`lw jl gly bi xacna 131

`Äx© lŸM ®.oEglW

§ Y¦ idFz
¦ d̈ä £̀ C© `ḧaW¦ l§ b"qx xiqtz

d²¤WŸn m¬z̈Ÿ` gl©¸ W¦§ I © b :oFdaC¦ 'zr© A© § (b :mdp ª n¦ six¦ y§ lMª .dŸA
ox`t 'di©i“¦A© on¦ .'iqEn © mdª A§

d®F̈d§i i´¦RÎlr© o†¨

x`R̈ x¬©Ac§ O¦ n¦ .l`©Bx¦ mdª l§ Mª .dNl
d'c©d© § (c :li`¦ xq
© `© lew© 'il© r§
© `¦ ip¦ A§ `q©© Ixª
Îi¥pa§ i¬¥W`x¨ miWp̈£̀
¦½ m´N̈Mª .oae`x hAq¦ on¦ .mdª i` § nq
© `©
hAq¦ onE ¦ (d :xEM©f oA`¦ rEOy©
.dWŸ
¤ n oFdzï
§ glWE
© :dÖ«d¥ l†¥̀ x¨U¦
§i onE
¦ (e :ixeg ¦ oA`¦ hty .oerny¦
:d©PEti oA`¦ alM .dCEdi hAq¦
oFdNEM
§ .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ lr© ox`
¨ ẗC§ `x¨Ac
§ O© n¦
oA`¦ l`bi¦ .xkyyi¦ hAq¦ onE ¦ (f
:oEP`¦ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ iWi
¥ x¥ ®.oixaEB
¦ ryed .mixt`© hAq¦ onE ¦ (g sqei
d´¥Hn© l§ m®z̈FnW§ dN†¥̀ ¤ §c .oinip ¦ A¦ hAq¦ onE ¦ (h :oEp oA`¦
hAq¦ onE ¦ (i :`Etx oA`¦ ihlt
oiN¥ `¦ e§ :xEM©
« fÎoA¤ rE
© O† W
© oaE`
¥½ x§ :iceq¦ oA`¦ l`iC¦ B© .oElEaf§
Ed i'c¦ N§ `© sqei hAq¦ onE ¦ (`i
xA© rEO
© W © ®.oaE`x
¥ C¦ `ḧaW¦ l§ .oFdz§ d̈n̈W§
:iqEq
¦ oA`¦ ic¦ B© .dypn hAq¦
h†ẗẄ oFr½ n§ W¦ d´¥Hn© § d :xEM©f
dc̈½ Ed§i d´¥Hn© § e :ixFg ¦ xA© hẗẄ ®.oFrnW¦ C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :ixFgÎo «¦ A¤
d´¥Hn© § f :d¤Pt§ª i xA© al¥ M̈ ®.dc̈EdiC¦ `ḧaW¦ l§ :d«P¤ t§ ª iÎoA¤ a†¥lM̈
:sqFi¥ xA© l`b¦ ¨ i ®.xk̈UV̈¦iC§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :s«qFiÎo
¥ A¤ l†¨`b¦§ i xk̈½ UV̈¦i
r© WFd
¥ m¦ixt ¨ ¤̀ C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :oEpÎo
« A¦ r¬¥ © WFd m¦ix†¨t§ ¤̀ d¬¥Hn© § g
¦ a¦ C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :`Et« x¨ÎoA
®.oinïp ¤ ih †¦ l§ R© on¦½ ïp§ a¦ d´¥Hn© l§ h :oEp xA©
`ḧaW¦ l§ :icFqÎo «¦ A¤ l†¥̀ iC©¦ B olEa§
ª½ f d´¥Hn© § i :`Etx¨xA© ihl ¦ R©
d®¤Xp© n§ d´¥Hn© l§ s†¥qFi d¬¥Hn© l§ `i :icFq ¦ xA© l ¥̀ iC©¦ B ®.oElEafC¦
:iqEq
¦ xA© iC©¦ B ®.dX© ¥ C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :iqEqÎo
¤ pnC¦ `ḧaW¦ l§ sqFi «¦ A¤ iC©
†¦ B
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
,zEai¦Wg£ oFW§l `x§ ¤ mi¦Wp̈£̀ lM̈ .miWp̈£̀
¨wO¦ A© W ¦ mN̈Mª :Fcï l©r a©M¦r `N¤W ,FzEWx¦
§A .'d iR¦ lr© b
:Eid̈ mix¦W
¥ M§ dr̈Ẅ Dz̈F`§e
132 jl gly bi xacna alw

b"qx xiqtz
oA`¦ l`iO¦ r© .oC hAq¦ onE
ÎoA¤ l†¥̀ iO¦ r© oc̈½ d´¥Hn© § ai
¦ (ai
xEzq§ .xy` hAq¦ onE © B xA© l ¥̀ iO¦ r© ®.oc̈C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :iN
¦ (bi :iN¦ n© B§
:iN¦ n§ «¦ n© B§
hAq¦ onE ¦ (ci :l`kin oA`¦
onE
¦ (eh :iqte oA`¦ iAg© ÎoA¤ xEz† q§ xW
¦ p .ilYt©
¦ p ¥½ `¨ d´¥Hn© § bi
:ikn oA`¦ l`E`B§ .cB hAq¦
.l`©B“l ¦ `© `nq xA© xEzq§ ®.xW
© `© `'c©d© § (fh ¥ `¨ C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :l«¥̀ k̈in «¦
EnExi§l¦ 'iqEn
© mdª A§ 'zr© A§ i'c¦ N§ `©
ryed .'iqEn © i†¦Ag© § p il¦½ Ÿt©
`O© q© e§ .Cl© AË
§ l`© § p d´¥Hn© § ci :l ¥̀ k̈in¦
¦ p ®.il¦ Ÿt©pC§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :iq «¦ tëÎo
§ A¤
mdª A§ 'zr© A§ § (fi :ryedi oEp oA`¦
xA© iAg©
.mdª l§ l`w© e§ .o`rp © M¦ Cl© A§ EnExi§l¦
.mEx`Cl`
:lA© BË
© 'il© `¦ `lee
§ l` 'il© `¦ ECrv
ÎoA¤ l†¥̀ E`B§ cb̈½ d´¥Hn© § eh :iqtë
© `© ECrv § `¦
§ `¦ m‡zª
¦
.id¦ `n© Cl© AË :ik¦ n̈ xA© l ¥̀ E`§B ®.cb̈C§ `ḧaW¦ l§ :i«k
§ l`© Ex'vp ª `¦ § (gi ¦ n̈
Ed`§ .dit¦ oini ¦ w¦ nË
ª l`© mewË © l`e©
miWp̈£̀ ¦½ d̈ « zFńW§ dN¤ ¥µ fh
`x¬¨w¦§ Ie© ux®¨ ¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ xEźl̈ d†¤WŸn g¬©lẄÎxW£̀ ¤
.`ÏxaEB
© zd̈n̈W§ oiN¥ `¦ :r
© WFd§
«ª i oEpÎo † A¦ r¬¥ © WFdl§ d²¤WŸn
:r© WFd§
ª i oEp xA© r© WFd
¥ l§ ®.dWŸ
¤ n `xwE
¨ .`r̈x`© zï `l̈N̈`© l§ dWŸ
¤ n glW
© C¦
ux´¤̀
¤ Îz ¤̀ xEz† l̈ dW ¤½ Ÿn Æmz̈Ÿ` g³©lW¦ § Ie© fi % ipy
Îz ¤̀ m†¤zil¦ r«£e© a¤bP¤½ A© Ædf¤ El¬ r£ md¤À l£̀ ¥ xn` ¤ Ÿ´Ie© or®p̈
© M§
Ewq© .oFdl§ xn© £̀ e© .orp̈k
© C¦ `r̈x`© zï `l̈N̈`© l§ .dWŸ
¤ n oFdzï
§ glWE
© :x«d̈d̈
ux†¨¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ m¬¤zi`¦ xE§ gi :`xEh ¨ l§ oEwQ§ z¦ e§ ®.`n̈Fxc̈A§ `c̈

Æ`Ed w¬f̈g̈«d¤ d̈il¤½ r̈ a´¥WŸId© Æmr̈d̈Îz ¤̀ e§ `e®¦dÎdn©

Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
.`id¦ dn© ux¤`¨ d̈ z ¤̀ gi :gäX § d© z¤̀ oi¦`x©§n eil̈r̈ l¥NR© z§ d¦ .'ebe r© WFd
¥ l§ dWŸ ¤ n `x¨w¦§ Ie© fh
z¤lC©
¤bn§ ux¤̀
¤ W¥ie§ mixFA¦ ¦ B z¤lC© ¤bn§ ux¤̀¤ W¥i .a¤bP¤ A© d¤f Elr£ fi :mi¦l§Bx§ ©n z©vr£ n¥ L£ri¦WFi Dï
z¤h¤rn© n§ W¥ie§ oi¦qFl§k ª̀ z¤lC©
¤bn§ W¥i mi¦WN̈©g Kx¤C¤ o¥MW ¤ ,l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i ux¤̀§
¤ NW ¤ z¤lFqR̈©d dïd̈ `Ed
x©qn̈ on̈i¦q .dt¤ x£ ¨d `Ed wf̈g̈d¤ :oi¦qFl§k ª̀ KM̈ x©g`© e§ dN̈¦gY§ z¤lFqR̈©d z¤̀ oi¦`x© §n mixB̈©
¦ Yd©
blw jl gly bi xacna 133

b"qx xiqtz
:axÎm
«¨ `¦ `Ed† hr¬©n§ d© dt¤½ x£
¨d Ed lil¦ w§ `© .i'kx ¦ Yq© nª m`© CiC¦ y§
`Ör© zïe§ .`id¦ `n̈ `r̈x`© zï oFfgz¦ e§ .'ux`Ë © l`© `nE © (hi :xi'z¦ M§ m`©
®.WN̈g© m`¦ `Ed siT¦ z£© d .Dl© r£ aizï
¥ C§ id¦ dci© i¦B© `§ .`dp © M`¦ q© Ed i'c¦ N§ `©

ux¤`À̈ d̈ d´n̈E hi :iB¦ q© m`¦ `Ed xir§¥ fd© i'c¦ N§ `© .`x©wl

e`© 'u`Ax
ª `© `nE © .dii© c¦ x© m`©
© `© it¦ `§ .`dp © M`¦ q© Ed
d¬äFh£d DĽ a´¥WŸi Æ`EdÎxW£̀ ¤ 'ux`Ë © l`© z`i © d© `nE © (k :oEvg§ it¦
.`l© f¦ d§ m`¦ d©pin¦ q§ id¦ `©
mixÀ¦ r̈«d¤ d´n̈E dr®¨xÎm ¨ `¦ `e†¦d m`© qEx'bn© xB© y§ `di © t¦ ld© e§
on¦ Ec'kª e§ .ECC§ y© YE§ .`l©
dP̈d¥½ Ä a´¥WFi Æ`EdÎxW£̀ ¤ m`ii© `© .lvtË © l`© `'c©d© e§ .`dx © n'
© z§

:mixv̈ «¦ a§ n¦ A§ m¬¦` mi†¦p£gn «© A«

§ d© ECr§ v© § (`k :A©prË
oiv¦ 'di©i“¦A© on¦ .Cl© AË
¦ l`© xEMA¦
§ l`© En`x©e§
`id¦ `äḧ£d .DA© aizï
¥ `EdC§ .`r̈x`© `n̈E :d`n© g§ 'il© `¦ aegx 'il© `¦
aizï
¥ `EdC§ .`Ï©exw¦ `n̈E .`ẄiA¦ m`¦
`ed¹¦ dp̈¸ n¥ X§ d© ux¤`¨ d¨Â d´n̈E k :oikx ¦ M© A§ m`¦ oigv
¦ t© A§ d© ®.oFdA§
mY¤½ w© § Gg© z§ d¸¦ e§ o¦i`Îm
©½ `¦ Æur¥ D¬ÄÎW«¥id£ dÀ̈fxÎm ¨ `¦
i´
xEMA¦ i†¥n§i minÏ ¦½ d©¸ e§ ux®¨
¤ `d̈ ix´¦ R§ n¦ m†¤Yg§ w© lE §
oip¦ l̈i`¦ DA© zi`£ ¦ d .`p̈iMq © d .`r̈x`© `n̈E :miap̈
¥ n¦ m`¦ `id¦ `xi¨ Y¦ r£ «¦ r£
:oiAp
¦ r¦ ixEM
¥ A¦ inFi
¥ ®.`ÏnFi
© e§ .`r̈x`© C§ `Ä`¦ n¥ oEaQ§ z¦ e§ .oEtT§ Y© z¦ e§ .`l̈ m`¦
Îcr© o¬¦vÎxA© c§ O«¦ n¦ ux®¨ ¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ Ex´ª zÏ©e El† r«£©Ie© `k (ipy)
oiv¦ C§ `x¨Ac
§ O© n¦ ®.`r̈x`© zï EliN¦ `© e§ EwilqE
¦ :z«n̈g£ `Ÿa¬ l§ aŸg† x§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
mi¦nï .miap̈¦ r£ ixEM
¥ A¦ :FzEk§fA¦ m¤di¥lr £ oi¦B©IW
¤ oi¦kn§ FQ¤W m¥d mi¦wf̈£g ,oi¦aW§ Fi mi¦fx§
¨tA¦ m¦` ,m¤dl̈
ov¦ xA© c§ O¦ n¦ `k :xEM¦aA§ oi¦lX
§ A© z§ n¦ mi¦ap̈£rd̈W¤ ,oi¦
a W
§ Fi m¥
d zFxEv§ A mi xr̈§
¦ A m¦
` §
e ,mz̈xEa§
¨ B l©r
¤ d̈i¤lEa§bA¦ Ek§ld̈ .zn̈£g `Ÿal§ aŸgx§ cr© ,oi¦gv§ t© A§ d© EnEBx©
KxF`Ä §Y .mi¦pg£ n© A§ d© hi :m¥d mi¦WN̈©g
zi¦nFxC§ lEa§B g© Ex Ek§ld̈ ,m`©B oi¦nM§ a©gFxäE däFh£d :dn̈Fg oi¥̀ n¥ oi¦gEz§tE oi¦gEv§R oi¦kx§ ¨M
d˦SW
¤ Fn§M ,ax£ ¨rn© ©rFv§wn¦ c©r gx§¨fn¦ ©rFv§wO¦ n¦ :mi¦`ix§ ¦aE mi¦aFh zFnFdz§ E zFpï§rn© A§ .`id¦
zi¦nFxC§ lEa§B Kx¤C¤ ,a¤b¤PA© d¤f El£r d ¤ n xW ¥ M̈ mc̈¨` m¤dÄ W¥i m¦` .ur¥ DÄ W¥id£ k
:`eyd iptn gzta `ae dl`yl `ide `irba `"dd .mi†¦p£gn«© A«§ d© hi :wecwcd wlg
134 jl gly bi xacna clw

