẅ it¦ `d© pEl
§ h§ r© Y§ ml© `n© M§ .lH© rY
:`d© A§ mMª n`
© Y©
§ w© n§ it¦ mMª l§ h© rª
m¬¤kY§ a§ W¦ A§ m†¤kiz¥ Ÿz« A§ W
© A§ l‡k¦ c§ `© mMp ª n¦ oEiw` ¦ AË
© l`e© (el
o`Cl © Aª it¦ .mdª AEl § w§ it¦ oABl © `©
.hinW
¥ Y© z`i © Cv ¦ lM̈ :d̈i«l
¦ C¦ oinFi ¤ r̈ mdwª g¦ l§ el© dŸP`© 'iY© g© .mdª i`
§ Cr© `©
oFzi¥ed£ cM© oFkiH¥ nW
¦ A¦ ®.zh© n© W§ `l̈C§ zï
ÆKx¤Ÿņ iz`³¥
¦ ad¥ e§ mk¤À Ä mix´¦ `¨ W§ P¦ d© § el :Dl© r£ oia¦ zï§
lFwµ mzÀ̈ Ÿ` sc´©ẍe§ m®¤dia¥ i§ Ÿ`« zŸv† x§ `© A§ mä½ äl§ A¦
:sc«¥Ÿx oi¬¥̀ e§ El† t«§ p̈e§ ax²¤
¤ gÎzq«
© pªn§ Eq̄p̈e§ sC̈½ p¦ d´¤lr̈
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
dÜr̈ xW ¤ £̀ M© dx¨W ¥ £̀ U©r©Ie© ai¦zk© C§ ,dp̈Ẅ W¥bC© m"ne zFUr̈¥d oFW§l .dÖX © d̈ in¥ i§ lM̈ dl
mix¦U § ¤r K©ln̈ a¨`g§ `© §e (b `k 'a mikln) a¨`g§ `© .dz̈a§ Ẅ `Ÿl xW£̀ ¤ z ¥̀ :dn̈n̈W § l¤tM¥ mFw§nA¦
w¤lg¥ zcB̈© © `A§ Ex§n`¨ W ¤ Fn§M ,dp̈Ẅ m¦iY© W § E c¤b¤pM§ Eid̈ o¥d l¤aÄ zElb̈ §NW ¤ dp̈Ẅ mi¦ra§ W ¦
dx¥U § ¤r z©g`© e§ ,m¦iY© W § oFn¨`§NW¤ §e (` bw oixcdpq) mi¦pẌ©A Eid̈W ¤ l¥aFi§e dḦ¦nX § d© zFp§W mi¦ra§ W ¦
aFW§g©e `¥v .EdϦwc¦ §vl§ oC̈§b¤pk§ E ,mi¦wïFdi¦l mFwÖ©d i¥pt§ l¦ mv̈x© §`A§ l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i Eqi¦rk§ d¦ W¤
oi¦Hn¦ W
§ dp̈Ẅ WW ¥ e§ mi¦ l§WE zF`¥n r©Ax© §`§l zF`¥n Wl§W .dp̈Ẅ mi¦ l§WE zF`¥n r©Ax© §`
,d¨`n¥ l§ dx¥U § r¤ WW ¥ m¥de§ ,m¤dÄW ¤ zFl§aFi§e c©r ux¨ ¤`l̈ Eq§pk§ ¦PX
¤ n¦ mp̈F£r i¥pW § Eid̈ mi¦rW § z¦ §e
ix£
¥d ,zFl§aFi i¥pW § E oi¦Hi¦nW§ dx¥U § ¤r r©Ax© §` Eqi¦rk§ d¦ dc̈Ed§i i¥pa§ E ,mi¦häX § d© zx¤U ¤ £r ElB̈W ¤
mi¦Wl§W¦l .r©Ax© §`e§ mi¦XW ¦ dp̈Ẅ zF`¥n r©Ax© §`§l mi¦häX § d© zx¤U ¤ £r ElB̈X ¤ n¦ dp̈Ẅ mi¦rÄx© §` eip̈ẗ§l
x¥qg̈ mi¦ra§ W ¦ ix£ ¥d ,zFH¦nW § W¥ng̈ dp̈Ẅ WW ¥ §e l`¥w§fg¤ i¦A xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ `Ed ,m¦il© ẄEx§i zFaxg̈ § c©r
dḦ¦nX § A© dq̈§pk§ ¦PW ¤ dx¨z¥ §i dp̈Ẅ cFr§e ,z©g`©
i¦l`n̈V § d© LC¦
§v l©r a©kW § dŸ©`§e (e .c c l`wfgi)
mi¦ra§ W ¦ xf̈§b¦p m¤di¥l£r©e .mi¦ra§ W ¦ l§ z¤n¤lW § O© d©
i¦pn̈§id© LC¦ §v l©r Ÿ§ak© Ẅ§e d¤N ¥̀ z¤̀ z̈i¦Nk¦ §e 'ebe
mi¦nÏ©d ix§ ¥ac§¦A x¥nF` `Ed o¥ke§ .mi¦n¥lW § dp̈Ẅ
mi¦rÄx© §` dc̈Ed§i zi¥A oF£r z¤̀ z̈`Üp̈§e zi¦pW ¥
d̈i¤zFz§AW © z¤̀ ux¨ ¤`d̈ dz̈§vx¨ c©r (`k el a"dc)
dp̈Ẍ©A l`¥w§fg¤ i¦l dx§ ¨n`§ ¤p Ff d¨`Ea§pE .mFi
c©gR© .KxŸ¤ n iz` ¦ a¥ d¥ e§ el :dp̈Ẅ mi¦ra§ W¦ z`N©n§l EUr̈ cFr§e .oi¦kïFd§i K¤lO¤ d© zElb̈§l zi¦Wi¦ng£ d©
Fn§M ,`Ed l¥tFp cFq§i K ¤n§NW ¤ m"n .aä¥l Kx§e mi¦rÄx© §` ix£¥d ,EdϦwc¦ §v zElB̈ c©r mi¦pẄ WW ¥
.ax¤ g¤ zqª © pn§ Eqp̈e§ :W¥wFn§NW ¤ §e c¥rFn§NW ¤ m"n mi¦Xn¦ g£ dX ¤ ©pn§ zFp§W ,x©n`Y m¦`e§ .WW ¥ §e
.sC̈¦p dl¤ r̈ :mz̈F` mi¦bxFd § mi¦tcFx § EN¦`M§ mi¦ l§W däEWY§ dÜr̈ dX ¤ ©pn§ ,Eid̈ W¥ng̈§e
W¥wW § w© n§ E x¥g`© d¤lr̈ l©r Ed¥Mn© E Ft£gFC g© Exd̈W ¤ m¦iY© W § E mix¦U§ r¤ Fr§Wx¦ zFp§W lk̈§e dp̈Ẅ WlẄ§e

:dyebc o"iyd .zayz d†ÖX© d̈ ini lk dl :wecwcd wlg


264 izwga m` ek `xwie cqx

b"qx xiqtz .oFdA§ l¦ A§ `x¨äY§ lir¥ `© e§ .oFkA§ oEx`© YW¦


§ icE
EAx©d§ e§ .dr© t© Cp © nª dw© x©e§ Yev© lẅ .oFdzï § sFCx¦ie§ .oFdi ¥̀ p§ q̈C§ `z̈r̈x`© A§
on¦ Erw© e§e© .siQl © `© on¦ Ax` ¦ dË © l`M©
on¦ cM¦ wxr ¨ n¦ oEwxr¦§ ie§ .siw¥ ẄC§ `ẗxh©
mdª vr§ a© x'zr© © ie§ (fl :al` ¦ M© xi'©b
zil¥ e§ oElR¦ § ie§ ®.`Äxg© A§ oil¦ h§ ẅC§ mc̈w¢
lA© w¦ on¦ oEMi§ `n© M§ .'ur© a§ a§
oEMi§ `l© e§ .al` ¦ M© xi'©b on¦ siQl © `© ei²¦g`¨ AÎWi
§ `¦ El̄W« § k̈ § fl :sic¥x¨C§
:mMª i`§ cr
© `© iC©i§ oiA© .m`e©w§ mMª l§
oiA© `n© it¦ mMp ª n¦ ciAi ¦ e¦ (gl Î`Ÿle§ o¦i®¨` sc´¥Ÿxe§ ax†¤ ¤ gÎi¥pR§ n«¦ M§
Cl© A§ mMiª pt©
¦ ie§ .mn© ª̀ l`©
oEiw`¦ AË© l`e© (hl :mMª i` § Cr © `© i†¥pt§ l¦ dn̈½ EwY§ Æmk¤ l̈ d³¤id§ z«¦
it¦ .mdª AEp'
`'vi
§ c§ A§ oErq'k©
© `© e§ .mMª i` § Cr
§ i .mMp
© `© o`cl
ª n¦
© Aª
cM¦ .idEg¦ £̀ A© xa© B§ oElwY¦ ¤ a¥ i§ Ÿ`«
© ie§ :m«ki
mdrª n© oi'c¦ N§ `© mdª i` § A© `§ AEp'c§ A§ `l̈e§ .z¦il̈ sic¥x¨e§ `Äxg© A§ oil¦ h§ ẅC§ mc̈w¢ on¦
E“w© `§ o`¦ t§ (n :oErq'k § iª :oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© mc̈w¢ ®.dn̈EwY§ oFkl§ id¥ z§
.mdª i`§ A© `§ aEp'c§ e§ mdª AEp' § c§ A§
d´l̈k§ `«¨ e§ m®¦iFBA© m†¤Yc§ a£̀
© «© gl
®.oFkzï
§ xO© © BzE .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ oEcai ¤ a¥ i§ Ÿ`« ux†¤̀
§ z¥ e§ :m«ki ¤ mk¤½ z§ ¤̀
mp̈½ Ÿer£ A«© ÆETO¦ ©¸ i mk¤À Ä mix´¦ `¨ W§ P¦ d© § hl :oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© rx© £̀
m¬Ÿ`¦ m†z̈Ÿa £̀ zŸp¬ Ÿer£ A«© s²©`e§ m®¤kia¥ i§ Ÿ`« zŸv† x§ `© A§
`z̈r̈x`© A§ .oFdiaFg
¥ A§ oFqnz¦
§ i .oFkA§ oEx`© YW¦
§ icE :ETÖ« i¦
:oFqnz¦
§ i oFdc©iA§ oici¦ g¦ £̀ C© `ÏWi
© A¦ oFdz§ d̈ä £̀ iaFg
¥ A§ ®.s`© e§ .oFki ¥̀ p§ q̈C§
m†l̈r£ n«© A§ mz̈½ Ÿa £̀ oŸérÎz
£ ¤̀ e§ Æmp̈ŸerÎz
£ ¤̀ EC©
³ ez§ d¦ § n
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
lẄ§k¦p d¤f ,ei¦g`¨ A§ Wi¦` El§Wk̈§e FWx¨c¦ §nE .mẗcFx
§ ,si¥wẄC§ `ẗx© §h lẅ EnEBx© §Y o¥k§e ,lFw `i¦vFnE
:d¤f§l d¤f oi¦a ¨r© l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i lM̈W
¤ ,d¤f§NW ¤ FpF£rA© (e `n ziy`xa) micẅ ¦ zFtEc§W ,dḧä£g oFW§l
Ei§dY¦ mixEf§
¦ R Ei§dY¦ W ¤ M§ .m¦iFBA© mY¤ c§ a£̀ © e© gl z©hä£g mFwn̈ ,sFw§Wn© oFW§l ,mEC¦w oẗi¦wW §
EN¥̀ .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ dl̈k§ `¨ e§ :d¤Gn¦ d¤f micEa£̀ ¦ (dk `k zeny) dxEA© ¨ g§NW ¤ EnEBx© §Y o¥k§e ,z¤lC©¤d
.mŸ`¦ mz̈Ÿa £̀ zŸpFr£ A© hl :dl̈FB©A mi¦zO¥ d© EvExϤWM§ .eig¦ `¨ A§ Wi`¦ ElW§ k̈e§ fl :i¦tFw§yn©
.ETO© i¦ :m¤dici¦
¥ A m¤di¥zFa£̀ dU ¥ £rn© mi¦fg£ F`¤WM§ i¥pR§ n¦ M§ :uExl̈ El£dĦi i¦M ,d¤fA§ d¤f El§WM̈¦i ,qEpl̈
(ai ci dixkf) Fn§kE ,Eq©O¦i Fn§M ,dq̈n̈£ d oFW§l `¤d§IW ¤ ,mi¦bxFd
§ i¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ mi¦gxFA § EN¦`M§ .ax¤ g¤
:i¨ xEA©g ET©np̈ (e gl 'ildz) ,o¤dixFg§
¥ A dp̈§wO© Y¦ mc̈¨`W ¤ mixEa§¦ q dr̈Ẅ lk̈§e c©gR© mää§lA¦
dqx izwga m` ek `xwie 265

b"qx xiqtz
ÎxW£̀
¤ s`©¾ e§ i®¦aÎElr£ n̈« x´¤W£̀ `nE © .iA¦ EzM© p§ i'c¦ N§ `© md' ª YM©
§ pA§
zï oFC©eie¦ :ix¦ w
«¤ A§ i†¦Or¦ E¬kl§ d̈« :oEAEYi§ ml© e§ `©B`©Bl¦ ir¦ n§ EMl© q§
mdrª n© xiq¦ `§ `'vi © `© `©p`§ (`n
oFdxw § W¦ A§ .oFdz§ d̈ä £̀ iaFg
¥ zïe§ oFdiaFg
¥
'il© `¦ mdª l' § kC
¦ `© e§ .B`©Bl˦ l`© 'il© r§
in© c̈w¢ EkiN¦ d© C§ ®.s`© e§ .ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§ ExT© W© C§ e`© .oix'¦ k§ `© mdª i` § Cr© `© o`Cl © Aª
ÆmÖr¦ K³¥l ¥̀ iºp£̀
¦ Îs © `n :EiWw© A§ mdª Al § w© m¦fdp©
§ i o`© 'il© `¦
oEteYq© © i o`© 'il© `¦ e`© .y`'bË © l`©
¤ A§ mz̈½ Ÿ` iz`
ux†¤̀ ´¦ a«
¥ d¥ e§ ix¦ w¤½ A§ mdª l§ xM'c ª `© e§ (an :mdª AEp' § c§
`'vi © `© e§ .AEwr©i rn© i'c¦ N§ `© iCd ¦ r©
Æmääl§ rp©À M̈¦i f´¨`ÎF` m®¤dia¥ i§ Ÿ`« `'vi © `© e§ .wg̈vi¦ rn© i'c¦ N§ `© iCd ¦ r©

:m«p̈ŸerÎz
£ ¤̀ E¬vx¦§ i f†¨`e§ lx½¥ r̈«d¤ .mid¦ xA
:mdª lq
© `¦ rn© i'c¦ N§ `© iCd
§ pl¦ e§ mdª l§
¦ r©
dŸxMª c§ `©
lir¥ `© e§ .EiWw© A§ oFdO§ r¦ jd̈ £̀ .`p̈ £̀ s`© YM© xªYª i'c¦ N§ `© 'ux`Ë © l`e© (bn
ok¥ a§ F` .oFdia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© rx© £̀ A© .oFdzï
§ .`d© l§ h© rª Yt¦ eYq
© `© e§ mdpª n¦
zï oFrx¦i okaE ¥ ®.`Ẅth© oFdA§ l¦ .xa© Y¦§i
Îz ¤̀ Ás`© e§ aFw® r«£ i© izi ´¦ x¦ AÎz
§ ¤̀ i†¦Yx§ k«© f̈ § an :oFdiaFg
¥
xŸM§† f ¤̀ m²d̈ẍa§ `© i¯¦zix¦ AÎz § ¤̀ s`©¸ e§ wg¹̈ v¦ § i izi
¦¸ x¦ A§
mr¦ C§ inï
¦ w§ zï s`© e§ .aFwr©
£ i mr¦ C§ inï
¦ w§ zï `p̈xikcE
¦ :xŸM§
« f ¤̀ ux¬¨
¤ `d̈e§
:xik¦ C§ `p̈ £̀ `r̈x`© e§ xik¦ C§ `p̈ £̀ ®.md̈xa
¨ `© mr¦ C§ inï
¦ w§ zï s`© e§ .wg̈v¦i
d̈iz¤À ŸzA§ WÎz
© ¤̀ ux¤ z
´¦ e§ md¤¹ n¥ a¥̧fr̈Y
«¥ Áux¤ `¨ d̈ § bn
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
.aŸewr© £ i izi ¦ x¦ A§ z ¤̀ iY¦ x§kf̈© e§ an :m¤dixEQ¦ ¥ iA§ Ff ,m¥̀ i¦a£̀ i¦nv§ ©rA§ i¦p£̀ .mz̈Ÿ` iz` ¦ a¥ d¥ e§ `n
x¥qg̈ EdϦl ¥̀ e§ ,`¥ln̈ aŸ§k¦p zFnFw§n dẌ¦ng£ A© ,mix§
¦n F` Ei§
d ¦
i `N¤ W ,l¥̀ x
¨ U
§ ¦
il
§ däFh dC̈¦n
§NW¤ FnX § n¦ zF` l©hp̈ aw£r©i ,zFnFw§n dẌ¦ng£ A© ,m¤di¥U£rn© M§ dU ¤ £r©p zFO ª̀d̈ oi¥A Epi¦lb̈§e li¦`Fd
:eip̈Ä z©N ª̀§B xV ¥ a© i¦e `aϤW oFax¥ ¨r EdϦl ¥̀ i©`i¦a§p z¤̀ i¦p£̀ ci¦n§rn© `l̈¥̀ ,mg̈i¦Pn© i¦pi¥̀ i¦p£̀
Ep§n¦p dÖl̈ .aFwr© £ i izi ¦ x¦ A§ z ¤̀ iY¦ x§kf̈ © e§ (bl .al k l`wfgi) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,i©tp̈§M z©gz© l§ oxi¦
¨ fg§ n© E
oḧT̈©d aw£r©i `Ed i`c§ ©M x©nFl ,zi¦PxFg£̀© zFa¨` i¦p`¨ i©g 'ebe d¤id§ z¦ `l Fid̈ m¤kg£ Ex l©r dl̈erd̈§e
m¦`e§ ,FO¦r wg̈§v¦i ix£ ¥d i`c§ ©M Epi¥̀ m¦`e§ ,KM̈§l Fn§M .r©pM̈¦i f`¨ F` :'ebe dẅf̈£g cï§A `l m¦` 'ebe
.i`c§©M `EdW § ,FO¦r md̈x§ ¨a`© ix£¥d ,i`c§ ©M Epi¥̀ f¨` m¦` ,`Ed gB̈©p xFW i¦M rcFp © e` (el `k zeny)
Fx§t ¤̀ `l̈¥̀ ,wg̈§v¦iA§ dxi¦ ¨ k§f dx§¨n`§ ¤p `l dÖl̈§e mää§l r©pM̈¦
i f¨
` `¤O W
¤ i©
l E` x¥g`© oFWl̈ .r©pM̈¦i
:©gA¥§fO¦ d© l©r gP̈nEª xEav̈ i©pẗ§l d¨`x¦ §p wg̈§v¦i§NW¤ mp̈F£r l©r Ex§Rk© §i .mp̈Fr£ z ¤̀ Evx¦§i f`¨ e§ :'ebe
266 izwga m` ek `xwie eqx

b"qx xiqtz
mdª e§ .mdp ª n¦ `d© y` § ge © Yq
© `¦ A§
Ev́x¦§ i m†¥de§ md¤½ n¥ ÆdÖW © d§ Ä
onE¦ md`© ª fB§ .mdª AEp' § c§ EteYq © `© or½
© i©aE
§ or´©
©i m®p̈ŸerÎz
£ ¤̀
.in`¦ Mg © `© it¦ ECd§ © f 'c`¦ .md`© ª fB§
:mdª q§ tpª `© `d© Y` § lw © `© inEq ¦ x§e§ Îz ¤̀ e§ Eq`¨½ n̈ i´©hR̈W§ n¦ A§
d'c©d© rn© `'vi © `© e§ (cn
o`Cl © Aª it¦ mdª pe § M© rn© .xEn`Ë ¦ l`© `r̈x`© e§ :mẄ
« t© £ B̈ i†©zŸTgª
§ p d¬l̈r«
`l© e§ mdi ª t¦ Cd§ ¦ f`© `l© .mdª i` § Cr© `© .`d̈H© n¦ W§ zï irx¥ z¦ e§ oFdP§ n¦ Wih¥ xz§ Y¦
`l© e§ .md`©
ª pt`© l§ md` ª lw© `©
.oFdiaFg
¥ zï oFrx¦i oEP`¦ e§ .oFdP§ n¦ z`i
© Cv
¦ c¦ A§
iP¦ `© l§ .mdr ª n© iCd ¦ r© 'jqt © `©
i©pica
¦ C¦ oFdil¥ r£ izi
¦ `© ok̈xA¦ sl̈£g oihë ¦ l§
mdª l§ xMc ª `© e§ (dn :mdª A§ x© dNl © `©
oi'c¦ N§ `© .oil¦ e»§e`Ë© l`© s´©` § cn :oFdWt©
Cdr© § p zwi© g¥ x© inï
© w§ zïe§ ®.Evw©
xvn¦ Cl© A§ on¦ mdª YB § x'k
© `©
ux´¤̀
mdª l§ oEM`§ l§ .mn© ª̀ lË`© dx'© v§ g© A§ ¤ A§ mzFi º̈ d§ A¦ z`ŸfÎm© Â B
Î`Ÿle§ mi³¦Yq§ `© nÎ` § Ÿl mdi ¤À a¥ i§ Ÿ`«
i¬¦p£̀ i²¦M m®Ÿ`¦ i†¦zix¦ A§ x¬¥td̈l§ mz̈½ ŸNk© l§ ÆmiY¦ l§ r© b§
¤ d¥ Ÿl¡
.oFdia¥ äC§ il¥ r£ A© rx© £̀ A© oFdi¥edn¦ A§ .`C̈ mx©A§ s`© e§ :m«di « ` d†F̈d§i
®.ix¥ £̀ .oFdO§ r¦ inï
¦ w§ d`p̈W
¨ `© l§ .oFdzEiv̈i
§ W
¥ l§ oEPwi
¦ g¥ x© £̀ `l̈e§ oEPWFhx
¦ `© `l̈
mi®¦pŸW`x«¦ zix´¦ A§ m†¤dl̈ i¬¦Yx§ k«© f̈ § dn :oFd£dl̈`¡ ï§i `p̈ £̀
i´¥pir¥ l§ m¦ix¹© v§ n¦ ux¤ `¤̧ n¥ Ámz̈Ÿ`Îiz`«¦ v¥ Fd x´¤W£̀
`p̈xikcE
¦ :d«F̈d§i i¬¦p£̀ mi†¦dŸl`«l¥ m²¤dl̈ zF¬id§ l«¦ mÀi¦ FBd©
.`Ïn© n§ r© i¥pir¥ l§ m¦ixv
© n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥ oFdzï
§ ziwi
¦ R¥ `© C§ .i ¥̀ n̈cw© mïw§ oFdl§

Û--------- i"yx ---------Û


m¥q`¨ n§ ¤̀ `l ,m¤di¥a§iF` ux¤̀ ¤ A§ mz̈Fi§dA¦ i©hR̈§Wn¦ A§ xW ¤ £̀ lEn§ba¦ E lEn§B .or©
© iaE§ or© © i bn
:mŸ¦` xW ¤ £̀ i¦zix§¦A x¥td̈§lE mz̈FN©k§l dU ¤ Fr i¦p£̀ EN¦t£̀ s©`§e .z`Ÿf m©B s`© e§ cn :Eq¨`n̈
:mi¦häX ¤ .mi¦pŸW`x¦ zix¦ A§ dn
§ ©NW i¦Yx©
§n`¨ xW ¤ £̀ zEpr̈x§Rªd© z`f m¤dÖ¦r
dawpd `"de lwdl z"iaa shg u"nwd jtdp a"ixdn l"f .mdn ÆdÖW© d§ Ä bn :wecwcd wlg
dna onwl oiire .l"kr itx dpexg`de witna dpey`x `"d oice azk cer .witna dpice dtx
:y"r xevdct lr jzlrda zyxt xqny
fqx izwga m` fk `xwie 267

:ï§i `p̈ £̀ Dl̈`


¡ l¤ ®.oFdl§ i¥edn¦ l§ b"qx xiqtz
wC` ¦ v© dNl © `© `©p`§ .`d` © l© `¦
mi
» h¦ R̈W§ O¦ d© e§ miT´¦ gª d«© dN¤ ¥Â en mEq“l § `© d'c©d© (en :CreË ©l`©
iY¦ N§ `© .li` ¦ l© Cl`
§ e© m`Mg © `Ë © l`e©
d½ëŸdi§ o´©zp̈ ÆxW£̀ ¤ z¼ ŸxFYd© e§ ip¦ A§ oiAE © dŸpiA© .dNl © `© `dl © r© B§

x¬©dA§ l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § i i´¥pA§ oi†¥aE Fpi¾ A¥ C©i 'il© r§ i©piq¦ xEh 'il© r§ .li`¦ xq
dNl © `© mN© M© m'zª (` fk :‡iqEn ©
© `¦

© w§ .oiN¥ `¦ :dW
`Ïnï «¤ ŸnÎc©iA§ i†©piq¦ ip¦ A§ “nª (a :`ni © lM
¦ Y© ‡iqEn
©
o`qp © `¦ i`© .mdª l§ lwªe§ li`¦ xq© `¦
.Dix¥ni
§ n¥ oiA¥ .ï§i adi
© C¦ .`z̈ïxF`
¨ e§ `Ï©pic¦ e§ :dN© l¦ qEtPl§ `© on¦ .`x'c© © p 'bee© q©
`c̈iA¦ i©piq¦ C§ `xEh ¨ A§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ oiaE
¥ oA`¦ on¦ .xM© cl‹§ `© 'dni© w¦ oEMit¦ (b
oiY¦ q¦ oA`¦ 'il© `¦ e§ .d©pq§ oixy¦ r¦
(zexaegn odyk iyiy) (iriax) t :dWŸ¤ nC§ oiqn'¦ k© .dŸYni § w¦ oEMil § t© .d©pq§
i"zqa zexaegn odyk iyy % iying
:xŸn`
mr¦ ï§i liN¥ nE
© « N¥ d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d†F̈d§i x¬¥Ac§©i © ` fk
md¤½ l£̀
¥ ´Ÿx§ n© `«¨ e§ Æl ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ i i³¥pAÎl
§ ¤̀ xAº¥ © a :xni© n¥ l§ dWŸ¤ n
:d«F̈dil«© zŸW† ẗp§ L¬ M§ x§ r¤ A§ xc®¤ ¤ p `†¦lt©
§ i i¬¦M Wi`¾¦
oqxEt
© A§ ®.xc©p§ Wix¥ẗ§i ix¥ £̀ .xa© B§ .oFdl§ xni
© z¥ e§ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ mr¦ .liN¥ n©
mix´¦ U§ r¤ ÆoA¤ n¦ xk̈½ G̈d© ÆLM§ x§ r¤ d³ïd̈ § b :ï§i mc̈w¢ `z̈Ẅt©p
mi¬¦Xn£ ¦ g LÀ M§ x§ r¤ d´ïd̈e§ d®p̈Ẅ mi´¦XWÎo
¦ A¤ cr†©e§ dp̈½ Ẅ
.`xEkc
¨ C¦ Di¥pq̈xEt idi ¥ e¦ :Wc¤ŸT« d© lw¬¤¤ WA§ sq†¤ ¤ MÎlw¤ W «¤
®.Di¥pq̈xtª idi
¥ e¦ .oip¦ W§ oiY¦ W¦ xA© cr© e§ .oip¦ W§ oixU
¦ r¤ xA© n¦
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
Kx¥¤r oi¥̀ .'ebe LM§ x§r¤ dïd̈e§ b :i©lr̈ FA dïElY§ ,d¤R l©rA§ z©g`© e§ az̈§kA¦ z©g`© .zŸxFYd© e§ en
`EdW § oi¥A xẅï `EdW § oi¥A `l̈¥̀ ,mi¦nC̈ oFW§l d¤f :i©pi¦qA§ d ¤ n§l Ep§Y¦p mN̈ªMW¤ ci¦Bn©
eil̈r̈ aEvT̈©d Kx¥ ¤rd̈ `Ed eip̈Ẅ i¦tM§ ,lFf .zŸWẗ§p LM§ x§r¤ A§ :ei¦tA§ Wix§ ¦t©i .`l¦ t©
§ i iM¦ a fk
¤r Fn§M .LM§ x§r¤ :Ff dẄxẗ§
o"i¦tM© d© l¤tk¥ e§ .Kx¥ ¨ A FW§t©PW ¤ xäC̈ Kx¥ ¤r x©nFl FW§t©p Kx¥ ¤r oY¤ l¦
¦ g b :wecwcd wlg
lka xiaza `l dkx`na miyng zaiz .ycwd lwya sqk lwy mi¬¦Xn£
:o`bizd
268 izwga m` fk `xwie gqx

b"qx xiqtz :`ẄcEw irl


¥ q¦ A§ sqk
© C¦ oirl
¦ q¦ oiWn
¦ g©
l`w'z
.`'zp
© n¦ A§ d'v© tª
© `¦ Y©p`M© o`¦ e§ (c :qCwË
l`w'z © n¦
ªl`© d¬ïd̈e§ `e®¦d d†äw¥ pÎm
§ `¦ § c
o`¦ e§ (d :oi'z` ¦ l' © z§ `dY
'il© `¦ e§ .oip¦ q§ qn'k© oA`¦ on¦ o`M©
© ni © w¦ t§
m`¦ e§ :lw « mi¬¦WŸlW§ L† M§ x§ r¤
¤ Ẅ
'dni © w¦ t§ .d©pq§ oixy ¦ r¦ oA`¦ :oirl
¦ q¦ oiz¦ l̈Y§ D©pq̈xtª idi
¥ e¦ ®.`id¦ `z̈AwEp
§
.l`w'z © n¦
o`M© o`¦ e§ (e :dxy
oixy¦ r¦
© r© `'zp
xM'Ȥ
© cl`©
© `Ë ¦ l`e©
mip¦À Ẅ Wn¥¹ g̈ÎoA¤ n¦ m`¸¦ § d
qn'k© oA`¦ 'il© `¦ e§ .xd§ y© oA`¦ on¦ d¯ïd̈e§ dp̈½ Ẅ mix´¦ U§ rÎo ¤ A¤ Æcr© e§
dqn'
© k© xM'»§ © cl`© 'dni © w¦ t§ .oip¦ q§
`'zp © `Ë ¦ l`e© .d'S© tª liw`' ¦ z© n§ mix´¦ U§ r¤ x†k̈G̈d© L² M§ x§ r¤
on¦ o`M© o`¦ e§ (f :d'z` © l' © z§
.`c©r` § v© t§ d©pq§ oiY¦ q¦ oA`¦ zx¬¤ ¤ Ur£ d†äw¥ P§ l© e§ mi®¦lẅW§
¥ g xA© n¦ m`¦ e§ :mil «¦ ẅW§
xy© r§ 'dqn' © k© xM'»§ © cl`© 'dni © w¦ t§
:dxy © r© `'zp © `˦ l`e© .l`w'z © n¦
cr© e§ .oip¦ W§ Wn£
`xEkc
¨ C¦ .Di¥pq̈xtª idi
¥ e¦ .oip¦ W§ oixU
¦ r¤ xA©
:oirl
¦ q¦ xU
© r£ `z̈AwEplE
§ ®.oirl
¦ q¦ oixU¦ r¤
d³ïd̈e§ mip¦½ Ẅ W´¥ng̈ÎoA¤ Æcr© e§ Wc¤ŸgÎo À A¤ n«¦ m´¦` § e
d´äw¥ P§ l© e§ sq®M̈¤ mi†¦lẅW§ d¬Ẍn£ ¦ g xk̈½ G̈d© ÆLM§ x§ r¤
xA© cr© e§ .`g̈x©i xA© n¦ m`¦ e§ :sq«
¤ M̈ mi†¦lẅW§ zW¤ Ÿl¬ W§ L½ M§ x§ r¤
`z̈AwEplE
§ .sqk
© C¦ oirl
¦ q¦ Wn£
¥ g .`xEkc
¨ C¦ Di¥pq̈xEt idi
¥ e¦ .oip¦ W§ Wn£
¥g
d³p̈Ẅ miX¦¸ WÎo ¦ A¤ n¦ m`¦ § f :sqk © C¦ oirl
¦ q¦ zl̈Y§ ®.D©pq̈xEt
x†Ür̈ d¬Ẍn£ ¦ g L½ M§ x§ r¤ d´ïd̈e§ xk̈½ f̈Îm`¦ Ædl̈r§ në ©¸
oip¦ W§ oiY¦ W¦ xA© n¦ .m`¦ e§ :mil
«¦ ẅW§ d¬ẍÜr£ d†äw¥ P§ l© e§ lw®Ẅ
¤
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
Wi¦`d̈ KM̈i¦t§l ,Wi¦`M§ aW ¥ g̈¥dl§ däFx§w dẌ¦`d̈ oA¤ n¦ m`¦ e§ d :`Ed oFWl̈ d¤fi¥̀ n¥ i¦Yr§ cï© `l
dẌ¦`d̈§e ,FMx¤
§rA§ Wi¦lX § n¦ xz¥ Fi Fp§TC§©fd¦ A§ z¥gFR oi¥̀ W
§ ,oḧẅ xcFP©
¥ d `¤d§IW ¤ `l .mi¦pẄ Wn¥ g̈
ix§
¥n`¨ C§ ,DM̈x¤
§rA§ Wi¦lW § `l̈¥̀ zz¤ g¤ FR Dp̈i¥̀ oḧẅ Kx¥ ¤r x©n`¨ W
¤ lFcB̈ `l̈¥̀ ,mEl§M oḧẅ ix§
¥ac§
¦A
`z̈§aq̈ .`z̈i¥aA§ `g̈©R ,`z̈i¥aA§ `äq̈ ,i¥W©P`¦ oA¤ n¦ m`¦ e§ f :i©lr̈ ,mi¦pẄ W¥ng̈ o¤A `EdW § ,d¤f
¤ M§ .'ebe dp̈Ẅ miX¦ W¦
:`z̈i¥aA§ `äḧ `p̈n̈i¦q§e `z̈i¥aA§ `n̈i¦q ,`z̈i¥aA§ dp̈§w¦Gd© i¥ni¦l r© i¦BO© W
hqx izwga m` fk `xwie 269

b"qx xiqtz
Win£
¥ g .Di¥pq̈xEt idi
¥ e¦ .`xEk
¨ C§ m`¦ `l̈irlE
¥
.dni © wË ¦ l`© on¦ `©pid¦ n§ o`M© o`¦ e§ (g
:oirl
¦ q¦ xU
© r£ `z̈AwEplE
§ ®.oirl
¦ q¦ xU
© r£ .m`n© `Ë ¦ l`© iC©i§ oiA© swEil ¦ t©
LM¤½ x§ r¤ n«¥ Æ`Ed K¬n̈Îm`¦ § g C©i l`©pY§ `n© Aqg© dŸniw¦ i§e¦
dŸniw¦ i§ J`'c©M§ .x'c`©
¦ Pl`©
od¥½ ŸMd© i´¥pt§ l¦ ÆFcin¦ r«
¡d¤ e§ Y©p`M© o`¦ e§ (h :m`n© `Ë ¦ l`©
`dp© n¦ A“¦w© i§ o`© glv © iª .dni
© d¦ A§
À¦ r© o®¥dŸMd© Fz† Ÿ` Kix¬¦ r«
iRÎl ¡d¤ e§ on¦ lrB© © i `n© lMª t§ .dN© l¦ `©p`A© x©wª
:dŸpir© A§ `qC © wª oEMi§ dN© l¦ Jl`'¦ c©
xc½¥ŸPd© c´©i ÆbiV¦ Y© x³¤W£̀ dŸxii'©
§ bi§ `l© e§ dŸlC¦ A© i§ `l© (i

`Ed oMq ¥ n¦ m`¦ e§ :o«d ¥ ŸMd© EP†¤kix¦ r«£ i© .Cii¦ B© A§ iC¦ x§ `l© e§ iC¦ x§A§ Cii¦ B©
.dni © d¦ A§ A§ dni © d¦ A§ xii'©© b o`¦ t§
qFxt¦ie§ .`p̈£dM̈ mc̈w¢ Di¥Pni
¦ wi
¦ e¦ .Di¥pq̈xERn¦ :`qC © wª dŸliC¦ AE § Ed x`v© cw© t§
®.`x¨cp̈
§ c©i wiAc ¥ z© C§ .mFR lr© .`p̈£dM̈ Dizï
¥
i"zqa zexaegn odyk iriay % iyy q :`p̈£dM̈ Di¥Pq¦ xt¦
§ i
o†Äx§ ẅ dP̈²¤On¦ Eaix¯¦ w© § i xW£̀ ¤̧ dn̈½ d¥ AÎm
§ `¸¦ § h
:Wc¤ŸTÎd¤ ¤̧ ÁlŸM d®F̈dil«©
« id«§ i¦ d†F̈dil«© EP²¤On¦ o¬¥Yi¦ xW£̀
ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.Di¥Pn¦ oiY¦
¥ iC§ lŸM .ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈ÄxEw .D©Pn¦ oEax§ẅiC¦ .`xi¨ r¦ A§ m`¦ e§
aFh¬ Fz² Ÿ` xi¬¦nïÎ`Ÿle§ EPti ¦ g«i© `Ÿ ´ i :`ẄcEw id§¥ i
¤½ l£
Ædn̈d¥ A§ xi³¦nï xn¥̧ d̈Îm`¦ e§ aFh® A§ rxÎF` ´© r†ẍA§
:Wc¤ŸTÎd¤
« id«§ i¦ Fz† ẍEn« zE
§ `EdÎdï
¬ d̈« e§ dn̈½ d¥ a§ A¦
`ẗN̈g© m`¦ e§ .aḧA§ WiA¦ F` Wia¦ A§ aḧ .Dizï
¥ xAr©© i `l̈e§ .Di¥Pt¦ N§ g§
© i `l̈
:`ẄcEw id§ ¥ i DitEN
¥ g¦ e§ `Ed idi ¥ e¦ ®.`xi¨ ra
¦ A¦ `xi¨ r¦ A§ siN¥ g§ ©i
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
oY¥ i¦ xW£̀
¤ lŸM h :FxFn£g Fl xi¦`W § n© ,xÖ©g dïd̈ Kx¥¤rd̈ oY¤ ¦l z¤bV § .`Ed Kn̈ m`¦ e§ g
¤ n© Fcï oi¥̀ W
,oi¦nÏ©w eixä
¨ C§ ,dl̈Fr Ff§NW¤ Dl̈§bx© x©n`¨ .EPO¤ n¦ EP¤kix£
¦r©ie§ o¥ M©d i¥pt§ l¦ Kx¡¨r¤pl© .Fcin¦ r¡d¤ e§ :d¤Gd©
i¥nC¦§n uEg ,oi¦Ngª d̈i¤nc̈§e dl̈Fr i¥kxv̈§
§ l x¥kÖz¦ §e xW£̀
¤ iR¦ lr© :Kix£ ¦rO© ©NW¤ Fcï z©bV̈©d i¦t§l
F` :mEn l©ra© A§ mŸ .rẍA§ aFh i :x¤a ¥̀ d̈ FzF` Fl xi¦`W § ©i§e EPx¤C©
§q§i Fl y¤IW ¤ d©n i¦t§l .biV¦ Y©
:rx§¨A rx§ ¨e aFh§A aFh o¥MW ¤ lk̈§e .aFhA§ rx© m¦` ,zEpÖ ª̀ i¥lk§ E z¤qk¤ e§ xM̈ dḦ¦n eiÏ©g ic§ ¥M
270 izwga m` fk `xwie rx

b"qx xiqtz
e`© .dq© B¦ p§ dni © d¦ A§ Y©p`M© o`¦ e§ (`i
d`¨½ n¥ h§ d´n̈d¥ AÎl § M̈ Æm`¦ e§ `i
`©p`Ax © wª .`dp © n¦ Ax©wª © i `l© `n© dP̈²¤On¦ Eaix¯¦ w© § i `Ÿl xW£Â ¤`
:m`n© `Ë ¦ l`© iC©i§ oiA© swEYl¦ t© .dN© l¦
'il© r§ .m`n© `Ë ¦ l`© `d© ni § wi¦ t¦ (ai Îz ¤̀ ci¬¦nr« ¡d¤ e§ d®F̈dil«© o†Äx§ ẅ
.`d© Y`§ C©x§ e`© `dY © ce © B© xCw©
m©iw© `n© M§ AB` ¦ eË©l`© oEMil § t© ¥ ŸMd© i¬¥pt§ l¦ d†n̈d¥ A§ d©
lM̈ m`¦ e§ :o«d
`y© o`¦ t§ (bi :m`n© `Ë ¦ l`© .D©Pn¦ oEax§ẅ§i `l̈C§ .`ä £̀ q̈n§ `xi¨ r¦ A§
dni © wË
¦ l`© 'il© r§ Cif¦ il§ t© .`d© M` § M© t§
mc̈w¢ `xi¨ r¦ A§ zï miwi
¦ e¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈ÄxEw
qCw © `© lBªx§ i`© e§ (ci :`dq © nª kª
dŸniw¦ il§ t© .dN© l¦ `qC © wª dŸYiA© Dz̈½ Ÿ` Æod¥ ŸMd© Kix³¦ r«¡d¤ § ai :`p̈£dM̈
e`© dŸYCe§ B© il© r§ .m`n© `Ë ¦ l`©
J`'c©M§ dŸniw¦ i§ `n© M§ .dŸY`C©x§ L¬ M§ x§ r¤ M§ r®ẍ oi´¥aE aFh† oi¬¥A
qC¦ w© nË
§ l`© `y© o`¦ t§ (eh :AB¦ i§
§ i¦ o¬¥M o†¥dŸMd©
`p̈£dM̈ qFxt¦ie§ :d«i¤d«
`p̈£dM̈ oqxEt
© M§ ®.WiA¦ oiaE
¥ aḧ oiA¥ .Dzï
©
Îlr© Fz† Wi «¦ g s¬©qïe§ dP̈®¤l`¨ b§ i¦ lŸ`B̈Îm
¦ n£ † `¦ § bi :id§
¥ i oM¥
:Di¥pq̈xER lr© DiWnEg
¥ siqFi
¥ e§ ®.D©Pw¦ xt¦
§ i wxt
¨ n¦ m`¦ e§ :L«M¤ x§ r¤
ÆWc¤Ÿw̧ Fzi ¬ AÎz
¥ ¤̀ WC¸¦ w© § iÎiM¦ Wi`À¦ § ci % iriay
¤̧ M«© r®ẍ oi¬¥aE aFh† oi¬¥A od¥½ ŸMd© ÆFkix¦ r«
xW£̀ ¡d¤ e§ d½ëŸdil«©
Dizi
¥ A¥ zï WiCw© © :mEwï
¥ i ix¥ £̀ .xabE « o¬¥M o†¥dŸMd© Fz² Ÿ` Kix¬¦ r«£ i©
®.Dizï
¥ qFxt¦iC§ `n̈M§ .WiA¦ oiaE
¥ aḧ oiA¥ .`p̈£dM̈ Di¥Pq¦ xt¦
§ ie§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ `ẄcEw
Fzi
® AÎz
¥ ¤̀ l†©`b§ i¦ WiC½¦ w§ O© dÎm
©¸ `¦ § eh :mEw§i oM¥ `p̈£dM̈
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
.dP̈l¤ `§ ¥wd¤ c©In¦ Dz̈Fp§wl¦ mEn z©l£ra© A§ .d`¨ n¥ h§ dn̈d¥ A§ lM̈ m`¦ e§ `i
¨ bi¦ lŸ`B̈ m`¦ e§ bi :WC§
o¥k§e ,W¤ g si¦qFd§l aEzM̈©d xi¦ng§ d¦ mi¦lr̈§AA© ,däx§ ¨wd© l§ d¨`n¥ h§ `i¦dW § ,x¥Ac§ ©n aEzM̈©d
o¥k§e dcV̈©
¤ d z¤̀ WiC§ ¦wO© A© o¥k§e z¦iA© WiC§¦wO© A© oi¦
` v
§ Fi mi¦n i¦
n Y
§ mi¦
W c̈ẅ oi¥̀ W
§ aEzM̈©d Kc̈§O¦l§e
,W¤ g oi¦ti¦qFn mi¦lr̈§Ad© i¦pW ¥ xU §tA§ LM§ x§r¤ M§ ai :EnÖdª o¥M m¦` `l̈¥̀ oFic¦
¥ £rn© oFic¦ §tA§ oi¦Ngª§l
:mc̈¨` lM̈ x¨`W§ l§e `Ä©d mc̈¨` lM̈ x¨`W § l¦ .d¤id¦§ i oM¥ odŸ
¥ Md©
:`lf`a `"dd .WiC½¦ w§ O© d©¸ m`e eh :wecwcd wlg
`rx izwga m` fk `xwie 271

b"qx xiqtz
L² M§ x§ rÎs
¤ q« ¤ M¤ zi¯¦Win£ ¦ g sqï© e§ 'il© r§ Cif¦ il § t© dŸ lfp § n© J`M© t§

¥ `© C§ m`¦ e§ :Fl« dï¬d̈e§ ei†l̈r̈


:dŸl oEMie¦ `dq© n' ª kª dŸYni § w¦
.WiCw
dN© l¦ o`qp © `¦ qCw © `© o`¦ e§ (fh
sq© M§ WnFg
¤ .siqFi
¥ e§ .Dizi
¥ A¥ zï wFxt¦i oEMYl § t© .dŸfeg© 'dri' © v© on¦ `ii© y©
(iying) :Dil¥ idi
¥ e¦ idFl
¦ r£ ®.Di¥pq̈xER lŸM .dŸx'cA© xCw© 'il© r§ dni © w˦ l`©
oiqn'
¦ k© A¦ .xir¦ y§ on¦ xeM© x'cA © n©
m´¦` § fh (zexaegn odyk iriay) qCw © `© o`¦ t§ (fi :d'S© tª l`wz © n¦

ÆWi`¦ WiC¬¦ w© § i FzG̈ À g£̀


ª dc´¥V§ n¦ .w`lh
:`d© l`
© `Ë
¦ l`© 'd©pq§ on¦ dY© ri'
§ g© A§ dY© A`' § z© dni © wË
§ v©
¦ l`t©
i´¦tl§ L† M§ x§ r¤ d¬ïd̈e§ d½ëŸdil«© 'd©pq§ CrA© `dq
dŸl Aqg© il
© Cw
ª t©
© `© o`¦ e§ (gi
.w`lh
© `˦ l`©
mix½¦ŸrU§ xn¤ Ÿǵ rx¤µ © f Fr® x©§ f
xa© B§ WiCw© © gn¥ m`¦ e§ :sq«
¥ i .Diz¥ p§ q̈g`© lw£ ¤ M̈ lw¬¤
¤ W mi†¦Xn£
¦ gA«©
oiWn
¦ g© A§ ®.oix¦r̈U§ xFM rx§©f ziA¥ .Dirx©
¥ f mFtl§ Di¥pq̈xEt idi
¥ e¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢
Ed®¥cÜ WiC´¦ w© § i l†¥aŸId© z¬©pX§ nÎm ¦ ¦ fi :sqk © C¦ oirl
¦ q¦
Di¥pq̈xEtM§ ®.Dilw
¥ g© WiCw©
¥ i `l̈aFi
¥ C§ `ŸX © n¦ m`¦ :mEwï
« L† M§ x§ r¤ M§
FļÎaX © g«¦ e§ E¼dc¥Ü WiC´¦ w©§ i l» a¥ ŸId© x´©g`Îm
© `¦ § gi :mEw§i
cr†© zŸx½ z̈FṔd© Æmip¦ Ẍd© i³¦RÎlr© sq¤ M¤À dÎz © ¤̀ od¥¹ ŸMd©
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
eiẄ§k©r§e .dcÜ
¤ WiC§ ¦wn© A§ xEn¨`d̈ hR̈§WO¦ d© .Dï§eẄ i¦tM§ `l§e .Frx©§f it¦ l§ LM§ x§r¤ dïd̈e§ fh
z©pX§ n¦ m`¦ fi :zF`x§ ¨wO¦ d© xc¥
¤q l©r EP¤Wxẗ£̀
§ oFic¦§R ,dr̈x¨ dcÜ ¤ z©g`© e§ däFh dcÜ ¤ z©g`©
l¥aFI©d z©pW § dx§¨ar̈¤Xn¦ m¦` .'ebe WiC¦ w© § i laŸ¥ Id© mi¦Xn¦ g£ A© mixFr§¦ U xFM zi¥A ,d¤eW oẄC§ ¥wd¤
LM§ x§r¤ M§ :cϦn Dl̈¢̀b̈§l `äE DẄiC§ ¦wd¦ cϦn Dl̈¢̀b̈§l `ÄW ¤ `Ed§e .aEzM̈©d zx¥ ©f§B KM̈ ,mi¦lẅ§W
,Frv̈§n ¤̀ A§ Dl̈¢̀b̈§l `Ä m¦`§e ,l¥aFI©d z©Ng¦ z§ A¦
s¤qM¤ mi¦Xn¦ g£ ,d¤id§ ¦i xEn¨`d̈ d¤Gd© Kx¥ ¤rM̈ .mEwï
i¦tl§ ,dp̈Ẅ§l oFiC§§pEtE r©lq¤ oFAW § g¤ d© i¦t§l oz¥ Fp
m¦` oke .WiC¦ w© § i laŸ¥ Id© xg© `© m`¦ e§ gi :oY¥ ¦i m¦`W § ,l¥aFI©d i¥pW § o©i§pn¦ l§ `l̈¥̀ WC§ ¥wd¤ Dp̈i¥̀ W
§
xħf¦B c©iA§ dd̈ŸW § ¦pe§ l¥aFI©d z©pX§ n¦ DẄiC§¦wd¦ Dx§ ¨kFn xħf¦Bd© e`l̈ m¦`§e ,aFh ix£ ¥d dl̈£̀ b§¦p
odŸ
¥ Md© Fl aX © g¦ e§ :l¥aFI©d x©g`© Dl̈¢̀b̈§l d¤f `äE c©r g© w¥ FN©d c©iA§ zc¤ ¤nFr§e x¥g`© §l EN©Nd© mi¦nc̈§A
i¦tM§ .zŸxz̈FPd© mi¦pẌd© iR¦ lr© sq¤ M¤ d© z ¤̀ `i¦dW § k¦ §e ,zFxEk§Od© zFcV̈©d lM̈ x¨`W § M¦ l¥aFI©d
mi¦rÄx©§` §NW¤ d̈i¤nC̈ a©vẅ ix£ ¥d ,c©vi¥M .oFAW § g¤ xn̈W § n¦ FzF`§NW ¤ mi¦p£ M©l zx¤ ¤fFg FcϦn d¨`§ ei
lk̈§l l¤wW ¤ ix£¥d ,l¤wW ¤ mi¦Xn¦ g£ mi¦pẄ r©Wz¥ §e Ed¤f ,m¤di¥pi¥A z¤wN¤ g© z§ n¦ E FA ©r¥bFR l¥aFI©dW ¤
272 izwga m` fk `xwie arx

b"qx xiqtz
xCw© 'il© r§ .md` ¦ x©Cl § `© m`n© `Ë ¦ l`©
:L«M¤ x§ r¤ n«¥ r†©xb§ p¦ e§ l®¥aŸId© z´©pW§
'd©pq§ 'il© `¦ .z`©iw` ¦ AË© l`© oip¦ Ql
§ `© aiX ¥ gi
© e¦ .Dilw
¥ g© WiCw©
¥ i `l̈iaFi
¥ xz© Ä m`¦ e§
:dni© wË ¦ l`© on¦ uw© ªpie¦ .w`lh © `Ë
¦ l`© `Ï©pW§ mFR lr© .`R̈qM© zï `p̈£dM̈ Dil¥
qC¦ w© n˪ l`© lBª“l § `© `y© o`¦ e§ (hi r©pnz¦
§ ie§ ®.`l̈aFi
¥ C§ `ŸW
© cr© .`x¨`© YW
§ `¦ C§
Cif¦ il
§ t© .`d© M§ Yt© © i o`© dri' © Sl
© `©
AB¦ Y§ e§ .`dq © n' ª kª dni © w˦ l`© 'il© r§ Æl`© b§ i¦ lŸ ³̀ B̈Îm`¦ § hi :Di¥pq̈xERn¦
.`d© M§ Yt©© i ml© o`¦ e§ (k :dŸl
.x'k¦ `© lBªx§l§ oin¦ `Ë § l`© `d© r` § AE ©
Fz® Ÿ` WiC†¦ w§ O© d© dc½¤V̈dÎz © ¤̀
:(o`c©A© `© :ixw) `C©A© `© jYt
.`d© BEx'
§ k§ cpr¦ oEMY§ e§ (`k
© Yª `l© t§
L² M§ x§ r¤ sq« ¤ M¤ zi¯¦Wn£¦ g sqï © e§
it¦ ix¦ Y§ y§ nË
¦ l`© C©i on¦ wFxt¦i wxt ¨ n¦ m`¦ e§ :Fl« mw¬¨e§ ei†l̈r̈
dN© l¦ `qC © wª .w`lh © `˦ l`© 'd©pq§
WnFg
¤ .siqFi
¥ e§ .Dizï
¥ WiCw
¥ `© C§ .`l̈wg© zï
:Dil¥ mEwie¦ idFl
¦ r£ ®.Di¥pq̈xER sq© M§
Îz ¤̀ x¬©kn̈Îm`¦ e§ dc½¤V̈dÎz © ¤̀ Æl`© b§ i¦ `ŸlÎm ³ `¦ § k
zï wFxt¦i `l̈ m`¦ e§ :cFr« l†¥̀ B̈i¦ `Ÿl x®¥ g`© Wi´¦`l§ d†¤ cV̈d©
d¸ïd̈ § `k :cFr wix¥Rz¦ § i `l̈ ®.ox¢
¨g`¨ xab
© l¦ `l̈wg© zï oiA©
¥ f m`¦ e§ .`l̈wg©

dc´¥U§ M¦ d†F̈dil«© Wc¤Ÿw¬ la¥À ŸIa© Fź`¥vA§ dc¹¤V̈d©


.`l̈iaFi ¥ e¦ :FzG̈
¥ A§ Diw¥ R§ n¦ A§ `l̈wg© idi ª d¬¤id§ Y«¦ o†¥dŸMl© mx®¥
« g£̀ ¤ gd©
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
`Ÿl xg¥ `© Wi`¦ l§ dc¤V̈d© z ¤̀ :xħf¦Bd© .xk© n̈ mi¦rÄx© §` l¤wX¤ d© §e ,oN̈ª
M oi¥A xz¥ ï l¤wW¤ e§ ,dp̈Ẅ
dïd̈e§ `k :WiC§ ¦wO© d© c©il§ aEWl̈ .cFr l ¥̀ B̈i¦ dp̈Ẅ§l oFiC§ ¦pEtE r©lq¤ ix£ ¥d ,oi¦pFiC§§pER dp̈nW §E
o¦n Fg§wFN©d c©In¦ .laŸ¥ IA© Fz`¥vA§ dc¤V̈d© Ex§n`¨ e§ ,oN̈ª k§l cg̈¤̀ oFiC§§pEt x¥qg̈¤W `l̈¥̀
c©In¦ zF`§vFI©d zFcÜ x¨`W § Kx¤c§ ¤M ,xħf¦Bd© ,hFx§ h Fx§tl
¦ oFA§lw© oFiC§§pEt FzF`W ¤ Epi¥zFAx¦
dp̈Ẅ lk̈§l oFiC§§pEtE r©lq¤ oY¤ ¦i lF`§b¦l `Ä©d§e
aEWϤW `l .'dl© WcŸ¤w :l¥aFI©A m¤di¥gw§ Fl
dc§¥UM¦ `l̈¥̀ xħf¦Bd© c©il§ z¦iA© d© wc¤ ¤A WC§¥wd¤ l© rx§© bp¦ e§ :l¥aFI©d z©pW § c©r zFxz̈FP©d mi¦pẌ©l
(ci gi xacna) xn̈¡ `¤PW
¤ ,mi¦p£ M©l oEzP̈©d mx¥ ¤gd© c©r l¥aFI©d z©pX ¤ mi¦pẌ©d o©i§pn¦ .LM¤ x§r¤ n¥
§ O¦ W
w¥Ng© z§ Y¦ Ff s©` ,d¤id§ ¦i L§l l¥̀ x¨U
§ ¦iA§ mx¥¤g lM̈ WiC§ ¦wO© d© .l`§ © bi¦ lŸ`B̈ m`¦ e§ hi :oFic¦§Rd© z©pW §
mFI¤W ,xn̈W § n¦ FzF`§NW ¤ mi¦p£ M©l l¥aFI©A m`¦ e§ k :z`G©d dħvT¦ d© l©r W¤ g si¦qFi ,Fz`
:FA ©r¥bFR l¥aFi©NW¤ mixER¦
¦ Md© m`¦ e§ :WiC§ ¦wO© d© .dc¤V̈d© z ¤̀ l`§ © bi¦ `Ÿl
brx izwga m` fk `xwie 273

b"qx xiqtz
`p̈£dk̈l§ ®.`n̈xg¤ lw£
© gM© ï§i mc̈w¢ `ẄcEw
xiv¦ Y§ e§ .it`
¦ e©vl§ `© r`©i'v¦ M§
Îz ¤̀ Æm`¦ e§ ak (iyiy) :Diz¥ p§ q̈g`© id¥ Y§ qCw © `© o`¦ e§ (ak :m`n© `Ë ¦ l`l¦

`Ÿl† xW£̀ ¤¾ Fzp̈


½ w§ n¦ dc´¥U§ dŸl Yqi
m`n© `Ë
© l© e§ .`d`
¦ l`© dŸl Aqg©
© x©Yy § `© dri' © v©
ª ilt© (bk :feg© A§
WiC†¦ w©§ i FzG̈ ® g£̀
ª dc´¥V§ n¦ 'il© `¦ dŸYp§ q© on¦ .dni
it¦ `dr © tC©© ie§ .w`lh
© w˦ l`© hiqw
© `Ë
¦ Y©
¦ l`© 'd©pq§
`l̈C§ .idFpi
¦ a§ © g zï m`¦ e§ :d«F̈dil
¦ f lw£ «© :dN© l¦ `qC © wª me©ilË`© Jl`' ¦ c©
'd©pq§ it¦ dri' © Sl © `© rBx © Y© e§ (ck
:ï§i mc̈w¢ WiCw©
¥ i ®.Diz¥ p§ q̈g`© lw£
© gn¥
i'c¦ N§ `© ri` ¦ AË© l`l¦ .w`lh © `Ë ¦ l`©
z`¥µ od¥À ŸMd© FĺÎaX © g«¦ § bk dŸl i'c¦ N§ `© .dPn¦ `d` © x©Yy § `©
rin¦ B§ e§ (dk :'ux`Ë © l`© 'dAw © x¦
z´©pW§ cr†© L½ M§ x§ r¤ d̈« z´©qk§ n¦ ÎËl`© l`w'z © n¦ A§ oEMY§ .JY© ni § w¦

ÆLM§ x§ r¤ d̈« Îz ¤̀ o³©zp̈e§ l®¥aŸId© :wp`¦ C© oixy ¦ r¦ l`w'z © n¦ lMª .qCwª

aiq¦ p§ zï .`p̈£dM̈ Dil¥ aiX © e¦ :d«F̈dil


¥ gi «© Wc¤Ÿw† `Ed½ d© mFÍA©
`ẄcEw ®.`Edd© `n̈FiA§ Di¥pq̈xER zï oY¦
¥ ie§ .`l̈iaFi
¥ C§ `ŸW
© cr© .Di¥pq̈xER
Ed†p̈ẅ x¬¤W£̀ l«© dc½¤V̈d© aEẂï Æla¥ FId© z³©pW§ ¦ ck :ï§i mc̈w¢
aEz§i `l̈aFi
¥ C§ `ŸW © A§ :ux¤ `
«¨ d̈ z¬©Gg£̀
ª FlÎx † W£̀ ¤ l«© FY® `¦ n«¥
L½ M§ x§ rÎl
¤ k̈¸ § dk :`r̈x`© z©pq̈g`© Dili¥ Cc¦ l¦ ®.Di¥Pn¦ Di¥paf̈c
§ l¦ .`l̈wg©
:lw¤ Ẍ « d© d¬¤id«§ i¦ d†ẍ¥B mix¬¦ U§ r¤ Wc¤ŸT® d© lw´¤ ¤ WA§ d†¤id«§ i¦
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
,xħf¦Bd© Ed¤f§e ,FY¦`n¥ oFx£g`© d̈ d¤Gd© g© w¥ FN©d Edp̈ẅ oi¥A W¥i wEN¦g .'ebe Fzp̈w§ n¦ dc¥U§ z ¤̀ m`¦ e§ ak
ux¨¤`d̈ z©Ggª£̀ Fl xW ¤ £̀©l x©nFl Kx§ ¨vdª KM̈§l l d¤pw§ n¦ dc§ ¥VW
¤ ,dG̈gª£̀ dc§ ¥Ul¦ d¤pw§ n¦ dc§¥U
mi¦lr̈§A Ed¤fe§ ,zFa¨` z©Xxi¦ ªn ,(ck weqt) lFkï Epi¥̀ W § i¦tl§ ,l¥aFI©A mi¦p£ M©l w¥Ng© z§ Y¦
LM§ x§r¤ lk̈e§ dk :WiC§ ¦wO© ©l d̈Exk̈§OW¤ mi¦pFW`xd̈ ¦ l¥aFI©A ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,l¥aFI©d c©r `l̈¥̀ DẄiC§ ¦wd© §l
,mi¦lr̈§A©l aEWl̈§e FcϦn z`¥vl̈ dc̈i¦z£r dz̈§id̈
FA aEzM̈W ¤ L§Mx¤ §r lM̈ .WcŸ¤Td© lw¤ W ¤ A§ d¤id¦
§i
EN©Nd© mi¦nC̈©A l©`§b¦i ,Dl̈¢̀b̈§l `Ä m¦` KM̈i¦t§l
.dẍ¥B mix¦ U§ r¤ :W ¤T©d l¤wW ¤ A§ d¤id§ ¦i mi¦lẅ§W l©`§b¦i `l m¦`e§ .dG̈gª£̀ dc§ ¥U¦l mi¦aEv§Td©
o`M̈¦n x©g`© l§ E dN̈¦gY§ n¦ Eid̈ KM̈ .zFrn̈ mix¦U § ¤r ,`Ed l©`§b¦i `l m¦` F` ,x¥g`© l§ xħf¦B dP̈x§ ¤Mn§ ¦i§e
s¤qM¤ dr̈n̈ WW ¥ Epi¥zFAx¦ Ex§n`¨ §e .zEzW § Eti¦qFd Edp̈ẅ xW ¤ £̀©l dcV̈©
¤ d aEWï l¥aFI©d z©pW § A¦
:r©lq¤ l§ zFrn̈ r©Ax© §`e§ mix¦U§ ¤r ,xp̈iC¦ xW ¤ £̀©l x©n`Y o¤tE .DẄiC§ ¦wd¦ W
¤ FzF` ,FY¦`n¥
274 izwga m` fk `xwie crx

b"qx xiqtz oixU


¦ r¤ ®.`ẄcEw irl
¥ q¦ A§ id§
¥ i .Di¥pq̈xER lk̈e§
on¦ dN© l¦ xM© A© iª .xMA¦ `O© `© (ek
o`© B`Yg© © i `l© t§ .mi` ¦ d© AË
§ l`© xFkº AÎK
§ © ek :`r̈lq¦ id§¥ i oir¦ n̈
on¦ o`M© o`¦ .`©p`qp
Edt§ .m©p'bË
© `¦ dŸqC¦ w© i§
§ l`© on¦ e`© xw© AË § l`©
dn̈½ d¥ a§ A¦ ÆdF̈dil«© x³©Maª i§ xW£̀
¤̧
on¦ `ii© y© qCw
`d© Ct©
© `© o`¦ e§ (fk :dN© l¦
§ ilt© .dq© B¦ Pl § `© mi` ¦ d© AË
§ l`©
Îm`¦ Fz® Ÿ` Wi†¦` WiC¬¦ w© § iÎ`Ÿl
.`dq© n'ª kª `di © l© r§ Cifi
¦ e¦ .dŸYni§ w¦ A§ :`Ed« d†F̈dil«© dUÎm ¤½ `¦ xFẂ
r`A© ilª t© dŸMYt © i¦ ml© o`¦ e§
.`xi¨ ra
¦ A¦ ï§i mc̈w¢ xM© Az¦
© iC§ .`xkEA
¨ mx©A§
.s`e©v§ lMª `O© `© e§ (gk :dŸYni § w¦ A§
rin¦ B§ on¦ dN© l¦ o`qp © `Ë
¦ l`© dŸlrB© © i
®.xO© `¦ m`¦ xFY m`¦ .Dizï ¥ xa© B§ WiCw©
¥ i `l̈
mi`¦ d© AE
§ CiA¦ r§ d³n̈d¥ A§ A© m`«
on¦ .dŸl`n© ¸¦ § fk :`Ed ïiC©
`l© e§ r`A© iª `l© t§ .dŸfeg© 'dri' © v© e§
s¬©qïe§ LM¤½ x§r¤ a§ d ´c̈ẗE Æd`¨ n¥ H§ d©
:L«M¤ x§ r¤ A§ x¬©Mn§ p¦ e§ l†¥̀ B̈i¦ `¬ŸlÎm `¦ e§ ei®l̈r̈ Fz† W¦ n«¦ g £
m`¦ e§ ®.idFl
¦ r£ DiWnEg
¥ siqFi
¥ e§ .Di¥pq̈xEtA§ wFxt¦ie§ `ä £̀ q̈n§ `xi¨ ra
¦ A¦ m`¦ e§
x´¤W£̀ mx¤ gÎl ¥¿ M̈ K´© gk :Di¥pq̈xEtA§ oA© Cf¦© ie§ wix¥Rz¦
§ i `l̈
m ³c̈`¨ n«¥ FlÎx ¤ ÎlM̈n¦ d¹ëŸdil«© Wi`¸¦ Ámx£
À W£̀ ¦ g«i©
l®¥̀ B̈i¦ `Ÿl´ e§ x†¥kÖ¦i `Ÿl¬ FzG̈
½ g£̀
ª dc´¥V§ nE ¦ Ædn̈d¥ aE §
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
Ew§lg§ ¤p .'ebe mx¤ g¥ lM̈ K`© gk :mix¥ ¦g£̀©l oÄxẅ§ m¥W§l .FzŸ` Wi`¦ WiC¦ w© § i `Ÿl ek
mi¦nx£¨g mz̈§q mix§ ¦nF` W¥i xäC̈©A Epi¥zFAx¦ dn̈d¥ A§ A© m`¦ e§ fk :FN¤W Epi¥̀ W § i¦t§l ,x¥g`©
mx¥¤g lM̈ (ci gi xacna) m¥Iw© n§ i¦p£̀ d©nE ,WC§ ¥wd¤ l© l©r aq̈En d¤Gd© `x§ ¨wO¦ d© oi¥̀ .'ebe d`¨ n¥ H§ d©
Wx¥©RW ¤ mi¦p£ M i¥nx£ ¨gA© ,d¤id§ ¦i L§l l¥̀ x¨U § ¦iA§ d¨`n¥ h§ dn̈¥dA§ xFk§aA¦ x©nFl oi¥̀ W § ,xFk§Ad©
mz̈§q Ex§n`¨ W ¤ W¥i§e ,o¥ M©l mx¥ ¤g d¤f ix£ ¥d x©n`¨ §e oFic¦
§R oi¥̀ ix£¥dW¤ ,d¤f oi¥̀ xFn£ge© .L¤Mx¤ §rA§ dc̈ẗE
`l̈¥̀ .l ¥̀ B̈i¦ `Ÿle§ xk¥ Öi¦ `Ÿl :mi¦p£ M©l mi¦nx£ ¨g o¥ M©l dp̈Ÿ©n `Ed§e ,d¤lḧ `l̈¥̀ xFn£g x¤hR¤
mi¦nx£¨g mz̈§q x¥nF`d̈ ix§ ¥ac§¦l .o¥ M©l oz¥ P̈¦i l©r aq̈En aEzM̈©d `l̈¥̀ ,WC§ ¥wd¤ ©l Epi¥̀ §e
.mi¦nx£ ¨g mz̈§qA¦ d¤f `x§ ¨wn¦ Wxẗ§¥ n ,mi¦p£ M©l x¤A C¦ (`i weqt) dl̈§ r n
© §
N W
¤ aEzM̈©d W
¤ .yC§ ¥wd¤ d©
Wxẗ§
¥ n ,z¦iA© d© wc¤ ¤al§ mi¦nx£ ¨g mz̈§q x¥nF`d̈§e x¤AC¦ o`M̈§e ,dn̈n̈EdW ¤ dxFd§¨ h dn̈¥dA§ oFic¦ §tA§
micFn
¦ M©dW ¤ ,mi¦p£ M i¥nx£ ¨gA© d¤f `x§ ¨wn¦ dc̈ẗE :z¦iA© d© wc¤ ¤al§ d¨`n¥ h§ dn̈¥dA§ WiC§ ¦wn© A§
E`FaϤW c©r oFic¦ §R m¤dl̈ oi¥̀ mi¦p£ M i¥nx£ ¨gW ¤ `Ÿl m`¦ e§ :o¥ M©d dP̈¤kix£ ¤ d©n i¦tM§ .LM¤ x§r¤ A§
¦r©IW
:miC§¦t¦p d© FaB̈ i¥nx£
¨ge© ,o¥ M c©i§l .LM¤ x§r¤ A§ xM© n§ p¦ e§ :mi¦lr̈§A ic§¥i l©r .l ¥̀ B̈i¦
drx izwga m` fk `xwie 275

b"qx xiqtz
mi¬¦Wc̈ẅ« ÎWc¤Ÿw« mx¤ gÎl
¥¾ M̈ u`e'© k§ on¦ oEMi§ lA© .JYt © iª

.`n̈xg¤ lM̈ mx©A§ :d«F̈dil«© `Ed† lMª e§ (hk :dN© l¦ q`Cw


on¦ .slYl © `© wg© Yq
© `Ë
© l`©
§ `© sElY§ n©
`Ẅp̈¡`n¥ .Dil¥ C§ lM̈n¦ ï§i mc̈w¢ xa© B§ mixg©
¥ iC§ lYwª
© i lA© .`Ct © iª `l© t§ q`©Pl`©
oA© Cf¦
© i `l̈ .Diz¥ p§ q̈g`© lw£ © gnE
¥ `xi¨ raE¦ ÎËl`© xEyr§ rin¦ B§ e§ (l :`lY © w©
oiWcEw
¦ WcŸ¤w ®.`n̈xg¤ lM̈ .wix¥Rz¦ § i `l̈e§ Îl`© xn' © z§ onE
¦ `d© A‹§ g© on¦ .'ux`©
o`¦ t§ (`l :`qC © wª dN© l¦ Edt§ .xB© y¦
mx¤ gÎl
¥À ¨ hk (iriay) :ï§i mc̈w¢ `Ed .dŸxEyr§ on¦ `ii© y© o`qp © `¦ JYt
© `©
:dŸpn'§ z© qn' ª kª dil© r§ Cif¦ il § t©
`Ÿl´ m †c̈`¨ d̈« Îon¦ m²©x¢g«ï x¯¤W£̀
®.wix¥Rz¦
§ i `l̈ `Ẅp̈¡` on¦ .mxg
© Y¦ :zn̈« Ei zFn† d®¤
© iC§ .`n̈xg¤ lM̈ cR̈¦i
rx³¤
© Gn¦ ux¤ `¹̈ d̈ xU ©¸ r§ nÎl
© k̈ § l * :lih¦ wz¦
§ i `l̈ḧwz § `¦
.o`kn xihtn miligzn yi*

:d«F̈dil«© Wc¤Ÿw† `Ed® d†F̈dil«© ur¥½ d̈ ix´¦ R§ n¦ Æux¤ `¨¸ d̈


`ẄcEw ®.`Ed ïiC© .`p̈l̈i`¦ ixi¥ R¥ n¦ `r̈x`© C§ `r̈x©Gn¦ .`r̈x`© xWr
© n© lk̈e§
Fx®U§ r© O«© n¦ Wi†¦` l²©`b§ i¦ lŸ`B̈Îm ¬ `¦ § `l :ï§i mc̈w¢
®.DixU
¥ r© O© n¦ xa© B§ .wFxt¦i wxt « r̈ s¬¥qŸi Fzi
¨ n¦ m`¦ e§ :eil̈ † W¦ n£«¦ g
o`Ÿvë
½ ÆxẅÄ x³©Ur§ nÎl © k̈ § al xihtn :idFl ¦ r£ siqFi
¥ DiWnEg
¥
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
.ux¤ `¨ d̈ xU © r§ n© lk̈e§ l :Kx¥ ¤r `l§e mi¦nC̈ mz̈§q x¥nF`d̈ .`Ed miW¦ c̈ẅ WcŸ¤w mx¤ g¥ lM̈
.ux¤ `¨ d̈ rx¤© Gn¦ :x¥Ac§ ©n aEzM̈©d i¦pW ¥ xU ¥ £rn© A§ ,o`M̈¦n dï¨`x§ `i¦an¥ z¦iA© d© wc¤ ¤al§ mi¦nx£ ¨g
.`Ed 'dl© :xd̈§v¦ie§ WFxi¦Y .ur¥ d̈ ix¦ R§ n¦ :ob̈C̈ lM̈ Wxẗ§ ¥ n mi¦p£ M©l mi¦nx£ ¨g mz̈§q x¥nF`d̈§e
zFl£rl© Kl̈ d˦v Fpg̈§lX¦ ªnE m¥Xd© F`p̈§w i¥
n x£
¨g W
¤ c¤O ©
l §
l ,'d©
l `Ed mi¦Wc̈ẅ W ¤w mx¥ ¤g
(bk ci mixac) xn̈¡ `¤PW¤ Fn§M ,m¦i©lẄExi¦A Fl§k`¨ §lE mi¦Wc̈ẅ l©r§e mi¦Wc̈ẅ i¥Wcẅ § l©r mi¦lg̈ mi¦p£ M
L§pb̈C§ x©U§rn© Li¤ l¡` 'd i¥pt§ l¦ Ÿ§lk© `¨ §e z¤k Q
¤ n
© A
§ Epi¦
p Ẍ¤
W Fn§M ,o¥ M©l oz¥ Fp§e ,mi¦Nw©
däc̈§p m¦`e§ ,m¤di¥nC§ oz¥ Fp xcp̈
© m¦` (a gk) oi¦kx£¨r
x©U§rO© n¦ `l§e .FxU§ r© O© n¦ `l :'ebe L§WFxi¦Y
si¦qFn oi¥̀ Fx¥ag£ §NW ¤ xU ¤ d ,Fx¥ag£ mix§
¥ £rn© dcFR© ¦gd¦ W¤ oFb§M .mc̈`¨ n¥ :Dz̈äFh z¤̀ o ¥ ep
Fxi¦Yd© l§ ic§¥M ,FzN̈ª̀§B `i¦d d©nE .W¤nFg mx¤ g¥ lM̈ hk :mi¦pr£ ©pM§ d© eiz̈Fg§tW ¦ e§ eic̈ä£r
l©k`i§e d¤lr£ ©i zFrÖ©d§e .mFwn̈ lk̈§A dl̈i¦k£̀ A© cg̈¤̀ x©n`¨ e§ bxd̈¥ ¥ l `¥vFI©d .'ebe mx¢ © gï xW£̀
¤
Ÿ©zp̈§e (ck ci mixac) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ Fn§M ,m¦i©lẄExi¦A ix£ ¥d .zn̈Ei zFn :mEl§M x©n`¨ `l ,i©lr̈ FMx¤ §r
:'ebe s¤qM̈©A l Fl oi¥̀ dCR̈¦ ¤ i `l KM̈i¦tl§ ,zEnl̈ K¥lFd
276 izwga m` fk `xwie erx

xw© AË
b"qx xiqtz
§ l`© xEyr§ rin¦ B§ e§ (al
© Y xŸa† r«£ i©ÎxW£̀
zg´© ¤ lŸM¬
.`v© rË ª l`© YgY¦ fEBi§ `n© .m©p'bË § l`e© Wc¤ŸTÎd¤
† id«§ i¦ ixi¾¦ U¦ r£ d̈« ha®Ẍ
¤ d©
:dN© l¦ `qc © wª oEMi§ xy` ¦ rË © l`t©
Cii¦ B© oiA© .dPr© ugt© © i `l© (bl lM̈ .or̈e§ oixFY
¦ © n© lk̈e§ :d«F̈dil
xUr «©
dŸxii'©
§ b o`¦ t§ .dŸxii'©§ bi§ `l© e§ iC¦ x§l§ id§
¥ i ®.d`¨ xi¨ U¦ r£ .`xhEg
¨ zFgY§ xAr¦
© iC§
`qC © wª .dŸliC¦ AE
.`©i`v© eË
§ Ed x`v© Cw© t§
§l`© d'c©d© (cl :JYt © iª `l© ÎoiA¥ xT²¥a© i§ `Ÿ ¯ bl :ï§i mc̈w¢ `ẄcEw
.‡iqEn
© `d© A§ dNl
© `© xn© `§ iY¦ N§ `©
:i©piq¦ lA© B§ it¦ li`¦ xq© `¦ ip¦ A§ 'il© `¦
Îm`¦ e§ EP®¤xin§¦ i `Ÿl´ e§ r†©xl̈ aFh¬
`Ed̄Îdïd̈« e§ EPxi ½¤ n§¦ i x´¥nd̈
aḧ oiA¥ .xT© a§
© i `l̈ :l«¥̀ B̈i¦ `Ÿl¬ Wc¤ŸTÎd¤† id«§ i¦ Fz² ẍEn« zE §
id§
¥ i ®.DitEN
¥ g¦ e§ `Ed idi
¥ e¦ .Di¥Pt¦ N§ g§
© i `ẗN̈g© m`¦ e§ .Di¥Pt¦ N§ g§
© i `l̈e§ Wia¦ l§
d²F̈d§i d¯Ëv¦ xW£̀¤̧ zŸeÀ v§ O¦ d© dN´¥ ¤ cl :wix¥Rz¦ § i `l̈ `ẄcEw
oiN¥ `¦ :i«p̈iq
¦ x†©dA§ l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § ¤̀ d†¤WŸnÎz ¤̀
§ i i´¥pAÎl
t t t :ip̈iq¦ C§ `xEh
¨ A§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ zël§ dWŸ
¤ n zï .ï§i ciT¥ t© C§ .`ÏcFT
© R¦
`fr oniq mi¦wEQi¦t gÀ rÀ

rbpde eivge .oniq s hp .dryze miyinge ze`n dpeny x¤tQ¥ ©NW ¤ mi¦wEQi¦td mFk§q
dlile mnei d"bdi ezxezae .b k eixcqe .oniq c b ` a .xyr eizeiyxte .afd xyaa
zenezqde miynge mizy zegeztd oipn .oniq jkxa`e jnr d id`e f k iewxte .oniq
.oniq mec`e g v icec , zeiyxt miryze dpny lkd ,mirax`e yy

Û--------- i"yx ---------Û


i¦t§l .'ebe xT¥ a© i§ `Ÿl bl :mi¦p£ M©l oŸ¦p `¤d§IW ¤ o¨`i¦vFn ox¨V § ©r§l `ÄW ¤ M§ .ha¤ Ẍd© zg© Y© al
lFkï ,m¤kix¥c¦ §p x©ga§ n¦ lk̈§e (`i ai my) xn̈¡`¤PW¤ h¤aW ¥ A§ d¤Mn© ixi¦ ¦ Ur£ d̈§e ,d¤f x©g`© d¤f g©zR¤A©
x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,d¤tÏ©d z¤̀ `i¦vFnE xxFA ¥ `¤d§i o¥
M ,x U¥ £
r n
© `Ed W
§ xM̈¦p zFi§dl¦ `x§ ¨wi¦qA§ r© Eav̈
mEn l©rA© oi¥A mŸ oi¥A ,rxl̈ © aFh oi¥A x¥Ta© §i `l dp̈Ẅ lk̈§NW ¤ mi¦lb̈£rl© §e mi¦`l̈§hl¦ [mi¦ic̈§b¦l] dU
¤ Fr
,mEn l©rA© axT̈¦ ¥ IW
¤ `l§e ,dẌc§ ªw eil̈r̈ dl̈g̈ FnC̈ g© A¥§fO¦ ©l axT̈¦ ¥ l .WcŸ¤T d¤id¦ § i :dp̈Ẅ§e
:c¥ar̈¥le§ f¥fB̈¦l xEq¨`e§ xU¥ £rn© zxFz§
© A l¥k`¨ ¥i `l̈¥̀ l ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,mi¦lr̈§Al© lk̈¡`¤p xÜÄ©d§e ,eixEn¥̀ ¨ §e
izwga zyxt zlqg Epi¦vn̈ `l§e ,dP̈d§ ªM ep§Yn© x¨`W § m¦r dp̈§n¦p
frx izwgac dxhtd 277

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

izwgac dxhtd
c"l oniq l`wfgia

,ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ d`Ea


¨ p§ mb̈zt¦ dë£de© :xŸn« `l¥ i¬©l ¥̀ d†ëŸdi§ Îxa© c§ i¬¦d§i©e `
l®¥̀ ẍU¦§ i irFxÎl
´¥ r© `†¥aP̈d¦ m ¾c̈`Îo¨ ¤ a :xni © n¥ l§ iO¦ r¦
iFd³ dÀ¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ | x´©n`ÎdŸ¨ M mirŸ¹¦ xl̈« mdi ¤̧ l£̀
¥ ÁŸx§n© `«¨ e§ `´¥aP̈d¦
Er† x¦§i o`ŸS½ d© `Fĺ£d mz̈F` ½ mirŸ´¦ x ÆEid̈ x³¤W£̀ Æl ¥̀ ẍU¦ § i irŸ³¥x
,oFdl§ xni © z¥ e§ iA©
¦ pz`¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i iqp̈x
¥ R© lr© ,iA© ¦ pz`¦ .mc̈`¨ xA© :mirŸ «¦ xd̈«
oiq¦ px
§ t© n§ ,Fe£dC© .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i iqp̈x
¥ R© lr© ,ië .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ .`Ïqp̈x
© t© l§
al³¥
¤ gdÎz
© ¤ b :`Ïqp̈x © R© ,E`i¦Pnz © `¦ ®.`Ör© `q̈p̈xt© l§ `l̈£d .oFdWt© § p
`¬Ÿl o`ŸS† d© Eg®Ä§fY¦ d†¨`ix¦ A§ d© EWĽ l§ Y¦ xn´¤ ¤ SdÎz
© ¤̀ e§ ÆElk`Ÿ
¥̧ Y
oEY`© ,`Ïni £ e ,oil¦ k§ `¨ oEY`© `äEh zï :Er« x§ z
© H¦ R© .oiW¦ a§ l̈ oEY`© iw¥ p§ xn© r© ¦
§ Gg¦ `Ÿl¸ ÁzFlg©
mY¤¹ w© § PdÎz
© ¤ c :oiq¦ px § t© n§ oFkizi ¥ l¥ ,`Ör© ®.oiq¦ kp̈
§
Îz ¤̀ e§ mY¤½ W§ a£ © g `Ÿl´ Æzx¤ A¤̧ W¦ § Pl© e§ mz` ¤À R¥ xÎ`Ÿl¦ d´l̈FgdÎz
«© ¤̀ e§
dw§²¨fg̈aE§ m®¤YW§ T© a¦ `Ÿl´ zc†¤ ¤aŸ`d̈« Îz ¤̀ e§ mzŸ «¥ d `Ÿl´ Æzg© C¸©P¦ d©
¤½ aW£
`l̈ `Ïri© xn¦ l¦ e§ ,oEYtiT¥ z© `l̈ `Ïa© `¨ M© zï :Kx« ¤ ẗaE
§ m†z̈Ÿ` m¬¤zic¦ x§
zïe§ .oEYaiz¥ £̀ `l̈ ,Elhl
© H© `¦ C§ zïe§ .oEYcn© v§ `l̈ ,`Ïxi© az
¦ l¦ e§ .oEziQ¦ `©
dp̈i†¤vEtY©§ d :EiWwaE
© ,oFdA§ oEYglt
© `© ®.`ẗwzaE
ª .oFzir¥ a§ `l̈ ,Eca© £̀ C©
:dp̈i«v¤ EtY©
§ e d†¤
cV̈d© z¬©IgÎl
© k̈l§ d²l̈k§ `¨ l§ dp̈i¯¤id§ Y©
¦ e drŸ®¤x i´¦lA§ n¦
,`Ïn© n§ r© zëkl
§ n© lk̈l§ ®.d`v̈i
¨ YW ¥ `¦ l§ ,Exq© nz
§ `¦ e§ .qp̈xt© il¦ A§ n¦ ,ExC©Az
© `¦ e§
d®n̈ẍ d ´r̈a§ BÎl
¦ M̈ lr†©e§ mix½¦ d̈´¤dÎlk̈A§ Æip`Ÿ
¦ v E³BW¦
§ e :Elhl
© H© `¦ e§
278 izwgac dxhtd grx

¦½ v EvŸt´ p̈ Æux¤ `¨¸ d̈ i³¥pRÎl


:WT«¥ a© n§ oi¬¥̀ e§ W†¥xFC oi¬¥̀ e§ ip`Ÿ § M̈ lr©¸ e§
,`r̈x`© iR¥ `© lM̈ lr© e§ .`l̈Hª
§ pn§ `n̈x¨ lM̈ ,lr© e§ .`ÏxEh
© lk̈A§ ,iO¦ r© Frh§
Er† n§ W¦ mirŸ½¦ x o´¥k ¨ f :ir¥ äC§ zil¥ e§ ,ra© z̈C§ zil¥ e§ ®.iO¦ r© ExC©Az
© `¦
ip¦ `Îi © R© oik¥ A§ :d«ëŸdi§ x¬©aCÎz
¹̈ © g :ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ zï ,EliA¦ w© ®.`Ïqp̈x § ¤̀
Ádp̈i¤id§ Y© © i `ŸlÎm
¦ e fa©¿ l̈ | i´¦p`ŸvÎzFi¡d or´© ´ `¦ dÀ¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ | m´ª̀ p§
EW¬ x§c̈« Î`Ÿle§ drŸ¤½ x oi´¥̀ n¥ Ædc¤V̈d© z³©IgÎl © k̈l§ dl¹̈ k§ `¨ l§ ip`Ÿ ¦¸ v
:Er« ẍ `¬Ÿl i†¦p`ŸvÎz ¤̀ e§ mz̈F` ½ ÆmirŸ¦ xd̈« Er³ x¦§Ie© i®¦p`ŸvÎz ¤̀ irŸ†©x
,iO¦ r© Exq© nz
§ `¦ e§ .`G̈a¦ l§ ,iO¦ r© Fe£dC© sl̈£g `l̈ m`¦ .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ .`p̈£̀ mÏw©
zï ,iqp̈x
© t© Era© Y§ `l̈e§ .qp̈xt© il¦ A§ n¦ ,`Ïn© n§ r© zëkl§ n© lk̈l§ .d`v̈i ¨ YW ¥ `¦ l§
mirŸ½¦ xd̈« Æok¥ ¨ h :Eqipx ¦ t© `l̈ ,iO¦ r© zïe§ ®.oFdWt©
§ p ,`Ïqp̈x
© t© Eqipx
¦ tE
© .iO¦ r©
xnº© `ÎdŸ
¨ © R© oik¥ A§ :d«ëŸdi§ Îxa
i :ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ ,EliA¦ w© ®.`Ïqp̈x © C§ Er† n§ W¦
m Àc̈Ïn¦ i´¦p`ŸvÎz ¤̀ i¯¦YW§ x© c̈« e«§ mirŸ¹¦ xd̈« Îl ¤̀ ip¦¸ p§ d¦ dÀ¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀
m®z̈F` mirŸ†¦ xd̈« cFr² Er¬ x¦§iÎ`Ÿle§ o`Ÿv½ zFŕx§n«¥ ÆmiY¦ A© W§ d¦ e§
op̈cM¦ :dl̈ « k§ `¨ l§ m†¤dl̈ ¨oi¬¤id§ zÎ`Ÿl
¦ e§ mdi ¤½ R¦ n¦ Æip`Ÿ
¦ v i³¦Yl© § Sd¦ e§
.oFdc©In¦ iO¦ r© zï rAz
© ¤̀ e§ ,`Ïqp̈x
© R© lr© i¦fbxª gl© Ẅ `p̈£̀ `d̈ .midŸ¦ l`¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀
ai¥fiW£̀
¥ e© .oFdWt©§ p ,`Ïqp̈x
© R© .cFr oEqpx§ t§
© i `l̈e§ .`Ör© `q̈p̈xt© N§ n¦ ,oEPli
¦ H¥ a© £̀ e©
x†©n`¨ d¬ŸM i²¦ `i :d`v̈i ¨ YW
¥ `¦ l§ ,oFdc©iA§ oExqnz¦ © i `l̈e§ ®.oFdc©In¦ ,iO¦ r©
.ix¥ £̀ :miY
«¦ x§T© aE
¦ i†¦p`ŸvÎz ¤̀ i¬¦YW§ x© c̈« e§ ip¦ `Îi
¾¨ p¦ p§ d¦ d®¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀
:oEPx¦T§ a© £̀ e© ,iO¦ r© zï rAz
© ¤̀ e§ ®.il¥ Bz
§ n¦ `p̈£̀ `d̈ .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦
zFW½ ẍt§ p¦ ÆFp`Ÿv KFza§ FzFi¡ ³ dÎmFiA§ Fx¹ c§ r¤ drŸ¤̧ x Ázx© T̈a© § ai
ÆzŸnFwO§ dÎl © M̈n¦ md¤À z§ ¤̀ iY ´¦ l©
§ Sd¦ e§ i®¦p`ŸvÎz ¤̀ xT´¥a£̀ © o†¥M
.Dixc © C¦ `n̈M§ :l«t
¥ r¤ `ïr£ x¨ xT© an £ e© o†p̈r̈ mF¬iA§ mẄ½ EvŸt´ p̈ x´¤W£̀
¤ ẍr«
.oFdzï
§ ai¥fiW£̀
¥ e© .iO¦ r© zï xT© a© £̀ ,oM¥ .oFdl§ Wixt
¥ nE
© ,Di¥pr̈ FbA§ i¥ed̈C§ `n̈FiA§