b"qx xiqtz
'il© `¦ 'il© e»§e`© ECr§ v© § (ak
Eĺr«£©I © ak :zn̈£g ih¥ n̈l§ aFgx§ cr©
.`xA © g© 'il© `¦ E`©Be§ mEx`Cl © `© m³Ẅe§ o¼Fxa§ gÎc¤ r© `ŸáÏ©e a¤ » bP¤ a©
ip¦ A§ .inlze© iyy © oni
© g¦ `§ m'z© e§
cw© `xA © g© z©p`M© e§ .dx©A` © A© B˧ l`© i†¥
cil§ ¦ i in©½ l§ z© e§ i´©WW ¥ Æoni
© g£̀ ¦
xvn¦ xAp © n© o`v© lAw© z©ip¦ Aª
C`e© 'il© `¦ E`©B § (bk :oip¦ q§ rAq© A§ Æmip¦ Ẅ ra³¤ © W oFxÀ a§ g¤ e§ w®p̈r« £d̈
dlA © g© m'z© on¦ Erh§ w© t§ .CEwprË
it¦ dEln§ g¦ e§ .Cg`
¦ l`©
¦ e© A©pr¦ cEwpr¦ e§ :m¦ix«¨v§ n¦ or© Ÿv¬ i†p¥ t§ l¦ dz̈½ p§ a§ p¦
.oi©p'z`¦ oiA© `n© it¦ wdCl © `© oÖz© e§ .oFxag¤ cr© `z̈ £̀ e© `n̈Fxc̈A§ EwilqE
¦
.oFxag¤ e§ .`x¨Äb¦ i¥pA§ .inl
© z© e§ iW
©W¥ oni
© g¦ £̀
© pÎcr© E`ŸaÏ©
lg´© ¹ bk :m¦ixv¨ n¦ C§ qi¥p`h© mc̈w¢ ®.z`i© p¦ Az
§ `¦ oip¦ W§ ra© W§
Æmiap̈¦ r£ lFM³ W§ ¤̀ e§ ÆdxFn§ ¨ f m³Ẍn¦ Ez̧x§ k¦§ Ie© lŸMÀ W§ ¤̀
mi†¦pŸOx«¦ d̈ÎonE¦ m¦i®p̈W§ A¦ hFO† a© Ed¬ª̀ V̈¦Ie© cg̈½ ¤̀
© oÖY© n¦ Evẅe§ .`l̈M̈z ¤̀ C§ `l̈g©p cr© Fz £̀ e© :mi«p¦ ¥̀ Y
`ŸxaFr § dÎo
© nE ¦
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
,m¦ix§
©vn¦ ux¤̀ ¤ M§ 'd o©bM§ (i ,bi ziy`xa) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ .i¦ax§
¨rn© lEa§B `Ed mÏ©dW ¤ ,mÏ©d c©r zi¦gx§¨fn¦
mẌ¤W m¦ix§ ©vn¦ ux¤̀¤ A§ W¤ dN̈ªrO§ d© `i¦d o©rFv§e z©tU § l©r i¦ax§ ¨rn© lEa§B lM̈ Ek§ld̈§e Ex§fg̈ mẌ¦nE
Eid̈ i¦M (c ,l diryi) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,mi¦kl̈§Od© a©WFn xd̈d̈ xd l¤v ¥̀ `Ed§W ,zn̈£g `a§l c©r mÏ©d
dP̈¤On¦ däFh oFx§ag¤ dz̈§id̈§e ,eix¨Ü o©rFv§a WxFt§ ¨ OW ¤ Fn§M ,zi¦pFt§v zi¦ax§ ¨rn© ©rFv§wn¦ A§
lFMW § ¤̀§e o¤t¤B z©kFU .dxFn§¨ f bk :mi¦wl̈£g dr̈§aW ¦ `ŸaÏ©e ak :i¥rq§ n© d¤N ¥̀ z©Wxẗ§¨ A ux¨ ¤`d̈ zFlEa§bA¦
.m¦ip̈W§ A¦ hFOa© Ed ª̀ V̈¦Ie© :DÄ iElŸ mi¦ap̈£r©NW ¤ l©r g©HY© W § ¦p§e mẄ K©ld̈ FC©al§ a¥lM̈ .oFxa§ g¤ cr©
r© cFi
¥ i¦pi¥̀ hFO©a Ed ª̀V̈¦I©e xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ r©nW § O© n¦ zFi§d¦l eix¥¨ag£ ©l zQ̈¦p `¤d§i `N¤W ,zFa¨` ix§ ¥aw¦
,m¦ip̈§WA¦ x©nFl cFn§lY¦ d©n ,m¦i©pW § A¦ `EdW § oY¥ ¤̀ Fl§e (el ,` mixac) x¥nF` `Ed o¥k§e ,mz̈v̈£rA©
,lFMW § ¤̀ El§hp̈ dp̈FnW § ,c©vi¥M `©d .zFhFn i¥pW § A¦ (k ,` mihtey) ai¦zk© e§ ,DÄ Kx©C̈ xW ¤ £̀ ux¨¤`d̈ z¤̀
l a¥lk̈§e ©rWFd§ ª i ,oFOx¦ cg̈¤̀§e dp̈¥̀ Y§ l©hp̈ cg̈¤̀ .dz̈p§ a§ p¦ mi¦pẄ ra© W ¤ :oFx§ag¤ z¤̀ a¥lk̈§l Ep§Y¦Ie©
dÄC¦ `i¦vFd§l mn̈§vr© lM̈W ¤ i¦tl§ ,mEl§M El§hp̈ oḧT̈©d Fp§A o©r©pk§ ¦l oFx§ag¤ z¤̀ mg̈ dp̈ÄW ¤ xẄ§t`¦
.d¤PW§ª n DÖ©r KM̈ d¤PW§ ª n Dïx¦§RW
¤ m¥WM§ ,Ep§EM© z§ ¦p ,lFcB̈©d Fp§A m¦ix§ ©vn¦ l§ o©rFv z¤̀ d¤pa§ ¦IW ¤ mcFw¥
m¤dn¥ cg̈¤̀ iE`§Vn© dÖ©M rci¥ © l dŸ©` u¥tg̈ m¦`§e cg̈¤̀ l©r aEh lk̈§A dP̈ª an§ dz̈§id̈W ¤ `l̈¥̀
(d c ryedi) ,lB̈§l¦BA © Eni¦wd¥ W
¤ mi¦pä£̀ n¥ c©n§lE `¥v Dg̈äW § Kr̈icFd§ ¦ l `äE .o©rFv§A dr̈§aX ¦ n¦
,Fn§kW ¦ l©r z©g`© o¤a ¤̀ Wi¦` m¤kl̈ Enixd̈§ ¦ e ux¤̀ ¤ A§ oi¦Wx§ ¨h Kl̈ oi¥̀ W § ,l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i ux¤̀§
¤ NW ¤
lM̈ l©wW § n¦ Epi¥zFAx¦ mElẅ§WE .lB̈§l¦BA© d̈Eni¦wd£ e© zFx§aw¦ §l d̈Ev§wd¦ KM̈i¦t§l ,oFx§ag¤ n¥ xz¥ Fi l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i
i¥lc¦§nC§ `p̈Eh ,ixi¦ ¥ nb§ E .d¨`q§ mi¦rÄx© §` z©g`© ,m¦ix§ ©vn¦ M§ zFvx£̀ ¨ lk̈§A dN̈ªrn§ Kl̈ oi¥̀ §e ,mi¦zn¥
 dlw jl gly bi xacna 135

`g̈ix¦ £̀ A© idElh©
¦ pe§ .cg© oiAp
¦ r¦ C§ lM̈z ¤̀ e§ b"qx xiqtz
:`Ï©piY¥ onE
¦ `Ï©pFOx¦ onE¦ ®.oixz
¥ A¦ :oiYl
¦ `© onE ¦ o`n© “lª `© onE ¦
r've© nË
© l`© iO¦ qª Jl`' ¦ c©l¦ § (ck
lg´© © p `x†¨ẅ `Ed½ d© mFẃÖ © ck .CEwprË ¦ l`© AA© q§ A§ .CEwprË ¦ l`© C`e©

« zFćŸ` lr©µ lFM® W§ ¤̀

lFM½ W§ ¤̀ d̈ :li`¦ xq
.Cl© AË
© `¦ ip¦ A§ dPn¦ Erh§ w§ i'c¦ N§ `©
§ l`© m`©ix¦ on¦ ErB§ x© § (dk

i¬p¥ A§ m†Ẍn¦ Ez¬ x«§ M̈ÎxW£̀

¤ Ex`q© § (ek :`nFi
.oExd© e§ 'iqEn©
© oir¦ Ax § `© CrA©
'il© `¦ E`©B `Y© g©
¨ `© l§ :l«¥̀ x¨U¦
`l̈g©p `x¨w§ .`Edd© `xz §i .li`¦ xq
© `¦ ip¦ A§ 'dr` © n© B§ xi` ¦ q© e§
.miw¦ x§ 'il© `¦ ox`t 'di©i“¦A© 'il© `¦
EvẅC§ ®.`l̈M̈z ¤̀ wqi
© r¥ lr© .`l̈M̈z ¤̀ C§ xi`¦ q© e§ xA' © kË
§ l`A¦ mdEA`© ª B`§ t©
Ea†ªWÏ© dk * :l ¥̀ xU¦ ÎËl`© xn' © z§ mdExeª `© e§ .dr` © n© BË
§ l`©
oniz ixtqa iyily o`k miqxeb yi*

¨ i i¥pA§ oÖY© n¦
.El`w© e§ Dil© r§ ESw© ¦ (fk :'ux`©
uT†¥n¦ ux®¨
¤ `d̈ xEÝn¦
:oinFi
¦ oir¦ Ax
§ `© sFQn¦ ®.`r̈x`© `l̈N̈`© N§ n¦ Eaz̈e§ :mF«i mir¬¦ Äx§ `©
Îl ¤̀ e§ dW ¤̧ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÁE`ŸaÏ©e Ek¿ l«§ ¥I © ek % iyily
x¬©Ac§ nÎl
¦ ¤̀ l²¥̀ x¨U¦ § iÎi¥pA§ z¯© £ M̈Îl ¤̀ e§ oŸx£
crÎl ¹ d` «©
ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ e§ ÆxäC̈ m³z̈Ÿ` EaiWÏ© ¦¸ e dẄ®¥cẅ o†¨x`R̈
¤ n zël§ Fz £̀ e© .El©f £̀ e© :ux«
dWŸ ¤`¨ d̈ ix¬¦ RÎz
§ ¤̀ mE`† x©§ Ie© dc̈½ r´d̈
¥
.mwx
© l¦ ox` ¨ ẗC§ `x¨Ac
§ n© l§ .l ¥̀ xU¦¨ i i¥paC¦ `ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ zëlE .oŸxd£ `© zëlE
:`r̈x`© C§ `Ä`¦ zï oEpE`if¦ g`© e§ ®.`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ zïe§ `n̈b̈zR¦ oFdzï
§ Eaiz¦ £̀ e©
x´¤W£̀ ux†¨ § Ÿ´Ie© ÆFlÎExR§ q§
¤ `d̈Îl ¤̀ Ep`ľ Ex½ n` © i © fk
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
i¥pt§ ¦l iElB̈W
¤ `l̈¥̀ ,Dħgx§ ¨e DM̈x¨
§` Ek§ld̈ m¥d§e iE`§Vn© Wi¦lW § `l̈¥̀ Epi¥̀ ,Di¥tz§ M¦ l©r W¥P`¦
,dp̈Ẍ©l mFi m¤di¥lr£ xFf§b¦IW ¤ `Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d EaWÏ© ª e dk :mixd̈§ ¦ l FzF` oi¦r§Iq© O§ W¤ iE`§VO© n¦
.E`ŸaÏ©e Ekl¥ § Ie© ek :Kx¤C©
¤d z¤̀ m¤di¥pt§ ¦l x©Sw¦ l£de© .mFi mir¦ Äx§`© uT¥ n¦ ux¤`¨ d̈ xEYn¦
d©n ,oz̈¨`i¦a§l oz̈k̈i¦ld£ Wi¦Td© §l ,Ek§l¥Ie© Ed©n dq̈x© §R zF`¥n r©Ax© §` l©r dq̈x© §R zF`¥n r©Ax© §`
:dr̈x¨ dv̈¥rA§ oz̈k̈i¦ld£ s©` ,dr̈x¨ dv̈¥rA§ oz̈¨`i¦A ,mFI©l zF`q̈x© §R dx¨Ü£r i¦pFpi¥A mc̈¨` K©ld§ n© E ,`i¦d
:ox£d`© z¤̀§e d ¤ n z¤̀ .xäC̈ mz̈Ÿ` EaiWÏ©¦ e ax§
¨rO© ©l gx§¨fO¦ d© o¦n mFi mi¦rÄx© §` K©ld§ n© ix£ ¥d
136 jl gly bi xacna elw

b"qx xiqtz
i'c¦ N§ `© Cl© AË § l`© 'il© `¦ `©pxv¦
a¬l̈g̈ zaf̈ ©¸ m©be§ Ep®Ÿg§ l© W§
'uit¦ i§ dŸP`© `‹T© g© e§ .`©pA§ Y'zr© A§ :D«ïx§ RÎd¤
¦ fe§ `e†¦d W²©acE§
:dŸxn' © z§ `'c©d© e§ .lq© rË § l`e© oA© lË § l`©
oini
¦ w¦ nË ª l`© mewË © l`© o`© `l© © (gk
`r̈x`© l§ .`p̈iz¥ £̀ .Exn© £̀ e© Dil¥ E`ir¦ YW
© `¦ e§
d©piv¦ g§ .`x©wË ªl`e© .oifi ¦ f¦ r§ dit¦ `id¦ ®.WacE
© al̈£g `c̈a§ r̈ .s`© e§ .`p̈Yg © lW© C¦
C`le © `© `'vi
:m‡z© md`©
© `© e§ .`C©B¦ dni
ª pi`© x§ dx©A` © A© BË
© v¦ r§
§ l`©
mr̈½ d̈ frÎi´© M¦ qt¤ ¤µ gk :DA© `¦ oic¥e§
it¦ oini ¦ w¦ n§ dw© l`
§ n© rË § l © (hk mixÀ¦ r̈«d¤ e§ ux®¨
¤ `Ä a†¥WŸId©
.oii¦Y¦ g˦ l`e© .mEx`CË ©l`© Cl© A§
oini
¦ w¦ nª oii¦xEn ¦ `Ë § l`e© oii¦qEa ¦ iË §l`e© Îm©be§ cŸ`½ n§ ÆzŸlŸcB§ zFx³vª A§
oini
¦ w¦ nª oii¦p¦ r`© © pMË § l`e© .lA© BË § l`© it¦
h`y© ‡il© r§ e§ .xgAË © l`© 'il© r§ cFgl§ :m«Ẅ Epi¬¦ `x¨ w†p̈r«
£d̈ i¬¥cl§¦i
alk YMq © `© § (l :oECx ª̀ lË`© .`Ï©exw¦ e§ .`r̈x`© A§ aizï
¥ C§ .`Ör© siT¦ Y© ix¥ £̀
.l`w© e§ .'iqEn © lew© 'il© `¦ mewË © l`©
`x¨Äb¦ i¥pA§ s`© e§ ®.`C̈gl© oäxa § x© ok̈ix¦M§
`©P`© t§ .dŸfEgp§ e§ `CEr © v§ Crv© © p lA©
a†¥WFi w¬¥ln̈ £ hk :oÖz© `p̈i¥fg£
a´¥WFi Æix¦Ÿn` ¡ d̈
« e§ i³¦qEa§id© e§ iY¦ g«
¦ d© e§ a¤b®¤Pd© ux´¤̀
¤ A§
:oC«¥x©§ Id© c¬©i lr†©e§ m½ÏdÎl
© r© a´¥WFi Æip¦ r«£p© M«§ d© e§ xd̈½ Ä
aizï
¥ d`¨ xFn¡
¨ `©e d`¨ q̈Eaie¦ .d`¨ Ÿg¦ e§ .`n̈FxC̈ rx© £̀ A© aizï
¥ d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£
a²¥lM̈ q©d̄©I © l :`p̈Cx©
§ i siM¥ lr© e§ ®.`Ö©i lr© aizï
¥ d`p̈
¨ r©
£ pkE .`xEh
¨ A§
´© e§ Ædl¤ r«£p© dŸl³ r̈ xn`
EpW§ xï ¤ ŸIÀ e© d®¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ mr†¨d̈Îz ¤̀
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
dÜr̈ cä§lA¦ Ff i¦k§e x©n`¨ e§ g©ev̈ .d ¤ n§A x¥Ac§ ©IW¤ x¤wW ¤ x©aC§ lM̈ .`ed¦ Wa© cE§ al̈g̈ zaf̈ © fk
x¤Rq© §l `ÄW¤ xEaq̈ dïd̈ r© n¥ FX©d .mx§ ¨nr© o¤A Epl̈ oi¥̀ ,FzN̈¦gz§ A¦ z¤n`¡ zv̈§w FA mix§ ¦nF` oi¥̀ W §
li¦aW § A¦ d ¤ n l©r mĦlA§ dïd̈W ¤ KFY¦n ,FzEp§bA¦ ,w¤fg oFW§l .zFxvª A§ gk :FtFq§A m¥Iw© z§ n¦
,FzEp§B ©rFn§W¦l mN̈ª M Ew§zẄ .mi¦l§Bx§ ©Od© ix§ ¥aC¦ oFW§la¦ E ,zFNªbr£ zFI¦pxi¦
¨ A oFW§l ,ok̈ix§
¦M FnEBx©§z§e
z¤̀ Epl̈ cixFd§¦ e mÏ©d z¤̀ Epl̈ rxẅ © `l£de© x©n`¨ i¦t§l .'ebe aWFi ¥ wl¥ n̈r£ hk :lFbr̈.jix§ ¦M i¦nx£̀
¨
EN¦t£̀ .dl¤ r© £p dŸlr̈ :el̈§Vd© z¤̀ Epl̈ fi¦Bd¦ e§ oÖ©d ic§¥M mi¦l§Bx§
©n EdExi¦M§fd¦ ,xä§M w¥ln̈£rA© Ee§k¦PW ¤
mẄ El£re© zFnN̈ª q EU£r x¥nF` `Ed§e m¦in© Ẍ©A l¤v ¥̀ ,Frn̈W § n© M§ c©i .oC¥x©§ Id© c©i lr© :m¨` §©i§l
o¥ke§ ,dẅi¦zW§ oFW§l .qd© ¨ C§ lk̈§A g© i¦lv§ ©p .al¥ M̈ qd©
© Ie© :eixä © Ie© l :xFa£rl© El§kEY `l§e ,oC¥x© §Id©
l i¦M q©d (i ,e qenr) ,xÜÄ lM̈ q©d (fi ,a dixkf) d©n ©rFnW § l¦ .dWŸ ¤ n l ¤̀ :mN̈ª M z¤̀ wi¦YW § d¦
flw jl gly bi xacna 137

b"qx xiqtz
:D«l̈ l†©kEp lF¬kïÎiM¦ Dz̈½ Ÿ` oi'c¦ N§ `© mewË © l` © (`l :mdª wi § h¦ p§
.xn© £̀ e© .dWŸ
¤ nl§ `Ör© zï .al¥ M̈ zi¥S`© e§ o`© wih¦ p§ `l© .El`w© dŸrn§ E'vn§
:Dl© lFMp¦ lM̈n¦ ix¥ £̀ ®.Dzï
© zxi¥
© pe§ wQ© p¦ wQ̈n¦ mdª P§ `© l§ .mewË © l`© 'il© `¦ Crv© © p
EBx'k § `© § (al :`©Pn¦ Cy© `§
ÆFOr¦ El³ r̈ xW£̀
¤̧ miWp̈£̀
¦¹ d̈¸ § `l Cl© AË § l`© 'il© r§ .di©iC¦ x§ dr`© © py§