¯¦ W§ x© c̈« e«§ i :wecwcd wlg


:irb e"ied iY
hrx izwgac dxhtd 279

miz`¥
´¦ vFd« § bi :`z̈H§ n¦ £̀ e© ,`p̈p̈r£ mFiA§ ®.oÖz© l§ ExC©Az © `¦ C§ ,`Ïxz© `© lM̈n¦
Îl ¤̀ mi†¦zF`ia£ «¦ de«© zFv½ ẍ£̀ ´d̈Îon¦ ÆmiY¦ v§ A© w¦ e§ miOÀ¦ r© d̈« Îon¦
lŸk† aE
§ miwi ¾¦ t£̀
¦ Ä« l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥xd̈Îl ¤̀ Æmizi ¦ r¦ xE§ m®z̈n̈c§ `©
.`z̈p̈ic¦ n§ on¦ ,oEPWi¥ ¦ R¥ `© e§ :ux¤ `
¦ Pk© £̀ e© .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ n¦ ,oEPwi «¨ d̈ i¬¥aWF
§ n«
,lŸkaE ®.`Ïci
© vt
¦ A¦ .l ¥̀ xW¦
¨ i ixEh
¥ lr© ,oEPqi¥
¦ pxt© £̀ e© .oFdrx© £̀ l© ,oEPli
¦ r¥ `© e§
ÎmFxn§ i¬¥xd̈aE§ mz̈F` ½ dr´¤x§ ¤̀ ÆaFHÎdr¤ x§n¦ § ci :`r̈x`© ia¥ zFn §
o²¥nẄ dr¬¤x§nE
¦ aFH½ d¤e´p̈A§ Ædp̈v§ A©¸ x§Y¦ m³Ẅ m®¤d¥ep§ d´¤id«
§ i¦ l†¥̀ ẍU¦§i
§ qi¥pxt© £̀ ,aḧ qEpxt© A§ :l«¥̀ ẍU¦
xEhaE .oFdzï § i i¬¥xd̈Îl ¤̀ dp̈ir†¤x§Y¦
®.aḧ qEpxtE
© .i ¥̀ ïC§ xz© £̀ A© ,oFxW¦i oÖY© .oFdixW
¥ n¦ zia¥ id§
¥ i ,l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `Ẅcwª
mv¥½ iA¦ x§`© i´¦p£̀ e«© Æip`Ÿ
¦ v dr³¤x§ ¤̀ ip£
¦¸ eh :l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ixEh
¥ lr© ,oEqpx
§ Rz¦
© i
ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.ov̈gxªl§ oEpixW :d«eŸ¦ d¡i i¬p̈Ÿc £̀ m†ª̀ p§
¥ `© `p̈£̀ e© ,iO¦ r© qi¥pxt© £̀ `p̈£̀
aiW¦½ `¨ zg© C´©P¦ dÎz © ¤̀ e§ ÆWT¥ a£̀ © zc³¤ ¤aŸ`d̈« Îz ¤ fh :midŸ¦ l`¡
d¯p̈n¥ X§ dÎz
© ¤̀ e§ w®¥Gg£̀ © d†l̈FgdÎz«© ¤̀ e§ WŸa½ g ¡ «¤̀ zx´¤ ¤ AW¦
§ Pl© e§
© ¤̀ Eca© £̀ C© zï :h«R̈W
zïe§ ,rAz § n¦ a§ dP̈r¬¤x§ ¤̀ ci†¦nW§ `© dwf̈£ ²¨ gdÎz «© ¤̀ e§
`Ï`© Ḧg© zïe§ .xaFq
© £̀ ,`Ïri
© xn
¦ l¦ e§ .cEnv`© ,`Ïxi© az
¦ l¦ e§ .aiz¦ £̀ Elhl
© H© `¦ C§
x†©n`¨ d¬ŸM ip`Ÿ ¦½ v dp̈´¥Y`© § fi :`p̈ic¦ A§ iO¦ r© qi¥pxt© £̀ ,i¥viW£̀
¥ ®.`ÏaÏ
© g© zïe§
:micEY«¦ r© l̈« e§ mi†¦li ¥̀ l̈« dU
¤½ l̈ d´¤UÎoiA¥ ÆhtŸ¥ W i³¦pp§ d¦ d®¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀
,`Ï`© Ḧg© l§ ®.xab
© l¦ xa© B§ oiA¥ ,oi ¥̀ C̈ `p̈£̀ d̈ .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ .iO¦ r© oEY`© e§
Æxz¤̧
¤ ie§ Er½ x§Y¦ ÆaFHd© dr³¤x§O¦ d© mM¤À n¦ hr´©n§ © gi :`ÏaÏ © glE
©
Æz ¥̀ e§ EY½ W§ Y¦ m¦inÎr
´© w© W§ nE ¦ m®¤kil¥ b§ x© A§ Eq† n§ x§Y¦ mki
¤½ r¥ x§n¦
¥ fd© :oEUŸ
oEY`© ,aḧ qEpxt© C§ .oFkl§ xir§ « Rx§Y¦ m†¤kil¥ b§ x© A§ mix½¦ z̈FṔd©
oEY`© ,oT© zª n§ iYW
¥ nE
¦ .oFkiW
¥ ÖW
© ,oil¦ k§ `¨ .oFkiqEpx
¥ R© ,xzFnE
© .oiq¦ px
§ Rz
© n¦
Æmki
¤ l¥ b§ x© q³©nx§n¦ i®¦p`Ÿv § hi :oz© Ẅ ,oFkiW
¥ ÖW
© ®.`x¨z̈Fn zïe§ .oz© Ẅ
:ybc .aFH½ depa oke .miinlyexia mb ybc z"ihd .ÆaFH drxna ci :wecwcd wlg
280 izwgac dxhtd tx

lki
© n¥ xzFn
© .iO¦ r© e§ :dp̈iY
«¤ W§ Y¦ m†¤kil¥ b§ x© U¬©Rx§nE
¦ dp̈ir¤½ x§Y¦
x²©n`¨ d¬ŸM ok¥À ¨ k :oz© Ẅ ,oFkiW¥ ÖW© iYW ¥ n¦ xzFnE © ®.oil¦ k§ `¨ ,oFkiW
¥ ÖW ©
oi¬¥aE d½ïx§a¦ d´¤UÎoiA¥ ÆiY¦ h§ t© Ẅ « e§ ip¦ `Îi
¾¨ p¦ p§ d¦ m®¤dil£̀ ¥ d†¦eŸd¡i i¬p̈Ÿc £̀
oiA¥ ,oEc £̀ e© .il¥ Bz
§ n¦ `p̈£̀ d̈ .oFdl§ ,midŸ¦ l`¡ ï§i .xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ .oik¥ A§ :d«f̈ẍ d†¤ U
EtŸC½ d§ Y¤ Æsz¥ k̈aE § c³©vA§ orÀ © © `k :oiMq ¥ n¦ ,xa© B§ oiaE ¥ ®.xiY¦ r© xa© B§
m²¤zFvit£ «¦ d x¯¤W£̀ cr´© zFl® g© § PdÎl
© M̈ Eg† B© § pY§ m¬¤ki¥px§w© aE §
oFktw§ zaE
ª .oEYwg© C§ ,rxc ¨ aE
¦ rWx © a¦ C§ .sl̈£g :dv̈Eg« dÎl © ¤̀ dp̈†z̈F`
:`z̈p̈ic¦ n§ i¥pia¥ l§ ,oFdzï
§ oEYxC©a© C§ cr© ®.`Ïa© `¨ M© lM̈ ,oEYxA© Y©
oi¬¥A iY¦½ h§ t´Ẅ
© e§ f®©al̈ cFr† dp̈i¬¤id§ zÎ`Ÿl ¦ e§ ip`Ÿ ¦½ vl§ iY ´¦ r§ WF
© d« § ak
© i `l̈e§ .iO¦ r© l§ wFxt ¤̀ e§ :dU
,xa© B§ oiA¥ ®.oEc £̀ e© .`G̈a¦ l§ ,cFr oExqnz¦ «¤ l̈ d†¤U
z†¥̀ od¤½ z§ ¤̀ d ´r̈ẍe§ Æcg̈ ¤̀ drŸ³¤x mdi ¤¹ l¥ r£ izŸ¦¸ nw£ «¦ d «© bk :xab © l¦
:drŸ«¤ xl§ o†¤dl̈ d¬¤id« § i¦ Î`Ed« e§ mz̈F`
½ dr´¤x¦§i `Edµ ci®¦ec̈ iC´¦ a§ r©
qi¥pxt§
© i ,`Ed .ce¦c̈ iCa
¦ r© ,zï .oFdzï
§ qi¥pxti
© e¦ ,cg© qp̈xR© .oFdil¥ r£ miw¥ £̀ e©
Æmd¤ l̈ d³¤id« § ¤̀ dÀëŸdi§ i´¦p£̀ «© ck :qp̈xt© l§ ,oFdl§ id§¥ i `Ede§ ®.oFdzï
§
:iY¦ x§A«© C¦ d†ëŸdi§ i¬¦p£̀ m®k̈Fza§ `i´¦Up̈ c†¦ec̈ iC¬¦ a§ r© e§ midŸl`«
½¦ l¥
zix©¦fB§ ,ï§i `p̈£̀ ®.oFdi¥pia¥ `M̈ln© ,ce¦c̈ iCa
¦ r© e§ .Dl̈`
¡ l¤ ,oFdl§ i¥ed ¤̀ .ï§i `p̈£̀ e©
dr†¨ẍÎdÏg© i¬¦YA© W§ d¦ e§ mFl½ Ẅ zix´¦ A§ Æmd¤ l̈ i³¦Yx«© k̈ § dk :ix¦ni § n¥ A§
:mix«¦ r̈§IA© (mixeria 'k) E†pW«
§ ïe§ gh© a¤½ l̈ ÆxÄc§ O¦ a© Ea³ W«
§ ïe§ ux®¨
¤ `d̈Îon¦
oEaY¦
§ ie§ .`r̈x`© on¦ ,`ŸWa¦ `z̈ig© liH¥ a© £̀ e© .ml̈W§ mïw§ ,oFdl§ x©fb ¤̀ e§
zF¬aia¦ qE § m²z̈F` i¬¦Yz« © p̈ § ek :`ÏWx
© gª A§ ,oEwY§ rz¦
© ie§ ®.ov̈gxªl§ ,`x¨Ac
§ n© A§
:Ei« d«
§ i¦ d†k̈ẍa§ i¬¥nW§ B¦ FY½ r¦ A§ ÆmW¤̧
¤ Bd© i³¦Yc§ xF © d« e§ d®k̈ẍA§ i†¦zr̈a§ B¦
xh© n§ oFdl§ zig¥ `© e§ .oik¦ x§än§ oFdie¦ ,iW¦ Cw
§ n© zia¥ l§ xFgq§ xFgqE .oFdzï
§ ixW
¥ `© e§
FÀix§RÎz
¦ ¤̀ dc¹¤V̈d© ur¥̧ Áozp̈
© § fk :oFd§i ,`k̈xa¦ C§ oixh
¦ n¦ ®.Di¥pC̈r¦ A§ ,xiM¦ A©
Erº c«§ ïe«§ gh®¤
© al̈ m†z̈n̈c§ `Îl
© r© E¬id̈e§ Dl̈½ Ea§i o´¥YY¦ Æux¤ `¨¸ d̈e§
:irb e"ied .ii ip` ik Erº c«§ ïe«§ fk :wecwcd wlg
`tx ycg y`xe zayc xihtn 281

c†©In¦ miY¦½ l© § Sd¸¦ e§ mN̈½ rª zFh́ŸnÎz ¤̀ Æix¦ a§ W¦ A§ dÀëŸdi§ i´¦p£̀ ÎiM¦


.DYl© l© r£ oiY¥ Y¦ ,`r̈x`© e§ .DiA¥ `¦ zï ,`l̈wg© ol̈i`¦ oiY¦ ¤ Ä mic¬¦ a§ Ÿr« d̈
¥ ie§ :m«d
xip¦ zï ,xAz
© ¤̀ cM© .ï§i `p̈£̀ ix¥ £̀ ,oErC¦§ ie§ .ov̈gxªl§ ,oFdrx© £̀ lr© oFdie¦
:oFdA§ oig¦ lt
§ n© C§ ,c©In¦ ®.oEPai¥
¦ fiW£̀
¥ e© .oFdtw
§ Yª

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

yceg y`xe zayc xihtn


e"h - 'h miweqt g"k oniq xacna

zlŸ¤ q̄ mipŸÀ¦ xU§ r¤ i´¥pWE § m®¦nin¦ Y§ d†p̈ẄÎi«p¥ A§ mi¬¦UäkÎi« § p¥ W§ zĽ X © d© ÆmFiaE §


ci†¦nŸd© z¬©lŸrÎlr© FY® A© W © A§ z†©AW © z¬©lŸr :FM« q§ p¦ e§ on†¤¤ Xa© d¬l̈ElA§ d²g̈p§ n¦
Æmi¦ p©¸ W§ xw³¨äÎi«p¥ A§ mix¸¦ R̈ d®ëŸdil«© d¬l̈Ÿr Eaix¬¦ w§ Y© mki ¤½ W¥ c§ g̈ ÆiW`
¥ ẍaE§ :D«M̈q§ p¦ e§
zlŸ³¤ q mipŸÀ¦ xU§ r¤ d´ẄŸlWE § :mni «¦ n¦ Y§ dr†¨a§ W¦ d²p̈ẄÎi«p¥ A§ mi¯¦UäM§ cg̈½ ¤̀ l¦i` ´© e§
d´l̈ElA§ Ædg̈p§ n¦ zlŸ³ ¤ q mipŸÀ¦ xU§ r¤ i´¥pWE § c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈« x†R̈l© on¤ X ¤½ a© d´l̈ElA§ Ædg̈p§ n¦
on¤ X ¤½ a© d´l̈ElA§ Ædg̈p§ n¦ zlŸ³ ¤ q oFxÀ V̈r¦ oŸx́V̈r¦ e§ :c«g̈ ¤̀ d̈« l¦i†©`l̈ on¤ X ¤½ a©
d¤̧id«§ i¦ Áoid¦ d© i´¦v£g mdi¤À M¥ q§ p¦ e§ :d«ëŸdil«© d†¤X`¦ gŸ© gi ½ p¦ gi´¥
© x Ædl̈Ÿr c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈« Ua†¤
¤ Ml©
ÆWcŸ¤ģ z¬©lŸr z`Ÿf́ o¦i®ï Ua†¤ ¤ Ml© oi²¦dd© zri ¬¦ a¦ xE§ l¦i`©À l̈ oi´¦dd© z¯¦Wil¦ WE § xR¹̈ l©
z¯©lŸrÎlr© d®ëŸdil«© z`†Ḧg© l§ c²g̈ ¤̀ mi¬¦Gr¦ xir¦¸ UE § :d«p̈Ẍd© i†¥Wc§ g̈l§ FW½ c§ g̈A§
:FM« q§ p¦ e§ d†¤Ur̈«i¥ ci²¦nŸd©
dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa
dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§
282 ycg y`xe zayc dxhtd atx

yceg y`xe zayc dxhtd


e"q oniq diryia

i®l̈b§ x© mŸc´ d£ ux†¨¤ `d̈e§ i`½¦ q§ M¦ m¦in ´© Ẍd© d½ëŸdi§ x´©n`¨ dŸMµ `
:iz«¦ g̈Ep« n§ mFw† n̈ d¬¤fÎi ¥̀ e§ ilÎEp
½¦ a§ Y«¦ x´¤W£̀ Æzi¦ a©¸ d¬¤fÎi ¥̀
,`z̈iA¥ oici ¥ ¥̀ .in© c̈w¢ Wai
© M¥ ,`r̈x`© e§ .ix¦ẅ§i iqx
¥ Mª ,`Ïn© W§ .ï§i xn© £̀ ,op̈cM¦
:iz¦ pi
§ k¦ W§ zEixW¨ `© ziA¥ ,xz© £̀ `Ed oici ¥ ¥̀ e§ ®.in© c̈w¢ oFpaz¦ C§
d®ëŸdi§ Îm ª̀ p§ dN†¥̀
¤ Îlk̈ E¬id«§ I¦ e© dz̈ܽ r̈ icï ´¦ ÆdN¤ `Îl
¥̧ M̈Îz ¤̀ § a
lM̈ zïe§ :ix«¦ äCÎl
§ r© c†¥xg̈e§ gE
© xÎd ½ k¥ p§ E« Æip¦ r̈Îl ¤̀ hiA½¦ `© d´¤fÎl ¤̀ e§
,in© c̈w¢ `ër£ x© oicaE
¥ .ï§i xn© £̀ ,oiN¥ `¦ lk̈ d`©
¨ ed£ `l̈£d .zc©a© r£ iz¦ xEa
§ B§ ,oiN¥ `¦
:inb̈z
¦ R¦ lia¥ w¢ l̈ ,i¥eYW § nE ¦ ®.gE© x« jiM¦ nE
© ,oz̈ep§ rc
¦ A¦ .Dia¥ `l̈M̈Yq © `¦ l§
d³¥lr£ n«© al¤ M¤½ sxF «¥ ŕ ÆdV
¤ d© g³¥
© aFf Wi`Îd
À¦ M¥ n«© xFX¹ d© hgFW ¥̧ b
ÆEx£gÄ« dÖdÎm© ¥À B o¤e®¨` Kx´ä
«¥ n§ d†p̈Ÿal§ xi¬¦M§fn© xi½f¦ g
£ ÎmC© Ædg̈p§ n¦
¥ :dv̈«t
.xa© B§ lih¥ ẅM§ ,xFY qikp̈ ¥ g̈ m¬Ẅt©
§ p m†¤di¥vET« W¦ aE
§ mdi¤½ k¥ x§c©A§
zp̈Y§ n© ,oFdzp̈
§ Y§ n© oAx© wª .`xi¦¨ fg£ mC© ,oAx
© wª wiQ¥ n© .al© M§ siwp̈
¥ M§ ,xO© `¦ ga© C̈
oFdWt©
§ p ,oFdi¥vETWaE ¦ ®.oFdz§ g̈xF`A§ ,E`ir¦ xz § `¦ .oEP`¦ s`© .qi¥pF`
`i´¦a`¨ Æmz̈ŸxEb« nE § mdi ¤À lE
¥ l« r£ z«© A§ x´©ga§ ¤̀ iºp£̀
¦ Îm© c :z`i © r¦ xz
§ `¦
EU³ r«£ I©e© Er®¥nẄ `Ÿl´ e§ iY¦ x†©
§AC¦ dp¤½ Fr oi´¥̀ e§ Æiz` ¦ ẍ¸ ẅ or³©© i md¤½ l̈
¥ ¤̀ ,`p̈£̀ s`© :Ex«g̈Ä iY
iAv ¦ v†©
§ tg̈Î`Ÿl x¬¤W£̀ aE «© ip©½ ir¥ A§ Ærx© d̈
.EaŸ `l̈e§ ,i©Ia¦ p§ zig¦ lW
© C¦ sl̈£g .oEa§fiYW¦
¥ i `l̈ ,Etivi ¦ C¦ `ÖnE¦ .oFdx§äza¦
:E`ir¦ xz
§ `¦ ,`p̈ia¥ v§ `l̈caE¦ ®.in© c̈w¢ ,Wia¦ C§ Eca© r©
£ e .EliA¦ w© `l̈e§ ,E`iA©
¦ pz`¦
mki ¤̧ g£̀
¥ ÁExn§ `«¨ Fx®äCÎl § ¤̀ mic†¦ x£ ¥ gd«© d½ëŸdi§ Îxa© C§ ÆErn§ ¦ d
d¬¤̀ x§p¦ e§ d½ëŸdi§ c´©Ak¦ § i Æin¦ W§ or³© © nl§ mki ¤À C©¥pn§ mki ¤¹ ¥̀ p§ ŸU«
,o©eYW
§ n¦ C§ `Ïwi ¦ v .ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ ,EliA¦ w© :EWŸa« i¥ m¬¥
© C© de§ m†¤kz§ g© n§ U¦ a§
.sxF
«¥ ŕ :ixiv .yi`Îd¥Mn«© b :jled xteya oniz ixtq lka .hia` d´¤f l`e a :wecwcd wlg
:myead zbexr oiir rxl `le lirl `l rvenn .Kx´ä
«¥ n§
btx ycg y`xe zayc dxhtd 283

,in¦ W§ lic¦ A§ .oFkiw£


¥ gx©n§ ,oFki ¥̀ p§ q̈ oFkig¥ £̀ oix¦n§ `¨ .DizEr
¥ x§ inb̈z
¥ R¦ lia¥ w¢ l̈
xir½¦ n¥ ÆoF`Ẅ lF ³ e :oEYdA¦© i oEP`¦ e§ ,oFkz©ecg¤ A§ i¥fgp¦ e§ ®.ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i i¥Bq¦i
,`ẄFbxz « i§ Ÿ`« l§ lEn† B§ m¬¥NW
§ `¦ lẅ :eiä © n§ d½ëŸdi§ lFẃ l®k̈id¥ n«¥ lFw†
,`l̈nB¦ miN¥ Wn
© C¦ ®.ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ lẅ .`l̈ki
§ d¥ n¥ ,`l̈ẅ .mlW
© x§ªi `ŸxT© n¦
D†l̈ la²¥
¤ g `F¬aï mx¤ h¤̧ A§ dc̈®l̈ï li†¦gŸ mx¬¤
¤h § f :idFa
¦ äC§ il¥ r£ a© l§
,Dl© izi¥
¥ i `l̈ cr© e§ .wix¥Rz
§ Y¦ ,Dl© `ẅr̈ izi
¥ n¥ `l̈ cr© :x«k̈f̈ dḧi¬¦ln§ d¦ e§
Æd`¨ ẍ i³¦n z`ÀŸfM̈ r´©nẄÎi ¦ g :DMl © n© il¥ Bz¦
§ i ,`c̈lï
§ lr© oila ¦ g¦ M§ ®.rï§f
z®g̈ ¤̀ mr´©© R iFB† cl¬Ë¦
¤ iÎm`¦ cg̈½ ¤̀ mFíA§ Æux¤ `¤̧ lgE³ © id£ dN¤ ¥̀½ M̈
,`f̈£g on© .`c̈d̈M§ rn© W§ on© :d̈i«p¤ ÄÎz ¤̀ oF†Iv¦ d ¬c̈l«§ ïÎm©B dl̈²g̈ÎiM¦
®.`c̈£g on̈§f ,DO© r© ix¥Az¦
§ i m`¦ .cg© `n̈FiA§ ,`r̈x`© cia¥ rz
£ z¦ C§ xẄt`£
¦ d .oiN¥ `¦ M§
xi²¦AW§ `© i¬¦p£̀ «© h :`d̈zë «© lB̈
§ mr© n¥ ,il¥ nz
§ z¦ e§ ‹oFIv¦ mg©
© pzz¦ C§ `c̈iz¦ r£ ix¥ £̀
x¬©n`¨ iY¦ x†©§ vr̈e§ ci²¦lFOd© i¯¦p£̀ Îm`¦ d®ëŸdi§ x´©n`Ÿi ci†¦lF` `¬Ÿle§
lM̈ zix¥A§ `p̈£̀ .ï§i xn© £̀ ,ziW`¦ x¥A§ n¦ `n̈l§ r̈ zix¥A§ `d̈l̈`¡ `p̈£̀ :K¦id̈ « Ÿl¡`
`ẄP̈k© l§ ciz¦ r£ `p̈£̀ s`© ®.`Ïn© n§ r© i¥pia¥ l§ ,oFdzï
§ zix¦C©a© `p̈£̀ .`Ẅp̈£̀
D†ä Eli¬¦be§ m ²©lẄEx§« iÎz ¤̀ Eḡn§ ¦ i :jid¦ l̈`¡ xn© £̀ ,jizë ¦ lB̈
§
© M̈ UFU½ n̈ ÆDŸ`¦ EUi³¦U d̈i®¤a£dŸ`« ÎlM̈
:d̈i«l¤ r̈ mi†¦lA§ `© z§ O¦ dÎl
,oil¦ A§ `z
© n¦ Fe£dC© lM̈ ®.uïC§ ,DO© r¦ EvEC .`d̈«n£
© gx¨ lM̈ ,Da© ErEaE .mlW
© xiª a¦ Fc£g
© nl§ d̈i®¤ngª p§ Y© cŸX† n¦ mY¤½ r§ a© UE
or¯© § ÆEwpi § Y«¦ or³© © n § `i :Dl© r£
.oErAq © z¦ C§ lic¦ A§ :Dc̈« FaM§ fi¬¦Gn¦ m†¤
§ z¦ e§ ,oEwP§ Rz Yb©§ Pr© z§ d¦ e§ ESŸn² Ÿ
dŸk´ Îi ¦ ai :Dx©ẅ§i xn£ © gn¥ ,oFexz
§ z¦ e§ ®.oFYWz¦ C§ lic¦ A§ .`d̈«nEgp
© Y© ,z©GA¦ n¦
s²¥hFW lg¯© © pkE
§ mFl¹ Ẅ xd̈¸ p̈M§ d̈il¤ `Îd ¥Â hŸ ¤ p i´¦pp§ d¦ dÀëŸdi§ x´©n`¨
:ErẄ « r¢ Ẅ
« Y§ m¦i†©Mx§AÎl¦ r© e§ E`UP̈ ¥½ Y¦ Æcv© Îlr© m®¤Yw© § pi«e¦ m†¦iFB cF¬aM§
¤ g f :wecwcd wlg
fi¬¦Gn¦ `i :unw jxr s"ewd ze` `zax dxqena d"ke .i"xiva z"igd .la²¥
l"fg y"nl dnec ,y"ixa 'xngn' jk `qxibd zewcwecn zeipencw ze`gqepa mebxzd .dceak
:x`ean `ede wece 'xya xng'
284 ycg y`xe zayc dxhtd ctx

.xA©
© bn§ lgp
© k¦ e§ .ml̈W§ ,zx¨R§ xd© p§ rtW
© M¦ .Dl© izi
¥ n¥ `p̈£̀ d̈ .ï§i xn© £̀ ,op̈ck¦ ix¥ £̀
:oFAxz© Y¦ ,oiA¦ kª x§ lr© e§ ®.oElh©pzY¦ ,oiqq
¦ B¦ lr© .oEwP§ Rz
© z¦ e§ ,`Ïn© n§ r© xẅ§i
m †©lẄExi« aE ¦ mk¤½ n§ g´©
¤ p £̀ ÆikŸ¦ p`«¨ o³¥M EP®¤n£gp«© Y§ FO† `¦ x¬¤W£̀ Wi`¾¦ § bi
®.oFkzï
§ mig© ¥ pi§ ,ix¦ni
§ n¥ oM¥ .Dil¥ `n̈£gp© n§ ,DiO¥ `¦ C§ .xab © M¦ :En«g̈pªY §
m†¤kizF ¥ n« v§ r© e§ mk¤½ A§ l¦ U´Üe§ Æmzi ¤ `¦ xE§ ci :oEn£gp© zY¦ ,mlW © xiª aE
¦
mrf̈†© e§ eic̈½ ärÎz£ ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§ Îc©i d³r̈cF§ p« e§ dp̈g®© § xt§ z¦ `W ¤ C´¤M©
il¥ Bz
§ z¦ e§ .ox£
¨df©i oi`z
¦ c¦ M§ ,oFkzïe § b¦ e§ .oFkA§ l¦ iCg¦ « i§ Ÿ`« Îz ¤̀
¥ ie§ ,oFfgz¦ e§ :eiä
:idFa
¦ äC§ il¥ r£ a© l§ ,hël§ izi¥
¥ ie§ ®.`Ïwi
© C©
¦ v idFCa
¦ r© l§ `äḧi ¥̀ l§ ,ïiC© `z̈xEa
§ B§
ai³¦Wd̈l§ ei®z̈ŸaM§ x§n© d†ẗEQk© e§ `Faï ½ W´¥̀ Ä ÆdëŸdi§ d³¥PdÎi ¦ ¦ eh
§ n¦ `z̈Ẅi`¦ A§ ,ï§i `d̈ ix¥ £̀ :W«¥̀ Îia£
.il¥ Bz ¥ dl«© A§ Fz† ẍr«
£ b© e§ FR½ `© Ædn̈g¥ A§
ziaFdl
¦ W
© A§ ,Dizi
¥ tFG
¦ nE
© ®.Di¥fbxª ,sFwzA¦ `äz̈`¨ l§ .idFM
¦ z¦ x§ ,oilErl
¦ rkE
©
x®ÜÄÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ FA† x§g© aE § hR̈½ W¦ § p d´¨eŸdi§ ÆW ¥̀ ä i³¦ fh :`z̈Ẅi`¦
lM̈ zï ,DiAx ¥ gaE © .oC̈nl¦ ï§i ciz¦ r£ ,`z̈Ẅi`¦ a§ ix¥ £̀ :d«ëŸdi§ i¬¥ll« § g© EA† x© e§
mix£ ¹¦ dH«© O¦ d© e§ miW¦¸ C§ w© z§ O¦ © fi :ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`Ïli © h¦ w§ oi`i¦ B¦ q© e§ ®.`xq
¨ A¦
xi½f¦ g£ d«© x´©UA§ Æil¥ k§ Ÿ`« K¤eŸ½ A© Æzg© `© (cg` 'k) x³©g`© zFP© À BdÎl
© ¤̀
,oM© C©ncE
¦ oip¦ n§ C̈fn¦ C§ :d«ëŸdi§ Îm ª̀ p§ Et†ªqï e ¬C̈g©
§ i x®Äk§ r© d̈« e§ uw†¤ ¤ Xd© e§
,`v̈wW¦ e§ .`xi¦
¨ fg£ xq© A§ ,il¥ k§ `¨ .`r̈iq¦ xz© Ä ,`r̈iq¦ .`z̈ër£ ḧ j`i¥
© Pb¦ l§
Æmdi
¤ U ¥ r£ n«© ikŸÀ¦ p`«¨ § gi :ï§i xn© £̀ ,oEtEq§i `C̈gM© ®.`x¨Ak § r© e§
E`¬äE zF®pŸWN§ d© e§ m†¦iFBdÎl
© M̈Îz ¤̀ u¬¥Aw© l§ d`¾¨ Ä mdi ¤½ z¥ Ÿa´ W§ g§ nE
©
.`p̈ciz¦ r£ .oFdi¥pFYWr¤ e§ ,oFdic¥ äFr .ol© B§ in© c̈wE :icFa
«¦ MÎz
§ ¤̀ E`† ẍe§
:ix¦ẅ§i zï oFfg¦ie§ ,oFzi¥ie§ ®.`Ï©pẌl¦ e§ `ÏO© ª̀ ,`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈ zï `ẄP̈k© l§
mº¦iFBdÎl
© ¤̀ mihi
¦ l¥ R§Â | m´¤dn¥ iY
´¦ g§ N© W¦ e§ zF À̀ md¤¹ ä iY¦¸ n§ U
© § hi

:dkx`n .E`¬äE gi :rp `eyde irb z"igd .i¬¥ll«§ g© fh :agx unwa .mkal U´Üe§ ci :wecwcd wlg
:oniz ixtq lka `gth .E`† ẍe§
dtx ycg y`xe zayc dxhtd 285

¤ w†¤ ik¥ W§ Ÿn¬ cEl² e§ lE¬R WiW¦¸ x§Y©


miwŸÀ¦ gx§d̈« mi´¦I`¦ d̈« o®ëïe§ l´©aYª zW
Eci¬¦Bd¦ e§ icFa
½¦ MÎz § ¤̀ E`´ ẍÎ`Ÿle§ Æir¦ n§ WÎz ¦ ¤̀ Er³ n§ Ẅ
« Î`Ÿl xW£̀
¤̧
.oia§
¦ fiW
¥ n§ ,oFdP§ n¦ glW © e© :m«i¦ FBA
© ¤̀ e§ .`z̈`¨ ,oFdA§ i¥EW£̀ © icFa
†¦ MÎz
§ ¤̀
,`ŸWw© A§ og© n̈E oig¦ z§ n̈C§ .i ¥̀ c̈Ele§ i ¥̀ l̈ER ,`Ö©i z©picn ¦ l¦ .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥pia¥ l§
`l̈e§ ,iz¦ xEa
§ B§ rni
© W
¥ zï Ern© W§ `l̈C§ .`Ïwi © g¦ x© `z̈ëb̈§p .oëïe§ laEY
© z©picn
¦ l¦
m´¤kig£̀ ¥ ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ E`i´¦ad¥ § k :`Ïn© n§ r© A§ ,ix¦ẅ§i zï oFEgi © e¦ ®.ix¦ẅ§i zï Ff£g
miA© ¸¦ SaE
© ak¤ x¤ äÂE miqEQ ¿¦ A© d¿ëŸdil«© | d´g̈p§ n¦ | m´¦iFBdÎl © M̈n¦
d®ëŸdi§ x´©n`¨ m †©lẄEx§« i i²¦Wc§ ẅ x¬©d lr´© zFxÀ M̈x§M¦ aE © mic¹¦ ẍR§ aE ©
zi¬¥A xFd† ḧ i¬¦lk§ A¦ d²g̈p§ O¦ dÎz © ¤̀ l¯¥̀ ẍU¦ § i ip¥̧ a§ ÁE`iaï ¦ x´¤W£̀ M«©
.oëq̈EqA§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈Äxwª ,`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈n¦ oFkig¥ £̀ lM̈ zï oFzi©ie§ :d«ëŸdi§
xn© £̀ ,mlW
© x§ªi .iWc
¦ wª C§ `xEh¨ lr© .og̈AW § zaE
ª ,oëp̈cFkaE
§ oël̈igx
¥ aE
¦ .oiM¦ zx
¦ aE
¦
:ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© zia¥ l§ ,ik¥ C§ on̈A§ ®.`z̈g̈pn¦ zï l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ oFzi©iC§ `n̈M§ .ï§i
oFdP§ n¦ s`© e§:d«ëŸdi§ x¬©n`¨ m†¦Ie¦ l§ l© mi¬¦p£dŸM« l© gT²© ¤̀ m¬¤dnÎm© ¥ b § `k
m¦in ´© Ẍd© x´¤W£̀ k«© i´¦ ak :ï§i xn© £̀ ,i ¥̀ ëil¥ `Ï©pd£ k̈ i¥edn¦ l§ ®.aix¥ẅ £̀
i†©pẗl§ mic¬¦ n§ Ÿr« d²¤UŸr i¬¦p£̀ xW£̀ ¤̧ dẄ¹ c̈£gd«© ux¤ `¨¸ d̈e§ miW¦ c̈£gd«©Â
.oiY¦ c£©g `ÏnW ¤ n§ W¦ e§ m†¤kr£ x©§f cŸn¬ r«£ i© o²¥M d®ëŸdi§ Îm ª̀ p§
© C¦ `n̈M§ ix¥ £̀ :m«k
,oFkrx©
£ f m©Iwz¦
© i ®.oM¥ .ï§i xn© £̀ ,in© c̈w¢ oin§
¦ iẅ .cia¥ r̈ `p̈£̀ C© .`Ÿc£
©g `r̈x`© e§
FY® A© W© A§ z†ÄW © i¬¥ CnE¦ FW½ c§ g̈A§ ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ ÎiC¥n«¦ dÀ̈id̈ § bk :oFknFW
§ e§
,gx§©i onf ¥ e¦ :d«ëŸdi§ x¬©
© M¦ .idi n`¨ i†©pẗl§ z¬Ÿeg
£ Y«© W§ d¦ l§ x²ÜÄÎlk̈ `Fāï
:ï§i xn© £̀ ,in© c̈w¢ c©Bqn¦ l§ ®.`xq
¨ a¦ i¥pA§ lM̈ oFzi¥i .`ÄW
© A§ ,`ÄW
© onf
© k¦ e§ .gxi© A¦
© z« i´¦M i®¦A mir†¦ W§ ŸR« d© miWp̈£̀
mYº̈ r§ lF ¦½ d̈« Æix¥ b§ t¦ A§ E`½ ẍe§ Ȩ`v«§ ï § ck
« ÄÎlk̈l§ oF`† ẍc«¥ E¬id̈e§ dA¤½ k§ z¦ `Ÿl´ ÆmẌ`¦ e§ zEnÀ z̈ `Ÿl´
:xÜ
`l̈ ,oFdz§ n̈W¦p ix¥ £̀ .ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§ ,Ecxn © C¦ .`ÏaÏ
© g© `Ïxaª© B ,ixb
¥ t¦ A§ .oFfg¦ie§ oEwR¦
§ ie§
oExni¥
§ iC§ cr© m‹ P̈di¥
¦ bA§ `Ïri© X¦ x© oip¦ c̈C§ n¦ oFdie¦ ®.ith
¥ z¦ `l̈ ,oFdz§ Ẅi`¦ e§ .oEzEn§i
:`p̈i¥fg£ zQ© n¦ ,`Ïwi © C©
¦ v oFdil¥ r£
286 ycg xgnc dxhtd etx

:df weqt lr xefgl oibdep


z¬Ÿeg£ Y
«© W§ d¦ l§ x²ÜÄÎlk̈ `Fāï FY® A© W© A§ z†ÄW © i¬¥CnE
¦ FW½ c§ g̈A§ ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ ÎiC¥ n«¦ dÀ̈id̈e§
:d«ëŸdi§ x¬©n`¨ i†p© ẗl§
.lirln `l` mda oiniiqn oi` mixtq drax` .'eke ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ ÎiC¥n«¦ dÀ̈id̈e§ bk :wecwcd wlg
a"h 'qa "miig ur" `xwpd ily xecqa oiir ,zepiw ,zldw ,xyr ixz ,diryi .w"wzi ,jpniqe
:my izazky dn

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

yceg xgnc dxhtd


'k oniq '` l`enya

cw†¥R̈¦i i¬¦M Ÿc§ w©¾ t§ p¦ e§ Wc¤Ÿg® x´g̈n̈ o†z̈p̈Fd§ « i F¬lÎ xn`« ¤ ŸIe© `
id§ § z¦ e§ .`g̈x©i xg© n§ ,oz̈p̈Fd§i Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© :L«a
¥ i ix¥ £̀ ®.ir¥ Az ¤ ẄFn«
Æz̈`äE cŸ`½ n§ c´¥xY¥ ÆŸW§ N© W¦ § a :jz̈Exg̈q`© ziA¥ ,g©exn©
Ÿ½ a§ W´ï
© e§ d®¤Ur£ O«© d«© mFíA§ m†Ẍ Ÿx¬© §Yq§ pÎx
¦ W£̀ ¤ mFw½ ÖdÎl
© ¤̀
.`xz ¨ `© l§ jd̈zE .`C̈gl© ir¥ Az § Y¦ ,`g̈x©i zEzN̈zkE © :l¤f` «¨ d̈ oa¬¤̀
¤ d̈ l¤v†¥̀
ip£̀
¾¦ «© b :`z̈`¨ oa«¤ ¤̀ ,xhq © A¦ .aiY¥ z¦ e§ ®.`N̈gª C§ `n̈FiA§ ,oÖz© `Ÿxn© H§ `¦ C§
:dẍ« Ḧn© l§ i†¦lÎgN© W © l§ d®¤xF` d ´C̈v¦ mi†¦Sg¦ d«© zW¬ ¤ ŸlW§
:lecb swfa s"ewd o`bizd lka d"k .Ÿc§ w©¾ t§ p¦ e§ ` :wecwcd wlg i
ftx ycg xgnc dxhtd 287

ÆdP¥ d¦ § c :`q̈ilb ¥ lt
© l¦ ,il¦ ign¥ n¦ l§ ®.ic¥ Ẅ zW
¤ w«¤ A§ ,oi“¦B¦ `z̈l̈Y§ .`p̈£̀ e©
xnŸ©¸ ` ÁxŸn`Îm
¨ `¦ mi®¦Sg¦ dÎz «© ¤̀ `´v̈n§ K†¥l xr© P©½ dÎz © ¤̀ g´©lW§ ¤̀
L² l§ mF¬lẄÎiM¦ d`¨ Ÿa² ë EP¯¤gẅ dP̈dë ¥À ĹO§ n¦ | mi´¦Sg¦ d«© d¬¥Pd¦ xr© P©¹ l©
zï `zi © ¥̀ ,li¥fi`¦ .`n̈ilEr
¥ zï glW© ¤̀ ,`d̈e§ :d«ëŸdi§ Îig © x†äC̈ oi¬¥̀ e§
.`zi
© ¥̀ e§ ida
¦ q© .`k̈lE jP̈n¦ ,`“¨B¦ `d̈ .`n̈ilEr
¥ l§ ,xni
© ¥̀ xn̈in¥ m`¦ .`Ï“©B¦
ÆxnŸ© ` dŸM³ Îm`¦ § d :ï§i `Ed mÏw© ,WiA¦ mr© C̈n¦ zil¥ e§ ®.jl̈ ml̈W§ ix¥ £̀
m`¦ e§ :d«ëŸdi§ L£
† gN«© W
«¦ i¬¦M Kl¥¾ d`¨ l®d̈ë
§ ĹO§ n¦ mi†¦Sg¦ d«© d¬¥Pd¦ ml¤ r¤½ l̈
:ï§i ,jä§fiW
¥ ix¥ £̀ ®.li¥fi`¦ .d`l
¨ dlE
© jP̈n¦ ,`“¨B¦ `d̈ .`n̈ilEr
¥ l§ ,xni
© ¥̀ oic¥ M§
L† pi«
§ aE¥ i¬¦piA¥ d²ëŸdi§ d¯¥Pd¦ dŸ®¨`ë i´¦p£̀ Epx†© §AC¦ x¬¤W£̀ xä½ C̈d©¸ § e
®.cid¦ q̈ ,ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ `d̈ .Y`© e§ `p̈£̀ ,`p̈liN¥ n© C§ .`n̈b̈ztE ¦ :ml̈ « FrÎcr©
aW¯¥¤ Ie© Wc¤Ÿg½ d© i´¦d§ie© d®¤ cV̈A© c†¦eC̈ x¬¥zQ̈¦I © f :`n̈l§ r̈ cr© ,jp̈iaE¥ `p̈iA¥
dë£de© .`l̈wg© A§ ,ce¦C̈ xn© H§ `¦ e§ :lFk¡ « `l«¤ mg†¤¤ NdÎl© ¤̀ (lr 'k) Kl²¤ ¤ Od©
Kl¤ O¤ d©Â aW´¥ ¤ I © g :lki © n¥ l§ ,`n̈gl© lr© ®.`M̈ln© xgq © `© e§ .`g̈x©i
oz̈p̈F
½ d́§i Æmẅ¸Ïe© xiT½¦ d© ÆaWFnÎl © ¤̀ mr© t©À A§ | mr´©
© tM§ Fa¹ ẄFņÎlr©
lr© .`M̈ln© xgq © `© e§ :c«e¦ C̈ mFw ¬ n§ cw†¥R̈¦Ie© lE`® Ẅ c´©Sn¦ x†¥pa§ `© aW¬¥¤ Ie©
.oz̈p̈Fd§i ,mẅe§ .`l̈zMª xhq
© A¦ ,Dil¥ oT© zn
ª C¦ `ïëi
‹ W¦ lr© .onf
© A¦ ,onf
© M¦ .D¥iëiW¦
x¬¤AcÎ`Ÿl
¦ § h :g©exn© ,ce¦c̈C§ `xz
¨ `© dë£de© ®.lE`ẄC§ `xh
¨ Q¦ n¦ ,x¥pa`© xgq
© `© e§
i¬¦Yl§ A¦ `Ed½ d´¤xw§ n¦ Æxn© `¨ i³¦M `Ed® d© mFÍA© dn̈E`† n§ lE ²̀ Ẅ
.`Edd© `n̈FiA§ ,mr© C̈n¦ .lE`Ẅ liN¥ n© `l̈e§ :xFd« ḧ `¬ ŸlÎiM¦ `Ed† xFd² ḧ

‹ f £̀ gxF`
© l§ `n̈lC¦ F` ®.`Ed ik¥ C§ `l̈e§ ,Dil¥ dë£d rEx
© r¥ `n̈lC¦ x‹ n© £̀ ix¥ £̀
¥ d© ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ d© z³©x¢gÖ« n«¦ id§
cw†¥R̈¦Ie© ip¦½ X À¦ i «© i :idP̈
¦ O©
© f `l̈ ,`p̈g©p £̀ e©
`¯äÎ`Ÿl rE © C¹ n© Fp½ A§ o´z̈p̈Fd§
« iÎl ¤̀ ÆlE`Ẅ xn`³ ¤ ŸIe© c®¦eC̈ mFẃn§
m"nd .z³©x¢gÖ« n«¦ i :'l`' ixwe 'lr' aizk .mgldÎl ¤̀ f :`irba o"iyd .L£ «¦ d :wecwcd wlg i
† gN«© W
:irb dpey`xd
288 ycg xgnc dxhtd gtx