£l l†©kEp `¬Ÿl Ex½ n§ `

Îl ¤̀ zFĺr«© «¨ li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ l§ .dEn`x© i'c¦ N§ `©
`©px“©n© i'c¦ N§ `© Cl© AË § l`© .El`w© e§
:EP«O¤ n¦ `Ed† w¬f̈g̈ÎiM¦ mr®¨d̈ Jld©¦ i Cl© A§ Ed .dŸnExp§ l§ dit¦
i'c¦ N§ `© .mewË © l`© rin¦ B§ e§ .dŸld`©
lFMp¦ `l̈ .Exn© £̀ DiO¥ r¦ Ewilq ¦ C¦ .`ÏxaEb
© e§ :dg` © q© n§ ie'© cª dit¦ md`© ª pi`© x§
:`p̈©Pn¦ `Ed siT¦ Y© ix¥ £̀ ®.`Ör© zël§ wQ© n¦ l§ ip¦ A§ .BElrË ¦ l`© m'z© `©pi`© x§ § (bl
x´¤W£̀ Æux¤`¨¸ d̈ z³©AC¦ E`iv¦¹ ŸI © al `©pxv¦ e§ .mdª BEl
J`'c©M§ e§ .C`x©BË
§ r§ on¦ dx©A` © A© BË
§ l`M© `©ppEi
§ l`©
§ rª it¦
l†¥̀ x¨U¦ § ¤̀ Dz̈½ Ÿ` Ex́Ÿ
§ i i¬p¥ AÎl
DzÀ̈ Ÿ` xEźl̈ Da¹̈ Epx§ a©¸ r̈ ÁxW£̀ ¤ ux¤`¨¿ d̈ xŸn` ® l¥
Epi¬¦`x¨ÎxW£̀ ¤ mr²¨d̈Îlk̈e§ `ed¦½ Æd̈ia¤̧ WF« § i zl³¤ ¤ kŸ` ux´¤̀
¤
EliN¦ `© C§ `r̈x`© lr© .WiA¦ mFW EwiR¦ `© e§ :zFC« n
¦ i¬¥Wp§ `© D†k̈Fza§
rx© £̀ .Dzï
© `l̈N̈`© l§ Da© `p̈xa© r£ C© .`r̈x`© .xni
© n¥ l§ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ zël§ .Dzï
©
:og̈Wn¦ C§ oiWp̈¡
¦ ` D©Eb© A§ `p̈i¥fg£ C© ®.`Ör© lk̈e§ .`id¦ `d̈a© zï § `l̈H§ w© n§
mi®¦lt¦ P§ dÎo
© n¦ w†p̈r£ i¬¥pA§ mi²¦lit¦ P§ d© Îz ¤̀ Epi`À¦ x¨ m´Ẅe§ bl
:m«di¥
¤ pir«¥ A§ Epi†¦id̈ o¬¥ke§ miab̈£ ¦½ gM«© ÆEpipi¥̧ r¥ a§ i³¦dP©§e
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
WW ¥ Fd§aB̈ (c ,fi '` l`eny) zï§lB̈ oFb§M ,dC̈¦n w¥YW © §l d¤vFxd̈ mc̈¨` i¥pA§ Kx¤C¤ o¥M .xi¦M§fd© §l
,oFcn̈ Wi¦` (k ,`k 'a l`eny) o¥ke§ ,zxf̈ë ¤ zFO©` .EPO¤ n¦ `Ed wf̈g̈ `l :q©d x¥nF` mi¦Wp̈£̀ zCª ©b£̀
mi¦wp̈£r .mili ¦ t§
¦ Pd© bl :dC̈¦n Wi¦` (bk ,`i '` d"c) zl¤ kFŸ ¤ ` al :Ex§n`¨ dl̈§rn© i¥Rl© M§ lFkï§aM©
i¥ni¦A m¦in© Ẍ©d o¦n El§tP̈¤W l¥̀f̈£r©e i`©fg£ n§ W
¤ i¥pA§ n¦ ix§
¥aFw mEp`v̈§n Epx© §ar̈¤W mFwn̈ lk̈§A .d̈ia¤ WFi§
Ep§rn© Ẅ .mdi¥ ¤ pir¥ A§ Epi¦id̈ ok¥ e§ :WFp¡` xFC ic§ ¥M däFh§l dÜr̈ `Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d§e ,mi¦zn¥
:mi¦Wp̈£̀ M© mi¦nx§¨MA© W¥i mi¦ln̈§p d¤fl§ d¤f mix§ ¦nF` iW§ ¥ p`© :EN¥̀ §l a¥l Ep§Y¦i `l§e ml̈§a ¤̀ A§ mc̈xḧ§
§ l
:oz̈n̈Fw§A dÖ©g mi¦wi¦p§rO© W¤ .wp̈r£ ¦ e mi¦dFa§bE mi¦lFc§B .zFCn¦
m¤dl̈ zz¥ l̈ Kixv̈§
138 jl gly ci xacna glw

b"qx xiqtz on¦ wp̈r£ i¥pA§ .`Ïx©ÄB¦ zï .`p̈i¥fg£ oÖz© e§

m' ª (` ci :mdª pEi § rª it¦ `©PMª ok¥ e§ ®.oivn
¦ w¦ M§ `p̈Wt©
© p i¥pir¥ A§ `p̈i¥ed£ e© .`Ïx©ÄB¦
.mdª Y`
:dli
§ ev
© N© `©
© `© dr`
JlY¦
© n© B˧ l`© Yr© t© x§
it¦ FM
§ AE
§
Æ`V̈Y©¦ ` ci :oFdi¥pir¥ A§ `p̈i¥ed£
.oExd© e§ 'iqEn
`l`
©
© w© e§ .li`¦ xq
'il© r§ .Exn'c
© `¦ ip¦ A§ 'dr`
§ Y© § (a
© n© B§
m®l̈FwÎz ¤̀ Ep† Y¦§ Ie© dc̈½ r´d̈Îl
¥ M̈
Cl© A§ it¦ `©pYn¦ `©pYi § l© `©i .mdª l§ :`Ed« d© dl̈§i¬©NA© mr†¨d̈ E¬Ma¦§ Ie©
it¦ `©pYn¦ `©pYi § l© `©i e`© .xvn¦
®.oFdl§ ẅ zï Eadi
© e¦ .`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ zni
© x¥ £̀ e©
`©pl'kC© ¦ i ml© § (b :xAË © l`© `'c©d©
rw¦ pªt§ Cl© AË § l`© JlY¦ .dNl ÆEpŸN¦¸ I © a :`Edd© `ïlil¥ A§ `Ör© FkaE
© `©
`©p`q© p§ xiv© ¦ it¦ .siQl`
© A¦
o`© `N© `¦ .dni © p'¦ b§ `©pl` lŸM† oŸx£
§ th© `© e§ «© r© e§ d´¤WŸnÎlr©
½ d`Îl
'il© `¦ rEB“l
md'ª vr
§ `© `©pl§ glv
§ A© l`w© m' ª (c :xvn¦
md¤¹ l£̀
© `Ë
¥ Ex̧n`
© l`©
§ ŸI« e© l®¥̀ x¨U¦§ i í¥pA§
'il© `¦ rBx©© pe§ `q© i§xª il‹© ux´¤̀
¤ A§ ÆEpz§ nÎEl
¦ Epª .'urA© l§ ©¸ d Àc̈r«¥ d̈ÎlM̈
'il© r§ oExd© e§ 'iqEn
© rw© e§ § (d :xvn¦
ÎEl d†¤Gd© x¬Äc§ O¦ A© F ²̀ m¦ix½©v§ n¦
oFdl§ Exn© £̀ e© .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ lŸM .oŸxd£ `© lr© e§ dWŸ ¨ `¦ e§ :Epz«
¤ n lr© Enr© xz § n̈
i¥el§ oic¥d̈ `x¨Ac
§ n© A§ ®.F` .m¦ixv
© n¦ C§ `r̈x`© A§ `p̈zin¥ C§ i¥el§ .`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈
ux³¨¤ `d̈Îl ¤̀ Epz¹̈ Ÿ` `ia¸¦ n¥ dëŸdi§Â d´n̈l̈ § b :`p̈zin¥ C§
f®©al̈ Eíd«§ i¦ Ep†¥Rh© e§ Epi¬¥Wp̈ ax¤g¤½ A© lŸŔp§ l¦ Æz`ŸGd©
© lir¥ n© .ï§i `n̈lE :dn̈§ix«¨v
.`p̈zï § n¦ aEW
¬ Ep†l̈ aF…h `Fl̄£d
`p̈l© aḧ `l̈£d ®.`G̈a¦ l§ oFd§i `p̈lt
© h© e§ `p̈W
© p§ .`Äxg© A§ lR© n¦ l§ `c̈d̈ `r̈x`© l§
d¬p̈Y§ p¦ ei®¦g`Îl ¨ ¤̀ Wi´¦` Ex†n` § ŸI« © c :m¦ixv¨ n¦ l§ aEzpC¦
`Ẅix¥ i¥Pn§ ¦ £̀ l© xa© B§ Exn© £̀ e© :dn̈§ix«¨v
© p ®.idEg ¬ e§ W`Ÿx†
§ n¦ däEWp̈
m®¤di¥pRÎl§ r© oŸx£ †d` «© e§ d²¤WŸn lŸR¬ I¦ © d :m¦ixv¨ n¦ l§ aEzpE
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
EWx¥ ¦e ,K¤ln¤ Epi¥lr̈ mi¦Up̈ ,`Ẅix¥ .Epz§ n© El a :zF`x¨c¤
§R Epi¥zFAx§ §d§pq© .dc̈r¥ d̈ lM̈ ` ci
:dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r oFW§l §zM§ .W`Ÿx dp̈Y§ p¦ c :Ep§zn© E i`©el§ d¦
i¥Pn© §p FnEBx©
hlw jl gly ci xacna 139

b"qx xiqtz
i¬p¥ A§ z†© cr£ l¬©dwÎl
§ M̈ ip¥¾ t§ l¦ weB© 'dx'v© g© A§ .`n© dª dEB
§ e§
lr© oŸxd£ `© e§ .dWŸ
¤ n ltpE
© :l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§i :li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ 'dr`
© n© B§
oA`¦ alke .oep oA`¦ ryEdie (e
i¥paC¦ `ŸWp¦ M§ `l̈d̈w§ lM̈ ®.mc̈w¢ .oFdiR¥ `© `w© x'§ k© .Cl© AË
§ l`© in© i` ¦ x© on .dpti
oEpÎo
À A¦ r´ª
© WFdi«¦ e :l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ i .`l`© w© § (f :`n© dª A`©
§ i'z¦
.oil¦ i`
¦ w© li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ 'dr` © n© B§ l§
mix†¦ ŸdÎo
© n¦ dP¤½ t§ ª iÎoA¤ Æal¥ k̈e§ d`©px“©n© i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© AË
§ l`©
:`C©B¦ `C©B¦ Cii¦B© Cl© A§ .dŸnExp§ l§
:m«di
¤ c¥b§ A¦ Er† x§ ẅ« ux®¨¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ .`©pit¦ c`x©n§ dN© l¦ o`M© o ¦ (g
il¥ N§ `© n§ on¦ .d¤Pt§
ª i xA© al¥ k̈e§ .oEp xA© r© WFdi
ª e¦ Cl© A§ .`©pl§ dŸAd© eE§ d`©pl'kC © `©
`O© © (h :lq© rË § l`e© oA© lË § l`© 'uit¦ i§
Ex½ n`§ Ÿ´I © f :oFdiWEa
¥ l§ Er©GA© ®.`r̈x`© `l© e§ .oExO' § cY© Y¦ `l© t§ dNl © `© 'il© r§

l†¥̀ x¨U¦
§ iÎi¥pA§ z¬© crÎl£ M̈Îl ¤̀ mdª P§ `© l§ .Cl© AË
§ l`© ld`© oEt`'k© Y§

Dz̈½ Ÿ` xEźl̈ ÆDä Epx³© ¤̧ ux¤`À̈ d̈ xŸn`

§ ar̈ xW£̀ ® l¥
i¥paC¦ `ŸWp¦ M§ lk̈l§ .Exn© £̀ e© :cŸ`« n§ cŸ`¬ n§ ux†¨
¤ `d̈ d¬äFh
`C̈gl© `r̈x`© `äḧ ®.Dzï
© `l̈N̈`© l§ Da© `p̈xa© r£ C© .`r̈x`© .xni
© n¥ l§ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i
d½ëŸdi§ ÆEpĸ u¬¥tg̈Îm ¦ g (iyily) % iriax :`C̈gl©
ux¤ ¤̀¾ Ep®l̈ D†p̈z̈pE § z`ŸG½ d© ux´¨
¤ `d̈Îl ¤̀ ÆEpz̈¸ Ÿ` `i³¦ad¥ e§
.ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈A© `ër£ x© m`¦ :W«äcE§ a†l̈g̈ z¬©af̈ `e²¦dÎxW£̀ ¤
al̈£g `c̈a§ r̈ ®.`id¦ C§ .`r̈x`© .`p̈l© D©pY¦
§ ie§ .`c̈d̈ `r̈x`© l§ `p̈zï
© lir©
¥ ie§
Îl`© mY¤À `© e§ E¼cŸxn§ YÎl ¦ `© dF̈di«
» A© K´© h :WäcE
m¯N̈v¦ x´q̈ m®¥d Ep†¥ng§ l© i¬¦M ux¤`¨½ d̈ mrÎz ´© ¤̀ ÆE`xi§ Y«¦
§ n¥ A§ mx©A§ :m «ª̀ xi
ïiC© `x¨ni ¨ YÎl
«¦ `© Ep†Ÿ`¦ d¬F̈di«e© m²¤dil¥ r«
£n¥
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
oi¦Bn© dïd̈W¤ aFI¦` ,Ez¥n m¤dÄW
¤ mix¦W¥ M§ .mẅ§fg̈§e iM¦ :E`xi¦
§ Y l©` m¤Y`© §e aEW§e .EcŸxn§ Y¦ l`© h
¤ FN¦v x¥g`© xäC̈ .m¤di¥l£r mP̈¦bn̈ .mN̈v¦ xq̈ :m¤gN¤ M© m¥lk§ `p .md¥ Epn¥ g§ l©
:m¤di¥lr£ n¥ xq̈ mFwÖ©NW
140 jl gly ci xacna nw

b"qx xiqtz `Ör© on¦ oEl£gcz¦ `l̈ .oEY`© e§ .oEcxn § z¦ `l̈

.mdp ª r© mdª N' § vª lEfi§q© e§ .`©pn` § r© h§ `c̈r£ .oEP`¦ oixi¦ q¦ n§ `p̈ci © a¦ ix¥ £̀ .`r̈x`© C§
:mdEt`'
ª k© Y§ `l© `©prn© dNl` © e©
`l̈ `p̈c©r£ q© A§ ïiC© `x¨ni
§ nE
¥ ®.oFdP§ n¦ oFdtwEY
§
o`© .Arûl © `© rin¦ B§ c`M© § (i
m'zª .dx`© © BgË ¦ l`A¦ `n© dEn ª Bx© § i ÎlM̈ ÆExn` § ŸI« © i :oFdP§ n¦ oEl£gcz¦
`A' © k§ it¦ .dNË © l`© xEp xd' ª vª
:li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ rin¦ B§ l§ .x'vg © nl © `© mi®¦pä£̀ Ä« m†z̈Ÿ` mF¬Bx§ l¦ dc̈½ r´d̈¥
'il© `¦ .‡iqEn © l§ dNË © l`© l`w© § (`i
'il© `¦ e§ .mewË © l`© i`le © d© ipe¦ vr©
© i mM© ld¤ Ÿ`´ A§ Æd`¨ x§ p¦ dÀëŸdi§ cFákE §
rin¦ B§ rn© .iA¦ oEpne© § i ml© mM©
it¦ `d© Yr© § pv§ iY¦ N§ `© .Y`©i`Ë © l`© :l«¥̀ x¨U¦§ i i†p¥ AÎl
§ M̈Îl ¤̀ crFn ¥½
o`© oETg¦ Yq© § (ai :mdª pi § A© `n© oFdzï
§ m©Bxn¦ l§ .`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ Exn© £̀ e©
.md'vª xw ª `© e§ `A© eË §l`A¦ mdª A§ x'v ª `©
oMW
© n© A§ il¦ Bz
§ `¦ .ïiC© `x¨ẅie¦ .`Ï©pa`© A§
x'zM © `© dO© ª̀ .J©Pn¦ lrB © `© e§
'iqEn
© l`w© § (bi :mdp xn`¤ Ÿ³I © `i t :l ¥̀ xU¦
ª n¦ m'vr © `© e§ ¨ i i¥pA§ lk̈l§ ®.`p̈n¦f
i'c¦ N§ `© .oEixv ¦ n˦ l`© oErnq© § ie§ .dN© l¦
dp̈¬¨`Îcr© dW ¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆdF̈d§i
ia¦½ Epi´¦n£̀«i© Î`Ÿl Ædp̈`Îc ¨¸ r© e§ d®¤Gd© mr´¨d̈ ip†ª ¦ v£̀«p© i§
.dWŸ¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :FA« x§ w ¦ Ur̈ x¬¤W£̀ zFz½ Ÿ`d̈
¦ A§ izi†¦ « ÆlŸkA§
.ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§ oEpni
§ d§
¥ i `l̈ iY¦ O© `¦ cr© e§ .oic¥d̈ `Ör© in© c̈w¢ oi¦fB§ xn© oFd§i iY¦ O© `¦ cr©
EP®¤WxF¦ `« e§ xa†¤
¤ Ca© EP¬¤M © ai :oFdi¥piA¥ zic¦ a© r£C© ®.`Ïz© `¨ lŸkA§
¥ ¤̀ :EP«O
oEpign ¤ n¦ mEv† r̈e§ lFcB̈ÎiF ¬ b« l§ L½ z§ Ÿ`« ÆdU ¤ r«
¡ ¤̀ e§
xn`¤ ¬ŸI © bi :oFdP§ n¦ siT¦ z© e§ ax© mr© l§ ®.jz̈ï cia¥ r£`© e§ .oEpi¥viW¥ £̀ e© `z̈FnA§
z̈i¯¦lr«
¡dÎi
¤ M¦ m¦ix½©v§ n¦ Eŕn« § Ẅe§ d®F̈d§iÎl ¤̀ d†¤WŸn
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
dU¤ r¡ ¤̀ dn̈ x©n`Y m¦`e§ .oi¦kExY§ oFW§l .'d cFakE § :a¥lk̈§e ©rWFd§
ª i z¤̀ .mz̈Ÿ` mFBx§l¦ i
.lFcB̈ iFbl§ LzŸ§ ` dU ¤ r¡ ¤̀ e§ :zFa¨` z©rEaW § l¦ :ok̈i¥d c©r .dp̈`¨ cr© `i :mẄ cxï © op̈r̈¤d
Er§nẄ§e .m¦ix©v§ n¦ Ern§ Ẅe§ bi :mr̈x©§Gn¦ dŸ©`W ¤ lM̈ li¦aW § A¦ .zFzŸ`d̈ lŸkA§ :i¦pEfi¦Bx©§i .i¦pv£̀
ª p© i§
W¥OW © n§ i¦M .z̈il¦ r¡d¤ iM¦ :m¥bx© §dY© xW ¤ £̀ z¥̀ oi¦n£̀ d© l§ m¤dl̈ dïd̈ m¤dl̈ i¦zi¦Ur̈¤W mi¦Q¦Pd©
L£ k§A z̈i¦lr¡d¤ xW ¤ £̀ E`x¨ m¥de§ ,xW ¤ £̀ oFW§lA¦ .EPW ¤ xF`
¦ e§ ai :i¦zg̈ḧ§ad© m¥Iw© l§ icï§
¦ A z¤lFk§Id© W
¤
`nw jl gly ci xacna 141