`n̈FiA§ .dë£de© :mg«


¤ N̈dÎl
© ¤̀ mF†IdÎm©
© B lFn¬ YÎm©
§ B i²©W¦iÎoa¤
xn© £̀ e© .g©exn© ,ce¦c̈C§ `xz
¨ `© dë£de© .`p̈ïpY¦ `g̈x©i xEAr¦ `EdC§ ,idFx ¦ z§ äC§
,oic¥ `n̈Fi s`© il¦ n̈Y§ s`© ®.iW¦
© i xA© `z̈ £̀ `l̈ .oic¥ n̈ .Dix¥A§ oz̈p̈Fdil¦ ,lE`Ẅ
c²¦eC̈ l¬©`W§ p¦ lŸ`¸ W§ p¦ lE`® ẄÎz ¤̀ o†z̈p̈Fd§ « i or¬©
© I © `i :`n̈gl© l§
`l̈`¨ YW§ `¦ .lE`Ẅ zï ,oz̈p̈Fd§i aiz¥ £̀ e© :mg ¤ l̈« zi¬¥AÎcr© ic†¦ Ör¦ n«¥
i´¦M `p̈¿ ip´¥¦ gN§ W © xn`¿ ¤ ŸI © ai :mg«l̈
¤ ziA¥ cr© l©fin¥ l§ ,iP¦ n¦ ®.ce¦C̈ li ¥̀ YW
§ `¦
dYÀ̈ r© e§ ig½¦ `¨ ÆilÎdË« ¦ v¦ `Ed³ e§ xirÀ¦ Ä Epl¹̈ dg̈¸ R̈W§ n¦ Ága¤ ©f
i®g̈ ¤̀ Îz ¤̀ d´¤̀ x§ ¤̀ e§ `†P̈ dḧl¬Ö § `¦ Lip¤½ ir¥ A§ Æog¥ iz`³v̈ ¦ n̈Îm`¦
ExiW ¥ ix¥ £̀ .or© k§ ip«©
¦ gN§ W© .xn© £̀ e© :Kl
¤ O«¤ d© o†©gl§ WÎl
ª ¤̀ `ä½ Î`Ÿl o´¥MÎlr©
m`¦ .orkE
© .ig¦ £̀ ,il¦ ciT¥ t© `Ede§ .`Ÿxw© A§ ,`p̈«©l `z̈irx©
¦ f lk̈l§ `ÏWc © wª zqk© p¦
®.lr̈ `l̈ oM¥ lr© .ig̈ £̀ zï i¥fg ¤̀ e§ ,or© M§ a©fiYW
¥ ¤̀ .jp̈ir¥ A§ ,oin£
¦ gx© zig¦ MW
© `©
Fl½ xn`´ ¤ ŸIe© oz̈p̈F
½ d́iA¦ ÆlE`Ẅ s³©`Îxg« © I¦ © bi :`M̈ln© C§ ,`xEz
¨ ẗl§
iW¦
©½ iÎoa¤ l§ ÆdŸ`© x³¥gŸaÎiM¦ iY¦ r§ cï
À© `Fĺ£d zEC®x§O© d© z†©er« £ p© ÎoA¤
.oz̈p̈FdiA¦ ,lE`ẄC§ `f̈bxª siwzE
¥ :LO«¤ `¦ z¬©ex§r¤ zW ¤ Ÿa† lE
§ L½ Y§ W§ ä¸ l§
,Y`© ir¥ x¨ ix¥ £̀ .`p̈rcï
© `l̈£d .`ïWw© DzECx
© n© C§ ,`z̈ip¦ äx§q̈ xA© .Dil¥ xn© £̀ e©
x³¤W£̀ minÏ À¦ dÎl
© k̈ i´¦ ci :jÖ`¦ ol© w§ ,zYd
© alE© ®.jz̈Yd § a© l§ .iW¦
© i xa© A§
© d´Ÿ`© oFM† z¦ `¬Ÿl dn̈½ c̈£̀ d̈« Îlr© i´©g ÆiW¦
dYÀ̈ r© e§ L®¤zEkl§ nE © iÎoA¤
,iW¦ © lk̈ ix¥ £̀ :`Ed« z¤e†n̈Îoa
© i xa© C§ .`ÏnFi ¤ i¬¦M il©½ ¥̀ ÆFzŸ` gw³©e§ gl©¸ W§
®.izë
¦ l§ ,Di¥pizi
¥ `© e§ gl© W§ .orkE
© .jz̈EklnE
© Y`© ,oT© Y© z¦ `l̈ .`r̈x`© lr© mÏw©
ei®¦a`¨ lE`† ẄÎz ¤̀ oz̈p̈F ½ d́§i Æor¸
© I© © eh :`Ed ,lFhw§ aÏg© xa© B§ ix¥ £̀
,lE`Ẅ zï .oz̈p̈Fd§i aiz¥ £̀ e© :dÜ
« r̈ d¬¤n z†©nEi dÖ¬l̈ ei²l̈ ¥̀ xn`¯ ¤ ŸIe©
lE`¯ Ẅ lh¸ ¤ Ï © fh :ca© r£ `n̈ ,lih¦ wz¦ § i `n̈l§ ®.Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© .idEa
¦ £̀

oaexae ,`lf`a `l qxha 'gly' zaiz o`biz zvwa .ez` gwe gl©¸ W§ ci :wecwcd wlg i
:xwire `lf`a
htx ycg xgnc dxhtd 289

mr¬¦ n¥ `i²¦d dl̈¬k̈ÎiM¦ oz̈p̈F


½ d́§i Ærc¥̧©I©e FzŸ
® Md© l§ ei†l̈r̈ zi²¦p£gdÎz
«© ¤̀
,idFl
¦ r£ .`z̈ip¦ xFn
¨ zï lE`Ẅ mix¥ £̀ e© :c«e¦ C̈Îz ¤̀ zi¬¦nd̈l§ ei†¦a` ¨
:ce¦C̈ zï lhw
© n¦ l§ ,idEa
¦ £̀ on¦ ®.`id¦ `xi¨ n¥ B§ ix¥ £̀ .oz̈p̈Fd§i rci
© e¦ .id¦ g̈nn¦ l§
lkº© `Î`Ÿl
¨ e§ s®¨`Îix¢ ¦ gÄ« o†g̈l§ Xª d© mr¬¦ n¥ o²z̈p̈Fd§ « i mẅ¯Ï© fi
Fn† l¦ k§ d¦ i¬¦M c½e¦ C̈Îl ¤̀ Æav© r¤§ p i³¦M mg¤ l¤½ Æip¦ X¥ d© Wc¤Ÿg³ dÎmFi
© A§
`g̈x©i xEAr¦ mFiA§ .lk© £̀ `l̈e§ .f©bx§ sFwzA¦ ,`xEz ¨ R̈ on¦ .oz̈p̈Fd§i mẅe§ :eia«¦ `¨
i´¦d§i © gi :idEa
¦ £̀ ,Din¥ lk
§ `© ix¥ £̀ ®.ce¦C̈ lr© ,qiq¥ pz
§ `¦ ix¥ £̀ .`n̈gl© ,`p̈ïpY¦
:FO« r¦ oŸh† ẅ xr¬©
© pe§ c®¦eC̈ crFn
´¥ l§ d†¤ cV̈d© o²z̈p̈Fd§ « i `¯¥vI¥e© xw¤ ŸA½ a©
,xir§
¥ f wipï
¦ e§ ®.ce¦C̈ Dil¥ xn© £̀ C© `p̈n¦fl§ ,`l̈wg© l§ .oz̈p̈Fd§i wtpE
© .`xt©
¨ vA§ dë£de©
x¬¤W£̀ miS¦½ g´© ¦ dÎz ¤̀ Æ`p̈ `¬v̈n§ uxÀª Fx½ r« £ p© l§ xn`´¤ ŸI © hi :DiO¥ r¦
xn© £̀ e© :Fx« a¦ r
£ d«© l§ iv†¥
¦ gd© d¬ẍïÎ`Ede§ uẍ½ xr´© © Pd© d®¤xFn i†¦kŸp`«¨
`Ede§ ®.hd© x§ `n̈ilEr
¥ .ic¥ Ẅ ,`p̈£̀ C© .`Ï“©B¦ zï ,or© k§ `zi
© ¥̀ .hFdx§ .Dini
¥ lEr
¥ l§
x¬¤W£̀ iv¦ g¥½ d© mFẃnÎc § r© Æxr© P©¸ d© `Ÿa³ Ï© k :DizEx¥ Är`© l§ ,`“¨B¦ `c̈W§
`F¬ld£ xn`½ ¤ ŸIe© Æxr© P©¸ d© i³¥x£g`«© oz̈¹ p̈Fd§
« i `ẍ¸ w¦
§ Ie© o®z̈p̈Fd§ « i d†ẍï
¥ `z̈ £̀ e© :d`
.oz̈p̈Fd§i ,`c̈WC¦ .`“¨B¦ xz© £̀ cr© ,`n̈ilEr ¨ l§ d̈« ë L¬ O§ n¦ iv†¥
¦ gd©
:d`l
¨ dlE
© jP̈n¦ ,`“¨B¦ `l̈£d ®.xn© £̀ e© ,`n̈ilEr
¥ xz© Ä .oz̈p̈Fd§i `xwE
¨
cŸn® r£ YÎl
«© `© dẄEg† d¬ẍd¥ n§ xr© P©½ d© i´¥x£g`«© Æoz̈p̈Fd§ « i `³ẍw¦
§ I © `k
:ei«p̈Ÿc £̀ Îl ¤̀ `Ÿa† Ï©e miS¦½ g´©
¦ d (ivgd 'k) Îz ¤̀ Æoz̈p̈Fd§
« i xr³©
© p hTº¥ l§
© ie©
`n̈ilEr
¥ .hiT¥ l© e§ .aM© rz
© z¦ `l̈ ,ri
© xt
¦ A¦ igF`
¦ .`n̈ilEr
¥ xz© Ä ,oz̈p̈Fd§i `xwE
¨
rcïÎ`Ÿl
´© xr†©
© Pd© § ak :Di¥pFAx¦ zël§ ,`z̈ £̀ e© ®.`Ï“©B¦ zï ,oz̈p̈FdiC¦
¥ e§ :xä
rc§©i `l̈ ,`n̈ilEr « C̈dÎz
© ¤̀ Er† c«§ ï c½e¦ c̈e§ Æoz̈p̈Fd§ « i K³©` dn̈E`® n§
Îz ¤̀ Æoz̈p̈Fd§« i o³¥Y¦I © bk :`n̈b̈zR¦ zï ,oir¦ cï§ ®.ce¦c̈e§ ,oz̈p̈Fd§i mx©A§ .mr© C̈n¦
© e¦ :xir«¦ d̈ `i¬¥ad̈ K†¥l Fl½ xn`´
adi ¤ ŸIe© FlÎx
® W£̀ ¤ xr†© © PdÎl
© ¤̀ eil̈½ M¥
:`Ÿxw© l§ idl
¦ aF`
© ,li¥fi`¦ .Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© ®.Dili
¥ C¦ ,`n̈ilEr
¥ l§ .Di¥pi¥f zï ,oz̈p̈Fd§i
290 xekf zayc xihtn vx

dv̈x²©§` ei¬R̈`© l§ lŸR¸ I¦ e© a¤bP¤½ d© l¤v´¥̀ n¥ mw¨µ cÀ¦ec̈e§ `¼ Ä x» r©


© P © ck
Wi´¦` ÆEMa¦ § Ie© Edr¥À xÎz
¥ ¤̀ Wi´¦` | EẃX¦ § Ie«© mi®¦nr̈R§ WŸl´ Ẅ Eg†©YW¦§ Ie©
oa«
¤ ¤̀ xh© Q§ n¦ mẅ .ce¦c̈e§ .`z̈ £̀ ,`n̈ilEr
¥ :liC«¦ b§ d¦ c†¦eC̈Îcr© Edr¥½ xÎz
¥ ¤̀
.oipn¦
¦ f zl̈Y§ ,ci¥bqE .`r̈x`© lr© ,idFR
¦ `© lr© ltpE
© .`n̈FxC̈ lia¥ w¢ l̈C§ ,`z̈`¨
:iBq
¦ `© ,ce¦c̈C§ cr© ®.Dixa
¥ g© zï xa© B§ ,FkaE .Dixa
¥ g© zï xa© B§ ,EwiX© ¦ pe§
Epip¥¹ W§ Epr§ A©¸ W§ p¦ ÁxW£̀
¤ mFl® Ẅl§ K´¥l c†¦ec̈l§ o²z̈p̈Fd§ « i xn`¯¤ ŸI © dk
oi¬¥aE Lp¤À iaE
¥ i´¦piA¥ | d´¤id« § i¦ dº̈eŸdi§ xŸn½ `l¥ ÆdëŸdi§ m³¥WA§ Epg§ p©À £̀
.ml̈Wl¦ li¥fi`¦ ,ce¦c̈l§ .oz̈p̈Fd§i xn© £̀ e© :ml̈
« FrÎcr© L† r£ x©§f oi¬¥aE ir²¦ x©§f
,cid¦ q̈ id§
¥ i .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ .xni © n¥ l§ ,ïiC© `n̈WA¦ .`p̈g©p £̀ ,`p̈«e©xY© `p̈ni¥Iw© C§
:`n̈l§ r̈ cr© ,jp̈A§ oiaE
¥ ®.i©pA§ oiaE
¥ .jp̈iaE
¥ `p̈iA¥

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

§ Ie«© ck :wecwcd wlg


:irb e"ied .EẃX¦

xekf zayc xihtn


h"i - f"i miweqt d"k oniq mixac

xW£̀
¤̧ :m¦iẍ« v§ O¦ n¦ m¬¤kz`« § v¥ A§ Kx†¤ ¤ CA© w®¥ln̈r£ L† l§ d¬Ür̈ÎxW£̀ ¤ z²¥̀ xFkf̈ ¾
`†¥xï `¬Ÿle§ r®¥
© bïe§ s´¥ir̈ d†Ÿ`© e§ Lix£ ½¤ g`«© mi´¦lẄ¡g«P¤ dÎl
© M̈ ÆLA§ a³¥Pf© i§ e© Kx¤ CÀ¤A© L¹ x§ẅ«
Æux¤ `¨¸ Ä aiaÀ¦ Q̈n¦ Lia§ ¤¹ iŸ`¸ ÎlM̈n¦ Ll§Â | Li´¤dŸl¡` d´ëŸdi§ gi´¦
© pd̈A§ d¿ïd̈e§ :midŸl¡ «¦ `
wl¥½ n̈r£ xk´¥¤ fÎz ¤̀ Ædg¤ n§ Y¦ DŸ½ W§ x¦ l§ Ædl̈£gp«© L³ l§ ozŸ ¥̧ p LidŸl¡Â
¤ ` d´ëŸdi§ ÎxW£̀ ¤
:g«M̈W§ Y¦ `Ÿl† m¦i®n̈Ẍd© zg†© © Yn¦
`vx xekf zayc dxhtd 291

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

xekf zayc dxhtd


c"i oniq seq '` l`enya

§ r© d ´ẅf̈£g Ædn̈g̈l§ O¦ d© i³¦dY©


lE`® Ẅ i´¥n§i lŸM† miY¦½ W§ l¦ RÎl §e`
l¦igÎo
©½ AÎl
¤ k̈e§ ÆxFA¦B Wi³¦`ÎlM̈ lE ¹̀ Ẅ d`¨¸ ẍe§
¥ ,lŸM .i ¥̀ ŸWl¦ R§ lr© siT¦ Y© ,`äx¨w§ dë£de© :eil̈
.lE`Ẅ inFi « ¥̀ Ed†¥tq§ `«© I©e©
:Dizë
¥ l§ ,Dil¥ Wi¥pk̈e§ ®.ax¨w§ cia¥ r̈ xa© B§ lk̈e§ ,xÄB¦ xa© B§ lM̈ .lE`Ẅ i¥fg̈e§
Ĺ¢gẄ« n§ l¦ ÆdëŸdi§ g³©lẄ izŸ¦¸ ` lE`½ ẄÎl ¤̀ Æl ¥̀ EnW§ xn`³ ¤ ŸI © a
i¬¥xa§ C¦ lFw† l§ rn©½ W§ d´Ÿr© e§ l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § iÎlr© FO† rÎl
© r© Kl¤ n¤½ l§
¦ .lE`Ẅl§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :d«ëŸdi§
lr© .`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ l§ jz̈EiÄx©l§ ,ï§i gl© W§ izï
d´¨eŸdi§ Æxn© `¨ dŸ ³ b :ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ ,xni © n¥ l§ ®.liA¥ w© orkE
© .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i lr© ,DiO¥ r©
l®¥̀ ẍU¦§ il§ w†¥ln̈r£ d¬Ür̈ÎxW£̀ ¤ z²¥̀ iY¦ c§ w©¾ R̈ zF`½ äv§
.zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ :m¦iẍ« v§ O¦ n¦ FzŸl† r£ A«© Kx¤ C½¤A© ÆFl m¬ÜÎxW£̀ ¤
,Diw¥ Q§ n¦ A§ ®.`g̈xF`A§ ,Dil¥ onk
© C¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ il§ ,wl¥ n̈r£ ca© r£ C© zï .`p̈xik¦ C§
ÆmY¤ n§ x£
© gd«© e§ wl¥À n̈rÎz
£ ¤̀ dz̈¹ iM¦ d¦ e§ Kl¥̧ ÁdŸ © c :m¦ixv «¨ O¦ n¦
Wi´¦`n¥ dYº̈ n« © d¥ e§ ei®l̈r̈ lŸn† g§ z© `¬Ÿle§ FlÎx ½ W£̀ ¤ ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀
l†n̈B̈n¦ dUÎc ¤½ r© e§ xFX́n¦ wp¥½ FiÎcr© e§ ÆllFr ¥ n«¥ dXÀ̈ `Îc¦ r©
lM̈ zï ,xO© ¥ z¦ e§ li¥fi`¦ or© M§ :xFn£
© BzE .wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ zï ,ign « gÎcr© e§
.wipï
¦ cr© e§ ,milFr
¥ n¥ .`Ÿ`¦ cr© xa© B§ n¦ ,lFhwz¦ e§ .oFdil¥ r£ ,qEgz§ `l̈e§ .oFdli
§ C¦

« n§ l¦ a :wecwcd wlg
xqnp oke .l"f w"cx k"ke dpic ok ik unw `ey z"igd .jlnl Ĺ¢gẄ
:z"ig lr unw `ey cegl o`biza
292 xekf zayc dxhtd avx

mr̈½ d̈Îz ¤̀ ÆlE`Ẅ r³©OW§ © i © d :xn̈£g cr© e§ ,ln̈B§ n¦ ®.xO© `¦ cr© e§ xFYn¦
mi†¦tl̈£̀ zx¬¤ ¤ Ur«£ e© i®¦lb§ x© sl†¤̀ ¤ m¦iz` ¬© n̈ mi`½¦ l̈H§ A© Æmc¥w§ t¦ § Ie«©
© t© ix¥O§ `¦ A§ ,oEpp̈nE .`Ör© zï ,lE`Ẅ W©pkE :dc̈« Ed§i Wi¬¦`Îz ¤̀
.`Ïgq
`¬ŸaÏ© e :dc̈Ed§i Wp̈¡` zï ,oitl ¦ `© `xq ¨ r© e§ ®.i`lb
© x¦ xa© B§ ,oitl
¦ `© oz` © n̈
`Ÿxw© cr© ,lE`Ẅ `z̈ £̀ e© :lg« © P̈A© ax†Ï©
¤ e w®¥ln̈r£ xirÎc ´¦ r© lE`† Ẅ
lE`´ Ẅ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © f :`l̈g©pA§ ,Dizï ¥ xW § n© qiT¥ h© e§ ®.wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§
FO½ r¦ ÆLt§ q¦ Ÿ`« ÎoR¤ iwÀ¦ l¥ n̈« r£ KFÝn¦ Ec¹ x§ ExQª̧ ÁEkl§ ipi ¦¿ T¥ dÎl
© ¤̀
m†z̈Flr£ A«© l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥pAÎl§ M̈Îmr¦ Æcq¤ g¤̧ dz̈i³¦Ur̈ dYº̈ `© e§
.d`¨ n̈l§ Ẅl§ ,lE`Ẅ xn© £̀ e© :w«l ¥ n̈r£ KFY ¬ n¦ i†¦piw¥ xq¬Ï© © e m¦i ®ẍv§ O¦ n¦
Yca© r£ Y`© e§ .DiO¥ r¦ ,jp̈i¥viW£̀
¥ `n̈lC¦ .d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£ FBn¦ ,Wx©R̈z`¦ xEf li¥fi`¦
FBn¦ ,d`¨ n̈l§ Ẅ Wx©R̈z`¦ e§ ®.m¦ixv
«¨ O¦ n¦ ,oFdwQ© n¦ A§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ lM̈ mr¦ ,Eaih¥
xEW½ Ĺ£̀ FA« Ædl̈ie£ ¦ gn«¥ w®¥ln̈rÎz £ ¤̀ lE`† Ẅ K¬©I© g :d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£
,dl̈ie£ ¦gn¥ .wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ zï ,lE`Ẅ `g̈nE :m¦iẍ« v § n¦ i¬¥pRÎl
§ r© x†¤W£̀
b¬©b £̀ Îz ¤̀ UŸR² z¦ § I © h :m¦ixv «¨ n¦ iR¥ `© ,lr© C§ ®.`xb ¨ g© C§ `p̈«©lr£ n©
zï .cg© £̀ e© :ax«¤ g̈Îit¦ l§ mix¡ ¬¦ gd«¤ mr†¨d̈ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ e§ i®g̈ w†¥ln̈rÎK £ l¤ n«¤
:ax«g̈
¤ C§ mb̈zt¦ l§ xO©
© B ,`Ör© lM̈ zïe§ ®.ig̈ cM¦ ,wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ `M̈ln© b©b £̀
xẅ¸ Äd© e§ Áo`ŸSd© a´©hinÎl¥ r© e§ bÀ̈b£̀ Îlr© mr¹̈ d̈e§ lE`¸ Ẅ ÁlŸng© § I© i
m®n̈ix£ ¦ gd«© Ea† `¨ `¬Ÿle§ aFH½ dÎl
© M̈Îlr© e§ Æmix¦ M̈dÎl © r© e§ mi³¦pW§ O¦ d© e§
lE`Ẅ qg̈e§ :Enix¡ «¦ gd«¤ D¬z̈Ÿ` q†¥np̈e§ d¬f̈a§ n¦ p§ d²k̈`l̈O§ dÎl
© k̈e§
.aḧC§ lM̈ lr© e§ ,`Ïni
© H¦ tE
© `Ï©piO¦ W
© e§ ixFz
¥ e§ `p̈r̈ xt© W§ lr© e§ .bb̈£̀ lr© ,`Ör© e§
Æid§
¦ i «© `i :ExO©
© B Dizï
¥ ,xiqa
¦ c¦ e§ hiW¦ C§ ®.mr© C̈n¦ lk̈e§ .oFdzEx
§ Ö©Bl§ ,Fa £̀ `l̈e§
®.ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,d`Ea
¨ p§ mb̈zt¦ dë£de© :xŸn« `l¥ l†¥̀ EnWÎl
§ ¤̀ d½ëŸdi§ Îxa© C§
§ Ie«© d :wecwcd wlg
.ÆLt§ q¦ Ÿ`« :oniz ixtq lka ybc j"nqd .ExQª̧ ekl f :`irb e"ied .Æmc¥w§ t¦
:lebq gzt m"nl jinqc lk .jln b¬©b £̀ z` h :gp `"tay `eyde s"l`a jix`nd
bvx xekf zayc dxhtd 293

ÆlE`ẄÎz ¤̀ iY¦ k³© § ln§ dÎi


¦ M¦ iY¦ n§ g©À ¦ ai :xni © n¥ l§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ mr¦
Æxg¸ © I¦ e© miw®¦ d¥ `Ÿl´ i†©xäCÎz § ¤̀ e§ ix£ ½© g`«© n¥ ÆaẄÎiM¦ Kl¤ n¤½ l§
§ n¥ A§ zia¦ Y© :dl̈§iN̈
ix¥ £̀ .ix¦ni « dÎl
© M̈ d†ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ wr§ ¬©fI¦ e© l ¥̀½ EnW§ l¦
zïe§ .ip¦ g̈lRª xz© Än¦ ,aŸ ix¥ £̀ .`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ l§ ,lE`Ẅ zï ziki¦ ln
¥ `©
:`ïlil¥ lM̈ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ iN© ¦ ve§ ®.l ¥̀ EnWl¦ siwzE
¥ .mi¥Iw© `l̈ ,inb̈z
© R¦
l ¥̀¹ EnW§ l¦ c¸B© Iªe© xw¤ ŸA® A© lE`† Ẅ z`¬©xw§ l¦ l²¥̀ EnW§ m¯¥MW© § I © bi
ÆaŸQI¦ e© c½ï ÆFl ai¬¦Sn© dP¥̧ d¦ e§ Ædl̈n¤̧ x§M© d© lE ³̀ ẄÎ`Ä xŸnÀ `l¥
.`xt©¨ vA§ ,lE`Ẅ zEnC̈w© l§ .l ¥̀ EnW§ miCw¥ `© e§ :l«B̈l§ B¦ d ¤ Ie© xŸa½ r«£ I©e©
© cx†¥
oÖY© Dil¥ oiT¥ z© n§ `d̈e§ `‹ l̈nx
§ k© l§ lE`Ẅ `z̈ £̀ .xni
© n¥ l§ ,l ¥̀ EnWl¦ `©Egz
© `¦ e§
`¬ŸaÏ© ci :`l̈B̈lb¦ l§ ,zgpE © ®.xa© r©
£ e ,xg© Yq
§ `¦ e§ .`z̈G§ A¦ DiA¥ `b̈N̈t© l§ ,xz© £̀
d½ëŸdil«© ÆdŸ`© KEx³Ä lE À̀ Ẅ Fĺ xn`¯ ¤ ŸIe© lE`® ẄÎl ¤̀ l†¥̀ EnW§
Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© .lE`Ẅ zël§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ `z̈ £̀ e© :d«ëŸdi§ x¬©aCÎz § ¤̀ iz¦ Ÿn† iw£ ¦d
xn`´¤ ŸI © eh :ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ zï ,zini¥ ¦ Iw© ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ ,Y`© jix¦A§ .lE`Ẅ
x¬¤W£̀ xẅ½ Äd© lFẃe§ i®p̈§f`¨ A§ d†¤Gd© o`¬ŸSdÎlFw © d²¤nE l ¥̀½ EnW§
.ip̈c ª̀ A§ ,oic¥ d̈ `p̈r̈ lẅ `n̈E `‹ Ÿni¥Iw© EN`¦ e§ .l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :r© nŸ
«¥ W i†¦kŸp`«¨
iw´¦ l¥ n̈« r£ n«¥ lE ¹̀ Ẅ xn`¸ ¤ ŸI © fh :rn© Ẅ ,`p̈£̀ C© ®.`ÏxFY © lẅe§
or©
© nl§ xẅ½ Äd© e§ Æo`ŸSd© a³©hinÎl ¥ r© Æmr̈d̈ l³©ng̈ xW£̀ ¤̧ mE À̀ ia¡ ¦d
,lE`Ẅ xn© £̀ e© :Epn§ x¡ «© gd«¤ x†¥zFIdÎz© ¤̀ e§ Li®¤dŸl¡` d´¨eŸdil«© g© Ÿa† f§
,`g̈Äc©l§ lic¦ A§ .ixFz
¥ e§ `p̈r̈ xt© W§ lr© ,`Ör© qg̈C§ .oEpE`izi
¦ `© d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£ n¥
lE`½ ẄÎl ¤̀ Æl ¥̀ EnW§ xn`³ ¤ ŸI © fi :`p̈xO©© B ,`x¨z̈Fn zïe§ ®.jd̈l̈`
¡ ï§i mc̈w¢
dl̈§i®N̈d© i†©l ¥̀ d²ëŸdi§ x¯¤AC¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ Áz ¥̀ L½ N§ dc̈i´¦B`© e§ sx¤ d¤µ
¥ .lE`Ẅl§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :x«A
i¥Eg© £̀ e© ,jixF` ¤ ŸIe© (exn`ie 'k)
¥ C© Fl† xn`¬
:liN¥ n© ,Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© ®.`ïlil¥ A§ ,iO¦ r¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ lN© nz
© `¦ C§ zï .jl̈
:ybc c"nld L½ N§ dcib`e fi :wecwcd wlg
294 xekf zayc dxhtd cvx

W`Ÿx² Lip¤½ ir¥ A§ ÆdŸ`© oŸh³ ẅÎm`¦ `Fļ£d l ¥̀½ EnW§ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © gi
:l«¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iÎlr© Kl†¤¤ nl§ d²ëŸdi§ L̄£gẄ
« n¦
§ Ie© dŸ®¨` l†¥̀ ẍU¦
§ i i¬¥ha§ W¦
mx©A§ .jẄt©p i¥pir¥ A§ ,WN̈g© e§ hiW¦ `z̈i¥ed£ j‹ z̈Eixi¨ W
¥ on¦ `l̈£d .l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e©
mc̈w¢ ,`Ö©iA§ xAr
© n¦ l§ `r̈aC¦ .jl̈ zn© x©B§ `id¦ ,jEa £̀ oinïp ¦ a¦ C§ `ḧaW¦ zEk§f
L¬ g £ l«© W¦
§ I © hi :l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i lr© ,`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ l§ ®.ï§i jïA§ x© ,oM¥ lic¦ A§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§
Æmi`¦ Ḧg© dÎz «© ¤̀ dYº̈ n§ x£ © gd«© e§ K´¥l xn`À ¤ ŸIe© Kx®c̈ ¤ A§ d†ëŸdi§
,ï§i jg̈lW © e§ :mz̈« Ÿ` m†z̈FNM© cr¬© Fa½ ´Ÿn§ g© l§ p¦ e§ wl¥½ n̈rÎz £ ¤̀
,`äx¨w§ gi
© bzE
¦ .wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ zï ,`ÏaÏ
© g© zï .xO©
© BzE li¥fi`¦ .xn© £̀ e© .`g̈xF`A§
d®ëŸdi§ lFẃA§ Ÿr†©
§ nẄÎ`Ÿl dÖ¬l̈ § k :oFdzï
§ ,i¥viWz
¥ C¦ cr© ®.oFdA§
`l̈ `n̈lE :d«ëŸdi§ i¬¥pir¥ A§ r†©
xd̈ Ur¬©
© Y©e ll̈½ ẌdÎl
© ¤̀ Æhr© Y© ©¸ e
:ï§i mc̈w¢ ,Wia¦ C§ `Ÿca© r©
£ e ®.`z̈G§ A¦ lr© ,`z̈ip¦ Rz
§ `¦ e§ .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ l§ ,`ŸliA¥ w©
d½ëŸdi§ lFẃA§ ÆiY¦ r§ n©¸ Ẅ x³¤W£̀ l ¥̀À EnWÎl § ¤̀ lE ¹̀ Ẅ xn`¸ ¤ ŸI © `k
Kl´¤
¤ n Æbb© £̀ Îz ¤̀ `iaÀ¦ `« ¨ ë d®ëŸdi§ ip´©
¦ gl̈WÎx
§ W£̀¤ Kx†¤ ¤ CA© Kl¥¾ ¥̀ ë«
,zili¦ A¥ w© C§ .l ¥̀ EnWl¦ ,lE`Ẅ xn© £̀ e© :iY
¦ n§ x¡
«© gd«¤ w†¥ln̈rÎz
£ ¤̀ e§ wl¥½ n̈r£
`M̈ln© ,b©b £̀ zï .izi
¦ zi
¦ ¥̀ e§ .ï§i ip«©
¦ glW
© C§ ,`g̈xF`A§ .zil©
¦ f £̀ e© .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ l§
l²l̈Ẍd© n«¥ mr¯¨d̈ gT¦ ©¸ I © ak :zix¦O© © B ,wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ zïe§ ®.wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§
:l«B̈l§ B¦ A© Li†¤dŸl¡` d¬ëŸdil«© g© ŸA² f§ l¦ mx®¥¤ gd© zi´¦W`x¥ xw†¨äE o`¬Ÿv
ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.`g̈Äc©l§ .oEnxg©
§ iC§ mc̈w¢ ,oixFz
¦ e§ or̈ .`z̈G§ A¦ on¦ `Ör© Wixt
¥ `© e§
zFĺŸrA§ ÆdëŸdil«© ut³¥ ¤ gd© l ¥̀À EnW§ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © bk :`l̈B̈lb¦ A§ ,jd̈l̈`¡
aFh½ ga´¤ © Gn¦ Æ©rŸnW§ d³¥Pd¦ d®ëŸdi§ lFẃA§ r© Ÿn† W§ M¦ mig½¦ ä§fE
©d .l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :mili
oël̈r£ A© ,ï§i mc̈w¢ `ër£ x£ «¦ ¥̀ al¬¥
¤ gn¥ ai†¦Ww§ d© l§
zqk
© P¦ n¦ ,Dix¥ni
§ n¥ l§ `l̈Äw© `d̈ .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ l§ ,`l̈Äw© M§ .oiWc
¦ wª zqk
© p¦ e§

§ Ie© hi :o`bizd lka riaxa `l c"nla `lf` .ohw m` `Fļ£d gi :wecwcd wlg
c"nl .¬Lg£ l«© W¦
:irb m"nd .l²l̈Ẍd© n«¥ ak :miinlyexia oke 'gzt cegl' dilr xiqne oniz ixtq lka gzta
:rxln `ide o`bizd lka zg` `hyta .Æ©rŸnW§ dpd bk
dvx xekf zayc dxhtd 295

i³¦ ck :oini ¦ H¦ R© ax©Y§ n¦ ,idFI


¦ a¦ p§ iN¥ n¦ l§ `z̈S̈`© l§ ®.aḧ oiWc ¦ wª
ÆŸq§ `©¸ n̈ orÀ © i© x®©vt§ d© mi†¦tẍzE § o¤e¬¨`e§ ix¦ n¤½ Æmq¤ wÎz` ¤̧ H© g©
oil¦ £̀ ẄC§ `Ïxaª
© B zaFg© M§ ix¥ £̀ :Kl¤ O«¤ n¦ L† q§ `¨ n«§ I¦ e© d½ëŸdi§ x´©aCÎz
§ ¤̀
`Ör© iaFgkE
¥ .`z̈ixF`
¨ inb̈z
¥ R¦ lr© aix¥q̈nC¦ ,xa© B§ lM̈ zaFg
© oM¥ `‹ n̈qw¦ A§
.`Ï©Ia¦ p§ iN¥ n¦ lr© siqFnE
¥ x©väC§ ,Wp̈¡` lM̈ zaFg
© oM¥ `‹ z̈ër£ ḧ xz© Ä or© ḧC§
¤ ŸI © dk :`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ N§ n¦ ,jẅ£gx©e§ ®.ïiC© `n̈b̈zt¦ A§ ,`Ÿvw© C§ .sl̈£g
xn`¸
d†ëŸdi§ ÎiRÎz
¦ ¤̀ iY¦ x¬© §ar̈ÎiM¦ iz` ¦ ḧ½ g̈ Æl ¥̀ EnWÎl § ¤̀ lE ³̀ Ẅ
xn© £̀ e© :ml̈
« FwA§ r†©nW§ ¤̀ ë« mr̈½ d̈Îz ¤̀ Æiz` ¦ xï
¸¥ i³¦M Li®¤xäCÎz § ¤̀ e§
.jn̈b̈zR¦ lr© zix¦Q© aE
© ,ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ lr© zix¦a© r£ ix¥ £̀ .zia¦ g© ,l ¥̀ EnWl¦ lE`Ẅ
`†p̈ `¬Ü dŸ¾ r© § ek :oFdxni © n¥ l§ ,zili ¦ A¥ w© e§ ®.`Ör© on¦ ,zili ¦ g¥ C§ ix¥ £̀
,or© M§ wFaW§ .orkE© :d«ëŸdil«© d†¤eg
£ Y«© W«
§ ¤̀ e§ iO½¦ r¦ aEẂe§ i®¦z`ḦgÎz © ¤̀
lE`½ ẄÎl ¤̀ Æl ¥̀ EnW§ xn`³ ¤ ŸI © fk :ï§i mc̈w¢ ,cFBq ¤̀ e§ ®.iO¦ r¦ aEze§ .iaFg
¦ l§
Ĺq§ `¨ n«§ I¦ e© d½ëŸdi§ x´©aCÎz
§ ¤̀ ÆdŸq§ `©¸ n̈ i³¦M K®Ör¦ aEW† `¨ `¬Ÿl
`l̈ .lE`Ẅl§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ § iÎlr© Kl†¤ ¤ n zF¬id§ n«¦ d½ëŸdi§
lr© ,`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ N§ n¦ ®.ï§i jẅ£gx©e§ .ïiC© `n̈b̈zt¦ A§ ,`Ÿvw© ix¥ £̀ .jÖr¦ ,aEz £̀
Fli
† r¦ nÎs©
§ pk§ A¦ w¬¥fg ¤ ll̈ l†¥̀ EnW§ aŸQ¬ I¦ © gk
£ «I©e© zk®¤ :l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i
:r©fAz
§ `¦ e§ ,Dili
¥ r¦ n§ s©pkA¦ siwz
¥ `© e§ ®.l©fin¥ l§ ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xg© Yq
§ `¦ e§:rx«© T̈¦Ie©
l²¥̀ ẍU¦
§ i zEk̄l§ n§ nÎz © ¤̀ d¹ëŸdi§ rx¸© ẅ l ¥̀½ EnW§ Æeil̈ ¥̀ xn`³ ¤ ŸI © hk
.l ¥̀ EnW§ ,Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© :J̈O
«¤ n¦ aFH¬ d© L† r£ x«¥ l§ Dp̈¾ z̈pE
§ mF®Id© Li†¤lr̈n«¥
oip¦ w§ z̈C§ ,jxa
¨ g© l§ ®.DAd©
© ie§ .oic¥ `n̈Fi ,jP̈n¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `z̈Ekln© zï .ï§i iCr
¦ `©

unwd k"`e .jix`n my oi` s"l`ae ,c"eia jix`nd o`bizd lka .L† q§ `¨ n«§ I¦ e© ck :wecwcd wlg
:irb s"l`d .d†¤eg£ Y«© W§ «¤̀ e§ ek :('ek 'qt) onwlc `ziipz oke ,wecwcd itl gp j"nqay `eyde sehg
,jelniy `ed elirn spk rexwl cizry in ecia xqn df oniq .rx«© T̈¦Ie© Fli † r¦ nÎs©
§ pk§ A¦ w¬¥fg
£ «I©e© gk
e`iane ,dcb`a `zi` ikd .'jelnz jeln ik izrci' elirn spk zxkyk cecl le`y xn` dfle
:l"f w"cx
296 xekf zayc dxhtd evx

i´¦M m®¥gP̈¦i `Ÿl´ e§ xT†¥W§© i `¬Ÿl l ¥̀½ ẍU¦


§ i g©v´¥p Æmb© § l :jP̈n¦ idFc
¦ äFr
lic¦ A§ ‹il¦ wia¥ YW¦
§ ie§ iaFg
¦ n¥ aEz £̀ xni ¥ d¦ l§ `Ed† m²c̈`¨ `¬Ÿl
© Y¥ m`¦ e§ :m«gP̈
ix¥n̈ mc̈w¢ on¦ jl̈r£ xi¦fB§ xäM§ .ml© r̈l§ ,l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i lr© i©paE `p̈£̀ Ekln© cia¥ r£ `© C§
`l̈ ix¥ £̀ .xn© £̀ C© `Ön¦ ai¥iŸ `l̈e§ ,xw© W§ idFn¦ c̈w¢ zil¥ C§ l‹ ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ Di¥pg̈vp¦
xn`´¤ ŸI © `l :oin§¦ Iw© n§ `l̈e§ ,oix§¦fB̈ ®.oia¦ C§ knE© oix¦n§ `¨ C§ ,`Ed `Ẅp̈£̀ i¥pak¦
aEẂe§ l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § i c¤b´¤pe§ i†¦Or© i¬¥pw¦
§ fÎc¤b«p¤ `²p̈ ip¬¥
¦ cA§ M© dYÀ̈ r© iz` ¦ ḧ½ g̈
§ i .or© M§ .zia¦ g© xn© £̀ e© :Li«dŸl¡
.or© k§ ip¦ x«©T© ¤ ` d¬ëŸdil«© izi†¥ ¦ eg
£ Y«© W§ d¦ e§ iO½¦ r¦
:jd̈l̈`
¡ ï§i mc̈w¢ ,cFBq ¤̀ e§ ®.iO¦ r¦ aEze§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i mc̈wE ,iO¦ r© ia¥ q̈ mc̈w¢
az̈e§ :d«ëŸdil«© lE`† Ẅ Eg¬©YW¦ § Ie© lE`® Ẅ i´¥x£g`«© l†¥̀ EnW§ aẄ¬Ï© al
l ¥̀À EnW§ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © bl :ï§i mc̈w¢ ,lE`Ẅ ci¥bqE ®.lE`Ẅ xz© Ä ,l ¥̀ EnW§
z®ŸPc©r£ n«© b†©b £̀ eil̈½ ¥̀ Kl´¥
¤ Ie© wl¥½ n̈r£ Kl´¤¤ n Æbb© £̀ Îz ¤̀ Æil© ¥̀ EWi³¦Bd©
¦ l§ Eaix¦ẅ .l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :z¤eÖ
zï ,izë « dÎx
© n© x¬q̈ o†¥k`¨ bb̈½ £̀ xn`´ ¤ ŸIe©
EräA§ ®.bb̈£̀ xn© £̀ e© .`ẅP§ tª n§ ,b©b £̀ .Dizë
¥ l§ `z̈ £̀ e© .wl¥ n̈r£ zia¥ C§ `M̈ln© b©b £̀
ÆmiWp̈¦ d³l̈M§ W¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ M«© l ¥̀½ EnW§ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © cl :`z̈Fn xix¦n̈ ,ipFA ¦ x¦
b²b̈£̀ Îz ¤̀ l¯¥̀ EnW§ sQ¥̧ W§ © ie© L®¤O`¦ mi†¦WP̈n¦ l¬©MW§ YÎo ¦ M¥ LA¤½ x§g©
oM¥ .jÄxg© ,`ÏW§
© p zli ¥ `© C§ `n̈M§ .l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© £̀ e© :l«B̈l§ B¦ A
© Mz © d†ëŸdi§ i¬¥pt§ l¦
:`l̈B̈lb¦ A§ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.bb̈£̀ zï l ¥̀ EnW§ gX
© tE
© .jÖ`¦ ,`ÏW§
© Pn¦ lMz
© Y¦

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE
fvx dxt zayc xihtn 297

dxt zayc xihtn


a"k - '` miweqt h"i oniq xacna
dẍ½ FYd© zT´© gª z`Ÿµf :xŸn« `l¥ oŸx†d£ `Îl« «© ¤̀ e§ d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d½ëŸdi§ x´¥Ac§©ie©
dẍ¸ ẗ ÁLil¤ ¥̀ Eǵw¦ § ie§ l ¥̀À ẍU¦ § ¤̀ | x´¥AC© xŸn® `l¥ d†ëŸdi§ d¬ËvÎx
§ i i´¥pAÎl ¦ W£̀ ¤
m´¤Yz© pE § :lŸr« d̈i†¤lr̈ d¬l̈r̈Î`Ÿl« x²¤W£̀ mEn½ ÆDÄÎoi ¥̀ x³¤W£̀ dni À̈ n¦ Y§ dO¹̈ c£̀ ª
D†z̈Ÿ` h¬©gẄe§ dp¤½ g £ O«© l«© uEǵnÎl ¦ ¤̀ ÆDz̈Ÿ` `i³¦vFde§ o®¥dŸMd© x†f̈r̈l§ ¤̀ Îl ¤̀ Dz̈½ Ÿ`
i¯¥pR§ gk© Ÿp¸ Îl ¤̀ dº̈Gd¦ e§ Fr® Äv§ ¤̀ A§ D†n̈C̈n¦ o²¥dŸMd© x¯f̈r̈l§ ¤̀ gwº© l̈e§ :ei«p̈ẗl§
D ³ẍŸrÎz ¤̀ ei®p̈ir¥ l§ d †ẍR̈dÎz © ¤̀ s¬©xÜe§ :min«¦ r̈R§ ra¬¤ © W D†n̈C̈n¦ crFnÎl ²¥ d¤ Ÿ`«
fx²¤̀
¤ ur¬¥ odŸ ¥À Md© gw´© l̈e§ :sŸx« U¦ § i D†Ẅx§RÎl ¦ r© Dn̈½ C̈Îz ¤̀ e§ ÆDẍÜAÎz § ¤̀ e§
eic̈¹ b̈A§ qA¤̧ k¦ e§ :dẍ« R̈d© z¬©tx¥ U§ KFYÎl † ¤̀ Kil¾¦ W§ d¦ e§ zr®l̈Fz © i´¦pWE§ aFf† ¥̀ e§
o†¥dŸMd© `¬¥nḧe§ d®¤pg «© ¤̀ `Ÿa´ ï x†©g`© e§ m¦iO©½ A© ÆFxÜA§ u³©gẍe§ odŸ
£ O«© dÎl ¥À Md©
m¦i®ÖA© Fx†ÜA§ u¬©gẍe§ m¦iO©½ A© Æeic̈b̈A§ q³¥Ak§ © i Dz̈½ Ÿ` s´¥xVd© e§ :ax¤ r̈« d̈Îcr©
uEg¬ n¦ gi²¦ © Pd¦ e§ dẍ½ R̈d© xt´¥̀ ¤ z`¥µ xFdÀ ḧ Wi´¦` | s´©q`¨ e§ :ax¤ r̈« d̈Îcr© `†¥nḧe§
i¬¥nl§ zx²¤ ¤ nW§ n¦ l§ l¯¥̀ ẍU¦ § iÎi«p¥ A§ zc¸©r£ l«© dz̈§id̈« e§ xFd® ḧ mFẃn̈A§ d†¤pg £ O«© l«©
`†¥nḧe§ eic̈½ b̈AÎz § ¤̀ ÆdẍR̈d© xt³¥̀ ¤ Îz ¤̀ sqŸ ¥̧ `d̈« qA¤ k¦ e§ :`ed«¦ z`¬Ḧg© d †C̈p¦
:ml̈« Fr zT¬©gª l§ m†k̈FzA§ x¬B̈d© x²¥Bl© e§ l ¥̀À ẍU¦ § i i´¥pa§ l¦ dz§ º̈ id̈« e«§ ax¤ r®¨d̈Îcr©
FaÎ`
º Ḧg© z¦ § i `Ed́ :minï «¦ zr¬©a§ W¦ `†¥nḧe§ m®c̈`¨ Wt´¤ ¤ pÎlk̈l§ z†¥nA§ r¬¥ © bŸPd©
i²¦Wil¦ X§ d© mFĪA© `H¹̈ g© z¦ § i `ŸlÎm ¸ `¦ e§ x®d̈h¦ § i iri†¦ a¦ X§ d© mF¬IaE © i²¦Wil¦ X§ d© mFĪA©
zEnïÎx
¹ W£̀ ¤ mc̈¸ `¨ d̈« ÁWt¤ ¤ pA§ z´¥nA§ r¿ © b¥ ŸPdÎl
© M̈ :xd̈« h¦ § i `¬Ÿl iri †¦ a¦ X§ d© mF¬IaE ©
l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § In¦ `e†¦dd© Wt¬¤ ¤ Pd© d²z̈x§k§ p¦ e§ `O¥½ h¦ ÆdëŸdi§ o³©MW§ nÎz ¦ ¤̀ `HÀ̈ g© z¦ § i `Ÿl´ e§
dẍ½ FYd© z`Ÿµf :Fa« Fz ¬ `¨ n§ hª cFr† d½i¤d«§ i¦ `´¥nḧ Æeil̈r̈ w³©xŸfÎ`Ÿl« dC̈¹ p¦ in¥̧ ÁiM¦
`†n̈h¦ § i ld¤ Ÿ`½ Ä x´¤W£̀ Îlk̈e§ Æld¤ Ÿ`¸ d̈Îl ¤̀ `³ÄdÎl © M̈ ld¤ Ÿ`® A§ zEńïÎiM«¦ m †c̈`¨
:`Ed« `†¥nḧ ei®l̈r̈ li†¦zR̈ ci¬¦nv̈Îoi ¥̀ x²¤W£̀ gE © z½ ẗ i´¦lM§ ÆlŸke§ :minï «¦ zr¬©a§ W¦
m †c̈`¨ m¤vr¬¤aÎF § `« zn¥½ a§ F`´ Æax¤ gÎl ¤̧ l£
© gA«© dcÀ¤V̈d© i´¥pRÎl § r© r¹B© i¦ ÎxW£̀ ¤ lŸk¸ e§
z`®Ḧg© d«© z´©tx¥ U§ x†©tr£ n «¥ `n¥½ Ḧl© ÆEgw§ l̈« e§ :minï «¦ zr¬©a§ W¦ `†n̈h¦ § i xa¤ w®¨a§ F`´
xFd
¼ ḧ Wi´¦` m¦ » iO© A© l´©aḧe§ aF¹f ¥̀ gw©¸ l̈e§ :il«¦ MÎl ¤ ¤̀ mi†¦Ig© m¦i¬©n ei²l̈r̈ o¬©zp̈e§
m®ẄÎEid̈« x´¤W£̀ zFW† ẗP§ dÎl © r© e§ mil¦½ M¥ dÎl © M̈Îlr© e§ Æld¤ Ÿ`¸ d̈Îlr© d³G̈d¦ e§
298 dxt zayc dxhtd gvx