b"qx xiqtz
d†¤Gd© mr¬¨d̈Îz ¤̀ ² gŸk« a§
L£ on¦ mewË © l`© i`le © d© YCrv © `©
oErnW¦
§ ie§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ dWŸ
¤ n xn© £̀ e© :FA« x§ T¦ n¦ oElEwi§ ¦ (ci :JY© xC § wªA§ mdª pi § A©
i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© AË
§ l`© `'c©d© ld`© rn©
oic¥d̈ `Ör© zï ®.jl̈ig¥ A§ `ŸwiQ¥ `© C§ .i ¥̀ xv
¨ n¦ `n© it¦ JxEp © .dNË © l`© J©P`© Ern¦ q§
a» WFiÎl
¥ ¤̀ ExÀ n«
§ `¨ § ci :oFdi¥piA¥ n¦ oir© A§ oir© .mewË © l`© i`le © d© oiA©
.mdiª l© r§ miw¦ nª Jn` © n' © b§ e§ .dŸpExi§
ÆErn« § Ẅ ¼ ŸGd©
z` ux´¨
¤ `d̈ mdiª C©i§ oiA© xiq¦ Y§ m`n' © b§ CEnrAE §
:`li© l© x`©p CEnrAE § .`x`
© d© p§
mr´¨d̈ ax¤w†¤A§ d½ëŸdi§ d´Ÿ`Îi © M¦ oir¦ nB§ `© mdª Yl § Y© w§ `'c©`¦ § (eh
ÎËl`© rin¦ B§ l`w© .Cg` ¦ e© lBªx§M§
d´¨`x§ p¦ o¦ir©¹ A§ o¦irÎx
©¸ W£̀¤ d®¤Gd© Jx` © A'k © `© Ern¦ q§ i'c¦ N§ `© .mn© ª̀

c´¥nŸr ÆLp«§ p̈r«£e© dÀëŸdi§ d´Ÿ`©

mn̈½ Fi Æmdi¥ ¤ pt§ l¦ K³¥lŸd dŸ¸ `© opÀ̈ r̈ c´ª Or© aE
§ md¤½ l¥ r£
ix¥ £̀ ErnW
© C¦ .`c̈d̈ `r̈x`© azï § ie§ :dl̈§il̈
¥ l§ .oExni¥ « W†¥̀ cEO¬ r© aE
§
.ï§i jx¨ẅ§i z©pik¦ W§ Ff£g oFdi¥pira
¥ C¦ .oic¥d̈ `Ör© FbA§ `ïxẄ jz̈p§ ik¦ W§ .ï§i Y`©
®.`n̈n̈iA¦ oFdin¥ c̈w¢ xA© c©n§ Y`© .`p̈p̈r£ C© `c̈EOraE © .oFdi¥eN̈r¦ lH© n© jp̈p̈r© £e
d†¤Gd© mr¬¨d̈Îz ¤̀ d²Ÿn« © d¥ § eh :`ïlil¥ A§ `z̈Ẅi`¦ C§ `c̈EOraE
©

Er¬ n«
§ ẄÎxW£̀
¤ m½i¦ FBd© ÆExn« § `¨ e§ c®g̈ ¤̀ Wi´¦`M§
.cg© `xaEb
¨ M§ oic¥d̈ `Ör© zï .liH¥ wzE
© :xŸn` « l¥ L† r£n§ WÎz ¦ ¤̀
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
li¦aW § A¦ ,'d z¤lk§i i¦Yl§ A¦ n¦ ,oï§pr¦ d̈ sFq§A dŸ©`W ¤ Er§nW § ¦IW
¤ k§ E mÄx¦
§Tn¦ mz̈F` lFcB̈©d
§wA§ o¥kFW 'd dŸ©` i¦M Er§nẌ¤W Ex§n`i `l̈¥̀ ,Kl̈ E`§hg̈¤W Ex§n`i `l mb̈xFd
o¦i©rA§ o¦ir© e§ ,mÄx¦ §
l§e ,dĦg Kx¤c§ ¤A lM©de§ ,m¤dl̈ d¨`x¦
§p 'd dŸ©` i¥
a W
§ Fi c¤
b¤pM§ lä£̀ m¥
g N̈¦
d l
§ Ÿ§
l kï mC̈§
b ¤
pM§ W
¤
:dP̈¥d c©r m¤dn¥ L§zä£d`© dẅ§Y¦PW ¤ KÄ Exi¦Md¦ Exn§ `¨ e§ ci :`Ed d¤fe§ .m¥gN̈¦d§l Ÿ§lkï `l ux¨ ¤`d̈
.cg̈ ¤̀ Wi`¦ M§ d¤Gd© mr̈d̈ z ¤̀ dŸn© d¥ e§ eh aW ¥ Fi l©r Fn§M .z`ŸGd© ux¤`¨ d̈ aWFi ¥ l ¤̀
Er§nẄ xW ¤ £̀ m¦iFB©d Ex§n`i KM̈ KFY¦nE ,mF`§zR¦ xEn¨`W ¤ d©n ,m¤di¥l£r Ex§n`i d©nE .z`G©d ux¨ ¤`d̈
df `ae unwa dawple lebqa xkfl ipepiady llkd .d´¨`x§p¦ oira oir xy` ci :wecwcd wlg
`ed d`xp ,'d dz` d`xp xeara m`e .ipepia `l xar lret `ed ik xnel okzie xkfl unwa
:(a"ixdn) d`xp 'd dz` eyexite ceakd l` fnx `ede xzqp
142 jl gly ci xacna anw

b"qx xiqtz jz̈xEa

§ B§ rn© W
¥ zï ErnW
© C¦ ®.`Ïn© n§ r© oExni¥
§ ie§
wih¦ i§ ml© `n© ¦ (fh :oil¦ i`
.mewË © l`© i`le © d© l'kC©
¦ w© d'c©d©
¦ i o`© .A“l © `© dÀëŸdi§ zl¤ Ÿḱ§i iYº¦ l§ A¦ ¦ fh :xni© n¥ l§
.dŸA mdC
o`Ë
ª r© e© i'c¦ N§ `© Cl© AË
© l` © (fi :xAË
§ l`© 'il© `¦
© l` it¦ mdª l§ Y© w§ t§
Îl ¤̀ d½G¤d© mr´¨d̈Îz ¤̀ Æ`ia¦ d̈l§
.Ax© `©i JY© xC § wª m'vrª oi©iAY© © i m®¤dl̈ r´©AW§ pÎx ¦ W£̀ ¤ ux†¨
¤ `d̈
j©P © (gi :il¦ Yl
§ wª `n© M§
xi'z¦ M§ ldnË © l`© lie¦h§ .dNË © l`© `l̈kEi zil¥ C§ n¦ :x«Äc§ O¦ A© m†¥hg̈W¦§ Ie©
ÎËl`e© Ap'‹© cl`© xt`'© ¦ b .l'vtË © l`©
`r̈x`© l§ .oic¥d̈ `Ör© zï `l̈r̈`© l§ .ï§i mc̈w¢
Al` ¦ H© nª .ixA© ¦ i `l© e§ ixA© ¦ ie§ .mxBª
ÎËl`© rn© `A© `Ë © l`© AEp'cªA§
:`x¨Ac
§ n© A§ oEPli
¦ H¥ w© e§ ®.oFdl§ mi¥Iw© C§
:rA` ¦ e©“l`§ e© 'zl` ¦ e'© zl`
‹§ e© .oip¦ A§ i®p̈Ÿc £̀ g© ŸḾ `†p̈ÎlC©b« i« dŸ¾ r© § fi
.orkE
© :xŸn`« l¥ Ÿx†©§ AC¦ x¬¤W£̀ M«©
¤ dÀëŸd § gi :xni© n¥ l§ `ŸliN¥ n© C§ `n̈M§ ®.ï§i jn̈c̈w¢ `l̈ig¥ or© k§ iB¦ q©
Kx³¤̀
dT©¤½ pi§ `Ÿl´ ÆdT© © oŸe†r̈ `¬¥UŸp cq¤ gÎa
¥ pe§ rW®ẗë ¤½ x©e§ Æmi¦ R©¸ `©
Îlr© e§ mi†¦WN¥ WÎl ¦ r© mip¦½ ÄÎlr© ÆzFa`¨ oŸe³r£ cwº¥ ŸR
.cFxnl¦ e§ oïër£ l© wia¥ Ẅ .oëaḧ ca© r¡n¤ l§ i¥BqnE ¥ n© .ï§i :mir
© f©bx§ wigx «¦ A¥ x¦
iaFg
¥ .xrq
© n© .iM©
¥ fn§ `l̈ oia§
¦ iŸ `l̈cl¦ e§ Dizi
¥ xF`
¨ l§ oia§
¦ iŸcl¦ gl© q̈
:ir̈ia¦ x§ xC̈ lr© e§ izi
© l¦ Y§ xC̈ lr© ®.oic¦ x¨n̈ oip¦ A§ lr© od̈ä £̀
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
'd az¥ Fk§e aW ¥ Fi dïd̈W¤ `Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d§l i¦t§l .'ebe zlŸ¤ ki§ iY¦ l§ A¦ n¦ fh :'ebe L£rn§ W ¦ z¤̀
Fl x©n`¨ .mi¦wiC© ¦Sl© Fl x©n`¨ .m¦iR© `© Kx¤̀ ¤ d¤n FC Epi¥̀ §
e ,mixFA¦
¦ b §
e mi¦w f̈£
g ux¨
¤` d̈ i¥
a W§ FI¤W
Fl x©n`¨ .mi¦rẄxl̈ § s©` `Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d Ex§n`i z`f ,mi¦kl̈§n cg̈¤̀§e mi¦ l§Wl¦ drx© §R
`Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d Fl x©n`¨ .Ec§a`i mi¦rẄx§ .zlŸ¤ ki§ iY¦ l§ A¦ n¦ :z`G©d ux¨ ¤`d̈ aW ¥ Fi l©r
l¤b¥rÄ l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i E`§hg̈¤WM§ .xäC̈©l Kxḧ§ ¤ Li¤Ig© :mḧg̈§W m¨`i¦ad£ ©l Fcï§A z¤lk§i dïd̈ `N¤W KFY¦n
¥ vY¦ W
,m¦iR© `© Kx¤̀ ©Oa© E .'d gŸ© M `p̈ lC§©bi¦ fi :`Ed xäC̈ m¥W .zlŸ¤ ki§
¤ A§ eip̈ẗ§l d ¤ n l¥NR© z§ d¦ mi¦l§Bx§
.mi¦wiC© ¦Sl© i¦l Ÿx© §n`¨ `l£d©e d"ÄT̈©d Fl x©n`¨ Ed©nE .xŸn`l¥ Ÿx§A© C¦ xW£̀ ¤ M© :KxEA ¨ C¦ zFU£rl©
:mi¦rẄxl̈§ s©` i¦l Ÿx© §n`¨ `l£de© Fl x©n`¨ mi¦wiC© ¦Sl© .m¦iR© `© Kx¤ ¤̀ 'd gi :xEAC© ¦d
:mi¦aẄ op̈i¥̀ W§ l¦ .dT©¤ pi§ `Ÿl :mi¦aẌ©l .dT©
¥ pe§ d ¤ n F`v̈§n mFxÖ©l d ¤ n dl̈r̈¤WM§ .mi¦rẄxl̈§ § e
bnw jl gly ci xacna 143

b"qx xiqtz
mr¬¨d̈ oŸe²r« £l© `pÎg«
À̈ l© § hi mewË © l`© i`le © d© Ap'c© gtv © ¦ (hi
Cq§ g© lc¤Ÿb́M§ d†¤Gd©
x³¤W£̀ k«© e§ L®¤ `n© M§ e§ .Jl'v
© t© 'dx'z© Mª A§
'il© `¦ e§ xvn¦ on¦ .mdª l§ Yln© Yg § `©
d½G¤d© mr´¨l̈ Ædz̈`ܸ p̈ Ygt© v§ Cw© .dNË © l`© l` © (k :o`Ë © l`©
:Yl§ wª `n© M§ dl© B` § r© nË
ª l`© mdª p§ r©
.or© M§ wFaW§ :dP̈«dÎc
¥ r© e§ m¦ix†©v§ O¦ n¦ ixEp
¦ e§ mi` ¦ Cl © `© i`w© AE § oM¦ l© § (`k
.jz̈ëaḧ zE`iB¦ q© M§ oic¥d̈ `Ör© .iaFg
¥ l§ :ml`© rË © l`© rin¦ B§ `ln © iª i'c¦ N§ `©
i'c¦ N§ `© .l`©B“l ¦ `© rin¦ B§ o © (ak
m¦ixv
© O¦ n¦ ®.oic¥d̈ `Ör© l§ `ŸwaW
© C¦ `n̈kE
iY¦ N§ `© .iY`© ¦ i`© e§ in¦ x©M§ E`x§
d½ëŸdi§ ¤ Ÿ´I © k :or© M§ cr© e§
xn` .xAl`© itE
¦ xvn¦ it¦ `d© Yr© § pv§
d“©nË © l`© d'c©d© ipEp
¦ g§ Yn§ `© e§
®.ï§i xn© £̀ e© :Lx«¤äc§ M
¦ iY¦ g†©
§ lq̈ :ixn¦ `© ElAw© § i ml© e§ .dx©y` § rË © l`©

% iying :jn̈b̈zt¦ M§ ziw¦ a© W§

ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ d†F̈d§iÎcFak§ `¬¥lÖ¦ie§ ip®¨ ¦ `Îig© m†l̈E` § `k

i´¦ ak :`r̈x`© lM̈ zï ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i `ïlnE© ®.`p̈ £̀ mÏw© mxaE
© :ux« ¤`¨ d̈
iz©½ ŸzŸ`Îz
´ ¤̀ e§ Æic¦ ŸaMÎz
§ ¤̀ mi³¦`Ÿxd̈ « miWp̈£̀ ¦À d̈
« Îlk̈
d¤µf iz¦À Ÿ` EQ́©pi§ e© x®Äc§ O¦ aE
© m¦ix†©v§ n¦ a§ izi¬¦ ¦ Ur̈ÎxW£̀¤
© lk̈ ix¥ £̀ :ilFw
Ff£gC© .`ÏxaEB «¦ A§ Er† n«§ Ẅ `Ÿl¬ e§ min¦½ r̈R§ xU ¤ r´¤
.in© c̈w¢ E`iQ©
¦ pe§ .`x¨Ac
§ naE
© m¦ixv
© n¦ A§ zic¦ a© r£ C© .izë
© z§ `¨ zïe§ ix¦ẅ§i zï
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
l¥Ng© z§ ¦i `N¤W ,ux¨ ¤`d̈ lM̈ z¤̀ `¥lÖ¦i icFa§ ¦ kE Ex§n`i o¤R Ÿx© §n`¨ W
¤ d©n li¦aW § A¦ .Lx¤äc§ M¦ k
'd z¤lk§i i¦Yl§ A¦ n¦ x©nFl z`G©d dẗ¥BO© A© i¦nW § z`f lä£̀ Fn§M .ml̈E`e§ `k :'d z¤lk§i i¦Yl§ A¦ n¦
cg̈¤̀ Wi¦`M§ mF`§zR¦ m¥zi¦n£̀ `N¤W ,m¨`i¦ad£ l© m¥WM§ .dr̈EaW § oFW§l .i¦p`¨ ig© :m¤dl̈ dU ¤ r¡ ¤̀
:h©rn§ h©rn§ dp̈Ẅ mi¦rÄx© §` xEg¦`A§ `l̈¥̀ KM̈ ,ux¨ ¤`d̈ lM̈ z¤̀ `¥lÖ¦i icFa§
¦ kE i©g i¦p£̀ W ¤
§ .min¦ r̈R§ xU
m¦i©pW ¤ r¤ d¤f :Frn̈W§ n© M§ .EQ©pi§ e© ak m¦` 'ebe mi¦`Fxd̈ mi¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ lk̈ i¦M ,m¤dl̈ m¥Iw© £̀
`©zi¦`c¦ §M ,'eke el̈§VA© m¦i©pW§ E oÖ©A m¦i©pW § mÏ©A i©g ,qxFq§¨ n `x§ ¨wn¦ d¤f ix£¥d .ux¨¤`d̈ z¤̀ E`x¦ §i
:(` ,eh) oi¦kx£
¨r z¤kQ¤ n© A§ ux¨
¤`d̈ z¤̀ E`x¦ §i m¦` mi¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ lM̈ i¦M i¦p`¨
`ed oke ep`fpel n"x k"ke o`bizd lka j"nqa `l c"nla `irbd .`pÎg«l© q§ hi :wecwcd wlg
:miinlyexia
144 jl gly ci xacna cnw

b"qx xiqtz :ix¦ni

§ n¥ l§ EliA¦ w© `l̈e§ ®.oip¦ n¦f xU
© r£ op̈C§
i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© AË § l`© E`x§ o ¦ (bk
lMª Jl`‡ ¦ c©ME§ .mdª i` § A© `§ l§ Ynqw © `© x¬¤W£̀ ux¤`¨½ d̈Îz ¤̀ ÆE`x§ i¦ Îm ¦ bk
`O© `© § (ck :d`x©i§ `l© ipi
dŸl o`M© `n© `©fB§ t§ .alM ic¦ A§ r©
¦ vr©
¦ i on©
Îlk̈e§ m®z̈Ÿa £̀ l«© iY¦ r†© § AW§ p¦
.iY¦ r`§ h© dŸA rAY © `© .x'k¦ `© i`x© « x¦§ i `Ÿl¬ i†©v £̀«p© n§
zï oFfg¦i m`¦ :d̈E`
i'c¦ N§ `© Cl© A˧ l`© 'il© `¦ dŸl'kC ¦ `© l§
:dŸYx§E©i§ dlq © plE¦ .Dil© `¦ x`v©
lk̈e§ ®.oFdz§ d̈ä £̀ l© zini¥
¦ Iw© C§ .`r̈x`©
oii¦wl`
¦ n© rË § l`t© iC´¦ a§ r© § ck :D©pFfg¦i `l̈ in© c̈w¢ EfiB¦ x`© C§
o`Ë © l` © (dk
.BxnË © l` it¦ oini ¦ w¦ nª oii¦p¦ r`©
§ pMË ¦ l`e©
Æzx¤g¤̧ `© gE © x³ dz§ º̈ id̈
« aw¤ r´¥ al¥À k̈
¤ Æux¤`¨¸ d̈Îl ¤̀ eiz¦À Ÿ`ia£
ÎxW£̀ «¦ de«© i®¨
x£g` «© `†¥Nn§ © ie© FO½ r¦
gEx ¦ r© e§ :dP̈«W
© .zë£dC© sl̈£g .al¥ k̈ iCa ¤ xF«
¦ i Fr† x©§ fe§ dÖẄ½ `´Ä
®.oÖz© l§ lr̈C§ `r̈x`© l§ .Di¥Pl¦ r£ `© e§ .iz¦ lg
§ C© xz© Ä milW
¥ `© e§ .DiO¥ r¦ ixgE`
¦
wn¤ r®¥Ä a´¥WFi i†¦pr«£p© M«§ d© e§ iw¬¦ l«
¥ n̈r«
£d̈ § dk :D©Piz¦ xFi§ idFpaE
¦
:sEqÎm©
« i Kx¬¤ ¤C x†Äc§ O¦ d© m²¤kl̈ Er¬ qE § Ep̧R§ xgÀ̈ n̈
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
`N¥ n§
© ie© :i¦R m¦r xW ¤ £̀ M© `l§e ,i¦aä§l m¦r xW §i `l .d̈E`x¦§i `l :E`x¦
¤ £̀ M© E`x¦ §i `l .E`x¦§i m`¦ bk
:x¥vẅ `x§ ©g`© FA¦l z¤̀ `¥Nn© §ie© .ix£
¨wn¦ d¤f§e ix£ ¨g`© z©g`© zFgEx i¥YW § .zx¤g¤ `© gEx © ck :ux¨ ¤`d̈ z¤̀
.dP̈W¤ xFi¦ :Fl oz¥ P̈¦Y oFx§ag¤ .dÖẄ `Ä xW£̀ ¤ m¤kÖ¦r i¦p£̀ ,x©n`¨ mi¦l§Bx§ ©Ol© ,a¥NA© z©g`© e§ d¤RA©
z¤̀§e mi¦wp̈£rd̈ z¤̀ EWixFi ¦ ,D©Pi¦kx§z̈§i FnEBx©§zM§ o¥k ic§¥i l©re§ z¤n`¡ d̈ x©nFl dïd̈ FA¦la§ E ,dv̈¥rÄ
`l̈¥̀ ,D©Pi¦zxi¥§ i Fn§Bx©
§z§l oi¥̀ e§ ,DÄ xW ¤ £̀ mr̈d̈ (l ,bi lirl) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ Fn§M ,mẅi¦YW § d© §l © M FA dïd̈
Ek§lY¥ m¦` .'ebe iw¦ l¥ n̈r£d̈e§ dk :dP̈¤Wxi¦ ¨ i mFw§nA¦ Ed¤f ,mz̈Fn§M x©n`I¤W mixEa§ ¦ q Eid̈W ¤ ,a¥lM̈ q©d©Ie©
:m¤kÖ¦r i¦pi¥̀ W¤ x©g`© n¥ ,m¤kz§ ¤̀ Ebx© §d©i mẄ xäC̈ Fz` aW ¥ `¨ ë (f ,ci ryedi) x¤tq¥ A§ xn̈¡`¤PW ¤
.miqetca k"ke dpizxei mebxzd zepyi i"zk ze`gqepa .dP̈«W ¦ i erxfe ck :wecwcd wlg
¤ xF«
ibilt qetcd ixtqe epixtqe .azk jk eiptly `qxib itl dpikxzi enebxzk azky l"f i"yxe
mirbepd mixaca `xnba mi`vnpd ze`qxib itelga elit`y epizqxib zepyl epl oi`e ezqxb`
xtqa `"r h"iz sc zenai zkqna o"anx y"nk ze`qxibd on zg`l rxkd oi` oicl
mb qetcd ixtql i"zk epixtq oia miiepiy daxd mb ik cala ef `le o`k p"d y"r zenglnd
erxfle enk dyexi oeyl `edy miyxtn daxd eyxit xake mebxza miyxtnd zqxib itl
df `ed oeghae erxf rxfle erxfl dyexia didz j` xg`l epnn wzrz `ly dpeekde dpyixei
mikqn dzxei
À dlqple axr oeyla yxit l"f b"qx mbe l`paxa` i"xe ipewfge w"cx oiire
:wece i"kay mebxzd yexitl
dnw jl gly ci xacna 145

.`x¨Wi
§ n¥ A§ aizï ¥ d`p̈ ¨ r©
£ pkE d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r©
£e b"qx xiqtz
gxF`
© `x¨Ac § n© l§ ®.oFkl§ FlEhe§ FpRz
§ `¦ .xg© n§ 'il© `¦ .Elgx § `¦ e§ C'©b on¦ El»e©t§
:mªflwË ªl`© xgA© wix¦ h§ xAË © l`©
x´¥Ac§©i © ek (iriax) t :sEqC§ `Ö©i oExd© e§ 'iqEn© dNË© l`© mN© M© m' ª (ek

oŸx£ «© ¤̀ e§ d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d½ëŸdi§

†d`Îl iw‹¦ A© `§ mM© 'il© ¦ (fk :`ni
.di©iC¦ “l § `© dr`© n© B˧ l`©
© lM
¦ Y©
d'c©d©

© :xŸn`« l¥ .i©il© r§ dO© ª̀ l`© zx©O' © c§ i'c¦ N§ `©

oŸxd£ `lE
© dWŸ ¤ n mr¦ ®.ï§i liN¥ nE
ip¦ A§ xO'¦ c©Y§ Yrn¦ q§ Cw© l§
d³c̈r« ¥ l̈ iz©À n̈Îc © fk :xni© n¥ l§ :i©il© r© ExO' § c©Y§ i'c¦ N§ `© .li`¦ xq© `¦
i`w© AE § .mdª l§ lwª `N© ¦ (gk
dÖ¬¥d x²¤W£̀ z`ŸG½ d© Ædr̈x«¨d̈ ml© o`¦ .dNl © `© lEwi§ mi` ¦ Cl © `©
mYl ª wª `n© M§ .mMª A§ r©pv`©
zFºPlª YÎz § ¤̀ i®l̈r̈ mi†¦piN¦ n© xAË © l`© `'c©d© itE ¦ (hk :iY¦ x'v § g© A§

dÖ¯¥d xW£̀ ¤̧ l ¥̀À x¨U¦

§ i í¥pA§ CECrn© lMª on¦ .mMª c`
oixy ¦ r¦ oA`¦ on¦ .mMP
§ qB© `© rw© Y§
ª n¦ `vg © nE ª

:iY¦ r« § n̈Ẅ i†©lr̈ mi²¦piN¦ n©

zn̈rxEY
£ zï .il̈r£ oin¦ r£ xz
¨ n¦ oEP`¦ C§ .`c̈d̈ `ŸWA¦ `ŸWpk
¦ l¦ .iY¦ O© `¦ cr©
¥ xŸń¡ gk :in̈c̈w¢ ri© n¦ W§ il© r£ ®.oin¦ r£xz
md¤À l£̀ ¨ n¦ oEP`¦ C§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§

m†¤Yx§ A© C¦ x¬¤W£̀ M«© `ŸlÎm ¾ `¦ d½ëŸdi§ Îm ª̀ p§ Æip¦ `Îi ¨¸ g©

© ¥̀ :m«k
m`¦ .ï§i xn© £̀ `p̈ £̀ mÏw© .oFdl§ xni ¤ l̈ d†¤Ur«¡ ¤̀ o¬¥M i®p̈§f`¨ A§
d¤Gd©Â x´Äc§ O¦ © hk :oFkl§ cia¥ r¡ ¤̀ oM¥ ®.in̈c̈w¢ oEYliN¥ n© C§ `n̈M§ .`l̈
mk¤½ x§ R© q§ nÎl
¦ k̈l§ Æmki ¤ c¥w«ª RÎl
§ k̈e§ mki ¤¹ x¥b§ t¦ EļR¦ §i
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
:dr̈EaW § oFW§l .i¦p`¨ ig© gk :i¦Y§rn© Ẅ i©lr̈ mz̈F` :'ebe m¤kl̈ Er§qE m¤kixFg£̀© ¥ l .EpR§ xg̈n̈
:i©g i¦pi¥̀ lFkï§aM© .dU ¤ r¡ ¤̀ oM¥ 'ebe `Ÿl m`¦ o`M̈¦n ,mi¦l§Bx§ ©Od© EN¥̀ .'ebe dr̈x¨d̈ dc̈r¥ l̈ fk
xÄc¦
§OA© F` i¦PO¤ n¦ m¤YW § T© A¦ W ¤ M© .mi¦piN¦ n© dÖd¥ xW£̀
¤ .mY¤ x§A© C¦ xW£̀ ¤ :dx¨Ü£r `i¦dW § dc̈¥r§l
lk̈l§ mki ¤ c¥wª R§ lk̈e§ hk :(a weqt) Ep§zn© El d¤Gd© l ¥̀ x¨U¦§ i i¥pA§ zFPlª Y§ z ¤̀ :i©lr̈ l¥̀ x¨U
§ ¦i z¤̀
m¤Y`© W¤ ,xR̈§qn¦ lk̈§l dp̈§n¦Pd© lM̈ .mk¤ x§R© q§ n¦ mi¦pi¦Nn© mi¦l§Bx§ ©Od© .mi¦piN¦ n© dÖd¥ xW£̀ ¤

:dpil oeyl oiae epia licadl gpd zxenz ybca .mi†¦piN¦ n© dnd fk :wecwcd wlg
:`gtha dyr` zaize dkx`na ok zaiz o`bizd aexa .mkl d†¤Ur«¡ ¤̀ o¬¥M gk
146 jl gly ci xacna enw

b"qx xiqtz
mYx ª O' © c©Y§ `n© M§ .`c©r` § v© t§ d©pq§
dl̈r®n̈ë
§ d†p̈Ẅ mix¬¦ U§ r¤ o²¤An¦
mYl' ª k© C§ mYp ª `© o ¦ (l :i©il© r§ `x¨Ac zŸpil£
§ n© A§ :i«l̈r̈ m†¤ «¦ d x¬¤W£̀
.ixn ¦ `© A§ Ynqw © `© i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© AË § l`©
alM `N© `¦ .dit¦ mMp ª M¦ q© `© o`©
lk̈l§ oFki¥pïpn¦ lk̈e§ .oFkixb
¥ R¦ oElR¦
§ i .oic¥d̈
:oEp oA`¦ ryEdie¦ .dpti oA`¦ ®.`l̈irlE
¥ oip¦ W§ oixU
¦ r¤ .xA© n¦ .oFk§pÄWEg
mYl ª wª i'c¦ N§ `© .mMª l`
iP¦ `© t§ .dni © p'
§ th © `© § (`l
¦ b§ Exiv¦ i§ mdª P§ `©
ÆmY¤ `Îm
© ¦ l :il̈r£ oEYn¦ r£xz ¨ `¦ C§
'dli' © v¦ t§ oEtxr©i `Y© g© .mdª l' § kC
¦ `© x³¤W£̀ ux¤`¨½ d̈Îl ¤̀ E`ŸáŸ
:dit¦ mYC ª d§¦ f i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© AË § l`©
.mYp ª `© mMª c` § qB
© `© `O© © (al o¬¥MW
© l§ icïÎz
½¦ ¤̀ Æiz` ¦ ܸ p̈
:xAË © l`© `'c©d© it¦ rw© Y§ t§
it¦ oid¦ i` § Y© oEniw¦ i§ .mMi ª p¦ AE
§ (bl a´¥lM̈Îm`¦ iM¦µ D®Ä m†¤kz§ ¤̀
m`¦ :oEpÎo
« A¦ r†ª© WFdi«e¦ dP¤½ t§
ª iÎoA¤
oid¥ l̈`
¡ .dA© oFkzï
§ d`¨ xW
¨ `© l§ .ix¦ni
§ n¥ A§ zini¥
¦ Iw© C§ .`r̈x`© l§ oElri
£ Y¥ oEY`©
m†¤Yx§ n£̀ © x¬¤W£̀ mk¤½ R§ h©¸ § `l :oEp xA© r© WFdi ª e¦ ®.d¤PEt§i xA© al¥ M̈

ux¤`¨½ d̈Îz ¤̀ ÆErc«§ ïe§ mz̈½ Ÿ` i´¦z`ia« ¥ d¥ e§ d®¤id«§ i¦ f´©al̈

§ h© e§ :D«Ä m†¤
lir¥ `© e§ .oFd§i `G̈a¦ l§ oEYxn© £̀ C© .oFklt Yq§ `© n§ x¬¤W£̀
m®¤Y`© m†¤kix¥b§ tE ¦ al :DA© oEYvw© C§ ®.`r̈x`© zï oErC¦§ ie§ .oFdzï§
:oic¥d̈ `x¨Ac § n© A§ oElR¦§ i ®.oFkli
§ C¦ oFkixb ¦ :d«G¤d
¥ tE © x¬Äc§ O¦ A© El† R¦ §i
dp̈½ Ẅ mir´¦ Äx§ `© ÆxÄc§ O¦ A© mir³¦Ÿx Ei̧d«§ i¦ mki¥ ¤ pa § bl
:x«Äc§ O¦ A© m†¤kix¥b§ R¦ mŸYÎc ¬ r© m®¤kizE ¥ p§« fÎz ¤̀ E`† U« § p̈e§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
m¤Y`© e§ x©nFl W¤Ta¦ E ux¨ ¤`l̈ mq̈i¦pk§ d© l§ mi¦pÄ©d zz¥ l̈§e `äS̈©l `al̈§e z`¥vl̈ oFb§M ,FA oi¦pn§ ¦p
:m¤Y`© x©nFl o`M̈ d¤f oFWl̈ l¥tFp ,EzEnŸ zFxR̈§qn¦ oz̈F` lk̈§l mi¦iEp§Od© lM̈ ,mi¦lẅ§W
zEgR̈ m¤dn¥ cg̈¤̀ z¥n `l .dp̈Ẅ mir¦ Äx§`© bl `i¦vFd§l ,'ebe dp̈Ẅ 'k o¤An¦ o¥d EN¥̀ §e ,EzEnï
Ei§d¦IW
¤ ic§
¥M ,mi¦rÄx© §` xf̈§b¦p KM̈§l ,mi¦XW ¦ o¤An¦ :mix¦U § ¤r o¤An¦ m¤dicEw§
¥ R oi¥̀ W
§ i¦e¥l§NW¤ Fh§aW ¦
.mi¦XW ¦ l©lk§ l¦ oi¦ri¦Bn© mix¦U ¤ mz̈F` l©r x¤AC¤
§ ¤r i¥pa§ ¦NW §zM§ .mY¤ `© mki
¦W i¦tl§ FnEBx© ¤ x§¥btE
¦ al
¥ d¥ e§ `l :wecwcd wlg
:(a"ixdn) lretd o"ira `ln `a .mz` i´¦z`ia«
fnw jl gly ci xacna 147

oir¦ Ax
§ `© `x¨Ac
§ n© A§ oix£
¦g`© n§ oFd§i .oFki¥paE b"qx xiqtz
oEtEqiC¦ cr© ®.oFkiaFg
¥ zï oElA§ wi© e¦ .oip¦ W§ oElng© § ie§ .d©pq§ oir¦ Ax § `© xAË © l`©
`©ptª 'il© `¦ .mMª p`©
§ i'bhª
xR©¸ q§ n¦ § cl :`x¨Ac§ n© A§ oFkixb¥ R¦ `vg © `¦ § (cl :dit¦ mMª c` § qB
© `©
Cl© A˧ l`© mYn ª xª i'c¦ N§ `© .m`i©i`Ë © l`©
Îz ¤̀ m´¤Yx§ YÎx© W£̀ ¤ minϹ¦ d© me©i lMª l§ .`ne© © i oir¦ Ax § `© `di © t¦