ÆxŸdḦd© d³G̈d¦ e§ :xa¤ T̈« a© F`¬ z†¥Oa© F`¬ ll̈½ g̈«a¤ F`´ Æmv¤ r¤̧ A© rÀ © b¥ ŸPdÎl
© r© e§
q¯¤Ak¦ e§ iri
¦½ a¦ X§ d© mFÍA© ÆF`H§ g¦ e§ iri
®¦ a¦ X§ d© mFÍaE © i†¦Wil¦ X§ d© mF¬IA© `n¥½ ḦdÎl © r©
§ i `Ÿl´ e§ Æ`n̈h¦
`Ḧ½ g© z¦ § iÎxW£̀¤ Wi³¦`e§ :ax¤ r̈« Ä x¬¥dḧe§ m¦i†©OA© u¬©gẍe§ ei²c̈b̈A§
i¬¥n `O¥À h¦ d¹ëŸdi§ WC¸©w§ nÎz ¦ ¤̀ ÁiM¦ l®d̈T̈d© KFÝn¦ `e†¦dd© Wt¬¤ ¤ Pd© d²z̈x§k§ p¦ e§
© m®l̈Fr zT´© gª l§ m†¤dl̈ d¬z̈§id̈« e§ :`Ed« `¬¥nḧ ei†l̈r̈ w¬©xŸfÎ`Ÿl« d ²C̈p¦
d³¥GnE
lŸk² e§ :ax¤ r̈« d̈Îcr© `†n̈h¦ § i dC̈½ P¦ d© i´¥nA§ Æ©r¥bŸPd© e§ eic̈½ b̈A§ q´¥Ak§
© i ÆdC̈P¦ dÎi © n
«¥
:ax¤ r̈« d̈Îcr© `¬n̈h§ Y¦ zr†© © bŸPd© Wt¬¤ ¤ Pd© e§ `®n̈h¦
§ i `†¥nḦd© FA¬ Îr©Bi¦ ÎxW£̀ ¤

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

dxt zayc dxhtd


e"l oniq l`wfgia

,ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ d`Ea


¨ p§ mb̈zt¦ dë£de© :xŸn« `l¥ i¬©l ¥̀ d†ëŸdi§ Îxa© c§ i¬¦d§i©e `
mi´¦aW§ Ÿi« Æl ¥̀ ẍU¦§ i zi³¥A m Àc̈`Îo ¨ ¤ a :xni © n¥ l§ iO¦ r¦
Æz`© n§ hª M§ m®z̈Flil«¦ r£ aE
«© m†M̈x§c©A§ Dz̈F`
½ E`´ O§ h§ © ie© mz̈½ n̈c§ `Îl
© r©
lr© oia¦ zï ¨ i ziA¥ .mc̈`¨ xA© :i«p̈ẗl§ m†M̈x§ c© d¬z̈§id̈
§ ,l ¥̀ xU¦ « dC̈½ P¦ d©
®.d`n
¨ hª `Ÿ`¦ ,zä £̀ FqM§ .oFdic¥ äFraE ,oFdz§ g̈xF`A§ .Dzï
© Eai`¦ q© e§ .oFdrx© £̀
m †C̈dÎl
© r© mdi ¤½ l¥ r£ Æiz¦ n̈£g KŸR³ W§ ¤̀ «¨ b :in̈c̈w¢ ,oFdgxF`
© zë£d
,iYn
¦ g¦ zik¦ tWE
© :d̈E`« O§ h¦ m†¤dilE
¥ N« b¦ aE
§ ux®¨¤ `d̈Îlr© Eḱt§ Ẅ
« ÎxW£̀
¤
:`d̈Ea« £̀ q© ,oFdzë
§ r£ ḧ ogl
© taE
ª ®.`r̈x`© lr© EcW£̀
© C© ,i`M©
© f mC© lr© .oFdil¥ r£
m†z̈Flil«¦ r«
£ k© e§ m¬M̈x§c©M§ zF®vẍ£̀ Ä« ExG̈¦ † Ie© m½i¦ FBA© Æmz̈Ÿ` ui³¦t`« ¨¨c
®.`z̈p̈icn
¦ A¦ ,ExC©Az © `¦ e§ .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥pia¥ l§ ,oFdzï
§ izi ¦ `© e§ :miY
¦ lb «¦ h§ t© W§
:oFdP§ n¦ zir¦ x©Rz
§ `¦ ,`Ïl© wl
§ wª n§ oFdic¥ äFrkE `
‹ z̈ẄiA¦ oFdz§ g̈xF`M§
hvx dxt zayc dxhtd 299

i®¦Wc§ ẅ m´¥WÎz ¤̀ El† N§ g§


© ie«© mẄ½ E`´ÄÎxW£̀
¤ Æmi¦ FBdÎl© ¤̀ `FaÏ©À d
i¥pia¥ l§ .Elr̈e§ :E`«v̈ï Fv «¥ dN¤ ¥̀½ d´¨eŸdi§ Îmr© Æmd¤ l̈ xŸn³ `
† x§`© nE ¡ A«¤
oix¦n§ `c
¨ A¦ .iWc
¦ wª C§ `n̈W§ zï ,Elig¦ `© C§ lr© .oÖz© l§ E`ilb
¦ Y© `¦ C§ ,`Ïn© n§ r©
lŸn† g§ ¤̀ «¨ e :FlB§ ,Diz¥ pi§ k¦ W§ ziA¥ rx© £̀ n¥ oic¥ki§ ¥̀ e§ ®.oiN¥ `¦ ïiC© DiO¥ r© m`¦ ,oFdl§
ÎxW£̀ ¤ m†¦iFBA© l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i zi´¥A ÆEdEļN§ g¦ x³¤W£̀ i®¦Wc§ ẅ m´¥WÎlr©
i¥piA¥ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ziA¥ ,idEl£
¦ g`© C§ .iWc ¦ wª C§ `n̈W§ lr© ,ziq¦ g© e§ :dÖẄ « E`¬Ä
Æxn© `¨ dŸM³ l ¥̀À ẍU¦ § iÎzia¥ l§ xŸn´ ` ¡ okº¥ ¨ f :oÖz© l§ E`ilb ¦ Y© `¦ C§ ,`Ïn© n§ r©
Îm`¦ i³¦M l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § i zi´¥A d†¤UŸr i¬¦p£̀ m²¤kp§ r© n«© l§ `Ÿl¯ d½eŸ¦ d¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀
,oik¥ A§ :mẄ « mz`¬ÄÎx
¤ W£̀
¤ m†¦iFBA© mY¤½ l§ N© g¦ x´¤W£̀ ÆiW¦ c§ ẅÎmW ¥ l§
ziA¥ ,cia¥ r̈ `p̈£̀ .oFkli § c¦ a§ `l̈ .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i zia¥ l§ xni
© ¥̀
oEzilb
¦ Y© `¦ C§ ,`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ ®.oEYlig¥ `© C§ ,iWc¦ wª C§ `n̈Wl¦ oid¥ l̈` ¡ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i
x¬¤W£̀ m½i¦ FBA© ÆlN̈gª n§ d«© lFcB̈ À d© i´¦nWÎz
§ ¤̀ iYº¦ W§ C©w¦ § g :oÖz© l§
i´p̈Ÿc £̀ Æm ª̀ p§ dÀëŸdi§ i´¦p£̀ ÎiM¦ m¹i¦ FBd© Eŗc«§ ïe§ m®k̈FzA§ m†¤Yl§ N© g¦
,lg© Ÿ`¦ C§ .`Äx© in¦ W§ zï ,WiC¥ w© £̀ e© :m«di¥
¤ pir«¥ l§ m†¤kä i¬¦Wc§ T̈« d¦ A§ d½eŸ¦ d¡i
ï§i ,xn© £̀ .ï§i `p̈£̀ ix¥ £̀ ,`Ïn© n§ r© oErC¦§ ie§ .oFdi¥piA¥ ,oEYlig¥ `© C§ .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥
m½i¦ FBdÎo© n¦ Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀ i³¦Yg§ w© l̈« § h :oFdi¥pir¥ l§ ,oFkA§ WC©wz © ¤̀ cM© ®.midŸ¦ l` ¡
m†¤kz§ ¤̀ i¬¦z`a« ¥ d¥ e§ zF®vẍ£̀ d̈« ÎlM̈n¦ m†¤kz§ ¤̀ i¬¦Yv§ A© w¦ e§
lM̈n¦ ,oFkzï § aix¥ẅ £̀ e© :m«k
§ Wi¥Pk© £̀ e© .`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ n¦ ,oFkzï ¤ z§ n© c§ `Îl
© ¤̀
mixFd †¦ h§ m¦i¬©n m²¤kil¥ r£ i¯¦Yw§ x«© f̈ § i :oFkrx© £̀ l© ,oFkzï § lir¥ `© e§ ®.`z̈p̈ic¦ n§
x¬¥dh£̀ © m†¤kilE
¥ N« BÎl
¦ M̈nE ¦ m²¤kizF¥ `« n§ hª lŸM¯ n¦ m®¤Yx§d© hE §
`z̈xFY § mhw© aE
¦ `z̈EiC̈`© in¥ A§ oM© C©n¦ C§ `n̈M§ .oFkiaFg ¥ l§ wFAW ¤̀ e§ :m«k ¤ z§ ¤̀
:oFkzï
§ iM¥ c© £̀ ,oFkzë
§ r£ ḧ ogl
© Rª lM̈nE
¦ ®.oFkz§ ä £̀ Fq lŸMn¦ .oFMcz¦ e§ ,`z̈`Ḧg© C§

«¤ pir«¥ l§ mka iycwda g :wecwcd wlg


yi oke .oniz ixtq lka s"ka `l `"da 'mdipirl' .mdi¥
:miinlyexia
300 dxt zayc dxhtd y

m®¤kA§ x§w¦ A§ o´¥Y ¤̀ d†Ẅc̈£g gE© x¬ e§ Wc̈½ g̈ a´¥l Æmk¤ l̈ i³¦Yz« © p̈ § `i


:xÜ« Ä a¬¥l m†¤kl̈ i¬¦Yz«
© p̈e§ mk¤½ x§U
© A§ n¦ Æoa¤ `¤̧ d̈ a³¥lÎz ¤̀ izŸ¦¹ xq£¸¦ de«©
`Äl¦ zï xA© z© £̀ e© .oFkirn
¥ A¦ oiY¥ ¤̀ ,`l̈gC© gE © x« e§ .lEgC̈ al¥ ,oFkl§ oiY¥ ¤̀ e§
,in© c̈w¢ lEgC̈ al¥ oFkl§ oiY¥ ¤̀ e§ ®.oFkxq© A§ n¦ ,`p̈a`© M§ siT¦ Y© `EdC§ `r̈Wx¦C§
z³¥̀ izi ¦ U¦À r̈e§ m®¤kA§ x§w¦ A§ o´¥Y ¤̀ i†¦gExÎz ¤̀ § ai :izEr
¦ x§ ca© r¡n¤ l§
© x« zïe§ :mzi
gE «¤ U¦ r«
£ e© Ex†n§ W§ Y¦ i¬©hR̈W§ nE
¦ Ekl¥½ Y¥ ÆiT© gª AÎx
§ W£̀
¤
,oExH§ Y¦ i©pic¦ e§ ®.oEkd̈Y§ ,inïw
© a¦ C§ zï .cia¥ r£ `© e§ .oFkirn
¥ A¦ oiY¥ ¤̀ ,iWc
¦ wª
¤ id§ e¦ m®¤kiz¥ Ÿa« £̀ l«© iY†©
mzi³¦ ¦ zp̈ x¬¤W£̀ ux¤ `¨½ Ä m´¤Ya§ Wi«© ¦ bi :oEcAr § z© e§
.`r̈x`© A§ oEaY§ z¦ e§ :midŸl`«
«¦ l¥ m†¤kl̈ d¬¤id« § ¤̀ ikŸ½¦ p`´¨ e§ mr̈½ l§ Æil¦
:Dl̈`
¡ l¤ ,oFkl§ i¥ed ¤̀ ®.`p̈£̀ e© .mr© l§ ,in© c̈w¢ oFdzE .oFkz§ d̈ä £̀ l© ,zia¦ di
© C¦
Æob̈C̈dÎl
© ¤̀ iz`³ẍ
¦ ẅe§ m®¤kizF ¥ `« n§ hª lŸM† n¦ mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ iY ´¦ r§ WF© d« § ci
§ wFxt ¤̀ e§ :ar̈« ẍ m†¤kil
,lŸMn¦ .oFkzï ¥ r£ o¬¥Y ¤̀ Î`Ÿle§ FzŸ½ ` izi ´¦ A¥ x§d¦ e§
:`p̈tM© ,oFkil¥ r£ oiY¥ ¤̀ `l̈e§ ®.Dizï
¥ i¥Bq`© e§ ,`xEa
¨ r£ zï jix¥ä £̀ e© .oFkz§ ä £̀ Fq
xW£Â
¤ ` or© n©À l§ d®¤ cV̈d© z†©aEpzE § ur¥½ d̈ ix´¦ RÎz
§ ¤̀ Æizi
¦ A¥ x§d¦ § eh
© ar†¨ẍ z¬©Rx§g¤ cFr² E¬gw§ z¦ `Ÿl´
.`p̈l̈i`¦ ixi¥ R¥ zï ,i¥Bq`© e§ :m«i¦ FBA
:`Ïn© n§ r© i¥piA¥ ,`p̈tk© icEQ
¥ g¦ ®.cFr oElA§ w© z§ `l̈C§ .lic¦ A§ .`l̈wg© ,zl© l§ r© e§
x´¤W£̀ m†¤kil¥ l§ r© nE
«© mir½¦ ẍd̈« m´¤kik¥ x§CÎz
© ¤̀ ÆmY¤ x§k§© fE fh
lr†©e§ mki ¥ ŸpŸer£ lr©µ mki¥
¤½ z´ ¤ hŸw« pE
¤½ pt§ A¦ ÆmzŸ § mi®¦aFhÎ`Ÿl
.oip¦ w§ z̈ `l̈C§ ,oFkic¥ äFre§ .`z̈ẄiA¦ oFkz§ g̈xF` zï ,oExkc
§ z¦ e§ ¤ z¥ Ÿa« rF
:m«ki £ Y«
m´¤kp§ r© n«© l§ `Ÿ ¯ fi :oFkz§ äirFY ¥ ,lr© e§ ®.oFkiaFg
¥ ,lr© .o©fg̈ oFdzE ,oEwpC©z¦ e§
En² l«§ M̈d¦ e§ EWFĀ m®¤kl̈ r†© c˦i d½eŸ¦ d¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ Æm ª̀ p§ dUŸ¤À rÎip£̀
¦
.midŸ¦ l` § c¦ a§ `l̈ :l«¥̀ ẍU¦
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ .cia¥ r̈ `p̈£̀ oFkli § i zi¬¥A m†¤kik¥ x§C©n¦
:l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ziA¥ ,oFkz§ g̈xF`n¥ ®.Er©pMz
§ `¦ e§ ,Ezid¦ A§ .oFkl§ ,rc§©iz¦i
lŸM† n¦ mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ ´¦ dh«© ÆmFiA§ d½eŸ¦ d¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ Æxn© `¨ dŸ ³
ix£ gi
`y ycgd zayc xihtn 301

op̈cM¦ :zFa« ẍ¢gd«¤ E†pa§ p¦ e§ mix½¦ r̈´¤dÎz ¤̀ ÆiY¦ a§ WF


© d« e§ m®¤kizF
¥ pŸ« er£
zï ,aiY©
¥ i £̀ e© .oFkiaFg
¥ ,lŸMn¦ .oFkzï
§ iM¥ c© £̀ C© ,`n̈FiA§ .midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀
zg© Y©µ c®¥ar̈Y «¥ d†ÖW © P§ d© ux¬¨
¤ `d̈ § hi :`z̈äxg̈ ,oïpAz¦ © ie§ ®.`Ï©exw¦
,`ïcv̈ zë£dC© `r̈x`© e§ :x«aFrÎl ¥ M̈ i†¥pir¥ l§ dn̈½ n̈W§ d´z̈§id̈« x´¤W£̀
ÆEfN¥̧ d© ux³¨ ¤ `d̈ ExÀ n§ `«¨ § k :ic¥r̈C§ lM̈ ,i¥pir¥ l§ ®.Ecv̈ zë£dC© ,sl̈£g .gl© Rz
§ Y¦
zFO¬ W © P§ d© e§ zFa² x¢ ¥ gd«¤ mix¯¦ r̈«d¤ e§ oc®¥¤rÎo©bM§ d†z̈§id̈« dÖ½ W§ © Pd©
zë£dC© ,l ¥̀ xU¦ § ie§ :EaẄ
¨ iC§ oM¥ C¦ `r̈x`© .oExni¥ « ï zFxEv ¬ A§ zFq† ẍ¡d«P¤ d© e§
,`z̈x¨B§ tnE
ª `z̈ïcv̈e§ ®.`z̈äxg̈ `Ï©exw¦ e§ .oc¤ r«¥ C§ `z̈P¦§ bM§ ,i¥edn¦ l§ za© Y© .`ïcv̈
»Ex£̀ Ẍ « i¦ x´¤W£̀ mÀi¦ FBd© Eŕc«§ ï § `k :Eaiz§¦ i oiti¦ T¦ Y© oikx ¦ M©
iY¦ r†©
§ hp̈ zFq½ ẍ¡d«P¤ d© Æizi ¦ p¦¸ Ä dÀëŸdi§ i´¦p£̀ | i´¦M m¼ ki ¤ zF
¥ ai« a¦ q§
© iC§ .`Ïn© n§ r© oErC¦§ ie§ :izi
,oEx £̀ YW¦ ¦ U«¦ r̈e§ iY¦ x¬©
§AC¦ d†ëŸdi§ i¬¦p£̀ d®ÖW§
© Pd©
zix©¦fB§ ,ï§i `p̈£̀ ®.`z̈ïcv̈ ,zini¥
¦ Iw© .`z̈x¨B§ tª n§ ,izi¥ ¦ pA§ .ï§i `p̈£̀ ,ix¥ £̀ .oFki¥pxg
¨ q©
:mi¥Iw© £̀ e© ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

ycegd zayc xihtn


'k - '` miweqt a"i oniq zeny
d²¤Gd© Wc¤Ÿg¯ d© :xŸn« `l¥ m¦ix†© v§ n¦ ux¬¤̀
¤ A§ oŸx½ d£ `Îl« ¤ ŸIe©
«© ¤̀ e§ d´¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§ xn`³
ExÀ A§ C© :d«p̈Ẍd© i†¥Wc§ g̈l§ mk¤½ l̈ Æ`Ed oFW` ¬ x¦ mi®¦Wc̈¢g W`Ÿx´ m†¤kl̈
Wi²¦` md¤À l̈ Eǵw¦ § ie§ d®¤Gd© Wc¤Ÿg´ l© xŸU† r̈«A¤ xŸn½ `l¥ Æl ¥̀ ẍU¦§ i zc³©rÎl
£ M̈Îl ¤̀
gw´© l̈e§ d¼ V
¤ n¦ zFíd§ n«¦ z¦» iA© d© hr´©n¦
§ iÎm`« ¦ e§ :z¦iÄ« l© d¬¤U zŸa† `Îzi
¨ a¥ l§ d¬¤U
302 ycgd zayc xihtn ay

EQŸk† Ÿ Fl½ k§ `¨ i´¦tl§ Wi`¦µ zŸW ® ẗp§ z´©qk§ n¦ A§ Fzi ¥ ¤̀ aŸx¬ T̈d© F²pk¥ WE
† AÎl § `EdÀ
mi¬¦UäM§ dÎo© n¦ m®¤kl̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ d†p̈ẄÎoA¤ x¬k̈f̈ mi²¦nz̈ d¬¤U :dV «¤ dÎl
© r©
mFi† x²Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© cr´© zx¤ n¤½ W§ n¦ l§ Æmk¤ l̈ d³ïd̈e§ :EgT̈« Y¦ mi†¦Gr¦ d̈« ÎonE ¦
ÆEgw§ l̈« e§ :m¦iÄ« x§r© d̈« oi¬¥A l†¥̀ ẍU¦ § iÎzc©r£ l¬©dw§ lŸM² FzŸÀ ` Eh́£gẄ « e§ d®¤Gd© Wc¤Ÿg´ l©
miY´Ä ¦½ d© lr©µ sFw® W§ O© dÎl © r© e§ z†ŸfEfO§ d© i¬¥YWÎl § r© E²pz«§ p̈e§ mC̈½ dÎo © n¦
W´¥̀ Îil¦ v§ d®¤Gd© dl̈§i´©NA© x†ÜÄdÎz © ¤̀ El¬ k§ `«¨ e§ :m«d¤ Ä FzŸ† ` El¬ k` § Ÿi« ÎxW£̀¤
l†Ẍaª n§ l¬¥WäE `p̈½ ÆEPO¤̧ n¦ El³ k` § ŸY« Îl`© :Edl«ª k` § Ÿi« mixŸ†¦ xnÎl § r© zFS½ nE ©
Exi¬¦zFzÎ`Ÿle§ :FA« x§wÎl ¦ r© e§ eir†¨ẍMÎl § r© FW`Ÿ ¬ x W ¥̀½ Îil¦ vÎm § `¦ i´¦M m¦i®ÖA©
Eĺk` § ŸY« d» k̈k̈e§ :EtŸx« U§ Y¦ W¬¥̀ Ä xw¤ ŸA† Îcr© EP²¤On¦ x¬z̈ŸPd© e§ xw¤ ŸA® Îcr© EP†¤On¦
m³¤Yl§ k£̀ © e«© m®¤kc¤§ iA§ m†¤kl§ T¤ nE
© mki ¤½ l¥ b§ x© A§ Æmki ¤ l¥ r«
£ p© mixª ½¦ bg£ m´¤ki¥pz§ n̈ ¼FzŸ`

¼ Gd© dl̈§i´©NA© m¦ » ix© v§ nÎu¦ x«¤ ¤̀ a§ iY ´¦ x§a© r̈« e§ :d«ëŸdil«© `Ed† gq¬¤ © R oF½fR̈g¦ A§ ÆFzŸ`
i¬¥dŸl¡`Îlk̈aE § d®n̈d¥ AÎc § r© e§ m †c̈`¨ n «¥ m¦ix½© v§ n¦ ux´¤̀ ¤ A§ ÆxFkAÎl § k̈ i³¦ziM¥ d¦ e§
ÆmiY¦ Äd© lr³© zŸ`À l§ mk¤¹ l̈ mC̈¸ d© Ádïd̈e§ :d«ëŸdi§ i¬¦p£̀ mi†¦hẗW§ d¬¤Ur« ¡ ¤̀ m¦ix²© v§ n¦
m¬¤kä d¤̧id«§ i¦ Î`Ÿle§ m®¤kl¥ r£ i†¦Yg§ q© ẗ« E mC̈½ dÎz © ¤̀ Æizi ¦ `¸¦ ẍe§ mẄ½ m´¤Y`© x´¤W£̀
oFx½ M̈¦fl§ Æmk¤ l̈ d³¤Gd© mFI̧d© Ádïd̈e§ :m¦iẍ« v§ n¦ ux¬¤̀ ¤ A§ i†¦zŸMd© A§ zig¦½ W§ n© l§ Æsb¤ p¤̧
Æminï ¦ zr³©a§ W¦ :Ed«Bªg̈Y§ m†l̈Fr zT¬©gª mki ¤½ z¥ Ÿx´Ÿcl§ d®ëŸdil«© b´©g FzŸ† ` m¬¤zŸBg© e§
i´¦M m®¤kiY¥ Ä« n¦ xŸ`† V§ Ezi¬¦AW§ Y© oFW` ½ x¦ d̈« mFÍA© K`©µ Elk`Ÿ ¥½ Y zFŚn©
mF¬iÎcr© oŸW† `x¦ d̈« mF¬In¦ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § In¦ Æ`ed¦ d© Wt³¤ ¤ Pd© dzº̈ x§k§ p¦ e§ un¥À g̈ l´¥kŸ`ÎlM̈
Wc¤Ÿw† Î`ẍw§ n«¦ iri ½¦ a¦ X§ d© ÆmFIaE © Wc¤Ÿw½ Î`ẍw§ n«¦ ÆoFW`x¦ d̈« mF³IaE © :ir«¦ a¦ X§ d©
Wt¤ p¤½ Îlk̈l§ l´¥k`«¨ i¥ x´¤W£̀ K`©µ md¤½ ä d´¤Ur̈«i¥Î`Ÿl Ædk̈`l̈nÎl § M̈ m®¤kl̈ d´¤id«§ i¦
d½G¤d© mFÍd© Æmv¤ r¤̧ A§ iMÀ¦ zFS ¼ O© dÎz © ¤̀ m» Y¤ x§n© WE § :m«k¤ l̈ d¬¤Ur̈«i¥ FC†a© l§ `Ed¬
d²¤Gd© mF¬IdÎz © ¤̀ mY¤º x§n© WE § m¦i ®ẍv§ n¦ ux´¤̀ ¤ n¥ m†¤kizF ¥ `« a§ vÎz ¦ ¤̀ iz`¬¥ ¦ vFd
ax¤ r¤½ Ä ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ l© mF³i xܸ r̈ Ádr̈Äx§`© A§ oŸW¿ `x¦ Ä« :ml̈« Fr zT¬©gª m†¤kiz¥ Ÿx«Ÿcl§
minï ¦½ zr´©a§ W¦ :ax¤ r̈« Ä Wc¤Ÿg† l© mix²¦ U§ r¤ e§ c¯g̈ ¤̀ d̈« mFí cr©Â z®ŸSn© El† k` § ŸY«
Wt³¤¤ Pd© dzº̈ x§k§ p¦ e§ z¤vn¤À g§ n© l´¥kŸ`ÎlM̈ | i´¦M m®¤kiY¥ ä« A§ `†¥vÖ¦i `¬Ÿl xŸ`¾ U§
El®¥k`Ÿz `Ÿl´ z¤v†¤ng§ nÎl © M̈ :ux¤ `«¨ d̈ g¬©x§f ¤̀ aE § x†¥BA© l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i zc´©r£ n «¥ Æ`ed¦ d©
:zFS« n© El† k` § ŸY« mki ¤½ z¥ Ÿa´ WF
§ n« ÆlŸkA§
by ycegd zayc dxhtd 303

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

ycegd zayc dxhtd


d"n oniq l`wfgia

q³n̈g̈ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥̀ iU¦ p§ Æmk¤ l̈Îax© dÀ¦eŸd¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ xnº© `Î ¨ dŸM `
Æmki¤ z¥ ŸW« xªb§ Enix³¦ d̈ EU ® r£ dw†¨c̈vE§ h¬R̈W§ nE ¦ Exiq¦½ d̈ ÆcŸWë
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ :d«eŸ¦ d¡i i¬p̈Ÿc £̀ m†ª̀ p§ iO½¦ r© lr
,oFkl§ iB¦ q© .midŸ¦ l` ´©n¥
EwiN¦ q© .Ecia¦ r£ ,Ekf̈e§ hFWwC¦ oic¦ e§ .FCr`© ,`G̈aE
¦ `ẗhg¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ia¥ xa
§ x©
wc²¤
¤ vÎzti« ¤ vÎi¥pf§ `Ÿ «
© ¥̀ e§ wc¯¤ a :midŸ¦ l`
¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.iO¦ r© FBn¦ ,oFkz§ l̈wY©
,hFWwC¦ oiY¦ aE
© ®.hFWwC¦ ol̈iknE
¦ ,hFWwC¦ oëp̈§fFn :m«k¤ l̈ i¬¦d§i wc†¤¤ vÎzaE ©
x¬©Ur§ n© z`U § i¦ Æcg̈ ¤̀ ok¤ ŸY³ zA©À d© e§ d´ẗi ¥̀ «¨ b :oFkl§ oFd§i
¥¾ l̈ d½i¤d«
§ i¦ xn¤ Ÿg† dÎl
d¬¤id« © ¤̀ dẗ½ i ¥̀ d̈« Æxn¤ Ÿg¸ d© zxi £ e© z®Äd© xn¤ Ÿg† d©
³¦ U¦ r«
aQ© n¦ l§ .oi`¦ q§ zl̈Y§ ,mFkq§ .id§¥ i ,cg© qwi© h¥ .`ŸaE
© `z̈li § k¦ n§ :FY« p§ Mª z
§ n©
on¦ ®.`z̈li
§ k¦ n§ ,`ẄiA©
¦ i `xFM
¨ xq© r©
£ e .`ŸA© ,`äiH¦ x© zli
© kn
¦ A¦ `xFM
¨ xUr
© n©
mil¹¦ ẅW§ mix¸¦ U§ r¤ d®ẍ¥B mix´¦ U§ r¤ lw†¤ ¤ Xd© § c :DiqET¥ h¦ i¥ed̈ ,`xFM¨
d†¤pÖd© lw¤ W ¤½ ÆdẌn£ ¦ ge«© d³ẍÜr£ milÀ¦ ẅW§ mix´¦ U§ r¤ e§ d¯Ẍn£ ¦g
i¥pn§ .oirl
¦ q¦ oixq ¦ r¤ ,`r̈lq¦ e§ :m«k
¦ r¤ ,`ïpn̈ zEzlY© .oir¦ n̈ oixq ¤ l̈ d¬¤id«§ i¦
,oFdN§ Mª .oirl
¦ q¦ ixq
¥ r¤ Win£
¥ g ,`ïpn̈ zErax© .oirl
¦ q¦ Win£
¥ ge© oixq
¦ r¤ ,`R̈qk©
x´¤W£̀ d†n̈ExY§ d© z`¬Ÿ d :oFkl§ id§¥ i ,`Ẅcwª i¥pn§ ®.`Äx© `ïpn̈ .oiY¦ W¦
¤ X¦ W¦ e§ miH½¦ g¦ d«© xn¤ Ÿg´ n¥ Ædẗi ¥̀ d̈« zi³¦XW¦ Enix®¦ Ÿ
dẗ½ i ¥̀ d̈« Æmzi
`ŸW¦ on¦ cg© .oEWxt § z© C§ ,`z̈EWxt ¨ `© `C̈ :mixŸ«¦ rV § d© xn¤ Ÿg† n¥
:oix¦r̈q§ ,xFMn¦ ®.`z̈li
§ kn
¦ A¦ ,`ŸW¦ on¦ cg© e§ .oiH¦ g¦ xFMn¦ ,`z̈li
§ kn
¦ A¦
304 ycgd zayc dxhtd cy

zx¬¤¤ Ur£ xŸM½ dÎo© n¦ ÆzA© d© x³©Ur§ n© on¤ X ¤¹ d© wŸg¸ § e


¤À d© z´©Ad© on¤ X
on¦ aQ© n¦ l§ i¥fg̈cE :xn¤ Ÿg« mi†¦YA© d© zx¬¤ £ M¦ xn¤ Ÿg® mi†¦YA© d©
¤ UrÎi
`ïed̈ `xq
¨ r© on¦ cg© .`xFM
¨ on¦ ,`ŸA© `x¨qr
§ n© .`äiH¦ x© zli
© kn
¦ A¦ ,`g̈Wn¦
o`³ŸSdÎo
© n¦ zg©¸ `Îd © U ¤ § f :`xFM ¨ ,oiY¦ A© xW © r£ ix¥ £̀ ®.`xFM¨ on¦ ,`ŸA©
d´l̈FrlE § d†g̈p§ n¦ l§ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i dw´¥W§ O© n¦ Æmi¦ z`
©¸ ÖdÎo
© n¦
`p̈r̈ on¦ cg© xO© `¦ e§ :d«eŸ¦ d¡i i¬p̈Ÿc £̀ m†ª̀ p§ mdi
¤½ l¥ r£ x´¥Rk© l§ mi®¦nl̈W§ l¦ e§
zqk
© plE
¦ ,`z̈l̈r£ l© e§ `z̈g̈pn¦ l§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `n̈hR¦ n¦ aQ© n¦ l§ i¥fg̈C§ ,oz`
© n̈ on¦
Ei†d«
§ i¦ ux¤ `¨½ d̈ m ´r̈d̈ lŸ µ g :midŸ¦ l`¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.oFdil¥ r£ `x¨R̈k© l§ .`ÏWc
© wª
oFd§i .`r̈x`© C§ `Ör© ,lŸM :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ § iA§ `i†¦UP̈l© z`®ŸGd© d´n̈ExY§ dÎl © ¤̀
dÀi¤d«§ i¦ `i´¦UP̈dÎl
© r© § h :l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ iA§ ,`Äx©l§ ®.`c̈d̈ `z̈EWxt ¨ `© zï ,oic¦ a§ r̈
zFz½ ÄX © aE
© ÆmiW¦ c̈¢gaE «¤ mi³¦Bg© A«© K¼ q¥ ¤ Pd© e§ d» g̈p§ O¦ d© e§ zFĺFrd̈«
Îz ¤̀ e§ z`´Ḧg© dÎz «© ¤̀ dU ¤º r«£ i©Î`Ed l®¥̀ ẍU¦ § i zi´¥A i†¥ crF£ nÎl
« k̈A§
ÎziA¥ cr¬©A§ x†¥Rk© l§ min½¦ l̈X§ dÎz © ¤̀ e§ Ædl̈Frd̈Îz ¤̀ e§ dgÀ̈ p§ O¦ d©
,`Ïgx©
© iaE `Ï©Bg© A§ .`ÏMq
© p¦ e§ ,`z̈g̈pnE ¦ `z̈l̈r£ .id¥ Y§ `Äx© lr© e§ :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ §i
.`z̈g̈pn¦ zïe§ `z̈`Ḧg© zï ,cia¥ r©
£ i `Ed .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ziA¥ ,ic¥ rFn
£ lk̈A§ .`ÏA© WaE
©
x» n© `ÎdŸ
¨ i :l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ziA¥ lr© ,`x¨R̈k© l§ ®.`ÏWc
© wª zqk © p¦ zïe§ ,`z̈l̈r£ zïe§
xw†¨ÄÎoAÎx ¤ R© gT¬©Y¦ Wc¤Ÿg½ l© c´g̈ ¤̀ A§ ÆoFW`x¦ Ä« d¼ eŸ¦ d¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀
,d`¨ n̈cw© A§ .midŸ¦ l`¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ :WC̈« w§ O¦ dÎz
© ¤̀ †z̈`H¥ g¦ e§ mi®¦nŸ
gw©¸ l̈ § `i :`ẄCw § n© zï ,iM¥ czE
© ®.mil¦ W§ ,ixFY
¥ xA© xFY aQ© Y¦ .`g̈x©il§ cg© A§
r²©Ax§`Îl
© ¤̀ e§ z¦iA©½ d© z´©fEfnÎl § ¤̀ Æozp̈ © e§ z`HÀ̈ g© d«© mC´©n¦ odŸ ¥¹ Md©
:zini «¦ p¦ R§ d© x¬¥vg̈«d¤ xr†© © W z½f© EfnÎl
§ r©¸ e§ g®¥© A§fO¦ l© d†ẍf̈r£ d̈« zF¬PR¦
.rAx
© `© lr© e§ .`z̈iA¥ zR© wª q§ lr© ,oiY¦
¥ ie§ .`z̈`Ḧg© C§ `n̈C§ n¦ ,`p̈£dM̈ aQ¦
© ie§
:`z̈iËB̈ `z̈x§C̈ ,rx©Y§ ®.zR© wª q§ lr© e§ .`g̈Ac § n© l§ ,`z̈n§ q̈n§ zïef̈
¤ Pd© e§ h :wecwcd wlg
:ixiva o"epd .K¼ q¥
dy ycegd zayc dxhtd 305

iz®¤ ¦ d†¤bŸW Wi¬¦`n¥ Wc¤Ÿg½ a© d ´r̈a§ W¦ A§ ÆdU


¦ RnE ¤ r£ Y«© o³¥k § ai
§ n¦ C§ xa© B§ n¦ .`g̈x©ia§ `r̈aW¦ A§ ,cia¥ r£ Y© ok¥ e§ :z¦iÄ
,il¥ YW « dÎz
© ¤̀ m†¤Yx§R© k¦ e§
ÆmFi x¬Ür̈ dr̈¸ Äx§`© A§ oFW`x¦ «¨Â bi :`z̈iA¥ lr© ,oExR§ kzE © ®.WR© H© nE
¦
:l«k¥ `«¨ i¥ zFS† n© minï ½¦ zFŕaª W§ bg̈¾ gq®R̈ © d© m†¤kl̈ d¬¤id« § i¦ Wc¤Ÿg½ l©
`r̈aW¦ .`B̈g© .`g̈qR¦ ,oFkl§ id§
¥ i .`g̈x©il§ ,`n̈Fi `xq
¨ r© zr© Ax
§ `© A§ .oq̈ip¦ A§
Fc¾ r£ A«© `Ed½ d© mFÍA© Æ`iUP̈ ¦ d© d³Ür̈ § ci :lik¦ £̀ z¦i ,`xi¨ H¦ R© ®.oinFi
¦
£ ie§ :z`Ḧ
.`Edd© `n̈FiA§ ,`Äx© cia¥ r© « g© x†©R ux®¨ ¤ `d̈ mrÎl ´© M̈ cr†©aE §
zr©¸ a§ W¦ § eh :`z̈`Ḧg© C§ ,`xFY ¨ ®.`r̈x`© C§ `Ör© lM̈ ,sl̈gE .idFti ¦ l£ ¦g
zr©¸ a§ W¦ e§ mix¦ R¨Â zr´©a§ W¦ dÀëŸdil«© d´l̈Fr d¯¤Ur«£ i© bg¹̈ dÎi ¤ n§ ¥i
mi†¦Gr¦ xir¬¦ U§ z`Ḧ¾ g© e§ mi®¦nÏd© zr†©a§ W¦ mF½Il© Æmni ¦ n¦ Y§ mi³¦li ¥̀
`r̈aW¦ e§ .oixFz
¦ `r̈aW¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢ `z̈l̈r£ cia¥ r© ¥ `r̈aW¦ e§ :mF«Il
£ i ,`B̈g© inFi ©
:`n̈Fil§ ,oiG¦ r¦ xA© xit¦ v§ ®.`z̈`Ḧg© e§ .`ÏnFi
© ,`r̈aW¦ .`n̈Fil§ ,oinl
¦ W© oixk
¦ C¦
:d«ẗi ¥̀ l̈« oi¬¦d on†¤
¤ We§ d®¤Ur«£ i© l¦i†©`l̈ d¬ẗi ¥̀ e§ x²R̈l© d¬ẗi ¥̀ dgÀ̈ p§ nE
¦ fh
il¥ n§ ,`g̈WnE
¦ ®.cia¥ r©
£ i ,`xk
¨ c¦ l§ `z̈li
§ knE
¦ .`xFz
¨ l§ `z̈li
§ k¦ n§ .`z̈g̈pnE
¦
bg̈½ A¤ ÆWc¤Ÿg¸ l© mF³i xܸ r̈ ÁdẌn£ ¦ gA«© iri
¿¦ a¦ X§ © fi :`z̈li
§ kn
¦ l¦ `p̈id¦
d†g̈p§ O¦ k© e§ dl̈½ ŸrM̈« Æz`Ḧg«© M© mi®¦nÏd© zr´©a§ W¦ dN†¥̀ ¤ k̈ d¬¤Ur«£ i©
cia¥ r©
£ i .`B̈g© A§ ,`g̈x©il§ `n̈Fi `xq¨ r© YWin£ ¦ A¦ :on
¥ gA© .d`¨ r̈iaW ¤ Ẍ
« k© e§
:`g̈WnkE
¦ ,`z̈g̈pnkE
¦ ®.`z̈l̈r£ M© ,`z̈`Ḧg© M§ .`ÏnFi
© `r̈aW¦ ,oiN¥ `¦ M§
d´¤pŸRd© Æzini ¦ p¦ R§ d© x³¥vg̈«d¤ xr© W ©¹ d¼ eŸ¦ d¡i i´p̈Ÿc £̀ x» n© `ÎdŸ
¨ gi
g© z¥½ R̈¦i ÆzÄX
© d© mF³iaE § d®¤Ur£ O«© d«© i´¥n§i zW†¥ ¤ W xEb½ q̈ d´¤id« § i¦ mic½¦ ẅ
,`z̈iËB̈ `z̈x§c̈C§ .`r̈xY© .midŸ¦ l`¡ ï§i ,xn© £̀ op̈cM¦ :g
©z«¥ R̈¦i Wc¤Ÿg† d© mF¬iaE §
id§
¥ i ,`z̈A§ W
© C§ `n̈FiaE .`N̈gª inFi
¥ ,`ŸW¦ .cig¦ £̀ id§
¥ i .`g̈pc
§ n© l§ gi
© zt
¦ C¦
ml̈¸ E` ÁKx¤ C¤ `iUP̈ ¦¿ d© `´äE hi :gi© z¦ t§ id§
¥ i ,`g̈x©iC§ `n̈FiaE ®.gi
© z¦ t§
mip£¦À dŸM« d© EÚr̈e§ xr© X©½ d© z´©fEfnÎl
§ r© Æcn© r̈e§ uEgÀ n¦ xr© X ©¹ d©
306 ycgd zayc dxhtd ey

xr†©
© Xd© o¬©Yt§ nÎl
¦ r© d²ë£gY«© W§ d¦ e§ ein̈½ l̈WÎz§ ¤̀ e§ ÆFzl̈FrÎz« ¤̀
`ÖlE` © A§ .`Äx© lFri¥ie§ :ax¤ r̈« d̈Îcr© x†¥bQ̈¦iÎ`Ÿl xr¬©
© gxF` © Xd© e§ `®v̈ïe§
,Diz¥ l̈r£ zï .`Ï©pd£ M̈ oEcAr©
§ ie§ .`r̈xY© zR© wª q§ lr© ,mEwie¦ .`x¨äN§ n¦ ,`r̈xz© C§
,cg© £̀ z¦i `l̈ `r̈xz© e§ ®.wFR¦ie§ ,`r̈xY© zR© wª q§ lr© .cFBq¦ie§ .idFWc
¦ wª zqk
© p¦ zïe§
`Ed½ d© xr´© © Xd© gz© R¤µ ux¤ `À̈ d̈Îmr© Eé£gY«© W§ d«¦ § k :`Ẅnx© cr©
.`r̈x`© C§ `Ör© ,oEcBq¦ § ie§ :d«ëŸdi§ i†¥pt§ l¦ mi®¦Wc̈¢ gaE
«¤ zFz† ÄX © A©
dl̈½ Ÿr´d̈ § `k :ï§i ,mc̈w¢ ®.`Ïgx©
© iaE ,`ÏA© W © A§ .`Edd© `r̈xz© C§ ,`p̈«©lr£ n© A§
mi²¦Uäk§ d¯ẌW¦ zAÀ̈ X © d© mFíA§ d®ëŸdil«© `i†¦UP̈d© ax¬¦ w© § iÎxW£̀
¤
`n̈FiA§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`Äx© aix¥ẅiC¦ .`z̈l̈r© £ e :min «¦ Ÿ l¦i¬©`e§ m†¦nin¦ Y§
d´ẗi ¥̀ Ædg̈p§ nE ¦ ak :mil¦ W§ xkcE © ,oinl¦ W © ®.oix¦O§ `¦ `ŸW¦ .`z̈A§ W © C§
:d«ẗi ¥̀ l̈« oi¬¦d on†¤
¤ We§ Fcï ® z´©Yn© d†g̈p§ n¦ mi¬¦UäM§ l© e§ l¦i`©½ l̈
,`g̈WnE
¦ ®.Dic§¥ i wiAc
¥ z© C§ ,`z̈g̈pn¦ `Ïx©O§ `lE
¦ .`xk
¨ c¦ l§ `z̈li
§ k¦ n§ ,`z̈g̈pnE
¦
m®¦nin¦ Y§ xw†¨ÄÎoA¤ x¬©R Wc¤Ÿg½ d© mFíaE § bk :`z̈li § kn¦ l¦ `p̈id¦ il¥ n§
xA© xFY .`g̈x©iC§ `n̈FiaE :Ei« d« § i¦ m¬¦nin¦ Y§ l¦i†©`ë mi²¦UäM§ zW¯¥ ¤ We§
xR¹̈ l© dẗ¸ i ¥̀ § ck :oFd§i oinl
¦ W © ,xkcE
© ®.oix¦O§ `¦ `ŸW¦ e§ .oinl¦ W © ,ixFY
¥
Fcï
® bi†¦VY© x¬¤W£̀ M«© miU¦½ äM§ l©¸ e§ dg̈½ p§ n¦ d´¤Ur«£ i© Æl¦i`©¸ l̈ d³ẗi ¥̀ e§
cia¥ r©
£ i ,`xk
¨ c¦ l§ `z̈li
§ knE
¦ .`xFz
¨ l§ `z̈li § knE
¦ :d«ẗi ¥̀ l̈« oi¬¦d on†¤
¤ We§
:`z̈li
§ kn
¦ l¦ `p̈id¦ il¥ n§ ,`g̈WnE
¦ ®.Dic§¥ i ,wiAc
¥ z© C§ `n̈M§ .`Ïx©O§ `lE
¦ .`z̈g̈pn¦
:`«v¥ i¥ FM† x§c©aE
§ `Faï
½ Æxr© X
©¸ d© m³l̈E` Kx¤ C´¤ `i®¦UP̈d© `Fa† aE
§ dk
:wFR¦i ,DigxF`aE
¥ ®.lFri¥i ,`r̈xz© C§ `ÖlE`
© gxF`
© A§ .`Äx© lri
© naE
¥
ÁKx¤ C¤ `Ä¿ d© mi ¼ c¦ rF£ O« A© dëŸ
» di§ i´¥pt§ l¦ ux¤ `¹̈ d̈Îmr© `Fa̧aE § ek
Æ`Äd© e§ a¤bp¤½ xr´© © WÎKx¤ C«¤ Æ`v¥ i¥ zÀŸeg £ Y«© W§ d«¦ l§ oFtv̈
¹ xr© W©¸
Kx³¤
¤ C aEWï À `Ÿl´ dp̈Ftv̈ ® xr´© © WÎKx¤ C«¤ `†¥vi¥ a¤bp¤½ xr´© © WÎKx¤ C«¤
`Ör© lri
© naE
¥ :`«v¥ i¥ (e`vi 'k) Fg† k§ p¦ i¬¦M Fa½ `´ÄÎxW£̀ ¤ Æxr© X ©¸ d©
fy lecbd zayc dxhtd 307