mFí mFi ¼ mir´¦ Äx§ `© u» x¤`¨ d̈ 'il© `¦ .mMª x`©

oEtxr
§ fe`© oElng
§ Y© t¦ .d©pq§ oir¦ Ax
§ Y© .d©pq§
§ `© m`n© Y§
ÆE`U§ Y¦ dpÀ̈ Ẍl© mFí dº̈pẌl© `©p § (dl :iY`©
¦ pr`¦ r've
© n©
.dŸrpv § `© e§ Jl`' ¦ c© Ylwª dNË © l`©
mir†¦ Äx§ `© ¤½ z¥ ŸṕŸerÎz
mki £ ¤̀ dr`© n© BË § l`© d'c©d© rin¦ B§ A§
it¦ .ii© l© r§ dr© n¦ YB § nË
ª l`© .di©iC¦ “l § `©
:iz«¦ `E
¨ p« YÎz
§ ¤̀ m†¤Yr§ ci« © e¦ d®p̈Ẅ :YenË © l`A¦ oEptiª xAË © l`© `'c©d©
`r̈x`© zï oEYliN¥ `© C§ .`ÏnFi © o©ipn¦ A§ mdª A§ 'zr© A§ i'c¦ N§ `© l`©B“l` ¦ © (el
.`ŸW © l§ `n̈Fi `ŸW © l§ `n̈Fi .oinFi
¦ oir¦ Ax § `©
:il̈r£ oEYn¦ r£ xz
¨ `¦ C§ zï oErC§ z¦ e§ ®.oip¦ W§ oir¦ Ax
§ `© .oFkiaFg
¥ zï oElA§ w© Y§
Îlk̈l§ dU ¡ ¤̀ z`Ÿf́ | `ŸlÎm
¤À r« ´ `¦ i¼Y¦ x§ A© C¦ dF̈d§
» i i´¦p£̀ dl
x¬Äc§ O¦ A© i®l̈r̈ mic†¦ r̈FP« d© z`ŸG½ d© Ædr̈x«¨d̈ d³c̈r« ¥ d̈
§ n¥ A§ zix©¦fB§ ï§i `p̈ £̀ :Eznï
`C̈ `l̈ m`¦ .ix¦ni «ª m¬Ẅe§ EO†©Y¦i d²¤Gd©
®.oic¥d̈ `x¨Ac
§ n© A§ .il̈r£ Epn© C̈f`¦ C§ .`c̈d̈ `ŸWA¦ `ŸWp¦ M§ lk̈l§ .cia¥ r¡ ¤̀
d†¤WŸn g¬©lẄÎxW£̀ ¤ miWp̈£̀ ¦½ ´d̈ § el :oEzEn§i oÖz© e§ oEtEq§i
Æeil̈r̈ Epi³¦N©Ie© (epelie 'k) EaWÏ©
ªÀ e ux®¨¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ xEźl̈
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
Ez¥n mi¦XW ¦ z©pW § l¦ Eq§pk§ ¦PW
¤ k§ E ,DN̈ª kM§ dp̈Ẅ i¦R l©r s©`e§ ,ll̈§MA© dz̈§id̈ dp̈FW`x¦ dp̈Ẅ§e
.mki¤ zEp§
¥ f z ¤̀ E`Up̈ § e§ :mix¦U§ ¤r i¥pa§ ¦NW¤ mz̈F` EUr̈¤XO¦ W ¤ i¦t§l ,mi¦l§Bx§ ©Od© g© EN¦W§l dn̈cT̈¤
§ W
z ¤̀ cl :oFki¥aFg zï oEl§Aw© i¦e FnEBx© §zM§ `l̈¥̀ däẄ£gO© A© Ff dẍ¥f§B dz̈§lr̈ l¤b¥rd̈ z¤̀
.ix£
©g`© n¥ m¤ka§ a© §l z¤̀ m¤zF`i¦pd£ W ¤ .iz¦ `Ep ¨ Y§ Ed¤f§e ,mz̈¨`q§ `¥Nn© z§ Y¦ W
¤ c©r m¤dl̈ oi¦Yn§ d¦ W
¤
`i¦pd¥ i¦M (e ,l xacna) Fn§M ,dxq̈£ ¨ d oFW§l d¨`Ep§Y ,mi¦l§Bx§ ©OA© ,ic§
¦wR̈ mFi§aE (cl ,al zeny) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤
EaẌ¤Wk§ E .eil̈r̈ EpiN© ¦ Ie© EaWÏ©
ª e el :D¨ ` d̈i¦a`¨ xn̈¡`¤p o`M̈ s©`§e ,mz̈`Ḧ©g m¤di¥lr £ i¦Yc©
§wẗE
dc̈¥rd̈ lk̈ z¤̀ eil̈r̈ Eni¦rx¦ §d ux¨ ¤`d̈ xEY¦n l¤b¥rN̈¤W zFpF£r i¥YW § ,m¤ki¥ e£r z¤̀ E`§UY¦
lM̈ .EzEnÏ©e mi¦Wp̈£̀ mz̈F` dÄC¦ z©`v̈Fd§A zv̈§wn¦ m¤di¥Ig© o©i§pn¦ A§ m¤dl̈ a©Xg¦ §e .dp̈El§Y©NW ¤ §e
148 jl gly ci xacna gnw

b"qx xiqtz
ErB§ x§t¦ .Cl© AË § l`© EnExi§l¦ 'iqEn ©
`i¬¦vFdl§ dc̈½ r´d̈Îl
¥ M̈Îz ¤̀
.dr` © n© BË
§ l`© Dil© r§ ExO'§ c©e§ .`ÏxaEb
© e§ :ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlr© d†Äc¦
:Cl© A˧ l`© 'il© r§ dr`© © py§ Ebx'k § `© e§
.l`©B“l ¦ `© Ji` ¦ le© `© z`n© § (fl
.Eaz̈e§ .`r̈x`© zï `l̈N̈`© l§ dWŸ ¤ n glW
© C¦
:dNË © l`© iC©i§ oiA© m`C©vl` § a¦ `ẅR̈`© l§ ®.`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ zï idFl
¦ r£ Enirx
¦ `© e§
oA`¦ alMe .oEp oA`¦ ryEdie (gl
'dln' © bª on¦ Ey`r© .dpeti
ÆEznÏ©
ª̧ fl :`r̈x`© lr© WiA¦ mFW
EnExi§l¦ e'v© n§ i'c¦ N§ `© .l`©B“l ¦ `© ux†¨
¤ `d̈ÎzA© c¦ i¬¥̀ vF
¦ n« miW¦½ p̈£̀ d̈
«
'iqEn
© mN© M© `O© l© § (hl :Cl© AË § l`©
ip¦ A§ 'dr` © n© b§ .m`l© MË § l`© `'c©d© A§ :d«F̈d§i i¬p¥ t§ l¦ d†ẗ¥BO© A© dr®¨x¨
:`C©B¦ mewË © l`© of¦ g§ t§ .li`¦ xq © `¦
lr© WiA¦ mFW EwiR¦ `© C§ .`ïxaEB
© EzinE
¦
ECr§ v© e§ .d`c'© bË § l`A¦ EBlC § `© § (n
r´ª
© WFdi«¦ gl :ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈z̈FnA§ ®.`r̈x`©
md¥½ d̈ mi´¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ « Îon¦ ÆEig̈ d®¤Pt§
ª iÎoA¤ a†¥lk̈e§ oEpÎo ½ A¦
ª e¦ :ux«
xA© al¥ k̈e§ .oEp xA© r© WFdi ¤`¨ d̈Îz ¤̀ xEz ¬ l̈ mi†¦kl§ Ÿd« d©
:`r̈x`© zï `l̈N̈`© l§ El©f £̀ C© ®.oEP`¦ d̈ `ÏxaEB
© on¦ En©Iwz
© `¦ .d¤PEt§i
ÎlM̈Îl ¤̀ dN¤ ¥̀½ d̈ mix´¦ äC§ dÎz
© ¤̀ ÆdW ¤ Ÿn x³¥Ac§©i © hl
zï dWŸ © :cŸ`
¤ n liN¥ nE « n§ mr†¨d̈ El¬ A§ `© z¦
§ Ie© l®¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i i†p¥ A§
:`C̈gl© `Ör© ElA© `z
© `¦ e§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pA§ lM̈ mr¦ .oiN¥ `¦ d̈ `Ïnb̈z
© R¦
xŸn`
® l¥ x†d̈d̈ÎW`ŸxÎl ¤̀ El¬ r«£©Ie© xw¤ ŸA½ a© En´¦MW©
§ I© n
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
Ed¤fe§ ,dẗ¥Bn© A§ `l§e dẗ¥BO© A© xn̈¡`¤p KM̈§l ,mxEA©
¨ h mi¦gi¦wl§ O© W¤ ,mixä
¦ C§ KEP¦g oFW§l dÄC¦ z©`v̈Fd
eiz̈FC¦n i¦R l©r m¤dl̈ dïE`xd̈ § Dz̈F`§A ,'d i¥pt§ l¦ a¥aFC (i ,f y"dy) Fn§M ,FA x¤Ac§ ©l mc̈¨`§l mp̈FW§l
dC̈¦n ccFn ¥ `EdW § ,`Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d §NW ¤ ,dr̈x§ ¨l Dp̈§W¤ie§ däFh§l Dp̈§W¤ie§ .mi¦pW
¥ §i i¥zt§ U
¦
d©n .'ebe Eig̈ al¥ k̈e§ r© WFdi ª e¦ gl :dC̈¦n c¤b¤pM§ ,dr̈x¨ ux¨ ¤`d̈ z©Ac¦ i¥̀ v¦ Fn o`M̈ xn̈¡`¤p KM̈§l
`l̈¥̀ ,m¥dd̈ mi¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ o¦n Eig̈ x©nFl cFn§lY¦ f"rla u"iclxt .dÄC¦ :däFh `i¦dW § dÄC¦ W¥IW ¤
Enẅ§e ux¨ ¤`Ä mi¦l§Bx§©O©NW ¤ mẅ§lg¤ El§hP̈¤W c¥O©ln§ Dz̈F`§A .'d i¥pt§ l¦ dẗ¥BO© A© fl :[rxd̈ © oFW§l]
`Ed§e .xd̈d̈ W`Ÿx l ¤̀ n :mi¦Ig© l§ m¤di¥Yg§ Y© m¥d .dC̈¦n c¤b¤pM§ dC̈¦n m¤dl̈ dp̈Eb£dd© dz̈i¦n
Epil¦ r̈e§ Ep¤Pd¦ :l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i ux¤̀§
¤ l dl̈Frd̈ Kx¤C© ¤d mxEA©¨ h c©r mp̈FW§l a©Ax© §YW§ ¦pe§ ,oFWN̈©A E`§hg̈
.'d xn© `¨ xW£̀ ¤ :l¥̀ x¨U ¤ l .mFwÖd© l ¤̀ KFz§l oi¦`äE mp̈FW§Nn¦ mi¦`v§ Fi mi¦rl̈Fz§e
§ ¦i ux¤̀§
hnw jl gly ci xacna 149

b"qx xiqtz
mFw² ÖdÎl
© ¤̀ Epi²¦lr̈e§ EPP¤À d¦ `d© .El`w© e§ lA© BË § l`© q`x© 'il© `¦
i¬¦M d†F̈d§i x¬©n`Îx
¨ W£̀¤ .r've © nË
© l`© 'il© `¦ .oiC¦ r` § v© og©p
Cw© t§ dNË © l`© `©pxn© `§ i'c¦ N§ `©
EwilqE
¦ .`xt© ¦ `© e§ :Ep`«ḧg̈
¨ vA§ EniCw mdª l§ l` © (`n :`©p`h'k© `©
Efe`©
§ BYY© `l© mew© `©i .'iqEn ©
.oiw¦ l§ q̈ `p̈g©p £̀ d̈ .xni
© n¥ l§ `xEh
¨ Wix¥l§
:gBp© Y© `l© `d© P§ `© t§ .dNË © l`© xn`©
:`p̈ag© ix¥ £̀ ï§i xn© £̀ C© ®.`xz¨ `© l§ dNË© l`© xEp o`© .ECrv § Y© ` © (an
d²¤G dÖ¬l̈ dW ¤½ Ÿn xn`¤ Ÿ´I © `n oiA© .EnC§ vp
§ Y© `l© e§ .mMr ª n© Ed qil©
o`© § (bn :mMª i`
§ Cr© `© iC©i§
d®F̈d§i i´¦RÎz ¤̀ mix†¦ a§ Ÿr« m¬¤Y`© m'z© oii¦p¦ r`©
§ pMË ¦ l`e© dw© l` § n© rË
§ l`©
.siQl`© A¦ oErw§ Yª t§ .mMi ª Ci¦ `© oiA©
« v§ z¦ `Ÿl¬ `e†¦de§
¤ n xn© £̀ e© :gl̈
.dWŸ 'dr` © h© or© mYr ª B¦ x§ mMª P§ `© l§
`x¨ni
§ n¥ zxi¥
© fB§ lr© oix¦a§ r̈ oEY`© .op̈c§ `n̈l§ :mMr ª n© dNË © l`© oEMi§ `l© t§ .dNl © `©
q`x© 'il© `¦ ECr§ v© e§ .ECYr © `© § (cn
El½ r£YÎl «© © an :glv © z© `l̈ `id¦ e§ ®.ïiC©

i†p¥ t§ l¦ Et½ b´P̈ § Y¦ Æ`Ÿle§ m®¤kA§ x§ w¦ A§ d†F̈d§i oi¬¥̀ i²¦M

®.oExaY© z¦ `l̈e§ .oFki¥piA¥ ïiC© `z̈p§ ik¦ W§ zil¥ .ix¥ £̀ .oEwQ§ z¦ `l̈ :m«ki ¥ iŸ`«
¤ a§
ÆmẄ i¬¦pr«£p© M«§ d© e§ iw¸¦ l« ¥ n̈r« £d̈ Ái ¦ bn :oFkia¥ äC§ il¥ r£A© mc̈w¢
ÆmY¤ a§ W © o³¥MÎlrÎi © M¦ ax®g̈ ¤ A¤ m†¤Yl§ t© pE § mki¥ ¤½ pt§ l¦
¤ Ör¦ d†F̈d§i d¬¤id«§ i¦ Î`Ÿle§ d½ëŸdi§ ix£
d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£ ix¥ £̀ :m«k ´¥g`«© n¥
xz© Än¦ oEYaY© oM¥ lr© ix¥ £̀ .`Äxg© A§ oElR§ z¦ e§ .oFkin¥ c̈w¢ oÖY© d`p̈
¨ r©£ pkE
zFl† r«
£l© ElR¾¦ r©
§ I © cn :oFkCr
§ q© A§ ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ id§
¥ i `l̈e§ ®.ïiC© `p̈g̈lER
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
oFW§l .ElR¦ r©§ Ie© cn :'ebe m¤Ya§ W
© xW
¤ £̀ l©r m¤kl̈ xW ¤ £̀ l©r .Ep`ḧg̈ iM¦ :d¤l£r©p mẄ Epl̈ DŸz¦ §l
y"ixbpi` .dl̈§Rr ª d¥Pd¦ (c ,a wewag) o¥k§e w¤fFg `ed¦ e§ `n :dn̈§ix§
¨vn¦ aEW Epl̈ aFh `l£d Epx© §n`¨
(g ,c dkin) o¥ke§ ,zEG©r oFW§l [©gEx i¥G©r] f"rla :gl̈§vz ¦ `l oi¦UFr m¤Y`© W ¤ Ff .gl̈v§ z¦ `Ÿl
Wx©c¦
§nE .o©ga© ë l¤r (ci ,al diryi) ,oFI¦v z©A l¤r aŸ z`f i¦M x©nFl§M .mY¤ a§ W© oM¥ lr© iM¦ bn
dfe oiybc 'b dxeqnae ,dpey`xd lebqae o"ipepd ipy ybca .epilre EPP¤À d¦ n :wecwcd wlg
:(a"ixdn) mdn cg`
150 jl gly eh xacna pw

b"qx xiqtz
dNË© l`© Cdr© wECpvª e§ .lA© BË § l`©
oFx£̀³ «e© x®d̈d̈ W`Ÿx́Îl ¤̀
hqe© on¦ `lEf
l©fp§ § (dn
© i§ ml© .‡iqEnE
:xMq
© rË
©
© l`©
EW†n̈Î`Ÿl dW ¤½ ŸnE ÆdF̈d§iÎzix¦ A§
.oii¦p¦ r`©
§ pMË
¦ l`e© oii¦wl`
¦ n© rË § l`© © `© e§ :d«p¤ g
wQ© n¦ l§ .ErWx £ O«
«© d© ax¤T¬¤n¦
.lA© B˧ l`© Jl`'¦ c© it¦ oini ¦ w¦ nË
ª l`©
`l̈ ®.dWŸ
¤ nE ïiC© `n̈ïw§ oFx £̀ e© .`xEh
¨ Wix¥l§
'il© `¦ mdEn
ª h© g§ e§ mdEA
ª x'§ v© t§
dNË © l`© mN© M© m‡ ª (` eh :dnxg c¤x³¥I © dn :`z̈ixW ¦ n© FBn¦ Fcr£
ip¦ A§ “ ª (a :`ni © lM
¦ Y© 'iqEn
`'c©`¦ .mdª l§ lwªe§ .li`¦ xq
©
© `¦ a†¥WŸId© ip¦½ r«£p© M«§ d© e§ Æiw¦ l«
¥ n̈r«
£d̈
.mM`©
:mMi
ª pMqª Cl© A§ 'il© `¦ mYl'
ª hr¦ nª `©p`§
ª k© C§
i'c¦ N§ `©
mEz† M© § Ie© mE¬M©Ie© `Ed® d© x´d̈Ä
dN© l¦ `©p`Ax
© wª mYA
ª “©w© § (b d`¨ ẅl§ n̈r£ zgpE
© :d«n̈x§ g̈«dÎc
© r©
oEpFgnE ®.`Edd© `xEh
¨ A§ aizï
¥ C§ .d`p̈
¨ r©£ pkE
d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d†F̈d§i x¬¥Ac§©i © ` eh t :dn̈xg̈ cr© oEpEcxhE ©