.c©Bqn¦ l§ ,`p̈ERv¦ rx©Y§ gxF` © A§ .lil¥ r̈C§ .`Ïc©rFn


£ A§ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ c©Bqn¦ l§ .`r̈x`© C§
gxF`
© A§ ,wFR¦i .`n̈FxC̈ rx©Y§ gxF` © A§ ,lil¥ r̈cE .`n̈FxC̈ rx©Y§ gxF` © A§ ,wFR¦i
:wFR¦i ,Dila¥ w¦ l§ ix¥ £̀ ®.DiA¥ lr̈C§ ,`r̈xY© gxF` © A§ .aEz§i `l̈ .`p̈ERv¦ rx©Y§
.`Äx©e§ :E`«v¥ i¥ m†M̈x§c©aE § `Faï ½ Æm`Fa ¨ A§ m³k̈FzA§ `i®¦UP̈d« © § fk
micÀ¦ rF
£ O« aE© mi´¦Bg© aE «© gk :oEwR¦§ i ,oFdwR© naE
¦ ®.lFri¥i ,oFdlri © n¥ A§ oFdi¥piA¥
z´©Yn© mi†¦UäM§ l© e§ l¦i`©½ l̈ d´ẗi ¥̀ e§ ÆxR̈l© d³ẗi ¥̀ Ædg̈p§ O¦ d© d³¤id§ Y«¦
`z̈li
§ k¦ n§ `‹ z̈g̈pn¦ id¥ Y§ .`Ïc©rFnaE
£ `Ï©BgaE
© :d«ẗi ¥̀ l̈« oi¬¦d on†¤
¤ We§ Fcï ®
`p̈id¦ il¥ n§ ,`g̈WnE
¦ ®.Dic§¥ i wiAc
¥ z© C§ ,`Ïx©O§ `lE
¦ .`xk
¨ c¦ l§ `z̈li
§ knE
¦ ,`xFz
¨ l§
:`z̈li§ kn
¦ l¦
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

z"q lkae 'mz`vae' :miqetca .e`vi m†M̈x§c©aE


§ © e§ fk :wecwcd wlg
:irb e"ied .`i®¦UP̈d«
xn` `ixcptw zeyrl el xzen oi`y `vi ekxcae `iypa dlgz xn`y itlke .xwire 'mkxcae'
ezeyrl deevn `ed s` ,`ixcptw ezeyrl mieevn mdy mrd jxca xnelk 'e`vi mkxcae' o`k
i"zk yexita `"ri `rpv inkgn oencw mdxa` x"dl izi`x oke ,mzenke mdnr `ixcptw
:y"r

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

lecbd zayc dxhtd


ml̈½ Fr i´¥niM¦ m ®l̈ẄExi« e¦ d †c̈Ed§i z¬©gp§ n¦ d½ëŸdil«© Ædäx§ r̈
« e§ `
Wp̈¡` oAxEw
© © ie§ :z«ŸIpŸ¦ n« c§ w
.ï§i mc̈w¢ lA© wz¦ © mi†¦pẄkE
§
308 lecbd zayc dxhtd gy

iY
´¦ a§ x© ẅ« § a :oinc
¦ w© N§ n¦ C§ oipW
¦ k¦ e§ ®.`n̈l§ r̈ inFi
¥ M§ .mlWEx§
¤ i ia¥ zï
§ e§ ,dc̈Ed§i
Æmit¦ X§ k© n§ A«© xd¥À n© n§ cr´¥ | izi´¦ ¦ id̈e§ h¼ R̈W§ O¦ l© m» ki ¤ l£̀
¥
xik¦ UÎx
¨Â k© U§ iw´¥WŸ § r« aE
§ xw®Ẍ ¤ l© mir†¦ ÄW¦ § PaE
© mit£̀´p̈½¦ n§ aE«©
:zF`« äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ x†©n`¨ ipE ¦ `½ x§¥ i `Ÿl´ e§ Æxb¥ ÎiH¥ nE
© mFzï
³ e§ dp̈¸ n̈l§ `©
,`ÏW
© x¨g̈A§ .igFn
¦ cid¦ q̈l§ ,oFkA§ ix¦ni § n¥ idi
¥ e¦ .`p̈iC¦ ca© r¡n¤ l§ ,oFkil¥ r£ il¥ Bz
§ ¤̀ e§
mzi¦
© ie§ `l̈nx§ `© .`xi¨ b£̀
¦ x©b £̀ iq¥ p§ `aE
¨ .`x¨w§ W¦ l§ ,oir¦ a§ YW © nc¦ aE
¦ .`ÏtÏ© © BaE
§
i¬¦p£̀ i²¦ b :zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.in© c̈w¢ on¦ Elig¦ C§ `l̈e§ ,`xFI
¨ B¦ oiC¦ ohq
© nE
©
,ï§i `p̈£̀ .ix¥ £̀ «¤ l¦ k§ `¬Ÿl aŸw† r«£ i©Îi«p¥ A§ m¬¤Y`© e§ izi®¦
:mzi ¦ pẄ `Ÿl´ d†ëŸdi§
zin¦ C§ o`n© C§ oO© c©n§ oEY`© a‹ Ÿwr©
£ i i¥pA§ oEY`© e§ ®.`n̈l§ r̈ on¦ C§ inï
¦ w§ izi
¦ pW
¦ `© `l̈
ÆiT© gª n«¥ m³¤Yx§q© mki ¤¹ z¥ Ÿa« £̀ ini
¥̧ n¦ § c :wiq¦ R̈ Di¥piC¦ ,oic¥d̈ `n̈l§ r̈A§
d´¨eŸdi§ x†©n`¨ mki ¤½ l£̀
¥ däEẂ`¨ e§ Æil© ¥̀ EaEW ³ mY¤½ x§n© W§ `Ÿl´ e§
¥ n¦ l§ :aEWp̈
on¦ oFzih¥ q§ .oFkz§ d̈ä £̀ inFI « d¬¤OA© m†¤Yx§n£̀ © e«© zF`® äv§
,xn© £̀ .oFkl§ `äḧi ¥̀ l§ ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§ i¥pRz
§ ¤̀ e§ ,ip¦ g̈lEtl§ EaEY .oEYxh§
© p `l̈e§ iniï
© w§
i³¦M midŸl¡À¦ ` m ¹c̈`¨ rA©¸ w¦ § i £ d :aEzp§ `n̈A§ ,oExni § Y¥ m`¦ e§ ®.zF`äv§ ï§i
x†¥Ur£ O«© d«© LE®pr£ a«© w§ d´¤OA© m†¤Yx§n£̀ © e«© izŸ¦½ ` mir´¦ aŸ§ w« ÆmY¤ `©
§ n© ,oEY`© ix¥ £̀ .`p̈ÏC© mc̈w¢ ,xa© B§ f©Bx¦id© :dn̈
m`¦ e§ .in© c̈w¢ oi¦fBx « ExY§ d© e§
Ædẍ ¥̀ O§ © e :`z̈n̈ExzaE¦ ,`Ïx©Ur § n© A§ ®.Kn̈c̈w¢ `p̈fi¥Bx`© `n̈A§ ,oExni § Y¥
oEY`© ,`z̈Ehl̈A§ :FN« Mª iFB† d © mir®¦ a§ Ÿw« m´¤Y`© i†¦zŸ`e§ mix½¦ `«¨ p¥ m´¤Y`©
ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ E`ia¸¦ ¨ f :oFdN§ Mª ,`Ör© ®.oi¦fBx § n© oEY`© ,in© c̈wE § .oh© l̈zn¦
Æ`p̈ ipE³¦ pg̈aE § izi ¦½ a¥ A§ Æsx¤ h¤̧ i¬¦die¦ xv̈À F`d̈« zi´¥AÎl ¤̀ xU ¥¹ r£ O«© d«©
z`¥µ mk¤À l̈ g´©Yt§ ¤̀ `ŸlÎm ¯ `¦ zF`® äv§ d´¨eŸdi§ x†©n`¨ z`Ÿ½fÄ
:ic̈« Îil¦ AÎc
§ r© d†k̈ẍA§ m²¤kl̈ i¬¦zŸwix£ «¦ de«© m¦in©½ Ẍd© zFÁx£̀ ª
m"nd .mit£̀´p̈
¦½ n§ aE
«© :z"iaay jix`nd iptn ,rp m"nay `eyd .Æmit¦ X§ k© n§ A«© a :wecwcd wlg
:gp `eyde dtx
hy lecbd zayc dxhtd 309

,qEpx§R© idi
¥ e¦ .`x¨vF`
§ zia¥ l§ ,`x¨Ur § n© lM̈ zï E`izi ¦ ¥̀ `Ï‹ a¦ p§ xn© £̀
m`¦ .zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ .`c̈d̈A§ ,in© c̈w¢ or© k§ FQ©pe§ .iW¦ Cw
§ n© zia¥ A§ oiW¦ O§ Wn
© c¦ l§
:zQ© n¦ oExni
§ z¥ C§ cr© ,`äEh ®.oFkl§ zig¥ `© e§ .`ÏnW
© C¦ i¥EM© ,zï .oFkl§ gYt © ¤̀ `l̈
d®n̈c̈£̀ d̈« ix´¦ RÎz
§ ¤̀ m†¤kl̈ z¬¦gW© § iÎ`Ÿl« e§ lkŸ¥½ `Ä« Æmk¤ l̈ i³¦Yx§r«© b̈ § g
sFG ¤̀ e§ :zF`« äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ x†©n`¨ dc½¤V̈A© Æot¤̧
¤ Bd© m³¤kl̈ lM¥̧ W © zÎ`Ÿl
§ e§
oFkl§ liMz
¥ z© `l̈e§ .`r̈x`© C§ `Ä`¦ zï ,oFkl§ liA¥ g§
© i `l̈e§ .`l̈A§ gn
© A¦ ,oFkl§
m®¦iFBdÎl
© M̈ m†¤kz§ ¤̀ Ex¬ X§ `¦ § h :zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.`l̈w§ g© A§ ,`p̈tEB
© e¦ :zF`« äv
oEgA§ Wi § d¬ëŸdi§ x†©n`¨ ut¤ g¥½ ux´¤̀¤ ÆmY¤ `© E³id§ zÎi «¦ M¦
DA© oic¦ a§ r̈e§ ,iz¦ pi
§ k¦ W§ ziA¥ rx© £̀ A© oia¦ zï
§ oEY`© oFdz§ ix¥ £̀ .`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈ ,oFkzï
§
d®ëŸdi§ x´©n`¨ m†¤kix¥ a§ C¦ i²©lr̈ Ew§ ¬ f «¨ i :zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.izEr
¦ x§
¥ t¦ .in© c̈w¢ Etiw¦ Y§ :Li«l
.ï§i xn© £̀ ,oFkinb̈z ¤ r̈ Epx†©
§Ac§ PÎd
¦ n© mY¤¾ x§n£̀ © e«©
cŸár£ `e†Ẅ § mY¤¾ x§n£
© `i :Kn̈c̈w¢ ,`l̈N̈n© l§ `p̈iBq ¦ `© `n̈ ®.oExni
§ Y¥ m`¦ e§
ÆEpk§ l©¸ d̈ i³¦ke§ FY½ x§n© W§ n¦ ÆEpx§n©¸ Ẅ i³¦M r©vAÎd ¤À nE © mi®¦dŸl¡`
glt¦ ¨ dl© `l̈ .oEYxn© £̀ :zF`« äv
© iC§ on© ,d`p̈£ § d¬ëŸdi§ i†¥pR§ n¦ ziP¦½ xŸ© ćw§
ix¥ £̀ e© .Dix¥ni
§ n¥ zx©H§ n© ,`p̈xh§
© p ix¥ £̀ .`p̈l© i¥pd£ zp¦ ,oFnn̈ `n̈E .ï§i mc̈w¢
Epg†©
§ p £̀ dŸ¾ r© § ai :zF`äv§ ï§i ,mc̈w¢ on¦ ®.`g̈Ex zEkiM¦ n© A§ ,`p̈kiN¥ d©
mi†¦dŸl¡` E²pg £ Ä« m¯©B dr̈½ W§ x¦ i´¥UŸr ÆEpa§ pÎm© ¦ B mic¥ ®¦ f mix´¦ X§ `© n§
.d`h
¨ g¦ ic¥ a§ r̈ ,Eni©Iwz
© `¦ s`© .oiri ¦ X¦ x© oig¦ A§ W
© n§ ,`p̈g©p £̀ .orkE© :Eh«l¥ Ö¦Ie©
Wi´¦` d†ëŸdi§ i¬¥̀ x¦§i Ex²A§ c§ p¦ f¯¨ bi :Ea©fiYW ¥ `¦ e§ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.E`iQ©¦ p s`©
Æeip̈ẗl§ oFx³M̈¦f xt´¥ ¤ q az¥ M̈¦Ie© rn̈½ W¦ § Ie© ÆdëŸdi§ a³¥Ww© § Ie© Ed®¥rxÎl
¥ ¤̀
© gC̈ .oil¦ N§ n© n§ ok¥ A§ :Fn« W
mr¦ xa© B§ ,ïiC© `Ïl£ § i†¥aWŸ§ g« lE§ d½ëŸdi§ i´¥̀ x¦§il§
,idFn
¦ c̈w¢ `p̈xkEC
¨ xt© q§ .aiz¦ M§ z§ `¦ e§ .idFn
¦ c̈w¢ il¥ bE
§ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ ri
© nWE
¦ .Dixa
¥ g©
d´¨eŸdi§ Æxn© `¨ ilÀ¦ Ei´d̈ § ci :Din¥ W§ `x¨T̈©il§ ,oia¦ X§ gn
© clE
¦ ®.ïiC© `Ïl£
© gc̈l§
mdi ¤½ l¥ r£ iY´¦ l§ n«
© g̈e§ d®N̈ªbq§ d´¤UŸr i†¦p£̀ x¬¤W£̀ mF¾Il© zF`½ äv§
310 lecbd zayc dxhtd iy

ï§i ,xn© £̀ .in© c̈w¢ oFdie¦ :FzŸ« ` caŸ¥ rd̈« F†pAÎl


§ r© Wi`½¦ lŸńg©
§ i ÆxW£̀
¤ M«©
,`n̈M§ .oFdil¥ r£ qEg£̀ e© .`z̈Nª
§ bq§ ca© r¡n¤ l§ ,ciz¦ r£ `p̈£̀ C© .`n̈Fil§ .zF`äv§
oi´A mzi
¤½ `¦ xE§ ÆmY¤ a§ W
© § eh :Dizï
¥ gl© ẗC§ ,Dix¥A§ lr© ®.`xaª
¨ B qii¥g̈C§
,oEaEzzE :Fc« är£ `¬Ÿl x†¤W£̀ l«© midŸl¡
½¦ ` c´¥aŸr oiA¥µ r®Ẅẍl§ wiC© †¦ v
,Egl© t§ `l̈cl¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ ,Eglt
© C¦ oiA¥ .`Ïri
© X¦ x©l§ ,`Ïwi
© C©
¦ v oiA¥ .oFfgz¦ e§
mic¥ ¹¦ fÎlk̈ Ei̧d̈e§ xE®PY© M© xrŸ†¥ A `Ľ ÆmFId© d³¥Pd¦ i´¦ fh :idFn¦ c̈w¢
d´¨eŸdi§ Æxn© `¨ `AÀ̈ d© mFÍd© mz̈¹ Ÿ` hd©¸ l¦ e§ Ww©½ Ædr̈W§ x¦ d³¥UŸrÎlk̈e§
.iz¥ `¨ ,`n̈Fi `d̈ ix¥ £̀ :s«p̈r̈e§ WxŸ¬
¤ W m†¤dl̈ aŸ¬fr«£ i©Î`Ÿl x²¤W£̀ zF`½ äv§
.`Ẍw© M§ oiW¦ N̈g© ,d`h
¨ g¦ ic¥ a§ r̈ lk̈e§ .`Ïri
© X¦ x© lM̈ oFdie¦ .`xEP
¨ z© M§ ,xir¥ Ä
xaE
© xA© ,oFdl§ wFAW¦i `l̈C§ ®.zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ .iz¥ `¨ C§ `n̈Fi ,oFdzï
§ Kig¥ li
© e¦
d̈i®¤tp̈k§ A¦ `†¥Rx§nE
© dẅ½ c̈v§ Wn´¤ ¤ W Æin¦ W§ i³¥̀ x¦§i mk¤¹ l̈ dg̈¸ x«§f̈ § fi :xA©
`ẄnW¦ ,in¦ W§ il£¥ gC̈ .oFkl§ g©pcz¦ e§ :w«A ¥ x§n© i¬¥lb§ r¤ M§ m†¤YW§ tE ¦ m¬¤z`v̈i«e¦
m´¤zFQr© § gi :`ẅax¦ ilb ¥ r¤ M§ ,oEl§IH© z¦ e§ oEwR§ z¦ e§ ®.`d̈tp
© k© A§ `z̈Eq`¨ e§ .Ekf̈C§
i´¦p£̀ x´¤W£̀ ÆmFIA© m®¤kil¥ b§ x© zFŔM© zg†© © Y xt¤ ¥̀½ Eíd« § i¦ ÎiM«¦ mir½¦ Ẅx§
.`n̈hw¦ oFd§i ix¥ £̀ .oiri ¦ X¦ x© oEWEczE :zF`« äv § d¬ëŸdi§ x†©n`¨ dUŸ ¤½ r
Ex¾ k§ f¦ hi :zF`äv§ ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.cia¥ r̈ `p̈£̀ C© ,`n̈FiA§ .oFkilb
¥ x© zqx
© R© ,zFgY§
ÆaxŸ¥ ga§ FzF`
³ izi¸
¦ E¦v¦ ÁxW£̀¤ iC®¦ a§ r© d´¤WŸn z†©xFY
dWn
¤ C§ ,`z̈ixF`
¨ .Exk© C§ `¦ :mih
«¦ R̈W§ nE
¦ miT†¦ gª l ¥̀½ ẍU¦
§ iÎlM̈Îlr©
oinï
¦ w§ ,oFdzï
§ `ẗN̈`© l§ ®.l ¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i lM̈ lr© ,axFg
¥ A§ Dizï
¥ zici¦ T¥ t© C§ .iC¦ a§ r©
`FAµ ip¥À t§ l¦ `i®¦aP̈d© d´Ïl« ¦ ¥̀ z†¥̀ mk¤½ l̈ g´¥
© lŸW ÆikŸ¦ p`«¨ d³¥P ¦ k :oipi¦ c¦ e§
.`Ïa¦ p§ dÏl¦ ¥̀ ,zï .oFkl§ gl© Ẅ ,`p̈£̀ `d̈ :`ẍ« FPd © e§ lFcB̈ † d© d½ëŸdi§ mFí
ai³¦Wd¥ § `k :`l̈igcE ¦ `Äx© ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,izi
¥ n¥ l§ ciz¦ r£ C© `n̈Fi izi
¥ n¥ .mc̈ẅ
`Fa¾ `Îo ¨ R¤ m®z̈Fa£̀ Îlr© mi†¦pÄ a¬¥le§ mip¦½ ÄÎlr© ÆzFa`Îa ¨ l¥
`iy (ux`l dvega) gqtly ipy h‰eic xihtn 311

,`Ï©pA§ al¥ e§ .oip¦ A§ lr© ,od̈ä £̀ al¥ aizï


¦ e§ :mx«¤ g¥ ux†¨
¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ i¬¦ziM¥ d¦ e§
D©pign
¥ ¤̀ e§ ,`d̈aFg
© A§ `r̈x`© zï gMW
© `© e§ ®.il¥ Bz
§ ¤̀ `n̈lC¦ .oFdz§ d̈ä £̀ lr©
:`xi¨ n¥ b§
:df weqt lr xefgl mibdepe
:`xFP
«¨ d© e§ lFcB̈
† d© d½ëŸdi§ mFí `FAµ iÀp¥ t§ l¦ `i®¦aP̈d© d´Ïl«
¦ ¥̀ z†¥̀ mk¤½ l̈ g´¥
© lŸW ÆikŸ¦ p`
«¨ d³¥Pd¦
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

(ux`l dvega) gqtly ipy h"eic xihtn


d"k - f"h miweqt g"k oniq xacna
dẌ¸ n£ «© :d«ëŸdil«© gq†¤
¦ gaE © R WcŸ®¤gl© mFi† x²Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© A§ oFW` À x¦ d̈« WcŸǵ¤ aE ©
oFW`† x¦ d̈« mF¬IA© :l«k¥ `«¨ i¥ zFS† n© minï ¦½ zr´©a§ W¦ b®g̈ d†¤Gd© WcŸ¬ ¤gl© mF²i x¬Ür̈
Ædl̈Ÿr d³¤X`¦ mY¤̧ a§ x© w§ d¦ e§ :EU« r£ z«© `¬Ÿl d †c̈Ÿar£ zk`¬¤ ¤ lnÎl § M̈ WcŸ® ¤wÎ`ẍw§ n«¦
dp̈½ Ẅ i´¥pA§ ÆmiU¦ äk§ d³r̈a§ W¦ e§ c®g̈ ¤̀ l¦i` ´© e§ m¦i†©pW§ xw²¨äÎi¥pA§ mix¯¦ R̈ d½ëŸdil«©
mipŸ¦¹ xU§ r¤ dẄ¸ ŸlW§ on®Ẍ¤ a© d´l̈ElA§ zlŸ¤ q† mz̈½ g̈p§ nE ¸¦ :m«k¤ l̈ E¬id«§ i¦ m†¦nin¦ Y§
Ua†¤¤ Ml© dU ¤½ r£ Y«© ÆoFxV̈r¦ oFx³V̈r¦ :EU« r£ Y«© l¦i†©`l̈ mi²¦pŸxU§ r¤ i¯¥pWE § xRÀ̈ l©
Æca© N§ n¦ :m«ki¤ l¥ r£ x†¥Rk© l§ c®g̈ ¤̀ z`†Ḧg© xir¬¦ UE § :miU «¦ äM§ d© zr†©a§ W¦ l§ c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈«
EU³ r£ Y«© dN¤ ¥̀¹ M̈ :dN« ¤ ¥̀ Îz ¤̀ EU† r£ Y«© ci®¦nŸd© z´©lŸrl§ x†¤W£̀ xwŸ¤ A½ d© z´©lŸr
ci²¦nŸd© z¯©lFrÎlr© d®ëŸdil«© gŸ© gi † pÎ ¦ gi© x«¥ d¬¥X`¦ mg²¤ ¤ l minï ¦½ zr´©a§ W¦ ÆmFIl©
zk`¬¤
¤ lnÎl § M̈ m®¤kl̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ WcŸ¤wÎ` † ẍw§ n«¦ iri ½¦ a¦ X§ d© ÆmFIaE © :FM« q§ p¦ e§ d†¤Ur̈«i¥
:EU« r£ z«© `¬Ÿl d †c̈Ÿar£
dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa
dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§
312 (ux`l dvega) gqtly ipy h‰eic dxhtd aiy

(ux`l dvega) gqtly ipy h"eic dxhtd


a"k oniq 'a miklna

dp̈½ Ẅ Æzg© `© e§ mi³¦WŸlWE § Fk½ l§ n̈a§ Ed´ÏW` ¦ Ÿi« Ædp̈Ẅ d³¤pŸnWÎ § oA ¤ `


d†ïc̈rÎz
£ a© d ¬c̈ic§¦ i FO½ `¦ m´¥We§ m ®l̈ẄExi« A¦ K†©ln̈
,jl© n§ .oip¦ W§ ,`CgE© oiz¦ l̈zE .jl© n§ cM© dÏW`Ÿ ¦ i ,oip¦ W§ i¥pnY© xA© :zw «© v§ Än¦
x†ẄÏd© Ur¬© © I © a :zwv© Än¦ ,dïc̈r£ za© dc̈ic§¦ i ®.DiO¥ `¦ mFWe§ .mlW © xiª A¦
oi¬¦nï x†q̈Î`Ÿle§ eia½¦ `¨ c´¦eC̈ ÆKx¤ CÎl ¸¤ k̈A§ KlÀ ¤ I¥e© d®ëŸdi§ i´¥pir¥ A§
`l̈e§ ®.idEa
¦ £̀ ce¦C̈ ,gxF` © lk̈A§ .l©f £̀ e© .ï§i mc̈w¢ ,xW £ e :le`Ÿn« UE
© k̈C§ ca© r© §
¤ Ol© dp̈½ Ẅ Ædx¥ U§ r¤ d³¤pŸnW§ A¦ id§
Kl†¤ À¦ i «© b :`l̈`n̈ql¦ e§ `p̈iO©¦ il§ ,`ḧq§
ÆmN̈Wª nÎo§ a¤ Ed³ïl© § v £̀ ÎoA¤ oẗ¸ ẄÎz ¤̀ Kl¤ O¤ d©Â g´©lẄ Ed®ÏW` ¦ Ÿi«
,`M̈ln© l§ .oip¦ W§ ,ixq ¥ r¤ `©pn̈zA¦ .dë£de© :xŸn` « l¥ d†ëŸdi§ zi¬¥A xtŸ¥½ Qd©
`ẄCw
§ n© ziA¥ ®.`x¨t§ q̈ ,mN̈W
ª n§ xA© dïl©v £̀ xA© oẗẄ zï .`M̈ln© gl© W§ .dÏW`Ÿ
¦ i
m´¥Y©ie§ lFcB̈ ½ d© o´¥dŸMd© ÆEd¸Ïw¦ l§ gÎl
¦ ¤̀ dl¥À £ c :xni © n¥ l§ ,ïiC©
s†©Qd© i¬¥xn§ ŸW« Et² q§ `«¨ x¬¤W£̀ d®ëŸdi§ zi´¥A `†äEOd© sq¤ M¤½ dÎz© ¤̀
.`R̈qM© zï ,qiT¥ hi ¦ g¦ zël§ .wq© :mr̈« d̈ z¬¥̀ n
© e¦ .`Äx© `p̈£dM̈ ,dÏwl ¥
(dpzie 'k) d :`Ör© on¦ ,`Ïl© Mx
§ O© `© EW©pkC¦ ®.ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© zia¥ l§ ,lr© Ÿn¦ C§
zi´¥A (ziaa 'k) mic†¦ ẅt§ Oª d© dk̈½ `l̈O§ d© i´¥UŸr Æci©Îlr© EdpªÀ Y¦ § ie§
w†¥Gg© l§ d½ëŸdi§ zi´¥aA§ ÆxW£̀
¤ Ædk̈`l̈O§ d© i³¥UŸrl§ FzŸÀ ` EṕY¦ § ie§ d®ëŸdi§
`ẄCw § n© ziA¥ ,o©Pnn § ie§ :z¦iÄ
ª C¦ .`z̈ci§ a¦ r£ ic¥ a§ r̈ ,ic§¥ i lr© .Di¥PpªY¦ « d© wc¬¤ ¤A
`ẅcA¦ ,`ẗT̈z© l§ ®.ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© ziaa
¥ C¦ ,`z̈ci§ a¦ r£ ic¥ a§ r̈l§ .Dizï
¥ oEpY¦
§ ie§ .ïiC©
i´¥pa§ `© e§ Æmiv¦ r¥ zF³pw§ l¦ e§ mix®¦ cŸ«§ Bl© e§ mi†¦pŸAl© e§ miW¦½ ẍ´g̈ ¤ e :`z̈ia¥ C§

.ziad wc¬¤
¤ A (z`) w†¥Gg© l§ d :gzta s"ewde gp `eyde shg unwd .zw«© v§ Än¦ ` :wecwcd wlg
:dl b"l miqetc zvwa mb 'z`' zaiz opiqxb `l
biy (ux`l dvega) gqtly ipy h‰eic dxhtd 313

.`Ïl© aFBx
§ `lE© ,`Ïl© ki
§ Cx
¥ `lE
© .`ÏxB̈©
© pl§ :z¦iÄ« dÎz
© ¤̀ w†¥Gg© l§ av¥½ g§ n©
a´¥Wg̈«i¥Î`Ÿl K ©µ f :`z̈iA¥ zï ,`ẗT̈z© l§ ®.ol̈iq¦ R§ oipa
¦ `© e§ ,oir¦ `¨ oAf
© nlE
¦
,mx©A§ :miUŸ«¦ r m¬¥d d†p̈En¡`a«¤ i¬¦M m®c̈ïÎlr© o´ŸP¦ d© sq†¤ ¤ Md© mŸ½ `¦
oEP`¦ ,`z̈Epn̈id¥ A§ ix¥ £̀ ®.oFdc©i lr© aid§
¥ izn¦ C§ ,`R̈qM© .oFdO§ r¦ aiW£
¥ gzn¦ `l̈
gq© t¤½ EÚr£ xŸn`
½ l¥ m ´r̈d̈ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ ÆKl¤ O¤̧ d© e³©vi§ © g :oic¦ a§ r̈
© :d«G¤ d
ciT¥ tE ¤ q lr²© aEz¾ M̈M© m®¤kid¥ Ÿl¡
© zix†¦ A§ d© xt¬¥ « ` d†ëŸdil«©
`n̈M§ .oFk£dl̈`
¡ ï§i ,mc̈w¢ .`g̈qt¦ Ecia¦ r£ .xni
© n¥ l§ `Ör© lM̈ zï ,`M̈ln©
d½G¤d© gq´¤© RM© ÆdÜr« £ p© `Ÿl³ i´¦ h :oic¥d̈ ,`n̈ïwC¦ `xt ¨ q¦ lr© ®.aizk
¦ C¦
i¬¥kl§ n© i²¥n§i lŸÀke§ l®¥̀ ẍU¦§ iÎz ¤̀ Eh† t§ Ẅ
« x¬¤W£̀ mih½¦ tŸX́ § d© Æini¥ n¦
,inFI £ `¦ `l̈ ix¥ £̀ :dc̈« Ed§i i¬¥kl§ nE
¥ n¦ .oic¥ d̈ `g̈qt¦ M§ ,cia¥ rz © l†¥̀ ẍU¦§i
:dc̈Ed§i zia¥ C§ `Ïkl
© nE
© ,l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ikl
¥ n© ®.inFi
¥ .lŸke§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i zï ,Epc̈C§ .`ÏcFbp̈
©
dܺ r« £ p© Ed®ÏW`Ÿ«
¦ i Kl†¤ ¤ Ol© dp̈½ Ẅ Ædx¥ U§ r¤ d³¤pŸnW§ AÎm ¦ `¦ i À¦ i
.oip¦ W§ ,ixq¥ r¤ `©pn̈zA¦ .oid¥ l̈` ¡ :m l̈ « ẄExi« A¦ d†ëŸdil«© d²¤Gd© gq¯¤
© Rd©
m´©b § `i :mlW © xiª A¦ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.oic¥ d̈ `g̈qR¦ .cia¥ rz
£ `¦ .dÏW`Ÿ
¦ i ,`M̈ln© l§
mil¹¦ Nª B¦ dÎz
© ¤̀ e§ mit¸¦ ẍY§ dÎz © ¤̀ e§ mipŸ¦ rC¦§ IdÎz©Â ¤̀ e§ zFáŸ`d̈« Îz ¤̀
m l©½ ẄEx́iaE ¦ Ædc̈Ed§i ux³¤̀ ¤ A§ ÆE`x§p¦ x³¤W£̀ miv¦À Tª X¦ dÎl © M̈ z´¥̀ e§
mi´¦azª M§ d© ÆdẍFYd© i³¥xa§ CÎz ¦ ¤̀ miwº¦ d̈ or© n© l§Â Ed®ÏW`Ÿ« ¦ i xr†¥ A¦
zï s`© e§ :d«ëŸdi§ zi¬¥A o†¥dŸMd © Ed¬Ïw¦ l§ g¦ `²v̈n̈ x¬¤W£̀ xt¤ Q¥½ dÎl
© r©
E`i¦fgY© `¦ C§ .`Ï©vETW¦ lM̈ zïe§ ,`z̈ër£ ḧ zïe§ `Ï©pn̈l©v zïe§ .ExEk§f zïe§ ,oiC¦ A¦
inb̈z
¥ R¦ zï .`n̈Ïw© l§ .lic¦ A§ .dÏW`Ÿ
¦ i ,iN¦ R© .mlW © xiª aE
¦ ,dc̈Ed§i zia¥ C§ `r̈x`© A§
:ïiC© `ẄCw§ n© ziA¥ ,`p̈£dM̈ dÏwl
¦ g¦ ®.gMW© `© C§ .`xt ¨ q¦ lr© oiai
¦ zk
¦ C¦ ,`z̈ixF` ¨
ÆdëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ a³ẄÎxW£̀ ¤ Kl¤ n¤À eip¹̈ ẗl§ d¸ïd̈Î`Ÿl ÁEdŸnk̈ § ai
d®¤Wn zxFY ´© lŸk† M§ FcŸ½ `nÎl
§ k̈aE § ÆFWt© § pÎlk̈aE
§ Fa³ älÎl
§ k̈A§
az̈C§ .`M̈ln© ,idFn
¦ c̈w¢ dë£d `l̈ DizëkE
¥ :EdŸn« M̈ mwÎ`Ÿl
¬¨ ei†ẍ£g`«© e§
314 xetk zixgyc dxhtde xihtn ciy

`z̈ixF`
¨ ,lŸkM§ .idFqk¦
¦ p lk̈aE ,DiWt© ¥ p lk̈aE DiA¥ l¦ lk̈A§ ‹ïiC© `p̈g̈ltª l§
:Dizë
¥ M§ mẅ `l̈ ,idFx
¦ z§ äE ®.dWŸ
¤ nC§
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

xetik zixgyc xihtn


`"i - 'f miweqt h"k oniq xacna
m†¤ziP¦ r¦ e§ mk¤½ l̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ ÆWcŸ¤w̧Î`ẍw§ n«¦ dÀG¤d© iri ¹¦ a¦ X§ d© WcŸ¤ģl© ÁxFUr̈«aE ¤
© x ÆdëŸdil«© d³l̈Ÿr mY¤̧ a§ x© w§ d¦ e§ :EU« r£ z«© `¬Ÿl d†k̈`l̈nÎl
gi´¥ § M̈ m®¤kizŸ¥ W« t©
§ pÎz ¤̀
m†¦nin¦ Y§ dr̈½ a§ W¦ Ædp̈ẄÎi¥pA§ mi³¦UäM§ c®g̈ ¤̀ l¦i` ´© c†g̈ ¤̀ xw²¨ÄÎoA¤ x¯©R gŸ© gi ½ p¦
Æip¥ W§ xR̈½ l© ÆmipŸ¦ xU§ r¤ d³ẄŸlW§ on®Ẍ¤ a© d´l̈ElA§ zlŸ¤ q† mz̈½ g̈p§ nE ¸¦ :m«k¤ l̈ E¬id«§ i¦
zr†©a§ W¦ l§ c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈« Ua†¤ ¤ Ml© oFx½ V̈r¦ ÆoFxV̈r¦ :c«g̈ ¤̀ d̈« l¦i†©`l̈ mipŸ¦½ xU§ r¤
z´©lŸre§ Æmix¦ Rª M¦ d© z`³©Hg© caº© N§ n¦ z`®Ḧg© c†g̈ ¤̀ mi¬¦GrÎxi ¦ r¦ U§ :miU «¦ äM§ d©
:m«di
¤ M¥ q§ p¦ e§ D†z̈g̈p§ nE
¦ cin¦½ Ÿd©
dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa
dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

xetik zixgyc dxhtd


f"p oniq diryia

:iO«¦ r© Kx¬¤
¤ Cn¦ lFW† k§ n¦ Enix¬¦ d̈ Kx®c̈ÎEP
¤ R© ENŸq† ÎENŸq« x¬©n`¨ e§ `
EwiN¦ q© ®.`p̈w§ Ÿ gxF`
© l§ ,`Ör© al¥ Fpt`© ‹Exdf
© `© e§ EtiN¦ `© xni¥
© ie§
`VÀ̈ p¦ e§ m ´ẍ xn©¹ `¨ dŸk¸ Ái ¦ a :iO¦ r© C§ `ŸW¦pM§ ,gxF`
© n¥ `Ï
‹ ri© X¦ x© zlw
© Y©
Æ`M̈CÎz© ¤̀ e§ oFM® W§ ¤̀ WFc†ẅe§ mFx¬ n̈ Fn½ W§ WFćẅe§ Æcr© o¬¥kŸW
ehy xetk zixgyc dxhtde xihtn 315

:mi`«¦ M̈c§ p¦ a¬¥l zFi£


†gd«© lE
§ mil½¦ ẗW§ gE
© x́ ÆzFi£gd«© l§ gE
© xÎl
½ t© W§ E«
`n̈ExA§ .Din¥ W§ WiC¦ w© e§ ,`ÏnW
© a¦ ix¥ẄC§ .`l̈Hª § pnE `n̈x¨ ,xn© £̀ op̈ck¦ ix¥ £̀
.`g̈Ex iki
¥ M¦ nlE
© ,`Äl¦ ixi¥ az ¦ l¦ wxt © n¦ l§ xn© £̀ .Diz¥ pi
§ k¦ W§ `ẄiC¦ w© e§ ,ix¥Ẅ
aix½¦ `¨ Æml̈Frl§ `Ÿl³ i´¦ b :oixi¦ a¦ Y§ al¥ ,crq © nlE
¦ ®.oiki ¦ M¦ n© gE
© x« ,`n̈Ïw© l§
i¬¦p£̀ zFn† ẄpE § sFh½ r«£ i© i´©pẗN§ n¦ Æ©gEx̧ÎiM¦ sF®vw§ ¤̀ g©v†¤pl̈ `¬Ÿle§
ix¥ £̀ .i¦fbxª id§
¥ i ,Wxt § ¤̀ ,`n̈l§ r̈l§ `l̈ ix¥ £̀ :izi
¨ `© l§ `l̈e§ .oic¦ A§ rx©Rz ¦ U «¦ r̈
:zica
¥ r© `p̈£̀ ,`z̈n̈W¦pe§ ®.`äz̈`¨ l§ ciz¦ r£ `p̈£̀ ,`Ïzi
© n¦ igEx
¥
a†äFW Kl¬¥ ¤ Ie© s®Ÿvw§ ¤̀ e§ x´¥Yq§ d© Ed†¥M`© e§ iY¦ t¬©
§ vẅ Fr² v§ A¦ o¬Ÿer£ «© c
.oEPzi
¦ wl
¥ `© e§ ,oFdil¥ r£ i¦fbxª dë£d ‹Eq©p £̀ C© oFdpFn ¥ A§ :FA« l¦ Kx¬¤
§ n̈ iaFg ¤ cA§
xz© Ä ,FrhC¦ lr© ‹oFdzë
§ lB̈
§ zix¦C©A© ®.oEPYli
¦ hl¥ h© e§ ,oFdP§ n¦ iz¦ pi
§ k¦ W§ ziwi
¦ N¥ q©
m¯¥NW£̀
© e«© Edg¥¾ p§ `© e§ Ed®¥̀ R̈x§ ¤̀ e§ izi†¦
¦ `ẍ ei¬k̈ẍ § d :oFdA§ l¦ xEdxd©
.oFdl§ wFAW ¤̀ e§ ,in© c̈w¢ `ïl©B oFdYaª§ IY¦ gxF` © :eil̈« a£̀
¥ l«© e§ Fl† mi²¦ng« ª p¦
`†¥xFA e :oFdil¥ r£ oil¦ A§ `z
© nc¦ l¦ e§ ,oFdl§ ®.oinEgp
¦ Y© miN¥ W£̀
© e© .oFdil¥ r£ mig¥ x© £̀ e©
x¬©n`¨ aFx²T̈l© e§ wFḡẍl̈« mFl¹ Ẅ | mFļẄ m¦i®z̈ẗU§ ai´¦p (aep 'k)
`n̈l̈W§ x‹ n© £̀ .`Ẅp̈£̀ lM̈ mFtA§ ,oëtq¦ lln ¨ C¦ :eiz`
© n© `xa «¦ ẗxE§ d†ëŸdi§
,`Ïa© z̈l§ cia¥ rz¦
£ i `n̈l̈WE .oinc
¦ w© N§ n¦ izi
¦ xF`
¨ Exhp
© C¦ ,`Ïwi
© C©
¦ vl§ cia¥ rz¦
£ i
m´ÏM© mir†¦ Ẅx§d̈« § f :oFdl§ wFAW ¤̀ e§ ,ï§i xn© £̀ ®.aix¦ẅ izi
¦ xF`
¨ l§ Eaz̈C§
:hih뫦 Wt¬¤¤ x ei†n̈in¥ EW ¬ x§b¦§ Ie© lk̈½ Ei `Ÿl´ Æhw¥ W§ d© i³¦M W®ẍb§ p¦
:oih¦ e§ oïq§ ,idFn
¦ oix¦k§ r̈e§ ®.likï
¥ `l̈e§ ,gp̈nl¦ ir¥ äC§ .cix¥ḧC§ `Ö©iM§ ,`Ïri
© X¦ x©e§
,id¦ l̈` :mir«¦ Ẅx§l̈« i†©dŸl¡` x¬©n`¨ mFl½ Ẅ oi´¥ g
¡ xn© £̀ ®.`n̈l̈W§ zil¥
L®¤lFw m´¥xd̈ x†ẗFXM© KŸU½ g§ YÎl © `© ÆoFxb̈a§ `³ẍ § h :`Ïri © X¦ x©l§
ilk « `ŸHg© aŸw† r«£ i© zi¬¥alE
¦ `© `Ïa¦ p§ :mz̈ § mr̈½ W§ R¦ ÆiO¦ r© l§ c³¥Bd© e§
zialE
¥ ®.oFdiCx
¥ n¦ ,iO¦ r© l§ iE¦g© e§ .jl̈ẅ mix¥ £̀ ,`x¨ẗFW lẅM§ .r©pnz¦ `l̈ ,jp̈Fxba¦
oE®vR̈g¤
§ i i†©kẍC§ zr¬©
© ce§ oEWŸ½ xc¦§ i ÆmFi mF¬i izF`
¦À § i :oFdiaFg
¥ ,aŸwr©
£i
316 xetk zixgyc dxhtde xihtn fhy

ÆipE § i a½f̈r̈ `Ÿl´ Æeid̈Ÿl¡` h³©RW§ nE


¦ ļ`¨ W¦ ¦ dUÀ̈ r̈ d ´ẅc̈vÎx
§ W£̀
¤ iFºbM§
oẗl ª̀ ,mFi mFi .in© c̈wE :oEv« R̈g¤
§ i mi†¦dŸl¡` z¬©ax§w¦ wc¤v¤½ Îih¥ R§ W§ n¦
oiC¦ nE
¦ .ca© r£ Ekf̈C§ ,`Ör© M§ .oav̈
© ,in© c̈w¢ op̈w§ z̈C§ og̈xF` rC©n¦ l§ EN`¦ M§ .oir¦ a§ Ÿ
`äx¨ẅz`¦ l§ EN`¦ M§ ®.hFWwC¦ oiC¦ ,in© c̈w¢ on¦ oil¦ £̀ Ẅ .wg© xz
© `¦ `l̈ ,Did¥ l̈` ¡
Ep†¥Wt© § p Epi¬¦Pr¦ z̈i`½¦ ẍ `Ÿl´ e§ ÆEpn§ S©¸ dÖ³¨ `i :oav̈ © ,ïiC© `z̈lg§ c©l§
m†¤kia¥ S§ rÎl
© k̈e§ ut¤ gÎE` ¥½ v§ n§ Y¦ Æmk¤ n§ Ÿv« mF³iA§ o´¥d r®c̈z¥ `Ÿl´ e§
,`p̈z«© Ẅt©p oit¦ B§ q© n§ .il¥ B§ jn̈c̈wE ,oin§¦ iv̈ `p̈g©p £̀ `n̈l§ ‹oix¦n§ `¨ :EUŸB« p§ Y
¦
oir¦ a§ Ÿ oEY`© ,oFkzï
§ pr§ Y© mFiA§ `d̈ .oFdl§ xni
© ¥̀ ,`Ïa¦ p§ .ri
© c§¦ i jn̈c̈wE
EnEv½ Ÿ ÆdS̈nE © aix³¦ l§ o´¥ ai :oia¦ x§ẅn§ oEY`© ,oFkz§ l̈wY© lk̈e§ ®.oFkiMx ¥ vª
mFx†ÖA© ri¬¦ © nW§ d© l§ mF½Ik© EnEv́z̈Î`Ÿl rW®¤ © x sŸx†b§ ¤̀ A§ zF¬Md© lE §
.`r̈Wx¦C§ `f̈inx ¥ kª A§ ,ign
¥ nlE
¦ .oin§ © Exgz© l§ `d̈ :m«k
¦ iv̈ oEY`© ,EvnlE ¤ lF
§ w«
Ædi¤d«§ i¦ dÀf¤ k̈£ bi :oFkl§ ẅ ,`n̈FxnA¦ `r̈n̈W`© l§ ®.oiN¥ `¦ M§ ,oïpr
§ Y© oFPrz
© z¦ `l̈
À x oŸn¹ b§ `© M§ sŸk¸ l̈£d FW
FW`Ÿ ® t©
§ p m †c̈`¨ zF¬Pr© mF²i Edx½¥ g̈a§ ¤̀ mFv́
:d«ëŸdil«© oFv† ẍ mF¬ie§ mFvÎ` ½ ẍw§ Y«¦ Ædf¤ l̈£d ri © S©
¦½ i Æxt¤ `ë
¥̧ w³©Ue§
sit¥ M̈ .DiWt©
¥ p ,`Ẅp̈£̀ si¥Bqn © C¦ .`n̈Fi .Da© `p̈irx ¥ C¦ ,`z̈ipr ¦ Y© `id¦ `c̈d̈d©
®.i¥prY© ox©ẅ oEY`© ,`c̈d̈l§ d© .zi`¦ Ä ,`n̈hw¦ e§ `T̈q© lr© e§ .sit¦ M§ oFnb`© M§ ,DiWi
¥ x¥
Æ©gY¥ R© E¼dx¥ g̈a§ ¤̀ mFv́ d¤
» f `Fĺ£ ci :ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,Dia¥ `ër£ x©C§ `n̈Fie§
miW¦½ t§ g̈ ÆmivEv
¦ x§ g³©NW © e§ d®ḧFn zFĆªb £̀ x†¥Yd© rW © x½¤ zFÁvª x§g©
,Ecx©R̈ .Da© `p̈irx ¦ Y© `id¦ `c̈ `l̈£d :EwY©
¥ C¦ ,`z̈ipr «¥ pY§ d†ḧFnÎlk̈e§
®.oixFg
¦ i¥pA§ ,oiqi
¦ p£̀
¦ Fe£dC© ExhtE
© .ihq
¥ n© oiC¦ ia¥ z̈M§ ixh
¥ w¦ ,FxW§ .`r̈Wx¦ zẄpM¦
£ e© Ln¤½ g§ l© Æar¥ ẍl̈« qŸx³ẗ `Fļ£ eh :oEwN§ q© Y§ ,ihq
mi¬¦Ip¦ r« ¥ n© oiC¦ lk̈e§
`¬Ÿl L† x§Ü « A§ nE
¦ Fzi ½ Q¦ k¦ e§ ÆmŸxr̈ d³¤̀ x§zÎi
¦ M¦ z¦i®ä `ia´Ÿ
¦ micEx †¦ n§
,oil¦ hl
§ hª n§ oiki ¦ X¦ g© e§ .jn̈gN© n¦ ,`p̈t§ k̈l§ qi¥pxt© z§ `l̈£d :m«N̈r© z § z¦
i"zqa cg` hyta .Æ©gY¥ R© ci :oniz ixtq lka `gtha .sŸx†b§ ¤̀ A§ ai :wecwcd wlg
:l"nx zhiy `ide ,miinlyexiae
fiy xetk zixgyc dxhtde xihtn 317