§ ¤̀ ÆxA¥ © a :xni© n¥ l§ dWŸ¤ n mr¦ ï§i liN¥ nE© :xŸn`

í¥pAÎl « N¥
Æux¤`Îl¤̧ ¤̀ E`ŸaÀ z̈ i´¦M m®¤dl£̀ ¥ †Ÿx§ n«© `¨ e§ l ¥̀½ x¨U¦ §i
¤ l̈ o¬¥zŸp i†¦p£̀ x¬¤W£̀ mki
i¥pA§ mr¦ liN¥ n© :m«k ¤½ z¥ ŸáWF
§ n«
:oFkl§ aidï
¥ `p̈ £̀ C© ®.oFki¥päzFn
§ rx© £̀ l© oElri
£ z¥ ix¥ £̀ .oFdl§ xni
© z¥ e§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i
Î`N« © f¤ ÎF` d´l̈Ÿr ÆdF̈di«l© d³¤X`¦ mzi
¥ t© l§ ga½ ¤̧ U¦ r«£ © b
Æ©gŸgip¦ gi³¥
© x zFUº r«£l© m®¤kic¥r£Ÿn« A§ F`† dä½ c̈p§ a¦ F`´ Æxc¤p¤̧
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
:ux¨
¤`l̈ Eq§pM̈¦IW ¤ m¤dl̈ x©VA¦ .E`Ÿaz̈ iM¦ a eh mi¦kW ¥ g£ Ek§ld̈ ,l¤tF` oFW§l FWxẗ§§ n `n̈Eg§pY©
E`aŸW ¤ M§ `l̈¥̀ iEE¦v d¤f oi¥̀ .dX ¤ `¦ mzi¤ U¦ r©
£e b (`k ,h mixac) Fn§M .mEzM© § Ie© dn :zEWx¦
§A `N¤W
:'d©l dX ¤ `¦ zFU£r©l m¤ka§ a© §l l©r d¤l£rz© §e mẄ cr© :dM̈©n x©g`© dM̈©n ,oFgḧ Fz` zM¤̀ë
`N¥ t© l§ :i©pẗ§l g© Ex z©g©p d¤id§ ¦IW
¤ .gŸ© gi¦p gi
© x¥ m¥W l©r `x§ ¨w¦p mFwÖ©d m¥W .dn̈x§g̈d©
dX¤ `¦ d̈ EU£rY© W ¤ F` .'ebe däc̈§pa¦ F` xc¤ ¤p :rxF`§
¨ Od©
`ed oke rxln `ide zg` `hyta ggip zaiz .Æ©gŸgip¦ gix zeyrl b :wecwcd wlg
:l"f ep`fpel n"x zhiy idefe miinlyexia
`pw jl gly eh xacna 151

b"qx xiqtz
Îon¦ F`¬ xw†¨ÄdÎo © n¦ d½ëŸdi«l© 'bieq ¦ Y© .`gA' © c© e`© dCi© r¦ v§
§ z© e§ :o`ŸS
ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈ÄxEw oEcAr « d© it¦ e`© .`r© “¦A© Y§ e`© `x'c© © p
oEMi§ o`© mYc ª x©`§ e© .mMª C`©
§ ir`©
`xc¨ p¦ `Ẅx¨ẗl§ .`ÏWcEw
© zqk © p¦ F` `z̈l̈r£ on¦ .dN© l¦ `i©i'vx ¦ n© `lEAw © n©
.ca© r¡n¤ l§ .oFkic¥rFn
£ A§ F` .`Ÿacp © A¦ F` :m©p'b˧ l`© on¦ e`© xw© A˧ l`©
F` ixFY¥ on¦ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ `ër£ x©A§ `l̈Äwz
© `¦ l§ Jl`'
¦ c© Ag`¦ v© A“¦wi
© ¦ (c

aix²¦ w§ d¦ § c % iyy :`p̈r̈ on¦ xAË ª l`© on¦ dŸrn§ .dN© l¦ o`Ax
rAª xªA§ YEYln© .`C©nª qª `x©yª rª
© wË ªl`©

d®F̈di«l© Fp† Äx§ ẅ aix¬¦ w§ O© d© B`©fnË

rn©
§ l`l¦ xn'k© § (d :odCª hqwª
dŸrpvY© .hqwª rAª xª
lEl¾ Ä oFx½ V̈r¦ zl¤ Ÿq́ Ædg̈p§ n¦ .gA'‹© cl`© rn© e`© dci© r¦ Sl § `©
yAMË © l`l¦ § (e :Cg`¦ eË ©l`© ln© gË
© l`l¦
.aix¥ẅie¦ :on«
¤ Ẅ oi†¦dd© zir¬¦ a¦ x§ A¦ .Cnª qª oix©y§ rª xAË ª l`© on¦ A“¦w© Y§
:odcª hqwª 'zl' ª zª a§ YEYln©
`z̈g̈pn¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢ Di¥pÄxEw aix¥ẅnC¦
.hqwª 'zl' ª zª B`©fn˧ l`l¦ xn'k© § (f
`p̈id¦ zErax©A§ ®.lit¦ C§ .`p̈FxUr¤ `ŸlEq :dN© l¦ lEAwn© i'vx ¦ n© dŸA“¦ w© Y§
ziri´¦ a¦ x§ ÆKq¤ P¤̧ l© o¦i³i© § d :`g̈Wn¦
:c«g̈ ¤̀ d̈
« Ua†¤¤ Ml© ga®G̈© l© F`´ d†l̈Ÿrd̈ « Îlr© d¬¤Ur£Y
«© oid¦½ d©
®.`ÏWcEw
© zqk
© p¦ l§ F` `z̈l̈r£ lr© cia¥ r£ Y© .`p̈id¦ zErax© `M̈qp¦ l§ `xn
¨ g© e§
í¥pW§ zl¤ Ÿq† dg̈½ p§ n¦ d´¤Ur£Y «© Æl¦i`©¸ l̈ F ³ e :cg© `x¨O§ `¦ l§
`xk ¨ c¦ l§ F` :oid ¤ Xa© d¬l̈ElA§ mi®¦pŸxU§ r¤
«¦ d© zi¬¦Wl¦ W§ on†¤
:`p̈id¦ zEzlY© gWn
© A¦ `l̈it¦ C§ ®.oip¦ FxUr¤ oix¥Y§ `ŸlEq .`z̈g̈pn¦ cia¥ r£ Y©
g© Ÿgi
† pÎ
¦ gi© x«¥ aix¬¦ w§ Y© oi®¦dd© zi´¦Wl¦ W§ Kq†¤ ¤ Pl© o¦i¬i© § f
`l̈Äwz ¨ g© e§ :d«F̈di«l
© `¦ l§ aix¥ẅY§ ®.`p̈id¦ zEzlY© `M̈qp¦ l§ `xn ©
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
:(` ,gn dkeq) dM̈qª z¤kQ¤ n© A§ Epi¦pẌ¤W Fn§M m¤kz§ ¤̀ i¦Ya§ i©Ig¦ W ¤ m¤kic£¥rFn z©aFg li¦aW § A¦
dl̈§rn© l§ xEn¨`d̈ lM̈ l©r .cg̈ ¤̀ d̈ Ua¤ M¤ l© d .aix¦w§ O© d© aix¦w§ d¦ e§ c :c¥rFO©A zFU£rl©
:o¦i©Id© l©re§ o¤nX
¤ d© l©re§ dg̈§pO¦ d© l©r aq̈En `Ed dg̈§pO¦ d© dn̈¥dA§ lk̈§l dg̈§pn¦ E mi¦kq̈§p Eaix§ ¦wY©
F` EWx§C̈ Epi¥zFAx§ ¦e .`Ed l¦i`© m¦`§e .l¦i`© l̈ F` e ,mi¦lẗ§Q©l o¦i©Id© e§ ,Dk̈Fz§A ll̈§a¦p o¤nX
¤ d© e§ ,li¦lM̈
152 jl gly eh xacna apw

b"qx xiqtz
xw© AË § l`© on¦ Yr©pv§ `'c©`¦ § (g
Îik¦ § g (iying)
(iying) :ï§i mc̈w¢ `ër£ x©A§
‡bieq ¦ Y© .`gA'
:dN© l¦ dn`
© c© e`© dCi© r¦ v§
© l© q§ e`© `x'c© © p
ÎF` d´l̈Ÿr xw†¨ÄÎoa¤ d¬¤Ur£z «©
.xA˪ l`© on¦ dŸrn§ A“¦wi © ¦ (h mi†¦nl̈WÎF`
§ x¤c¬¤pÎ`N« ¥ t© l§ ga©®f̈
YEYln© .Cnª qª xEyr§ 'd'z` © l' © z§
dŸA“¦ w© xn'k© § (i :odCª hqwª svpªa§ ¥ xA© cia¥ r£ z© ix¥ £̀ e© :d«F̈di«l
`z̈l̈r£ ixFY ©
lEAwn© .hqwª svpª B`©fnË § l`l¦ F` `xc
¨ p¦ `Ẅx¨ẗl§ ®.`ÏWcEw
© zqk
© p¦ F`
.r©pviª J`'c© § (`i :dN© l¦ i'vx ¦ n©
rnE© .yAM© lMª rnE © .'z» x© lMª rn© aix³¦ w§ d¦ § h :ï§i mc̈w¢ `ÏWcEw
© zqk
© p¦
on¦ e`© o`'vl © `© on¦ q`x© lMª
`n© `vg © `¦ Aqg© § (ai :fr` ¦ nË © l`© zl¤ Ÿq† dg̈½ p§ n¦ ÆxẅÄdÎo © AÎl
¤ r©
Erpv § Y© J`'c©M§ .`dp
:oii¦vg¦ nË ª l`© on¦ Cg`
© n¦ oEA“§w© Y§
¦ e© lMª rn©
lEl¬ Ä mi®¦pŸxU§ r¤ d´ẄŸlW§
xA© lr© aix¥ẅie¦ :oid«¦ d© i¬¦v£g on†¤
¤ XA©
:`p̈id¦ zEblR© gWn
© A¦ lit¦ C§ ®.oip¦ FxUr¤ `z̈l̈Y§ `ŸlEq .`z̈g̈pn¦ ixFY
¥
g© Ÿgi
† p¦ gi¬¥
© x d²¥X`¦ oi®¦dd© i´¦v£g Kq†¤ ¤ Pl© aix¬¦ w§ Y© o¦i²i© § i
lA© wz
© n¦ C§ oAxEw
© ¨ g© e§ :d«F̈di«l
®.`p̈id¦ zEblt© `M̈qp¦ l§ aix¥ẅY§ .`xn ©
F`† cg̈½ ¤̀ d̈ « ÆxFXl© dU ¤À r̈«i¥ dk̈´¨ `i :ï§i mc̈w¢ `ër£x©A§
oic¥M§ :mi«G¦ r«
¦ ä F`¬ mi†¦UäM§ a© d¬¤VlÎF © `« c®g̈ ¤̀ d̈ « l¦i´©`l̈
:`ï©Gr¦ a§ F` `Ïx©O§ `¦ A§ xO© `¦ l§ F` ®.cg© `xk
¨ c¦ l§ F` .cg© `xFz
¨ l§ .cia¥ rz¦
£ i
c†g̈ ¤̀ l̈« EU ¬ r£Y«© dk̈²M̈ EU ® r£Y«© x´¤W£̀ x†R̈q§ O¦ © ai
:oFdp§ ïpn¦ M§ cg© l§ oEcAr § z© C§ oïpn¦ M§ :mx«¨R̈q
§ Y© ®.oic¥M§ .oEcAr § n¦ M§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
d ¨ l§W o¤A .l¦i`© :mz̈p̈§W KFz§A m¦iEx§w dU ¤ §e .gi
© x¥ dX ¥ `¦ i :l¦i`© i¥Mq§ ¦p§l q©B§lR© d© z¤̀ zFAx§ ©l
xW£̀
¤ xR̈q§ O¦ M© ai :cg̈¤̀ mFi§e W ¤g xÜr̈ o¦i©Id© lä£̀ ,o¤nX ¤ d© e§ dg̈§pO¦ d© l©r `l̈¥̀ aq̈En Epi¥̀
Eaix§
¦wY© xW ¤ £̀ zFn¥dA§ d© x©Rq§ n¦ M§ .EUr£Y© .dV ¤ l© F` `i :W¥̀ d̈ l©r oŸ¦p Epi¥̀ W § ,dX
¤ `¦ Epi¥̀
:m¤dn¥ cg̈¤̀ lk̈§l mi¦kq̈§p EU£rY© dk̈M̈ ,oÄxẅ§
§ l U¤aM¤ mi¦Gr¦ Ä `EdW § oi¥A mi¦Uä§MA© `EdW § oi¥A
:o`bizd lka dkx`na `l xiaza dy` zaiz .'dl ggip gix d²¥X`¦ i :wecwcd wlg
bpw jl gly eh xacna 153

b"qx xiqtz
dk̈†M̈ÎdU ¤ r«£i© g¬¨
x§f ¤̀ d̈
« Îl ¨ bi `'c©`¦ .gix¦ v§ lMª r©pv©i `'c© § (bi
d¬¥X`¦ aix²¦ w§ d© l§ dN®¥̀ ¤ Îz ¤̀ `lEAw
© n© `©p`Ax© wª
li'k¦ C§ i`© § (ci :dN© l¦ `ii' © vx
a“©w©
¦ n©
`äiS© © g© Ÿgi
¦ i lM̈ :d«F̈di«l † pÎ
¦ gi
© x«¥ `n© it¦ oM© q§ e`© .mMr
ln© r§ t§ .mMª l`©
ª n© l'k© C§
¦ iB`© “n© 'il© r§ mMª pi § A©
oAxEw
© ®.`äx¨ẅl§ .oiN¥ `¦ zï oic¥M§ cia¥ r©
£i lEAwn© oEMi§ o`© C`x©`© e§ .`©p`Ax © wª
Îik¦ § ci :ï§i mc̈w¢ `ër£x©A§ lA© wz
© n¦ C§ oErpv § Y© `n© M§ t§ .dN© l¦ i'vx
ÎËl`© 'dii© `© `© (eh :r©pviª J`c©M§
¦ n©

ÎxW£̀
¤ F ³̀ x¹B¥ mk¤̧ Y§ `¦ ÁxEbï Aix'¦ b˧ l`l¦ e§ mMª l§ .Cg`¦ e© mqx© weB©
“n© 'il© r§ xdCl © `© mqx© .li'k¦ cl § `©
d²Ür̈e§ mki ¤½ z¥ Ÿx́Ÿcl§ Æmk¤ kF§ z« A§ Aix'¦ b˧ l`© o`© `n© M§ .mMª l`© § iB`©
(fh :dNË © l`© iC©i§ oiA© mMª l'z § n¦
d®F̈di«l© g© Ÿgi † pΦ gi
© x«¥ d¬¥X`¦ mMgªe§ .dC©g` ¦ e© dri © x¦y§ J`'c©M§
Aix'¦ b˧ l`l¦ e§ .mMª l§ oEMi§ Cg` ¦ e©
:d«U¤ r«£i© o¬¥M EU† r£Y «© x¬¤W£̀ M«© m' ª (fi :mMª pi § A© `n© it¦ li'k¦ cl § `©
oFki¥pia¥ C§ F` .`xFI¦ ¨ B oFkO§ r¦ x©IB© z¦i ix¥ £̀ e© :`ni © lM¦ Y© 'iqEn © dNË
© l`© mN© M©
`ër£ x©A§ lA© wz
© n¦ C§ oAxEw
© .cia¥ r©
£ ie§ .oFkix¥c̈l§ .mdª l§ lwªe§ .li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ “ ª (gi

oM¥ oEcAr§ z© C§ `n̈M§ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢

zT³©gª x®B̈d© x´¥Bl© e§ m†¤kl̈ z²©g`© dT¬¨gª ld̈¾ T̈ © eh :cia¥ r©£i
¤½ z¥ Ÿx́Ÿcl§ Æml̈Fr
:d«F̈d§i i¬p¥ t§ l¦ d†¤id«§ i¦ x¬¥BM© m²¤kM̈ mki
®.oFkzë
§ M§ .oFkix¥c̈l§ ml© r̈ mïw§ .oEx§IB© z¦iC§ `ÏxFI¦
© blE oFkl§ .cg© `n̈ïw§ .`l̈d̈w§
d´¤id«§ i¦ c†g̈ ¤̀ h¬R̈W§ nE ¦ z²©g`© d¬¨ xFY fh :ï§i mc̈w¢ id§¥ i `xFI¦
¨ B
®.oFkl§ id§ ¨ :m«k
¥ i cg© `p̈ic¦ e§ .`c̈£g `z̈ixF` ¤ Y§ `¦ x¬B̈d© x†¥Bl© e§ m®¤kl̈
x¬¥Ac§©ie© fi (iyy) % iriay t :oFkO§ r¦ oEx§iB© z¦iC§ `ÏxFI¦ © blE
:xni
© n¥ l§ dWŸ ¤ n mr¦ ï§i liN¥ nE © :xŸn` « N¥ d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d†F̈d§i
m®¤dl£̀¥ †Ÿx§ n« © `¨ e§ l ¥̀½ x¨U¦
§ i í¥pAÎl
§ ¤̀ ÆxA¥ © gi
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
,m¦ix§
©vn¦ ux¤̀
¤ M§ 'd o©bM§ (i ,bi ziy`xa) ,zix§
¦ar¦ :mi¦kq̈§p©NW
¤ mxR̈§
¨ qn¦ zFn¥dA§ ©NW ¤ .mx¨R̈q§ n¦ M§
LFnM̈ i¦pFnM̈ (c ,ak `"n) ,m¦ix§ ©vn¦ ux¤̀
¤ o¥M oFW§l Kx¤C¤ o¥k§e x¥B o¥M m¤kz§ Fn§M .x¥BM© mk¤ M̈ eh
154 jl gly eh xacna cpw

b"qx xiqtz
.Cl© AË
§ l`© 'il© `¦ mYl' ª k© C§ `'c©`¦
¤ Ÿa« A§
x¬¤W£̀ ux¤`¨½ d̈Îl ¤̀ Æmk£̀
:m'z© 'il© `¦ mMª l' § kC¦ nª `©p`§ i'c¦ N§ `© :dÖ«Ẅ m†¤kz§ ¤̀ `i¬¦an¥ i²¦p£̀
on¦ mYl ª M© `§ `n© `Y© n§ § (hi
dri© t¦ x§ Ertx § `¦ t§ .Cl© AË § l`© m`r© h§
.oFdl§ xni
© z¥ e§ .l ¥̀ xU¦¨ i i¥pA§ mr¦ liN¥ n©
dw© cx§ B© .mMª pi § B¦ r§ l‹©ee © (k :dN© l¦ oFkzï
§ lir¥ n© ®.`p̈ £̀ C© .`r̈x`© l§ oFklri
© n¥ A§
'dri© t¦ x§M§ .dri
:`d© pEr
§ tx
© t¦ x§ `dEr
§ Y© J`'c©M§ .x`'c©AË
© tx
§ Y©
¦ l`©
m†¤kl§ k̈£̀ A«© d¾ïd̈ § hi :oÖz© l§
.mMª pi
§ B¦ r§ l»ee© `© Jl`' ¦ c©M§ § (`k Enix¬¦ Ÿ ux®¨
¤ `d̈ mg´¤
¤ Nn¦
“n© 'il© r§ .dri © t¦ x§ dN© l¦ ElrB § Y©
.mYiª d© q§ i'c©`¦ § (ak :mMª l`© § iB`© oFklki ¥ e¦ :d«F̈di«l
© n¥ A§ .idi © d†n̈Exz§
`z̈EWxt
¨ `© oEWxt
§ Y© ®.`r̈x`© C§ `n̈gN© n¦
d®n̈Exz§ Enix´¦ Ÿ d†N̈g© mk¤½ z¥ Ÿq́x¦ r£ ÆziW` ¦ ¥ k :ï§i mc̈w¢
« Ÿ` Enix¬¦ Ÿ o†¥M ox¤ŸB½ z´©nExz§ M¦
§ v§ `¨ Wix¥ :Dz̈
`z̈N§ g© .oFkzë
:Dzï
© oEWxt
§ Y© oM¥ ®.`x¨C§ `¦ on¦ oiW¦ xt
§ n© C§ `n̈M§ .`z̈EWxt
¨ `© oEWxt
§ Y©
d®n̈ExY§ d†F̈di«l© E¬pY§ Y¦ mki ¤½ z¥ Ÿq́x¦ r£ ÆziW`¦ x«¥ ¥ `k
:oFkix¥c̈l§ ®.`z̈EWxt
¨ `© ï§i mc̈w¢ oEpY§ Y¦ .oFkzë ¤ z¥ Ÿx†Ÿcl§
§ v§ `¨ Wix¥n¥ :m«ki