`l̈ ,jxq
¨ A¦ aix¦T̈nE
¦ ®.Di¥piQ¥ kzE
© ,d`¨ N̈hx
¦ r© i¥fgz¦ ix¥ £̀ .jz̈ia¥ Fbl§ lir¥ Y©
d ´ẍd¥ n§ L† z«§ k̈x£̀
ª e«© LxF` ½¤ Æxg© X ©¸ M© rw³©Ä¦i f´¨ fh :jp̈ir¥ WFAkz¦
§ i oik¥ A§ :L«t
il¥ Bz¦ ¤ q§ `«© i© d†ëŸdi§ cF¬aM§ Lw¤½ c§ v¦ ÆLip¤̧ ẗl§ K³©ld̈e§ g®n̈v§ z¦
®.jz̈ëkf̈
§ ,jn̈c̈w¢ ok̈d̈ie¦ .wQ© Y¦ ri
© xt
¦ A¦ ,jz̈£gn© zEq`¨ e§ .jxFd
¨ p§ ,`x¨R̈xtW
© k¦
r†©EW
© Y§ dp¤½ r«£ i© d´¨eŸdi«e© Æ`ẍw§ Y¦ f³¨ fi :Wi¥pMz § Y¦ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ xẅiA¦
r†©Av§ ¤̀ g¬©lW§ dḧ½ Fn ÆLkF § Y« n¦ xi³¦qŸÎm`¦ ip®¥ ¦ Pd¦ x´©n`Ÿie§
cia¥ r©
£ ie§ ,idFn
¦ c̈w¢ on¦ ira¥ Y¦ .jz̈Flv§ liA¥ w§ ¥ vY§ oik¥ A§ :o¤e`Îx
© i ïi©e ,iN© «¨ A¤ c«©e§
oiN¦ n¦ ,`l̈N̈n© N§ nE
¦ r‹ Äv ¤̀ A§ fn̈x§n¥ ®.oiC¦ zEiḧq`© ,jp̈iA¥ n¦ iCr
¥ Y© m`¦ .jz̈ErÄ
g³©xf̈e§ ri®¦
© AU§ Y© d†p̈r« £ p© Wt¬¤ ¤ pe§ LW ¤½ t©
§ p Æar¥ ẍl̈« w³¥tz̈ § gi :qi¥pF`C§
.jẄt©p ,`p̈t§ M̈ mc̈w¢ gR© Y© z¦ e§ :m¦iẍ« d
¢ S̈
« M© L† z§ l̈« t£̀
¥ e«© LxF`
½¤ ÆKW ¤ Ÿg¸ A©
:`x£
¨dih¥ k§ id§
¥ i ,jl̈aw© e§ ®.jxFd
¨ p§ ,`k̈FW£gA© g©pc¦ie§ .rA© q© Y§ ,`ẗB§ qª n§ WtpE
©
Li†¤zŸnv§ r© e§ LW¤½ t©
§ p ÆzFgv̈g© § vA§ ri³¦
© AU§ d¦ e§ ci ¼ n¦ Ÿ d럻 di§ Ĺ£gp̈« § hi
Ea§
† Gk§
© iÎ`Ÿl x¬¤W£̀ m¦in©½ `´v̈FnkE § d½e¤ẍ o´©bM§ Æz̈i¸i¦ d̈e§ ui®¦l£g«i©
igi¥
¥ i ,jẗEBe§ .jẄt©p ,`z̈xv¨ aª i¥pWA¦ rA© qi © e¦ :ein̈
© e¦ .`xi¨ c¦ Y§ ,ï§i jP̈x¦A§ ci « in¥
rEA
© nkE
© .`ïexn
¨ C¦ `ïwW¦ z©Pb¦ M§ ,oiTª
¦ ptY© `ïln̈ jẄt©p idzE
¥ .`n̈l§ r̈ i¥ig© A§
i´
cqF§ n« ml̈½ Fr zFáx§g̈ ÆLO§ n¦ E³päE k :idFn ¦ ,oiw¦ q§ ẗ `l̈C§ ®.o¦in© C§
zFai † z¦ p§ a¬¥aFWn§ ux¤ R¤½ xcŸ´¥B ÆLl§ `³ẍŸwe§ m®¥nFwY§ xFcëÎxFc †
,jl̈ oFxw¦ie§ .minFw ¥ i .ml© r̈ zäxg̈ ,jP̈n¦ oFpa¦ie§ :za
¥ Y§ ,xc̈e§ xC̈ icFq§ ¤ Ẅ
« l̈
ai³¦WŸÎm ¦ `k :`z̈ixF` ¨ l§ ,`Ïri © X¦ x© aiz¦ n§ ®.`p̈w§ z̈C§ `g̈xF` mi¥Iw© n§
zA¹̈ X© l© z̈`ẍ¸ ẅe§ i®¦Wc§ ẅ mFíA§ Li†¤vẗ£g zFU ¬ r£ Ll¤½ b§ x© ÆzÄX © n¦
`F¬vO§ n¦ Lik¤½ ẍC§ zFÚr£ n«¥ ÆFYc§ A© k¦ e§ cĽ kª n§ ÆdëŸdi§ WFc³w§ l¦ b¤pŸrÀ
,jM̈xvª ca© r¡n¤ l§ .jl̈bx© ,`z̈A§ X© n¦ aiz¦ Y§ m`¦ :xä « C̈ x¬¥Ac©e§ L† v§ t§ g¤
xT©
© izE .xT©
© iY§ ,ïiC© `ẄiC¦ w© l§ .oiTª
¦ ptz© A§ ,`z̈A§ W
© l§ Dr© x§r̈zE .iWc
¦ wª C§ `n̈FiA§

,e"ie `la b"d .cakn ii WFc³w§ l¦ `k :i"zqa dtx s"kde d"td .L«t¤ q§ `«© i© fh :wecwcd wlg
:zerh ltp miqetc zvwae
318 xetk zgpnc dxhtd giy

:qi¥pF`C§ oiN¦ n¦ ,`l̈N̈n© N§ nE


¦ j‹ M̈xvª `ẅẗFqN§ nE
¦ ®.jg̈xF` ca© r¡n¤ N§ n¦ ,idFn
¦ c̈w¢
¢ (izena 'k) Îlr© Li†¦Ya§ M© x§d¦ e§ d½ëŸdi§ Îlr© ÆbP© r© z§ Y¦ f À̈ ak
iz¥ n´Ä
:x«A¥ C¦ d†ëŸdi§ i¬¦R i²¦M Lia½¦ `¨ aŸw´ r«£ i© Æzl£
© gp«© LiY¦À l§ k£̀
© d«© e§ ux®¨
¤`
z©pq̈g`© ,ixi¥ R¥ .jP̈li
¦ kFi
¥ e§ .`r̈x`© itw
¥ Yª lr© ,jp̈ixW©
¥ ie§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ ,w©PRz
© Y¦ .oik¥ A§
i¬¥aẄlE
§ l ¥̀½ FB ÆoFIv¦ l§ `³äE bk :oM¥ xi¦fB§ ,ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ A§ ix¥ £̀ ®.jEa £̀ aŸwr©
£i
`ÏcFx
© n̈ `äz̈`lE
¨ .wix¦R̈ ,oFIv¦ l§ izi¥
¥ ie§ :d«ëŸdi§ m†ª̀ p§ aŸw® r«£ i©A§ rW†¤
©t
Æmz̈F` i³¦zix¦ A§ z`´Ÿf ip£̀ ¦À «© ck :ï§i ,xn© £̀ ®.`z̈ixF`¨ l§ ,aŸwr©£ i zia¥ C§
Li®¦tA§ iY¦ n´©§ UÎxW£̀ ¤ i†©xäcE§ Lil¤½ r̈ x´¤W£̀ ÆigEx ¦ d½ëŸdi§ x´©n`¨
d½ëŸdi§ x´©n`¨ ÆLr£ x©§f rx³¤© f iR¸¦ nE
¦ L¹ r£ x©§f iR¸¦ nE
¦ ÁLiR¦ n¦ EWEnïÎ`Ÿl
¿
,iWc
¦ wª gE ¦ w§ oiC¥ .`p̈£̀ e© :ml̈
© x« .ï§i xn© £̀ ,oFdO§ r¦ inï « FrÎcr© e§ d†Ÿr© n«¥
.jp̈A§ mFRnE
¦ jÖRª n¦ .oFCr¦i `l̈ .jÖtª A§ izi ¦ E¦W
© C§ ,iz¦ £̀ Eap§ inb̈z
¥ tE ¦ .jl̈r£ C©
:`n̈l§ r̈ cr© e§ ,or© M§ n¦ ®.ï§i xn© £̀ ,jp̈a§ i¥pA§ mFRnE ¦
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

xetik zgpnc dxhtd


dpei xtq

mb̈zt¦ dë£de© ¦ Îoa¤ d¬p̈FiÎl ¤̀ d½ëŸdi§ Îxa© C§ Æid§


:xŸn« `l¥ i†©Yn£̀ ¦ i«e© `
K¯¥l mE  a :xni
© n¥ l§ ,iY© n¦ £̀ xa© dp̈Fi mr¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,d`Ea
¨ p§
hiy xetk zgpnc dxhtd 319

m†z̈r̈ẍ« d¬z̈l§ r̈« ÎiM¦ d̈i®¤lr̈ ` ´ẍwE § d†l̈FcB§ d© xir¬¦ d̈ d²¥epi« § pÎl
¦ ¤̀
zwi
© l¥ q§ ix¥ £̀ ®.Dl© r£ iA© § p¦ l§ li¥fi`¦ .mEw :i«p̈ẗl§
¦ pz`¦ e§ ,`z̈A§ x© `Ÿxw© .d¥epi
d®ëŸdi§ i†¥pt§ N¦ n¦ dẄiW¦½ x§Y© g© Ÿx´ a§ l¦ Ædp̈Fi mẅ³Ï© b :in̈c̈wl¦ ,oFdz§ ẄiA¦
cx³¥
¤ Ie© Dẍ¹ k̈U§ oY¦ ¥̧ Ie© WiWÀ¦ x§z© d´¨`Ä | d´Ïp¢̀ ¦ `¬v̈n¦ § Ie© Ftï
¹ cx¥̧ ¤ I©e
wxr© n¦ l§ ,dp̈Fi mẅe§ :d«ëŸdi§ i†¥pt§ N¦ n¦ dẄiW ¦½ x§Y© Æmd¤ Ör¦ `Fa³ l̈ ÆDÄ
`l̈§f`¨ C§ ,`ẗl`¦ gMW
© `© e§ .Ftïl§ zgpE
© .ïiC© `n̈WA¦ ,iA©
¥ pz¦iC§ mc̈w¢ on¦ .`Ö©il§
,iA©
¥ pz¦iC§ mc̈w¢ on¦ ®.`Ö©iA§ oFdO§ r¦ l©fin¥ l§ ,DA© zgpE
© .Dxb © `© adi© e¦ .`Ö©ia§
i¬¦d§ie© m½ÏdÎl© ¤̀ Ædl̈FcBÎ © x« li³¦hd¥ dÀëŸdi«© c :ïiC© `n̈WA¦
§ gE
,ax© gE © x« mix¥ £̀ .ïi©e :x«a¥ Ẍd¦ l§ d†äX§ g¦ d½Ïp¢̀ ¦ ´d̈e§ m®ÏA© lFcB̈Îx† r© q«©
E`´ xi«§ I¦ © d :`x¨äY§ `¦ l§ ,`ïrÄ ®.`ẗl`¦ e§ .`Ö©iA§ ,ax© lFWg©p dë£de© .`Ö©i lr©
x³¤W£̀ mil¹¦ M¥ dÎz © ¤̀ ElhÏ© ¸¦ e ¼eid̈Ÿl¡`Îl ¤̀ Wi´¦` »Ewr§ £ fI¦ e© migÀ¦ N̈O© d©
i´¥zM§ x©§iÎl ¤̀ Æcxï © dpFi À̈ e§ m®¤dil¥ r£ n«¥ lw†¥d̈l§ m½ÏdÎl © ¤̀ ÆdÏp¢̀ ¦ Ä«
,Ff£ge© Di
‹ z¥ lg ¦ :mc«©ẍ«I¥e© a†©MW¦
§ C© on¦ xa© B§ FraE .`Ï©pR̈q© EligcE § Ie© dp̈½ it¦ Q§ d©
.oFdP§ n¦ ,`l̈ẅ`¨ l§ .`Ö©il§ ,`ẗl`a
¦ C¦ .`Ï©pn̈ zï FnxE .jFxv§ oFdA§ zil¥ ix¥ £̀
Æeil̈ ¥̀ a³©xw¦
§ I © e :jEncE ,aikWE
¥ ®.`ẗl`a
¦ C¦ `C̈W¦ zirx
¦ `© l§ ,zg© p§ .dp̈Fie§
LidŸl¡
¤½ `Îl ¤̀ ` ´ẍw§ mEwµ m®C̈x§p¦ ĹNÎd§ n© Fl† xn`¬ ¤ ŸIe© laŸ¥½ gd«© ax´©
ax© ,Dizë
¥ l§ aixwE ¥ p `¬Ÿle§ Ep†l̈ mi²¦dŸl¡`d̈« z¯¥Xr© z¦
¥ :c«a`Ÿ § i ilE`º©
on¦ mg© xz¦
© i .m`¦ n̈ .jd̈l̈`
¡ mc̈w¢ ,iN©
¦ v mEw .jEnC̈ Y`© `n̈ ,Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© .`Ï©pR̈q©
ÆEkl§ Edr¥À xÎl ¥ ¤̀ Wi´¦` Exº n`« § ŸI © f :cai¥
© p `l̈e§ ,`p̈«©lr£ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢
¸¦ Ie© Ep®l̈ z`ŸG†d© d¬r̈ẍd̈« i²¦nN§ W
ÆElR© ¤ A§ dr̈½ c´¥§ pe§ zFl½ ẍFb« dl̈i´¦R©pe§
inx ¥ g© l§ xa© B§ ,Exn© £̀ e© :d«p̈FiÎlr© l†ẍFBd
¥ p¦ e§ ,Fzi ¥̀ .Dixa © l¬ŸRI¦ e© zFl½ ẍFB«
lr© ,`Äcr© ltpE
© ®.oiAc
¦ r© FnxE .`p̈«©l ,`c̈d̈ `ŸWA¦ on© lic¦ A§ .rC©p¦ e§ .oiAc
¦ r©
§ ŸI © g
d¬r̈ẍd̈« Îin¦ l§ x²¤W£̀ A«© Epl̈½ `´P̈Îdc̈i«B¦ d© eil̈½ ¥̀ Ex́n`« :dp̈Fi
320 xetk zgpnc dxhtd ky

Lv¤½ x§`© d´n̈ `Fa½ Ÿ o¦i` ´© nE¥ ÆLY§ k` § l© OÎd§ n© Ep®l̈ z`ŸG†d©
`ŸWA¦ on© lic¦ A§ .`p̈«©l or© k§ iE¦g© ,Dil¥ Exn© £̀ e© :dŸ`
«¨ mr†© d¬¤GnÎi
¦ ¥̀ e§
oiC¥ n¦ i ¥̀ e§ ®.jz̈pi
§ c¦ n§ `id¦ `ci
© ¥̀ .iz¥ `¨ Y`© op̈nE ,jz̈ci§ a¦ r£ `n̈ .`p̈«©l ,`c̈d̈
¦ Ÿp`¨ ix´¦ a§ r¦ m†¤dil£̀
i³¥dŸl¡` dº̈eŸdi§ Îz ¤̀ e§ ik® ¤ ŸI © h :Y`© ,`Ör©
¥ xn`¬
:dẄ « Ä©IdÎz
© ¤̀ e§ m†ÏdÎz © ¤̀ d¬Ür̈ÎxW£̀ ¤ `xï
½¥ i´¦p£̀ Æmi¦ n©¸ Ẍd©
ca© r£ C© ®.lig¥ C̈ `p̈£̀ ,`ÏnW
© C¦ `d̈l̈`
¡ .ï§i mc̈w¢ onE
¦ .`p̈£̀ d`¨ c̈Ed§i ,oFdl§ xn© £̀ e©
§ ŸIe© dl̈½ Fcb§ d´¨`x¦§i ÆmiWp̈£̀
Ex¬ n`« ¦ d̈« E ³̀ xi«§ I¦ © i :`ŸWA©
¤ i zïe§ ,`Ö©i zï
ÆdëŸdi§ i³¥pt§ N¦ nÎi
¦ M¦ miWp̈£̀À¦ d̈« Eŕc«§ ïÎiM¦ z̈i®¦Ur̈ z`´ŸGÎdn© ei†l̈ ¥̀
,Dil¥ Exn© £̀ e© .`Äx© `l̈gC© ,`Ïxaª ¦ :m«d
© B EligcE ¤ l̈ ci†¦Bd¦ i¬¦M g© xŸ½¥ a `Ed́
`Ed ,ïiC© `n̈WA¦ iA©
¥ pz¦iC§ mc̈w¢ on¦ ix¥ £̀ .`Ïxaª
© B Erc§©i ix¥ £̀ .`Ÿca© r£ `c̈ `n̈
wŸY ¬ W¦ § ie§ KN̈½ dU£ ¤ r´©PÎdn© Æeil̈ ¥̀ Ex³n`« § ŸI © `i :oFdl§ ,iE¦g© ix¥ £̀ ®.wix¦r̈
.jl̈ cia¥ r© £ p `n̈ ,Dil¥ Exn© £̀ e© :xrŸ
«¥ qe§ K¬¥lFd m†Ïd© i¬¦M Epi®¥lr̈n«¥ m†Ïd©
mdi ¤À l£̀¥ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © ai :siT¦ Y© DilFWg©
¥ pe§ ,li¥f`¨ `Ö©i ix¥ £̀ ®.`p̈«P© n¦ ,`Ö©i gEpi
© e¦
´¥ iM¦µ m®¤kil¥ r£ n«¥ m†Ïd© wŸY
r© cFi ¬ W¦
§ ie§ m½ÏdÎl© ¤̀ ip´ª ¦ lih£ ¦ de«© ÆipE
¦ `¸ Ü
¦ a« q© .oFdl§ xn© £̀ e© :m«ki
,ipE ¤ l¥ r£ d†¤Gd© lFcB̈ ² d© xr¯©
© Qd© iN½¦ W ¤ a§ i´¦M ip¦ `¨½
`l̈FWg©p .ili
¦ c¦ a§ ix¥ £̀ .`p̈£̀ rcï
© ,ix¥ £̀ .oFkP§ n¦ ,`Ö©i gEpi
© e¦ .`Ö©il§ ipE
¦ nxE
«
d†ẄÄ©IdÎl
© ¤̀ ai²¦Wd̈l§ miWp̈£̀ À¦ d̈« Ex́Y§ g©§ I © bi :oFkil¥ r£ ,oic¥d̈ ®.`Äx©
.`Ïxaª
© B oih§ ¤ l¥ r£ xrŸ†¥ qe§ K¬¥lFd m½Ïd© i´¦M ElŸk® ï `Ÿl´ e§
¦ iẄe§ :m«di
:oFdil¥ r£ siT¦ Y© DilFWg©
¥ pe§ ,li¥f`¨ `Ö©i ix¥ £̀ ®.Elik§
¦ i `l̈e§ ,`ŸWA©
¤ il§ .`äz̈`¨ l§
§ Ÿp« `´p̈Îl`© ÆdëŸdi§ d³P̈`¨ ExÀ n`«
d Àc̈a` § ŸIe© d¹ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ E`¸ x§w¦
§ I © ci
d´Ÿ`Îi© M¦ `iwp̈ ®¦ m ´C̈ Epi†¥lr̈ o¬¥YYÎl ¦ `© e§ d½G¤d© Wi´¦`d̈ ÆWt¤ p¤̧ A§
`p̈zEr ¦ ve§ :z̈iU
«© Ä liA¥ w© .Exn© £̀ e© ,ï§i mc̈w¢ E`iN© § tg̈ x¬¤W£̀ M«© d½ëŸdi§
«¦ r̈ Ÿv†©
zaFg
© ,`p̈«©lr£ oiY¥ z¦ `l̈e§ .oic¥ d̈ `xaª
¨ bC§ ,DiWt©
¥ p zaFg
© A§ .cai¥
© p or© k§ `l̈ ,ï§i
itk d"ke .`x`y edleke ,miinlyexia mb o`bizd lka rxln .d³P̈`¨ ci :wecwcd wlg
:myead zbexr oiire .mdxa` dpwn lra k"ke .wecwcd
`ky xetk zgpnc dxhtd 321

ÆE`U¦
§ I © eh :`Ÿca© r£ ,jn̈c̈w¢ `ër£ x©C§ `n̈M§ ®.ï§i Y`© ix¥ £̀ .i`M©
© f mC©
zï ,EaiqpE
¦ :FR« r© § Gn¦ m†Ïd© cŸn¬ r«£ I©e© m®ÏdÎl© ¤̀ Ed†ªlh§ ¦ ie© dp̈½ FiÎz ¤̀
mi²¦Wp̈£̀ d̈« E`¯ xi« § I¦ © fh :DilFWg©
¥ Pn¦ ,`Ö©i gp̈e§ ®.`Ö©il§ ,idFnxE ¦ .dp̈Fi
:mix«¦ c̈p§ Ex†C¦§ Ie© d½ëŸdil«© Æga¤̧
© fÎEgA§ § fI¦ e© d®ëŸdi§ Îz ¤̀ d†l̈Fcb§ d¬¨`x¦§i
®.ï§i mc̈w¢ ,gai
© C¥ `g̈Äc©l§ Exn© £̀ e© .ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,`Äx© `l̈gC© .`Ïxaª
© B EligcE
¦
i³¦d§ie© d®p̈FiÎz ¤̀ r© Ÿl† a§ l¦ lFcB̈
½ b ´C̈ ÆdëŸdi§ o³©n§i © fi :oixc
¦ p¦ ,ExC©
©pe§
¥ e§ :zFli
`p̈Ep ,ï§i oinf̈ « l¥ d¬ẄŸlWE § mi†¦nï d¬ẄŸlW§ bC̈½ d© ir´¥n§ A¦ Ædp̈Fi
,oin¦ n̈§i `z̈l̈Y§ ®.`z̈pEp
§ C§ `ïrn© A§ ,dp̈Fi dë£de© .dp̈Fi zï ,rla
© n¦ l§ .`Äx©
ir†¥ O§ n¦ ei®d̈Ÿl¡` d†ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ dp̈½ Fi l´¥NR© z¦ § I © gi :oël̈il¥ `z̈l̈zE
xn`À¤ ŸI © hi :`z̈pEp § C§ ,`ïrO© n¦ ®.Did¥ l̈` ¡ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ .dp̈Fi iN© ¦ ve§ :d«b̈C̈d ©
iY¦ r†©§ EW¦ lF ²̀ W§ oh¯¤ ¤ An¦ ip®¥
¦ pr«£ I©e© d†ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ i²¦l dẍ¬S̈n¦ iz` ¦ ẍw¨Â
.izFl
¦ v§ liA¥ w© e§ ,ï§i mc̈w¢ .il¦ zw© r© C§ n¦ .izi ¦ N©¦ v .xn© £̀ e© :ilFw
«¦ Ÿr¬©
§ nẄ
Ædl̈Evn§ ip³¥ ¦ kil¦ W§ Y©© k :izEr ¦ ä `Ÿca© r£ ,izi ¦ r¥ A§ ®.`n̈FdY§ zirx ¦ `© n¥
:Exä« r̈ i¬©lr̈ Li†¤N©be§ Li¬¤xÄW§ nÎl ¦ M̈ ip®¥ ¦ aa§ Ÿq« i§ x†d̈p̈e§ miO© ½¦ i a´©al§ A¦
idF
¦ lFWg©
« p lM̈ ®.il¦ xFgq§ xFgq§ ,`xd©
¨ pe§ .`Ö©iC§ `Äl¦ A§ ,`Ïwn
© rª l§ ip¦ zi
«© nxE
¥
Li®¤pir¥ c¤b´¤Pn¦ iY¦ W†©
§ xb§ p¦ iY¦ x§n©½ `¨ i´¦p£̀ «© `k :Fcr£ il© r£ ,idFN©
¦ be§ `Ö©iC§
,zik¦ x©Ÿ`¦ .zix¦n© £̀ `p̈£̀ e© :LW
«¤ c§ ẅ l†©kidÎl
¥ ¤̀ hiA½¦ d© l§ si´¦qF` K`©µ
:jẄcwª C§ ,`l̈ki
§ d¥ A§ ®.`l̈M̈Yq
© `¦ l§ siqF`
¥ ,mx©A§ .jx¨ni
§ n¥ mc̈w¢ on¦
WE¬ag̈ sEq† ip®¥ ¦ aa§ Ÿq« i§ mFd† Y§ Wt¤ p¤½ Îcr© Æmi¦ n©¸ ipE ¦ t³ ẗ£ ak
,sEqC§ `Ö©i ®.il¦ xFgq§ xFgq§ ,`n̈FdY§ .`z̈Fn cr© ,`Ïn© ipE ¦ t« T§ `© :iW`Ÿ«¦ xl§
d̈i¬¤gx¦ A§ ux²¨¤ `d̈ iY¦ c§ xï ½© Æmix¦ d̈ i³¥av§ w¦ § bk :iWi
¦ x¥ on¦ lir¥ il¦ Y§

,miqetcd aexae miinlyexia d"ke oniz ixtq lka dtx c"nld .i²¦l dxvn hi :wecwcd wlg
onwlc 'jl dxg' enke zeawpd oniq `id ik ziyxy `"dd ik wigxn iz` oic ea oi` ik
:('h 'qt 'c-wxt)
322 xetk zgpnc dxhtd aky

,`ÏxEh
© ixw
¥ r¦ l§ :id̈« Ÿl¡` d¬ëŸdi§ i†©Ig© zg²©
© Xn¦ lr¯©
© Y©e m®l̈Frl§ ic†¦ r£ a«©
,jn̈c̈w¢ aix¦ẅ Y`© e§ .oin¦ l§ r̈ iP¦ n¦ lir¥ ,`d̈«tw
© zª A§ zc©
©bp§ .`r̈x`© .ziz¦ g© p§
iW¦½ t©§ p Æil© r̈ s³¥Hr© z§ d¦ § ck :id¦ l̈`¡ ï§i ,i©Ig© ®.`l̈Äg© n¥ `ẅQ̈`© l§
:LW «¤ c§ ẅ l†©kidÎl
¥ ¤̀ iz¦½ N̈t¦ Y§ ÆLil¤̧ ¥̀ `Fa³ Ÿ©e iY¦ x®k̈f̈
§ d†ëŸdi§ Îz ¤̀
®.izFl
¦ v§ ,jn̈c̈wl¦ zl© r© e§ .zix¦kc
© `© ,ïiC© `p̈g̈lRª .iWt©
¦ p ,il© r£ zEid̈lYW
© `¦ A§
`l̈ :Ea«Ÿfr«£ i© m †C̈q§ g© `e®ẄÎi
§ l¥ a§ d«© mix†¦ O§ W
© § dk :jẄcwª C§ ,`l̈ki
§ d¥ l§
:oir¦ cï§ oEP`¦ zil¥ ,oFdl§ ahFY
© n¦ C§ xz© £̀ n¥ C§ ®.`z̈ër£ ḧ ig¥ l§ R̈ ,`Ïn© n§ r© k§
dn̈®¥NW£̀© iY¦ x†© §cp̈ x¬¤W£̀ KN̈½ Îdg̈A§ § f ¤̀ Ædc̈FY lFw³ A§ ip£̀ ¦À «© ek
.jn̈c̈w¢ aix¥ẅ £̀ ip¦ Äxwª ,d`¨ c̈F` zg̈AW § Yª lẅA§ .`p̈£̀ e© :d«ëŸdil «© dz̈rEW§ †¨ i
b®C̈l© d†ëŸdi§ xn`¬ ¤ ŸI © fk :ï§i mc̈w¢ ,FlvA¦ iWt© ¦ p owx© Rª ®.miN¥ W£̀ © ,zix¦cp © C¦
,dp̈Fi zï hltE © ®.`p̈Epl§ ,ï§i xn© £̀ e© :dẄ « Ä©IdÎl
© ¤̀ d†p̈FiÎz ¤̀ `wÏ© ¬¥ e
dë£de© :xŸn« `l ¥ zi¬¦pW ¥ d†p̈FiÎl ¤̀ d²ëŸdi§ Îxa© c§ i¯¦d§i © gk :`ŸWA© ¤ il§
K¬¥l mE ² hk :xni © n¥ l§ zEpïpY¦ ,dp̈Fi mr¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,d`Ea ¨ p§ mb̈zt¦
x¬¤W£̀ d`i ¨½ x¦ T§ dÎz
© ¤̀ Æd̈il¤̧ ¥̀ `³ẍwE § d®l̈FcB§ d© xir´¦ d̈ d†¥epi« § pÎl
¦ ¤̀
,Dl© r£ iA©
¦ pz`¦ e§ .`z̈A§ x© `Ÿxw© ,d¥epi § p¦ l§ li¥fi`¦ .mEw :Li«l ¤ ¥̀ x¬¥aŸC i†¦kŸp`«¨
d†¥epi«
§ pÎl
¦ ¤̀ Kl²¥ ¤ Ie© dpFi À̈ mẅ´Ï© l :jÖr¦ liN¥ n© n§ ,`p̈£̀ C© ®.`z̈ £̀ Eap§ zï
K†©l£dn«© midŸl`« ½¦ l¥ Ædl̈FcBÎxi § r¦ d³z̈§id̈« dÀe¥pi« § p¦ e§ d®ëŸdi§ x´©ac§ M¦
zë£d .d¥epi§ p¦ e§ .ïiC© `n̈b̈zt¦ M§ ,d¥epi § p¦ l§ l©f £̀ e© .dp̈Fi mẅe§ :minï «¦ zW¬ ¤ ŸlW§
`Fál̈ Ædp̈Fi lg³Ï© ¤ `l :oinFi ¦ `z̈l̈Y§ ,jld © n© ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`z̈A§ x© `Ÿxw©
mF½i mir´¦ Äx§`© cFrµ xn`Ÿ ©½ Ie© Æ`ẍw¦ § Ie© c®g̈ ¤̀ mFí K†©l£dn«© xir½¦ ä
.cg© `n̈Fi ,jld © n© .`Ÿxw© A§ lri © n¥ l§ ,dp̈Fi ix¦Ẅe§ :zk« ¤ R̈d¤§ p d†¥epi« § p¦ e§
Epi²¦n£̀«I© © al :`k̈tdz © n¦ ,d¥epi § p¦ e§ ®.oinFi¦ oir¦ Ax § `© ,cFr .xn© £̀ e© ,fixk ¥ `© e§
m†l̈FcB§ n¦ miT½¦ U © EẂA§ l¦ § Ie© ÆmFvÎE`x§w¦ § Ie© mi®¦dŸl`«A¥ d†¥epi« § p¦ i¬¥W§p`©
bky xetk zgpnc dxhtd 323

EWalE
© ,`n̈Fv Ex©fbE .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ A§ ,d¥epi
§ p¦ iWp̈¡
¥ ` .Epini
¦ d¥ e§ :m«P̈h© wÎc
§ r© e§
Æmẅ¸Ïe© d½e¥pi«
§ p¦ Kl´¤
¤ nÎl ¤̀ ÆxäC̈d© r³©BI¦ © bl :oFdxi§ r§¥ f cr© e§ ,oFdA§ x©n¥ ®.oiT¦ q©
:xt«
¤ ¥̀ d̈Îlr© aW†¥ ¤ Ie© wU
©½ q´©k§ie© ei®l̈r̈n«¥ FY† x§C©`© x¬¥ar«£ I©e© F`½ q§ M¦ n¦
WEal§ iCr
¦ `© e§ .DizEkl
¥ n© iqx
¥ Mª n¦ ,mẅe§ .d¥epi
§ p¦ C§ `M̈ln© zël§ ,`n̈b̈zt¦ `ḧnE
¤ ŸIe© wr§
Æxn`¸ ¥À fI© © cl :`n̈hw¦ lr© ,aizi ¥ e¦ ®.`T̈q© iQ¦ Mz © `¦ e§ .Di¥Pn¦ ,Dix¥ẅ§i
dn¹̈ d¥ A§ d© e§ m ¸c̈`¨ d̈« xŸn® `l¥ ei†l̈ŸcbE § Kl²¤ ¤ Od© mr¯© © Hn¦ d½e¥pi«§ p¦ A§
m¦i†©nE Er½ x¦§iÎl`©¸ dn̈E`½ n§ ÆEnr£ h¦ § iÎl`© o`ŸSÀ d© e§ x ´ẅÄd©
.xni
© n¥ l§ ,idFp
¦ äxa § x©e§ .`M̈ln© zxi¥
© fB§ n¦ .d¥epi ¥ `© e§ :EY« W¦
§ p¦ A§ ,xn© £̀ e© .fixk § iÎl`©
`l̈ ,`ÏnE
© ®.oFrx¦i `l̈ .mr© C̈n¦ ,oEnrh¦
£ i `l̈ .`p̈r̈e§ ixFY
¥ ,`xi¨ raE
¦ `Ẅp̈£̀
E`¬ x§w¦
§ ie§ dn̈½ d¥ A§ d© e§ Æmc̈`¨ d̈« miTÀ¦ U © EQ́M© z¦ § i § dl :oFYW¦i
q†n̈g̈«dÎo
¤ nE ¦ dr̈½ ẍd̈« FḾx§C©n¦ Wi`¦µ EaWï ªÀ e§ dw§
®¨fg̈A§ mi†¦dŸl¡`Îl ¤̀
,ï§i mc̈w¢ oFN©vie¦ .`xi¨ raE
¦ © ie§ :m«di
,`Ẅp̈£̀ .oiT¦ q© oFQMz¦ ¤ R¥ k© A§ x¬¤W£̀
:oFdici
¥ a¦ C§ ,`ẗhg¦ onE
¦ ®.`ŸWA¦ DigxF`
¥ n¥ ,xa© B§ .oEaEzie¦ .sFwzA¦
`¬Ÿle§ FR† `© oFx£ ¬ gn«¥ a²Ẅe§ mi®¦dŸl¡`d̈« m†©gp¦ e§ aEWï ½ r© cFiÎi
´¥ ¦ el
mc̈w¢ on¦ ,`p̈«©lr£ mg© xz¦
© ie§ .oFdP§ n¦ aEz§i ,oiaFg
¦ Dici © on© :c«a`Ÿ
¥ A¦ zi`¦ C§ rcï ¥ p
ÆmidŸl¡
¦ `d̈« `x³©§ I © fl :cai¥ © p `l̈e§ ,Di¥fbxª sFwY§ n¦ ®.aEzie¦ .ï§i
midŸl¡
À¦ `d̈« mg´P̈¦ ¤ Ie© dr®¨ẍd̈« m´M̈x§C©n¦ Ea†ẄÎiM¦ mdi ¤½ U¥ r´©
£ nÎz ¤̀
¥ :dÜ
mc̈w¢ ilbE « r̈ `¬Ÿle§ m†¤dl̈ÎzFUr£ l«© x¬¤ACÎx ¦ W£̀¤ dr²¨ẍd̈« Îlr©
®.`ŸWA¦ on¦ .ï§i az̈e§ .`z̈ẄiA¦ oFdz§ g̈xF`n¥ ,EaŸ ix¥ £̀ .oFdic¥ äFr zï ,ï§i
d®l̈Fcb§ d ´r̈ẍ d†p̈FiÎl ¤̀ rx¬¥
© I © gl :ca© r£ `l̈e§ ,oFdl§ ca© r¡n¤ l§ liN¥ n© C§
lN¥ R©¸ z¦
§ I © hl :Dil¥ ,siwzE
¥ ®.`Äx© `ẄiA¦ ,dp̈Fil§ Wi ¥̀ aE :Fl« xg†¦ © Ie©
ÆizFi¡
¦ dÎcr© ixÀ¦ äc§ d´¤fÎ`Fl£d ÆdëŸdi§ d³P̈`¨ xn`Ÿ ©À Ie© d¹ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀
©½ qkie bl :wecwcd wlg
.x¬¤AC¦ xy` fl :gzta z"igd .midl`d m†©gp¦ e§ el :epick gzta swf .wU
:rxln .d³P̈`¨ hl :i"zqa xiaza `l dkx`na 'xac' zaiz
324 xetk zgpnc dxhtd cky

À© i´¦M dẄi®¦Wx§Y© g© Ÿx´ a§ l¦ iY¦ n†©


iY¦ r§ cï § Cw¦ o¬¥MÎlr© iz¦½ n̈c§ `Îl © r©
m†g̈p¦ e§ cq¤ gÎa
¤½ x© e§ Æmi¦ R©¸ `© Kx³¤̀¤ mEg½ x© e§ oEṔgÎl © ¥̀ ÆdŸ`© i³¦M
izi¥
¦ ed£ C© cr© .inb̈z ¦ ve§ :dr̈« ẍd̈
¦ R¦ oic¥ `l̈£d ,ï§i EräA§ .xn© £̀ e© ,ï§i mc̈w¢ iN© « Îlr©
Y`© ix¥ £̀ .`p̈rcï
© ix¥ £̀ .`Ö©il§ wxr © n¦ l§ ,izi
¦ gF`
¦ oM¥ lr© .irx¦ `© lr© ,mÏw©
,Dix¥ni
§ n¥ aiznE
¦ ®.oëaḧ ca© r¡n¤ l§ i¥BqnE
© ,f©bx§ wigx¥ n© .`p̈n̈gx©e§ `p̈P̈g© ,`d̈l̈`
¡
i²¦M iP®¤ § pÎz ¤̀ `¬p̈Îgw© d½ëŸdi§ d´Ÿr© §
¦ On¦ i†¦Wt© n :`ŸWA¦ d`¨ z̈i ¥̀ N§ n¦
,zEn £̀ C© aḧ ®.ix¥ £̀ .iP¦ n¦ ,iWt©
¦ p zï or© M§ aq© .ï§i orkE
© :i«Ïg© n«¥ i†¦zFn aFh¬
,`C̈gl£ « dẍ¬g̈ a†¥hid¥ d«© d½ëŸdi§ xn`´
© d ®.ï§i xn© £̀ e© :Kl̈ ¤ ŸI © `n :igi ¥ ¥̀ C§ n¦
ÁUr© © Ie© xir®¦ l̈ mc¤T´¤n¦ aW†¥ ¤ Ie© xir½¦ d̈Îon¦ Ædp̈Fi `³¥vI¥ © an :jl̈ siw¥ Y§
d ¤̀½ x¦§i x´¤W£̀ cr©µ lS¥½ A© Æd̈iY¤̧ g§ Y© aW³¥ ¤ Ie© dMÀ̈ qª mẄ¹ Fļ
ca© r©
£ e .`Ÿxw© l§ g©pcO© n¦ ,aizi © :xir«¦ Ä d†¤id«
¥ e¦ .`Ÿxw© on¦ ,dp̈Fi wtpE § I¦ Îdn©
sFqA§ ,id§
¥ i `n̈ ®.i¥fg¦iC§ cr© .`N̈hª A§ ,DzFg
© Y§ aizi
¥ e¦ .`z̈N§ h© n§ ,oÖY© Dil¥
dpFi
À̈ l§ lr´©n¥ | lr´©© Ie© oFºiẅiw«¦ midŸl¡Â¦ `ÎdëŸdi«§ o´©n§i © bn :`Ÿxw©
d²p̈Fi g¬©nU¦
§ Ie© Fz® r̈ẍ« n¥ Fl† li¬¦Sd© l§ FW`Ÿ ½ xÎlr© Æl¥v zF¬id§ l«¦
lir¥ ,wilqE
¥ .oFiẅiw¦ .midŸ¦ l` ¥ e§ :dl̈
¡ ï§i oinf̈ « Fcb§ d¬g̈n§ U¦ oFi†ẅiT«¦ dÎl
© r©
lr© ®.dp̈Fi iCg©
¦ e .DiYW
¥ A¦ n¦ ,Dil¥ `p̈B̈`© l§ .DiWi
¥ x¥ lr© ,`N̈hª i¥edn¦ l§ .dp̈Fi on¦
xg†©© Xd© zF¬lr£ A«© zr© lFY ©½ ÆmidŸl¡
¦ `d̈« o³©n§i © cn :`Äx© `ëcg¤ ,oFiẅiw¦
wQ© n¦ A§ .`ŸrlFY © ,ï§i oinf̈¥ e§ :W«äi¦Ie© oFi†ẅiT«¦ dÎz
© ¤̀ K¬©Y©e z®ẍ¢gÖ« l©
g© Ÿx´ f§ M¦ | i´¦d§i «© dn :Wiai ¥ e¦ ,oFiẅiw¦ zï zg̈nE ®.idFx
¦ z§ äC§ `n̈FiA§ ,`xt© ¨ v
Wn²¤ ¤ Xd© K¬©Y©e ziWi ¦½ x£ ¦ g Æmic¦ ẅ gE© x³ midŸl¡ ¹¦ ` on§ ©¸ ie© Wn¤ X
¤À d©
xn`¾¤ ŸIe© zEn½ l̈ ÆFWt© § pÎz ¤̀ l³©`W¦ § Ie© d†p̈Fi W`Ÿx¬ Îlr©
§ Ie© s®N̈r© z¦
,`n̈ECw¦ gE © x« .ï§i oinf̈ ¥ e§ .`ẄnW¦ g©pcn¦ M§ ,dë£de© :i«Ïg © n«¥ i†¦zFn aFh¬
zï li ¥̀ WE .idl
¦ YW
© `¦ e§ ,dp̈FiC§ `Ẅix¥ lr© .`ẄnW¦ zg© thE
© .`z̈wi
§ z¦ W§
:`irba 'myd' 'iz .dëŸdi«§ onie bn :wecwcd wlg
dky xetk zgpnc dxhtd 325

ÆmidŸl¡
¦ ` xn`³ ¤ ŸI © en :igi¥ ¥̀ C§ n¦ ,zEn £̀ C© aḧ ®.xn© £̀ e© .zn̈nl¦ ,DiWt©
¥ p
a¬¥hid¥ xn`¾ ¤ ŸIe© oF®iẅiT«¦ dÎl
© r© L† lÎd § ẍ«g̈ a¬¥hid¥ d«© dp̈½ FiÎl ¤̀
.oFiẅiw¦ lr© ,jl̈ siw¥ Y§ `C̈gl£© d .dp̈Fil§ ,ï§i xn© £̀ e© :z¤en̈
« Îcr© i†¦lÎdẍ«g̈
ÆŸq§ g©¸ d¬Ÿ`© dÀëŸdi§ xn`´ ¤ ŸI © fn :`z̈Fn cr© ,il¦ siw¥ Y§ `C̈gl© ®.xn© £̀ e©
dl̈§i¬©lÎoA¦ W¤ FY® l§ C©b¦ `Ÿl´ e§ FA† Ÿl¬©§ nr̈Î`Ÿl x²¤W£̀ oF½iẅiT´¦ dÎl © r©
`l̈C§ .oFiẅiw¦ lr© ,`Ÿqg© Y`© .ï§i xn© £̀ e© :cä « `¨ dl̈§i¬©lÎoaE
¦ d†ïd̈
:ca© £̀ `p̈xg
¨ ª̀ `ïlilaE
¥ ,dë£d oic¥ d̈ `ïlila
¥ C¦ ®.id¦ z̈iA¦ x© `l̈e§ ,Dia¥ `Ÿln© r£
DÄ¿ ÎW¤i x´¤W£̀ d®l̈FcB§ d© xir´¦ d̈ d†¥epi« § pÎl¦ r© qEg½ `¨ `Ÿl´ Æip£̀
¦ «© gn
Fṕin§
¦ iÎoiA¥ ÆrcïÎ`Ÿl
© x³¤W£̀ m Àc̈`¨ FA¹ x¦ dx¸¥ U§ rÎmi
¤ Y¥ W§ n«¦ ÁdA¥ x§d©
§ p¦ lr© .qEg £̀ `l̈ ,`p̈£̀ e© :dÄx© d†n̈d
.`z̈A§ x© `Ÿxw© ,d¥epi ¥ aE
§ Fl`Ÿ
½ nU§ l¦
Di¥piO©
¦ i oiA¥ ,rc§©i `l̈C§ .`Ẅp̈£̀ ,`FAx¦ ixq
¥ r¤ `Yx
© Y© n¦ iB¦ q© .DA© zi`¦ C§
x´¥aŸre§ ÆoŸer̈ `³¥UŸp LFnÀ M̈ l´¥̀ Îi ¦ hn :iB¦ q© ,`xi¨ raE ¦ ®.Dil`
¥ n̈ql¦
u¬¥tg̈ÎiM¦ FR½ `© Æcr© l̈ wi³¦fg ¡ dÎ`Ÿl
«¤ Fz® l̈£gp«© zix†¦ ¥̀ W§ l¦ rW © RÎl
¤½ r©
lr© xAr© nE
© ,oïër£ l© wia¥ Ẅ .`d̈l̈` ¡ `Ed Y`© ,jP̈n¦ xÄ zil¥ :`Ed« cq†¤ ¤g
ir¥ x¨ ix¥ £̀ ®.Di¥fbxª ,oin¦ l§ r̈l§ jixFn
¥ `l̈ .Diz¥ p§ q̈g`© C§ ,`x¨`W
¨ l¦ .oiaFg
¦
Ki²¦lW§ z© e§ Epi®¥zŸpŸe« r£ WŸA† k¦ § i Epn£¥½ gx§«© i aEẂ¨ p :`Ed ,`äḧi ¥̀ l§
wFAW¦i .`p̈«©lr£ `n̈g̈x©l§ ,Dix¥ni § n¥ aEz§i :mz̈ « `ŸHgÎl© M̈ m†ï zF¬lvª n§ A¦
o³¥Y ¦ `p :l ¥̀ xU¦¨ i i ¥̀ ḧ£g lM̈ ,`Ö©i iwn
¥ rª l§ inx¦ ¥ ie§ ®.Diz¥ ng
§ x©A§ ,`p̈«aFg
© lr©
Epi†¥zŸa £̀ l«© Ÿr¬©
§ AW§ pÎx¦ W£̀¤ m®d̈ẍa§ `© l§ cq†¤ ¤ g aŸw½ r«£ i©l§ Æzn¡ ¤`
.l ¥̀ zia¥ A§ Dil¥ `Ÿni¥Iw© C§ `n̈M§ ,idFpa
¦ l¦ aŸwr© ¥ wª oiY¥ Y¦ :mc¤w
£ i ihW «¤ ini¬¦
¥ n
xkc© Y¦ .`Ïxz © A¦ oiA¥ Dil¥ `Ÿni¥Iw© C§ `n̈M§ ,idFx ¦ z§ Ä Dirx©
¥ fl§ md̈xa
¨ `© zëaḧ
®.oëaḧ ,`p̈«O© r¦ cia¥ r£ Y© .jn̈c̈w¢ ,`g̈Ac
§ n© lr© cw© rz £ `¦ C§ w‹ g̈v¦i zci
© w¦ r£ `p̈«©l
:mc©w§ inFI
¥ n¦ ,`p̈z
«© d̈ä £̀ l© `Ÿni¥Iw© C§
mrha daizdy xeara ,m"na `irb yiy s`e gp o"iyay `eyd .miY¥ W§ n«¦ gn :wecwcd wlg
:ybc e"izde .o`bizd zxagna oiir ,swn
326 zekeqly oey`x h‰eic dxhtde xihtn eky

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

zekeqly oey`x h"eic xihtn


f"h - a"i miweqt h"k oniq xacna

mk¤½ l̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ ÆWcŸ¤w̧Î`ẍw§ n«¦ iri À¦ a¦ X§ d© WcŸǵ ¤ l© mF¹i xܸ r̈ ÁdẌn£ ¦ gaE «©
:min﫦 zr¬©a§ W¦ d†ëŸdil«© b²©g m¬¤zŸBg© e§ EU ® r£ z«© `Ÿl´ d †c̈Ÿar£ zk`¬¤ ¤ lnÎl § M̈
x†Ür̈ d¬ẄŸlW§ xw²¨äÎi¥pA§ mix¯¦ R̈ d½ëŸdil«© Æ©gŸģip¦ gi³¥ © x dX ¥̧ `¦ dlŸ¹̈ r mY¤̧ a§ x© w§ d¦ e§
mz̈½ g̈p§ nE
¸¦ :E «id«§ i¦ m¬¦nin¦ Y§ x†Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© d²p̈ẄÎi¥pA§ mi¯¦UäM§ m¦i®p̈W§ m´¦li ¥̀
ÆxÜr̈ d³ẄŸlW§ l¦ cgÀ̈ ¤̀ d̈« x´R̈l© mipŸ¦¹ xU§ r¤ dẄ¸ ŸlW§ on®Ẍ ¤ a© d´l̈ElA§ zlŸ¤ q†
oFx½ V̈r¦ ÆoFxV̈r¦ e§ :mli «¦ ¥̀ d̈« i†¥pW§ l¦ cg̈½ ¤̀ d̈« l¦i` ´© l̈ ÆmipŸ¦ xU§ r¤ i³¥pW§ mix½¦ R̈
z`®Ḧg© c†g̈ ¤̀ mi¬¦GrÎxi ¦ r¦ UE § :miU «¦ äM§ x†Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© l§ c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈« Ua†¤ ¤ Ml©
:DM̈« q§ p¦ e§ D†z̈g̈p§ n¦ cin¦½ Ÿd© z´©lŸr Æca© N§ n¦

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa


dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

zekeqly oey`x h"eic dxhtd


b"i oniq dixkfa

sŸx´ v§ M¦ ÆmiY¦ t§ x© vE
§ © ¤̀ i³¦
W ¥̀½ Ä ÆziW¦ l¦ X§ dÎz z`a« ¥ d¥ e§ `
© ¤̀ oŸg´ a§ M¦ mi†¦Yp§ g© aE
a®d̈G̈dÎz § sq¤ M¤½ dÎz
© ¤̀
`Ed½ i´¦Or© ÆiY¦ x§n©¸ `¨ FzŸ½ ` d´¤pr«
¡ ¤̀ ip£̀
¦ e«© inÀ¦ W§ a¦ ` ´ẍw¦
§ i | `Ed́
fky zekeqly oey`x h‰eic dxhtd 327

.`Ẅi`¦ C§ xEkA§ ,`ẅr̈a§ `ŸlY© zï lir¥ `© e§ :id̈« Ÿl¡` d¬ëŸdi§ x†©n`Ÿi `Ed¬ e§
.`ÄdC© zï oix£ ¦gäC§ `n̈M§ ,oEPx£¦ga ¤̀ e§ .`R̈qM© zï oit¦ xv̈
§ C§ `n̈M§ ,oEPtFxv
¦ ¤̀ e§
ï§i ,xni¥
© i `Ede§ ®.`Ed iO¦ r© ,zix¦n© £̀ .DizFl¥ v§ liA¥ w© £̀ ,`p̈£̀ e© .inW
¦ a¦ iN©
¥ vi§ ,`Ed
`d̈ :K«A¥ x§w¦ A§ K†¥ll̈W§ w¬©Ngª e§ d®ëŸdil«© `†ÄÎmFi d¬¥P ¦ a :id¦ l̈`
¡
jiE©¦bA§ ,`Ïn© n§ r© iqk
¥ p¦ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ziA¥ oEbN§ ti
© e¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ,izi
¥ n¥ l§ ciz¦ r£ `n̈Fi
d¼ n̈g̈l§ O¦ l© m» l© ẄEx§« iÎl ¤̀ | m¬¦iFBdÎl
© M̈Îz ¤̀ iY¦¸ t§ q© `«¨ § b :mlW © x§ªi
(dplbyz 'k) mi†¦WP̈d © e§ miY´Ä¦½ d© ÆEQWp̈ ©¸ e§ xirÀ¦ d̈ d ´c̈M§ l§ p¦ e§
z†¥xM̈¦i `¬Ÿl mr̈½ d̈ xz´¤ ¤ ie§ dl̈½ FBA© Æxir¦ d̈ i³¦v£g `vï º̈ e§ dp̈a®© § kẌY¦
Wia¥ Mz © xiª l¦ `Ïn© n§ r© lM̈ zï Wi¥Pk© £̀ e© :xir«¦ d̈Îon¦
§ z¦ e§ .`äx¨w§ `g̈b̈`¨ l§ ,mlW
.`z̈Elb̈A§ ,`Ÿxw© C§ D©blR© .wFR¦ie§ .oäkYW¦
© i ,`ÏWpE
© .`ÏY© Ä ,oEf§fÄz¦ie§ .`Ÿxw©
m´¦iFBA© m†©gl§ p¦ e§ d½ëŸdi§ `´v̈ï § c :`Ÿxw© on¦ ,wEqt¦i `l̈ ®.`Ör© x`WE
¨
`Ïn© n§ r© A§ ,`äx¨w§ gi
© bi
¦ e¦ .ï§i il¥ Bz¦
§ ie§ :aẍ« w§ mF¬iA§ Fn£
† gN̈« d¦ mF¬iM§ m®¥dd̈
ei´l̈b§ x© Ećn§ r̈« § d :sEqC§ `Ö©i lr© ,ax¨w§ DizEgb̈£̀
¥ mFiM§ ®.oEP`¦ d̈
m» l© ẄEx§« i i¬¥pRÎl
§ r© xW£̀ ¤̧ mizi¥
¦¹ Gd© xdÎl
©¸ r© `EddÎmFI ©Â A©
`i†¥B dÖ½ïë dg̈ ´ẍ§fn¦ ÆFiv§ g¤ n«¥ mi³¦zi¥Gd© xd©¸ Árw© a§ p¦ e§ m¼ c¤T¤ n¦
§ ie§ :dÄb«§ p¤ ÎFiv
il¥ Bz¦ † x²d̈d̈ i¬¦v£g Wn̈¸ E cŸ`® n§ d´l̈FcB§
§ g¤ e§ dp̈Ftv̈
.`g̈pc
§ O© n¦ ,mlW
© x§ªi iR¥ `© lr© C§ .`Ïzi¥
© f xEh lr© .`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§ ,Diz¥ xEab
§ a¦
.`C̈gl© `Äx© ,`N̈g¦ .`äxr § nlE
© `g̈pc
§ n© l§ ,Di¥blR© n¦ `Ïzi¥
© f xEh r©fAz¦
§ ie§
ixÀ© d̈Î`i¥B m´¤Yq©§ p § e :`n̈Fxc̈l§ Di¥bltE
© ,`p̈ERv¦ l§ ®.`xEh
¨ C§ Di¥blR© ,Wl̈Y¦
§ ie§
i´¥pR§ n¦ ÆmY¤ q©
§ p x³¤W£̀ M«© mY¤À q©§ pe§ l©
¼ v`Îl
¼¨ ¤̀ mi » x¦ d̈Îi¥B ri´¦
© B©iÎiM¦
jixv dhtyn itke ,mirhz `l `zlebqd ik ,lirln da mrhd .l© ¼ v`¼¨ l` e :wecwcd wlg
ik ,lirl s"l`a mirhdl jixve xac my `ed o`kae .rxl m` lirl m` ,(dripdl) dnirhdl
oiir ,lirln `a xac my ezeid xeara (d-pw milz) rny ilvlva enk ,rxl jtdzi milrta
`-`xa) 'rxf rxef' oke .rxl ('ap-ck `xa) 'rny xy`k idie' milrtae ,milz seq i"yxa
x"irn jl didi `ede .rxl ('b e-mihtey) 'l`xyi rxf m` dide' ,milrtae .lirl xac my ('hk
:`"r 'n sc myad zbexr oiire ,dfa `veika xefrl
328 zekeqly oey`x h‰eic dxhtd gky

idŸl¡
©½ ` d´¨eŸdi§ Æ`äE d®c̈Ed§iÎKl¤ n«¤ d´Ï¦Grª i†¥niA¦ Wr© x½© d̈
,`ÏxEh
© zN© g¦ ihn¦
¥ i ix¥ £̀ .`ÏxEh § ie§ :KÖ
© C§ `N̈g¦ ,miz¥ Yq¦ « r¦ mi†¦WŸcwÎl
§ M̈
jl«¤
¤ n ,dÏG¦ rª inFi
¥ A§ dë£dC© .`r̈ï§f mc̈w¢ on¦ ,oEYwx©r£ C© `n̈M§ .oEwxr
§ z¦ e§ .l©v`
«¨ l§
d†ïd̈ § f :DiO¥ r¦ ,idFWi
¦ C¦ w© lM̈ ®.id¦ l̈`
¡ ï§i ,il¥ Bz¦
§ ie§ .dc̈Ed§i zia¥ C§ `ḧaW¦
,idi
¥ e¦ :oF`« R̈w¦ e§ (oe`twi 'k) zFx†ẅ§i xF`½ d´¤id« § i¦ Î`Ÿl `Ed® d© mFÍA©
cgÀ̈ ¤̀ ÎmFi d´ïd̈ § g :cilbE ¦ ic©r£ ,oid¥ l̈` ¡ ®.`xFd
¨ p§ id§ ¥ i `l̈ .`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§
ax¤ rÎz
†¤ r¥ l§ d¬ïd̈e§ dl̈§i®l̈Î`Ÿle§ mFíÎ`Ÿl d†ëŸdil«© r¬© c˦i `Ed²
`l̈e§ ,mn̈i¥i xFdi¥pk§ `l̈ ‹ïi§ mc̈w¢ ri
© c§¦ i id§
¥ i .`Ed .cg© `n̈Fi idi ¥ e¦ :xF`Îd¤« id«§ i¦
`EdÀ d© mFÍA© | d´ïd̈ § h :`xFd ¨ p§ id§ ¥ i ,`Ẅnx© oC̈r¦ l§ idi ¥ e¦ ®.ili
¥ l¥ law
© k¦
ipFn
¦½ c§ T© d© ÆmÏdÎl © ¤̀ mÀ̈iv§ g¤ m l©½ ẄEx́in¦ Æmi¦IgÎm¦ © in«© E ³̀ v«§ i¥
¥ e¦ :d«i¤d«
`p̈C̈r¦ A§ ,idi § i¦ sx¤Ÿg† aE
© u¦iT¬©A© oFx£ ®g`«© d̈ m´ÏdÎl © ¤̀ m†ïv§ g¤ e§
`Ö©il§ ,oFdbl
§ tE
© .d`¨ g̈pc
§ n© `Ö©il§ ,oFdbl
§ R© .mlW
© xiª n¦ ,rE
© A« n© in¥ oEwR¦
§ i .`Edd©
Kl†¤
¤ nl§ d²ëŸdi§ d¯ïd̈ § i :oiw¦ tp̈
§ oFd§i ,`ëzqaE
¦ `ḧiw¥ A§ ®.d`¨ äxr
§ n©
:c«g̈ ¤̀ Fn¬ WE
§ c†g̈ ¤̀ d²ëŸdi§ d¯¤id«
§ i¦ `EdÀ d© mFÍA© ux®¨
¤ `d̈ÎlM̈Îlr©
,ï§i mc̈w¢ oEglt¦
§ i .`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§ .`r̈x`© ia¥ zï
§ lM̈ lr© ,ïiC© `z̈Ekln© il¥ Bz
§ z¦ e§
aFQ̧¦ `i :Di¥Pn¦ xÄ zil¥ ,`n̈l§ r̈A§ aiS© ¦ i Din¥ W§ ix¥ £̀ ®.cg© sz© M§
Ádn̈£̀ ẍ« e«§ m ®l̈ẄEx§« i a¤b†¤p oFO½ x¦ l§ ra´¤ © Bn¦ Ædäẍr«£ M̈ ux³¨ ¤ `d̈ÎlM̈
ÆoFW`x¦ d̈« xr³© © W mFwº nÎc § r© onï À¦ p§ A¦ xr´©© Xn¦ l§ d̈iY¤¹ g§ z© dä¸ W«
§ ïe§
§ i :Kl
lM̈ Dt© T© ¤ O«¤ d© i¬¥aw¦
§ i cr†© l ¥̀½ p©
§ pg£ lC´©b§ nE
¦ miP¦½ R¦ d© xr´© © WÎcr©
,Dxz
© `© A§ aiY¥ z¦ e§ iA¥ xz
© z¦ e§ .mlW
© x§ªi ,mFxC̈ .oFOx¦l§ ra«© B¤ n¦ ,`x¨Wi
§ n¥ k§ `r̈x`©
lCb
© nE
¦ .`z̈iëf̈ rx©Y§ cr© ,d`¨ n̈cw© `r̈xY© .xz© £̀ cr© .oinïp ¦ A¦ ha«¥
¤ W rx©Y§ n¦ l§
cFrÎd¤
® id«§ i¦ `Ÿl´ mx†¥
¤ ge§ Dä½ EaW´ï
§ § ai :`M̈ln© igi
¥ W¦ ,cr© ®.qFwR§
aiY¥ z¦ e§ ®.cFr id§
¥ i `l̈ ,`l̈hw© e§ .DA© oEaY¦
§ ie§ :gh«
© a¤ l̈ m †©lẄEx§« i d¬äW«
§ ïe§
:miwcwecnd i"zqa irb e"ied .Ádn̈£̀ ẍ« e«§ `i :wecwcd wlg
hky zekeqly oey`x h‰eic dxhtd 329

ÆdëŸdi§ s³ŸBi¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ dt¥ À̈ BO© d© d´¤id§ Y«¦ | z`´Ÿf § bi :ov̈gxªl§ ,mlW © x§ªi
FxÀ ÜA§ | w´¥nd̈ m ®l̈ẄEx§« iÎlr© E`† a«§ v̈ x¬¤W£̀ miO½¦ r´d̈Îl © M̈Îz ¤̀
F†pFWlE § odi ¤½ x¥Ÿg« a§ dp̈w´© § OY¦ Æeip̈ir¥ e§ eil̈½ b§ xÎl
© r© c´¥nŸr Æ`Ede§
oiWp
¦ Mz ¥ iC§ .`z̈£gn© id¥ Y§ ,`c̈e§ :m«di
© n¦ C§ .`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈ zï ,ï§i ign¦ ¤ t¦ A§ w¬©OY¦
,oFdi¥pir¥ e§ .idFlb
¦ x© lr© mi ¥̀ ẅ ,`Ede§ .Dixq
¥ A¦ ,iq¥ nz¦
§ i .mlW
© x§ªi lr© ,oz© `¨ e§
`Ed½ d© mFÍA© Ædïd̈ § ci :oFdO§ tª A§ iq¥ nz¦
§ i ,oFdp§ Ẅil¦ e§ ®.oFdil¥ Bl
§ b¦ A§ oïqnz¦
© i
Edr¥½ x¥ c´©i Wi`¦µ EwiÀf¦ g
¡ d«¤ e§ m®¤dÄ d†Äx© d²ëŸdi§ ÎznE © d« n§ d¯¤id§ Y«¦
,`l̈hw© WEBW¦ id§ ¥ e¦ :Edr«¥ x¥ c¬©iÎlr© Fcï
¥ i .`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§ ,idi † d¬z̈l§ r̈« e§
`c̈§i mr¦ ,Dic§¥ i Wl̈Y§ z¦ e§ ®.Dixa
¥ g© c©iA§ ,xa© B§ .oEtwz¦
§ ie§ .oFdA§ ,iB¦ q© .ï§i mc̈w¢
lig¥̧ ÁsQ© ª̀ e§ m ®l̈ẄExi« A¦ m†¥gN̈Y¦ dc̈½ Ed§iÎm¸b© § eh :Dixa ¥ g© C§
zia¥ C§ s`© e§ :cŸ`« n§ aŸx¬ l̈ micb̈
†¦ aE
§ sq²¤
¤ kë a¬d̈f̈ aiaÀ¦ q̈ m¹i¦ FBdÎl
© M̈
iqk
¥ p¦ oEW§Pki
© e¦ .mlW
© xiª A¦ `äx¨w§ `g̈b̈`¨ l§ ,oiqi
¦ p£̀
¦ cM¦ `Ïn© n§ r© oEpEzi©i .dc̈Ed§i
ok¥̧ § fh :`C̈gl© i¥Bql¦ ,oiWEalE
¦ ®.`R̈qk© e§ `ÄdC© .xFgq§ xFgq§ ,`Ïn© n§ r© lk̈
dn̈½ d¥ A§ dÎl
© k̈¸ e§ xFn£ ½ gd«© e§ l´n̈B̈d© Æcx¤ R¤̧ d© qEQÀ d© z´©t¥Bn© d¹i¤d§ Y«¦
zg© n© ,id¥ Y§ ok¥ e§ :z`ŸG« d
© d†ẗ¥BO© M© dÖ®¥dd̈ zFṕ£gO«© A«© d†¤id«§ i¦ x¬¤W£̀
®.oEP`¦ d̈ `z̈ïxW
§ n© A§ ,idi
¥ C¦ .`xi¨ r¦ A§ lk̈e§ .`x¨n̈gE `l̈n©B ,`ïpcFM
© .`ïqqª
mi†¦`Äd© m½i¦ FBdÎl © M̈n¦ Æxz̈FPdÎl © M̈ dÀ̈id̈ § fi :`c̈d̈ ,`z̈£gn© M§
ÆKl¤ n¤̧ l§ ÆzŸeg
£ Y«© W§ d¦ l§ dpÀ̈ Ẅa§ d´p̈Ẅ iC¯¥n¦ Elº r̈e§ m ®l̈ẄEx§« iÎlr©
lM̈n¦ ,x`© YW¦
§ iC§ lM̈ .idi © b¬©gÎz ¤̀ bŸg† l̈e§ zF`½ äv§ d´¨eŸdi§
¥ e¦ :zFM« Qª d
c©Bqn¦ l§ .`p̈WA¦ `p̈W§ onf
© M¦ ,oEwQ¦
§ ie§ .mlW
© x§ªi lr© ,oz© `¨ e§ oiWp
¦ Mz
© n¦ C§ .`Ïn© n§ r©
:`ÏN© hn
© C¦ `B̈g© zï ,bgi © nlE
¥ ®.zF`äv§ ï§i ,`Ïn© l§ r̈ jl«¤ ¤ n mc̈w¢
Îl ¤̀ Æux¤ `¨¸ d̈ zFg³ R§ W§ n¦ z`¥̧ n¥ dl¤¹ r«£ i©Î`Ÿl xW£̀ ¤̧ dïd̈ § gi
m†¤dil¥ r£ `¬Ÿle§ zF`® äv§ d´¨eŸdi§ Kl†¤ ¤ nl§ z½Ÿeg £ Y«© W§ d¦ l§ m l©½ ẄEx§« i
.c©Bqn¦ l§ .mlW
© xiª l¦ ,`r̈x`© in¥ n§ r© zïrx©
£ Gn¦ .wQ¦ ¥ e¦ :mW«
© i `l̈C§ .idi ¤ B̈d© d¬¤id«§ i¦
330 zekeqly oey`x h‰eic dxhtd ly

:`xh
¨ n¦ id§
¥i ,oFdil¥ r£ `l̈e§ ®.zF`äv§ ï§i ,`Ïn© l§ r̈ jl«¤
¤n mc̈w¢
`Ÿl´ e§ d†¨`ä `¬Ÿle§ d²¤lr£ zÎ`Ÿl
«© m¦ix¯© v§ n¦ zg© R©¸ W§ nÎm ¦ `¦ § hi
ÆxW£̀
¤ m½i¦ FBdÎz© ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§ s³ŸBi¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ dt¥ À̈ BO© d© d´¤id§ Y«¦ m®¤dil¥ r£
© b¬©gÎz ¤̀ bŸg† l̈ El½ r«£ i© `Ÿl´
«© n¦ zEkln© m`¦ e§ :zFM« Qª d
.wQ© z¦ `l̈ m¦ixv
zï ,ï§i ign¦
¥ iC§ .`z̈£gn© id¥ Y§ ,oFdil¥ r£ mx©A§ .qFlip¦ wQ¦
© i oFdl§ `l̈e§ ,izi
¥ z¥ `l̈e§
d†¤id§ Y«¦ z`¬Ÿ k :`ÏN© hn © C¦ `B̈g© zï ,bgi © n¥ l§ ®.oEwQ¦§ i `l̈C§ .`Ïn© n§ r©
bŸg† l̈ El½ r«£ i© `Ÿl´ ÆxW£̀
¤ m½i¦ FBdÎl © M̈ Æz`H© g© e§ m¦i ®ẍv§ n¦ z`´©Hg©
.`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈ ,zEpr̈xtE ¨ n¦ zEpr̈xRª ,id¥ z§ `C̈ :zFM« Qª d
ª .i ¥̀ xv © b¬©gÎz ¤̀
Ædi¤d« § i¦ `EdÀ d© mFÍ © `k :`ÏN© hn © C¦ `B̈g© zï ,bgi © n¥ l§ ®.oEwQ¦
§ i `l̈C§
d½ëŸdi§ zi´¥aA§ ÆzFxiQ¦ d© d³ïd̈e§ d®ëŸdil«© Wc¤Ÿw† qEQ½ d© zFŃv¦ nÎl § r©
.`ïqqª zFxFxM§ lr© ,id§ ¥ i .`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§ :g«© A§¥ fO¦ d© i¬¥pt§ l¦ miw†¦ ẍ§fO¦ M©
mc̈w¢ ,`Ïw© xf§ n¦ M§ oi`i
¦ B¦ q© ®.ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© zia¥ A§ ,`ÏcEC
© oFdie¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`Ẅcwª
d´¨eŸdil«© WcŸ¤wµ d Àc̈EdiaE
«¦ m l©¹ ẄExi« A¦ xiqÎl¸¦ M̈ dïd̈ § ak :`g̈Ac § n©
m®¤dä EĺX§ aE ¦ m†¤dn¥ E¬gw§ l̈« e§ mig½¦ a´§ ŸGdÎl
© M̈ ÆE`ä¸ E zF`½ äv§
:`Ed« d© mF¬IA© zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Îzia¥ A§ cFr² i¬¦pr« £ p© k§ d¤̧id«
§ i¦ Î`Ÿle§
lM̈ ,oFzi¥ie§ .zF`äv§ ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`Ẅcwª .dc̈EdiaE ¦ ,mlW © xiª A¦ cEC lM̈ .idi ¥ e¦
zia¥ A§ ®.cFr ,`xb
¨ Y¦ cia¥ r̈ id§
¥ i `l̈e§ .oFdA§ oElX§ ai
© e¦ ,oFdP§ n¦ oEaQ¦
§ ie§ .oig¦ a§ c̈C§
:`Edd© `p̈C̈r¦ A§ ,zF`äv§ ïiC© `ẄCw § n©

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE
`ly (l‰ega) zekeqly ipy h‰eic dxhtde xihtn 331

(ux`l dvega) zekeqly ipy h"eic xihtn


f"h - a"i miweqt h"k oniq xacna
ÎlM̈ mk¤½ l̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ ÆWcŸ¤w̧Î`ẍw§ n«¦ iri À¦ a¦ X§ d© WcŸǵ ¤ l© mF¹i xܸ r̈ ÁdẌn£ ¦ gaE «©
:min﫦 zr¬©a§ W¦ d†ëŸdil«© b²©g m¬¤zŸBg© e§ EU ® r£ z«© `Ÿl´ d †c̈Ÿar£ zk`¬¤ ¤ ln§
x†Ür̈ d¬ẄŸlW§ xw²¨äÎi¥pA§ mix¯¦ R̈ d½ëŸdil«© Æ©gŸģip¦ gi³¥ © x dX ¥̧ `¦ dlŸ¹̈ r mY¤̧ a§ x© w§ d¦ e§
mz̈½ g̈p§ nE
¸¦ :E «id«§ i¦ m¬¦nin¦ Y§ x†Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© d²p̈ẄÎi¥pA§ mi¯¦UäM§ m¦i®p̈W§ m´¦li ¥̀
ÆxÜr̈ d³ẄŸlW§ l¦ cgÀ̈ ¤̀ d̈« x´R̈l© mipŸ¦¹ xU§ r¤ dẄ¸ ŸlW§ on®Ẍ ¤ a© d´l̈ElA§ zlŸ¤ q†
oFx½ V̈r¦ ÆoFxV̈r¦ e§ :mli «¦ ¥̀ d̈« i†¥pW§ l¦ cg̈½ ¤̀ d̈« l¦i` ´© l̈ ÆmipŸ¦ xU§ r¤ i³¥pW§ mix½¦ R̈
z`®Ḧg© c†g̈ ¤̀ mi¬¦GrÎxi ¦ r¦ UE § :miU «¦ äM§ x†Ür̈ d¬r̈Äx§`© l§ c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈« Ua†¤ ¤ Ml©
:DM̈« q§ p¦ e§ D†z̈g̈p§ n¦ cin¦½ Ÿd© z´©lŸr Æca© N§ n¦
dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa
dv̈ẍe§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dẍFYA© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥ a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ ẍU¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

(ux`l dvega) zekeqly ipy h"eic dxhtd


'f oniq '` miklna

dŸnŸl
† W§ Kl¬¤ ¤ Od© d²Ür̈ x¬¤W£̀ dk̈½ `l̈O§ dÎl © M̈ Æml © W§ Y© ¦e`
c´¦eC̈ | i´¥Wc§ ẅÎz ¤̀ dŸnŸl¹ W§ `aÏ©¥̧ e d®ëŸdi§ zi´¥A
zFx†vŸ§ `« A§ ozp̈
©¾ mil½¦ M¥ dÎz
© ¤̀ e§ Æad̈G̈dÎz© ¤̀ e§ sq³¤
¤ MdÎz
© ¤̀ eiaÀ¦ `¨
ziA¥ ,dŸnŸlW§ `M̈ln© .ca© r£ C© .`z̈ci§ a¦ r£ lM̈ ,zni
© lWE
¥ :d«ëŸdi§ zi¬¥A
,`ÄdC© zïe§ `R̈qM© zï .idEa
¦ £̀ ce¦C̈ ,iWc
¥ wª zï .dŸnŸlW§ izi
¦ `© e§ .ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n©
dŸńŸlW§ l´¥dw© § i f´¨ a :ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© ziA¥ ,ix¥vF`§ A§ ®.ad§© i .`Ï©pn̈ zïe§
zFa¹ `¨ d̈« i`i ¥̧ U¦ p§ ÁzFHO© d© i´¥W`ẍÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ e§ l ¥̀¿ ẍU¦ § i i´¥pw¦
§ fÎz ¤̀
zFlº r£ d«© l«§ m ®l̈ẄEx§« i dŸnŸl † W§ Kl¬¤ ¤ OdÎl© ¤̀ l²¥̀ ẍU¦ § i i¯¥pa§ l¦
,dŸnŸlW§ W©pM§ oik¥ A§ :oF«Iv
¦ `i¬¦d c†¦eC̈ xir¬¦ n¥ d²ëŸdi§ Îzix¦ A§ oFx£̀
¯ Îz ¤̀
§ i f´¨` a :wecwcd wlg
ez`ixw dhepe ,irb c"nld .zFlº r£ d«© l«§ a :'f`' zaiz xg` wiqt oi` .l´¥dw©
:gztl
332 (l‰ega) zekeqly ipy h‰eic dxhtde xihtn aly

zël§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pal¦ .`z̈d̈ä £̀ ia¥ xa
§ x© `Ïha
© W¦ iWi
¥ x¥ lM̈ zïe§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ia¥ q̈ zï
,ce¦c̈C§ `ŸxT© n¦ ®.ïiC© `n̈ïw§ oFx £̀ zï .`ẅQ̈`© l§ .mlW
© xiª l¦ ,dŸnŸlW§ `M̈ln©
§ i Wi´¦`ÎlM̈ ÆdŸnŸlW§ Kl³¤
l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ ¤ OdÎl
© ¤̀ El£ ¹ dT̈¸ I¦ © b :oFIv¦ `id¦
§ `¦ e§ :iri
zël§ .EWip¦ Mz «¦ a¦ X§ d© WcŸ¬
¤gd© `Ed† b®g̈A¤ mi†¦pz̈«¥̀ d̈ gx¬¤ © iA§
`g̈x©i Dil¥ ox©ẅ `Ïwi
© Y¦ r© C§ `g̈x©iA§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i Wp̈¡` lM̈ ,dŸnŸlW§ `M̈ln©
i´¥pw¦
§ f lŸM† E`ŸaÏ©
¾ c :d`¨ r̈ia¦ W§ `g̈x©i ,`Ed orkE
© ®.`B̈g© ,d`¨ n̈cw©
®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ia¥ q̈ ,lŸM .Fz £̀ e© :oFx« `¨ d̈« Îz ¤̀ mi†¦p£dŸM« d© E`¬ U¦ § Ie© l®¥̀ ẍU¦ §i
ldŸ´ ¤ `Îz ¤̀ e§ ÆdëŸdi§ oFx£̀ ³ Îz ¤̀ Elº r«£ I© «© d :`p̈Fx £̀ zï ,`Ï©pd£ k̈ ElhpE ©
mz̈Ÿ½ ` Eĺr«£ I©e© ldŸ® ¤ `Ä x´¤W£̀ WcŸ¤T† d© i¬¥lMÎl § M̈Îz ¤̀ e§ crFn ¥½
lM̈ zïe§ .`p̈n¦f oMW© n© zïe§ ,ïiC© `p̈Fx £̀ zï .EwiQ¦ `© e§ :m«I¦ e¦ l§ d© e§ mi†¦p£dŸM« d©
Kl´¤ ¤ Od© § e :i ¥̀ ëil¥ e§ ,`Ï©pd£ M̈ ®.oFdzï§ EwiQ¦ `© e§ .`p̈MW
§ na
© C¦ ,`Ẅcwª i¥pn̈
i´¥pt§ l¦ FY† `¦ eil̈½ r̈ mic´¦ r̈FP« d© Æl ¥̀ ẍU¦ § i zc³©rÎl£ k̈e§ dŸnŸl À W§
E†pÖ¦i `¬Ÿle§ Ex²t§ Q̈« i¦ Î`Ÿl x¯¤W£̀ xẅ½ äE o`Ÿv́ Æmig¦ A© § fn§ oFx®`¨ d̈«
oin§¦ iẅ .idFl
¦ r£ Epn© C̈f`¦ C§ ,l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ iC§ `ŸW¦pM§ lk̈e§ .dŸnŸlW§ `M̈lnE © :aŸx« n ¥
,oFpnz¦
§ i `l̈e§ ®.oEaWgz¦
© i `l̈C§ .oixFz
¦ e§ or̈ ,oiq¦ M©
§ pn§ .`p̈Fx £̀ mc̈w¢ ,DiO¥ r¦
FnFw
² nÎl § ¤̀ d¯ëŸdi§ Îzix¦ A§ oFx̧£̀ Îz ¤̀ mip£ ¦ dŸM« d©Â E`´¦aÏ© f :i¥bQ§ n¦
i¬¥tp§ M© zg†© © YÎl ¤̀ mi®¦Wc̈T¢d© WcŸẃÎl ¤ ¤̀ z¦i†©Ad© xi¬¦aCÎl § ¤̀
ixFR
¥ M© zia¥ l§ .Dixz ¥ `© l§ ,ïiC© `n̈ïw§ oFx £̀ zï .`Ï©pd£ k̈ Elir¦ `© e§ :miaEx
«¦ M§ d©
i³¦ g :`ÏaEx © k§ itp ¥ M© ,zFgzl¦ ®.`ÏWc © wª WcŸ¤ wl§ ,`z̈ia¥ FbA§ Dil¥ oT© zn ª C¦
mi²¦axªM§ d© EMŸq̄Ï©e oFx®`¨ d̈« mFw† nÎl § ¤̀ m¦itp̈ ©½ M§ mi´¦Ux§ŸR« ÆmiaEx ¦ M§ d©
.oFdiRc©¥ B oiqi © k§ ix¥ £̀ :dl̈r§ n̈
¦ x¦R§ ,`ÏaEx « l§ n¦ ei †C̈AÎl
© r© e§ oFx¬ `¨ d̈« Îlr©
:`l̈ir¥ N§ n¦ ,idFgi
¦ x¦ £̀ lr© e§ `p̈Fx £̀ lr© ®.`ÏaEx
© M§ oil¦ N§ hnE
© .`p̈Fx £̀ ,xz© £̀ lr©
i´¥pRÎl
§ r© ÆWcŸ¤ŢdÎo
© n¦ miC³¦ A© d© iW`
¥̧ ẍ ÁE`ẍ«I¥e© mi
¼ C¦ A© d© »Ekx£̀«
¦ I© «© h
¦ I©e«© h :wecwcd wlg
:irb e"ied .»Ekx£̀«
bly (l‰ega) zekeqly ipy h‰eic dxhtde xihtn 333

¦ x¦ £̀ e© :d«G¤ d
,oiki § Ie© dv̈Eg® d© E`† ẍ«i¥ `¬Ÿle§ xia¦½ C§ d©
© mF¬Id© cr†© mẄ½ Eid´¦
`l̈e§ .ixFR¥ M© ziA¥ iR¥ `© lr© ,`Ẅcwª on¦ `Ïgi
© x¦ £̀ iWi
¥ x¥ o©fgY© nE
¦ .`Ïgi© x¦ £̀
Æip¥ W§ wxÀ© oFx½ `¨ Ä« oi ¥µ i :oic¥d̈ `n̈Fi ,cr© ®.oÖz© Fe£de© .`x¨äl§ ,o©fgY© n¦
z³©xM̈ xW£̀ ¤̧ a®¥xŸgA§ d†¤Wn m²Ẅ g¬¦ © Pd¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ mip¦½ ä£̀ d̈« zFǵlª
,`p̈Fx £̀ A© :m¦iẍ« v
§ n¦ ux¬¤̀
¤ n¥ m†z̈`¥vA§ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥pAÎm
§ r¦ ÆdëŸdi§
,oiai
¦ z¦ M§ oFdil¥ r£ C© .axFg
¥ A§ dWŸ
¤ n ,oÖY© r©pv`© C§ .`Ï©pa`© igEl
¥ ,oix¥Y§ .oiz£
¦ gn©
`r̈x`© n¥ ,oFdwR© n¦ A§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ mr¦ ,ï§i x©fbC¦ .`n̈ïw§ inb̈z
¥ t¦ `xq ¨ r©
`†¥ln̈ o¬p̈r̈«d¤ e§ WcŸ® © n¦ mi†¦p£dŸM« d© z`¬¥vA§ id§
¤TdÎo ¾¦ i «© `i :m¦ixv
«¨ n¦ C§
£ e ®.`Ẅcwª on¦ ,`Ï©pd£ M̈ wR© n¦ A§ .dë£de© :d«ëŸdi§ zi¬¥AÎz ¤̀
`‹ z̈H§ n¦ £̀ o©pr©
cŸ¬nr£ l«© mi²¦p£dŸM« d© El̄k«§ ïÎ`Ÿl § ai :ïiC© `ẄCw § n© ziA¥ zï ,il¦ nz § `¦
:d«ëŸdi§ zi¬¥AÎz ¤̀ d†ëŸdi§ ÎcFak§ `¬¥ln̈ÎiM¦ o®p̈r̈«d¤ i¬¥pR§ n¦ z†¥xẄl§
,ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i il¦ nz
§ `¦ ix¥ £̀ ®.`p̈p̈r£ mc̈w¢ on¦ ,`ẄÖW
© l§ mẅnl¦ .`Ï©pd£ k̈ Elik§
¦ i `l̈e§
oŸM† W§ l¦ xn©½ `¨ d´¨eŸdi§ dŸnŸl
® W§ x´©n`¨ f†¨ bi :ïiC© `ẄCw
§ n© ziA¥ zï
:mlW
© xiª A¦ ,Diz¥ pi
§ k¦ W§ d`¨ xW
¨ `© l§ ®.ir¦ xz :l«t¤ ẍr£ Ä«
§ `¦ ï§i .dŸnŸlW§ xn© £̀ ,oi¥kA§
`p̈an¦ :min«¦ l̈Fr« L† Y§ a§ W¦ l§ oF¬kn̈ K®l̈ l†ªa§f zi¬¥A izi²¦
¦ pä dŸ¬p ¨ ci
:oin¦ l§ r̈ ,jz̈pi
§ k¦ W§ zia¥ l§ oT© zª n§ xz© £̀ ®.jn̈c̈w¢ ,`ẄCw
§ n© ziA¥ .izi¥
¦ pa§
l®¥̀ ẍU¦§ i l´©dwÎl § M̈ z†¥̀ Kx¤ ä¾ i§ e© eip̈½ R̈Îz ¤̀ ÆKl¤ O¤̧ d© a³¥Q©I © eh
lM̈ ,zï .jix¥äE .idFR ¦ `© zï ,`M̈ln© xgq © `© e§ :cnŸ «¥ r l†¥̀ ẍU¦§ i l¬©dwÎl § k̈e§
ÆdëŸdi§ KEx³Ä xn`Ÿ ¤ IÀ © fh :mi ¥̀ ẅ ,l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `l̈d̈w§ lk̈e§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `l̈d̈w§
`†¥Nn¦ Fcï ¬ aE
§ i®¦a`¨ c´¦eC̈ z†¥̀ eit½¦ A§ x´¤AC¦ ÆxW£̀ ¤ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥dŸl¡`
ce¦C̈ ,mr¦ .Dix¥ni § n¥ A§ x©fbC¦ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `d̈l̈` ¡ ,ï§i jix¦A§ .xn© £̀ e© :xŸn` « l¥
iz`
¦ v¥¹ Fd xW£̀ ¤̧ mFÀIdÎo
© ¦ fi :xni © n¥ l§ ,mi¥Iw© DizErx¥ aE
¦ ®.`Ä`©
ÆlŸMn¦ xirÀ¦ a§ iY¦ x´© §gäÎ`Ÿl m¦ ¼ ix© v§ O¦ n¦ l» ¥̀ ẍU¦§ iÎz ¤̀ i´¦OrÎz © ¤̀
c½e¦ c̈A§ x´©ga§ ¤̀ ë« m®Ẅ i†¦nW§ zF¬id§ l«¦ z¦iA©½ zFṕa§ l¦ l ¥̀½ ẍU¦ § i i´¥ha§ W¦
334 (l‰ega) zekeqly ipy h‰eic dxhtde xihtn cly

,l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i zï iO¦ r© zï .ziwi¦ R¥ `© C§ .`n̈Fi on¦ :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ § i i¬¦OrÎl
© r© zFi†d§ l«¦
.`z̈ia¥ i¥pan¦ l§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `Ïha © W¦ ,lŸMn¦ .`Ÿxw© a§ izi ¦ r¦ xz
§ `¦ `l̈ .m¦ixv«© O¦ n¦
iO¦ r© lr© ,`M̈ln© i¥edn¦ l§ ®.ce¦c̈a§ izi ¦ r¦ xz
§ `¦ e§ .oÖY© ,iz¦ pi§ k¦ W§ d`¨ xW
¨ `© l§
d†ëŸdi§ m¬¥Wl§ z¦iA©½ zFṕa§ l¦ i®¦a`¨ c´¦eC̈ a†©alÎm § r¦ id§ ¾¦ i «© gi :l ¥̀ xU¦¨ i
,ïiC© `n̈Wl¦ ®.`z̈ia¥ i¥pan¦ l§ .`Ä`© ce¦c̈C§ ,`Äl¦ A§ .dë£de© :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ § i i¬¥dŸl¡`
Ædïd̈ x³¤W£̀ orÀ © i© ia½¦ `¨ c´¦eC̈Îl ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§ xn`Ÿ³
¤ I © hi :l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ iC§ `d̈l̈` ¡
Îmr¦ d†ïd̈ i¬¦M z̈Ÿa¾ ih¡ ¦ d i®¦nW§ l¦ z¦i†©A zF¬pa§ l¦ L½ a´ä § lÎm
§ r¦
,`z̈ia¥ i¥pan¦ l§ .jÄl¦ mr¦ ,dë£dC© .sl̈£g .`Ä`© ce¦c̈l§ ,ï§i xn© £̀ e© :L«a ¤ äl§
d†¤pa§ z¦ `¬Ÿl dŸ½ `© w ´© k :jÄl¦ mr¦ ,dë£d ix¥ £̀ ®.`Ÿpiwz ¥ `© .inW ¦ l¦
z¦i†©Ad© d¬¤pa¦ § iÎ`Ed Liv¤½ l̈£gn«¥ `´¥vŸId© ÆLp§ AÎm ¦ `¦ i³¦M z¦i®Äd©
i¥pa¦i `Ed ®.cilFz ¥ C§ xA© ,oid¥ l̈` ¡ .`z̈iA¥ ,i¥paz¦ `l̈ .Y`© cFgl§ :in «¦ W§ l¦
mw¿ª `«¨ ë x®¥AC¦ x´¤W£̀ Fx†äCÎz § ¤̀ d½ëŸdi§ mw´Ï©
¤ `k :inW ¦ l¦ ,`z̈ia¥
x´¤AC¦ ÆxW£̀ ¤ M«© l ¥̀À ẍU¦ § i `´¥QMÎl
¦ r© | a´¥W ¥̀ ë« ia¹¦ `¨ c¸e¦ C̈ Ázg© Y©
zï .ï§i mi¥Iw© e§ :l«¥̀ ẍU¦ § i i¬¥dŸl¡` d†ëŸdi§ m¬¥Wl§ z¦iA©½ d© d´¤pa§ ¤̀ ë« d½ëŸdi§
`z̈Ekln© iqx ¥ Mª lr© ,ziai¦ zi
¥ e¦ .`Ä`© ce¦C̈ ,zFgY§ .zin¦ w© e§ .liN¥ n© C§ ,idFnb̈z
¦ R¦
:l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ `d̈l̈`
¡ ,ïiC© `n̈Wl¦ ®.`z̈ia¥ izi¥¦ paE .ï§i ,liN¥ n© C§ `n̈M§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§
x³¤W£̀ d®ëŸdi§ zix´¦ A§ m†ẄÎxW£̀
¤ oFx½ `¨ l̈« ÆmFwn̈ m³Ẅ mU¦¸ `« ¨ ¨ ak
izi © e§ :m¦iẍ« v
¦ E¦W § n¦ ux¬¤̀
¤ n¥ m†z̈Ÿ` F`i
¬ vF
¦ d« A§ EpizŸ
¥½ a £̀ Îmr¦ Æzx© M̈
,oFdil¥ r£ C© .`Ï©pa`© igEl
¥ oix¥Y§ ,oiz£
¦ gn© Dia¥ C§ .`p̈Fx £̀ l© ,oT© zª n§ xz© £̀ oÖz©
:m¦ixv«¨ n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥ ,oFdzï
§ DizEw
¥ R̈`© A§ ®.`p̈z
«© d̈ä £̀ mr¦ ,x©fbC¦ .ïiC© `n̈ïw§
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ ẍU¦iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx© än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx© Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

© i© hi :wecwcd wlg
:riax mrha .orÀ

You might also like