zŸe†v§ O¦ dÎl
© M̈ z¬¥̀ EU½ r£z «© `Ÿl´ e§ EB½ W§ z¦ i´¦k § ak q
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
.oxŸ¤B znEx © z§ M¦ :[db̈Er] f"rla l"ihxeh .dN̈g© dP̈W§ ª n .ux¤`¨ d̈ l ¤̀ mk£̀ ¤ ŸaA§ gi :L¤O©rM§ i¦O©rM§
xU ¥ £rn© z©nExz§ M¦ `l§e xEr¦W DÄ xn̈¡`¤p `N¤W xn̈¡`¤p oN̈ª kA§ W
¤ ,dxFY©
¨ AW ¤ zF`i¦A lM̈¦n Ff d¨`i¦A
,xEr¦W Ep§zp̈ mi¦nk̈£g lä£̀ ,xEr¦W DÄ xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ FG¦n Ff zFc¥n§l oN̈ª M KM̈i¦tl§ ,E`az̈ i¦M ,`az̈ i¦M
,dr̈Äx© §`§e mix¦U § r¤ n¥ cg̈¤̀ z¦iA© d© l©ra© §l Dp̈i¥̀ W ¤ o¤dn¥ z©g`© A§ aEzM̈©d Kl̈ hx¥ ©RW
¤ oëi¥k§e
:dp̈FnW §E mi¦rÄx© §`n¥ cg̈¤̀ mFY§g©P©l§e lä£̀ ,o¥M oN̈ª
M s©` ,däi¦Wi¦e dẌx§ªi x©g`© l§ `l̈¥̀
i¦t§l ,xn̈¡`¤p dÖl̈ .mki ¤ zŸ
¥ qx¦r£ ziW`¦ x¥n¥ `k El§k`¨ e§ DÄ Eq§pk§ ¦PX ¤ n¦ ,m¤k£ a§A DÄ xn̈¡`¤p Ff
i¦p£̀ r© n¥ FW ,m¤ki¥zFqix£ ¦r zi¦W`x¥ xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ziW` ¦ x¥ k :dN̈©gA© Ea§Ig© z§ ¦p Dn̈§g©Nn¦
,zi¦W`x¥ ¥n x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,zFqi¦rÄW ¤ dp̈FW`x¦ m¤Y`© W ¤ m¤kz§ q© i¦r ic§¥M EWElŸW ¤ M§ .mk¤ zŸ
¥ qx¦r£
i¦t§l .dn̈ExY§ 'dl© EpY§ Y¦ :DN̈ª M `l§e Dz̈v̈§wn¦ (fh ,fh zeny) ,`i¦d dÖ©ke§ .xÄc¦ §OA© WEll̈ oi¦li¦bx§
,Ep§YY¦ xn̈¡`¤p ,dN̈©gl© xEr¦W Ep§rn© Ẅ `N¤W Enix¦Ÿ ,z¤lB§lBª©l x¤ r x¤ rä ECnÏ©e
`Ÿle§ EBW§ z¦ ik¦ e§ ak :dp̈i¦z§p ic§ ¥M DÄ `¤d§IW ¤ ,dP̈¤On¦ El§k`YW ¤ mcFw ¥ x©nFl§M ,Dz̈i¦W`x¥ ¥n
zF§vO¦ d© lM̈ l©lk§ A¦ dz̈§id̈ dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r .EUr£z© :'d m¥W§l dn̈ExY§ z©g`© dN̈©g g©wN̈¦Y zi¦W`x¥
dpw jl gly eh xacna 155

b"qx xiqtz
d†F̈d§i x¬¤ACÎx
¦ W£̀ ¤ dN®¥̀
¤ d̈ d'c©d© rin¦ B§ Elnr§ Y© ml© e§
`l̈e§ .oFlYW ¤ ŸnÎl ¤̀
§ z¦ ix¥ £̀ e© :d«W dNË© l`© xn© `§ i'c¦ N§ `© .`©i`v© eË §l`©
`n© rin¦ B§ l'z ¦ (bk :'iqEn © `d© A§
liN¥ n© C§ ®.oiN¥ `¦ d̈ `ÏcFT
© R¦ lM̈ zï .oEcAr
§ z©
C©i 'il© r§ dŸA dNË © l`© mMx ª n© `§
xW£̀
¤̧ ÎlM̈ Áz ¥ bk :dWŸ¤ n mr¦ ï§i `C©YA § `© me©i on¦ .'iqEn
©
“n© 'il© r§ mN© d© e§ .xn`Ë © l`A¦
Îc©iA§ m†¤kil£̀ ¥ d²F̈d§i d¯Ëv¦ edQl © `© o`M© o`¦ § (ck :mMª l`© § iB`©

d¯Ëv¦ xW£̀ © n¦ d®¤WŸn

¤̧ mFºIdÎo Erpv©§ ilt© .dr` © n© BË
dCi© r¦ v§ .xw© AË
§ l`© oEir¦ or©
§ l`© on¦ `'z»© x©
:m«ki¤ z¥ Ÿx«Ÿcl§ d`¨ l†d̈ë
§ d²F̈d§i dŸrnE § .dN© l¦ `ii' © vx
¦ n© `lEAw
CEYr§ e§ .AB¦ i§ `n© M§ B`©fnE
© n©
§ xAª
on¦ .dWŸ
¤ nC§ `c̈iA¦ oFkl§ .ï§i ciT¥ t© C§ lM̈ zï :deM'‹©
© cl`l¦ fr`
¦ nË © l`© on¦
:oFkix¥c̈l§ d`l
¨ dlE© ®.ï§i ciT¥ t© C§ .`n̈Fi
db̈b̈
¼ W§ l¦ d´z̈U§ r«¤ p¤ d» c̈r« ¥ d̈ í¥pir«¥ n¥ m´¦` dÀ̈id̈ § ck
© xl§ dl¹̈ Ÿrl§ cg̈¸ ¤̀ ÁxẅÄÎoA¤ x´©R d ¿c̈r«
gi³¥ ¥ d̈Îlk̈ EÚr̈e§
Îxir¦ UE § h®R̈W§ O¦ M© FM† q§ p¦ e§ Fz ¦ d½ëŸdi«l© Æ©gŸgip¦
¬ g̈p§ nE
.ElẄl§ zci
© a¥ rz ¥ e¦ :z«Ḧg
£ `¦ `ŸWp¦ M§ i¥pir¥ n¥ m`¦ .idi © l§ c†g̈ ¤̀ mi¬¦Gr¦
`ër£ x©A§ `l̈Äwz
© `¦ l§ .`z̈l̈r£ l© cg© ixFY
¥ xA© xFY .`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ oEcAr©
§ ie§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
mi¦ l¡` x¤AC¦ z©g`© (ai ,aq mildz) ,mEp§rn© W § aEzM̈©d ix£ ¥de© ,xR̈ o¤di¥l£r oi¦`i¦an§ xEA¦Sd© W ¤
.'ebe dËv¦ xW£̀
¤ lM̈ z ¥̀ bk :i¦Y§rn© Ẅ Ef m¦iY© W § xi¦
r ܧ e dl̈Fr§ l x©t A
§ oFC¦
l ol̈l̈§
M n
¦ o`M̈ D¨` i¦
v Fn
lk̈§A x¥tFk§M dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£rA© dcFO© ¤ d lM̈W ¤ ci¦Bn© aEzM̈©d dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£rA© .'ebe EBW§ z¦ ik¦ e§ :z`Ḧ©g§l
,mi¦`i¦a§Pd© E`§A©pz§ ¦PW¤ d©n lk̈§aE DN̈ª M dxFY©
¨ d ,zF§vO¦ d© lM̈¦n z©g`© A§ `l̈¥̀ Epi¥̀ F` ,x¥Ac§ ©n
:d¨`§ld̈ë 'd d˦v xW ¤ £̀ mFI©d o¦n§l xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ dë§vn¦ ,d¤N ¥̀ d̈ zF§vO¦ d© lM̈ z¥̀ x©nFl cFn§lY¦
m¦` .db̈b̈W§ l¦ dz̈U§ r¤ ¤ p dc̈r¥ d̈ i¥pir¥ n¥ m`¦ ck lM̈ l©r x¥aFrd̈ d©n ,zF§vO¦ d© lk̈§M `i¦dW § z©g`©
,b¥bFW ic§¥i l©r Ff dx¥ ¨a£r dz̈U § ¤r¤p dc̈¥rd̈ i¥pi¥rn¥ ,mi¦
p R̈ d¤
N ©
b n
§ E zix§
¦A x¥
t n
¥ E lFr w xFR
¥ zF§vO¦ d©
zFcFa£rd̈ o¦n z©g`© l©r ExFd§e Eb§bẌ¤W oFb§M d¤N©bn§ E zix§ ¦A x¥tn¥ E lFr DÄ wxFR ¥ Ff dë§vn¦ s©`
:KM̈§A dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r cFa£rl© zx¤Y¤ nª `i¦dW § 'd xA¤ C¦ xW£̀ ¤ :dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r Ff ,Ffi¥̀ e§ mi¦pR̈
lM̈W ¤ ,zF`Ḧ©g x¨`W ¤ '` x¥qg̈ .zḦg© l§ dxEa§
§ M¦ Epi¥̀ W ¨ Bd© i¦Rn¦ L§l d¤id§ ¦i `l§e i¦ p¨` .dWŸ ¤ n l ¤̀
`ed oke rxln `ide zg` `hyta ggip zaiz .'dl Æ©gŸgip¦ gixl ck :wecwcd wlg
:l"ire miinlyexia
156 jl gly eh xacna epw

b"qx xiqtz xitvE

¦ ®.i¥fgc© M§ DiMq
¥ p¦ e§ Diz¥ g̈pnE
¦ .ï§i mc̈w¢
Jl`'
mdY
¦ c© 'c`¦ .mdª l§ xt'b ¦ Yq©
ª Ci© r¦ v§ A§ FY`© t§ mdª e§ .edq©
© i § (dk
x´¤Rk¦ § dk :`z̈Ḧg© l§ cg© oiG¦ r¦ xA©
'il© r§ mdª Y§ eM'
'dr`
© c©e§ .dN© l¦ `©p`Ax
© n© B§ l§ xt'b © iª § (ek :mdY ª ed
© wª
© q©
i¬p¥ A§ z²© £ M̈Îlr© od¥À ŸMd©
crÎl
Aix'¦ b˧ l`l¦ e§ .li`¦ xq© `¦ ip¦ A§ ÎiM¦ m®¤dl̈ g´©lq§ p¦ e§ l†¥̀ x¨U¦ §i
'c`¦ .mdª pi § A© `n© it¦ li'k¦ cl § `©
o`¦ § (fk :edq© 'il© r§ mewË © l`© rin¦ B§ Îz ¤̀ E`ia¸¦ d¥ Ámd¥ e§ `ed¦½ d´b̈b̈W§
Jl`'
¦ c©M§ Cg` ¦ e© o`qp
'd©pA`¦ d`y© a“¦w© il
© `¦ `h'k
§ t© .`ed
© `©
© q© dÀëŸdi«l© d´¤X`¦ mp¹̈ Äx§ ẅ
:deM'‹©
© cl`l¦
or© .m`n© `Ë ¦ l`© xt'b ¦ Yq©
`dY©
© pq§
© i § (gk
Îlr© d†F̈d§i i¬p¥ t§ l¦ m²z̈`Ḧg© e§
lM̈ lr© .`p̈£dM̈ xR© ki© e¦ :mz̈
« b̈b§ W¦
E`izi
¦ ¥̀ oEP`¦ e§ .`id¦ `z̈ElẄ ix¥ £̀ .oFdl§ wia¥ YW¦
§ ie§ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥paC¦ .`ŸWp¦ M§
:oFdzEl
§ Ẅ lr© ï§i mc̈w¢ ®.oFdzaFg © e§ .ï§i mc̈w¢ `p̈ÄxEw oFdp§ ÄxEw zï
x´B̈d© x†¥Bl© e§ l ¥̀½ x¨U¦ § i í¥pA§ Æzc©rÎl £ k̈l§ gl©À q§ p¦ § ek
§ ie§ :d«b̈b̈W
`ŸWp¦ M§ lk̈l§ .wia¥ YW¦ § A¦ mr†¨d̈Îlk̈l§ i¬¦M m®k̈FzA§
q :`z̈ElẄA§ `Ör© lk̈l§ ix¥ £̀ ®.oFdi¥piA¥ oEx§IB© z¦iC§ `ÏxFI¦
© blE .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥paC¦
d®b̈b̈W§ a¦ `´ḧ¡gY «¤ z†©g`© W¤t¬¤pÎm`¦ § fk (iriay)
aEg§i cg© Wp̈¡` m`¦ e§ :z`«Ḧg © l§ D†z̈p̈WÎz § A© fr¬¥ däix²¦ w§ d¦ e§
od¥À ŸMd© x´¤Rk¦ § gk :`z̈`Ḧg© l§ DY© W© zA© `G̈r¦ ®.aix¥ẅie¦ .ElẄA§
d®F̈d§i í¥pt§ l¦ d†b̈b̈W§ a¦ d¬¨`h§ g¤ A§ z¤b²¤bŸXd© W¤t¯¤PdÎl © r©
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
xn̈¡`¤PW
¤ dl̈Frd̈ x©R `Ed dẄxR̈© ¨ A xEn¨`d̈ z`Ḧ©gd© dl̈Fr m¦r zF`Ä©d dxFY© ¨ AW ¤ zF`Ḧ©g
`ḧ¡gY¤ fk :xi¦rV̈©d d¤f .mz̈`Ḧg© e§ :'d©l d¤X`¦ z¤̀§e (i ,d `xwie) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,dl̈Frl̈ z¤ncFw ¤
x¨`W§ .Dz̈p̈W§ zA© fr¥ :dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£rA© .db̈b̈W§ A¦ :z`Ḧ©gl© z¤ncFw
¤ dl̈Fr Ff§e ,dl̈Fr d¤Ur£ ©i i¦pX
¥ d©
Ff§aE dxi¦
¨ rU
§ F` dÄU § M¦ `i¦an¥ ci¦gï zFx¥a£r d¤f .'dl© dX ¤ `¦ mp̈Äx§ẅ z ¤̀ E`ia¦ d¥ dk

:(a"ixdn) da dper oke witna die`x dzide dgp iepikd `"d .d¬¨`h§ g¤ A§ gk :wecwcd wlg
fpw jl gly eh xacna 157

b"qx xiqtz
© e¦ :Fl« g¬©
xR© ki lq§ p¦ e§ ei†l̈r̈ x¬¥Rk© l§ 'il© r§ .id`¦ QË © l`© o`qp © `˦ l`© Jl`'
¦ c©
Dia£¥ gin¥ A§ .il¦ YW
§ `¦ C§ Wp̈¡` lr© .`p̈£dM̈ iC©i§ oiA© `ed © q© `h'k © `© `n©
wia¥ YW¦
§ ie§ idFl
¦ r£ `x¨R̈k© l§ ®.ï§i mc̈w¢ ElẄA§ :dPr© gtv © iªe§ dŸl xt'b © iªe§ .dNl © `©

l ¥̀½ x¨U¦§ i í¥pa§ A¦ Ægx§¨f ¤̀ «¨ hk :Dil¥ .li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ on¦ gix¦ Sl

`n© it¦ li'k¦ cl
§ © (hk
§ `© Aix'¦ bË § l`e©
dxFY
³¨ m®k̈FzA§ x´B̈d© x†¥Bl© e§ oEMY§ dC©g` ¦ e© dri © x¦y§ .mdª pi § A©
i`© § (l :`ed © q© ih'k© ¦ i on© l§ .mMª l§
d†¤UŸrl̈« mk¤½ l̈ d´¤id«§ i¦ Æzg© `© .dri © t¦ x§ C©iA§ Jl`' ¦ c© r©pv§ o`qp © `¦
Edt§ .li'k¦ Cl` § e© gix¦ Sl § `© on¦
.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥paA¦ `äiS© ¦ i :d«b̈b̈W § A¦ Jl`'¦ c© rh¦ wp© § i .dŸAx© s'c` ¦ w©
`c̈£g `z̈ixF`
¨ .oFdi¥piA¥ oEx§IB© z¦iC§ `ÏxFI¦
© blE :dŸnew© oiA© on¦ o`qp© `˦ l`©
.dNl © `© m`l© M§ A§ `xf © `© `O© © (`l
Wt¤ P¤¹ d© § l :ElẄA§ cia¥ r©£icl¦ ®.oFkl§ id¥ Y§ Jl`'¦ c© rh¦ wp© § it§ .dŸCdr© 'jq© tE §

dnÀ̈ x¨ c´ïA§ | d´¤Ur£YÎx «© W£̀ ¤ dŸxfeE¦ .`r` © h© wp § `¦ o`qp

ip¦ A§ m`w© `§ `O© l© § (al :dil© r§
© `˦ l`©

Îz ¤̀ xB¥½ dÎo © nE ¦ Ægx§¨f ¤̀ d̈ « Îon¦

ax¤T¬¤n¦ `e†¦dd© W¤t¬¤Pd© d²z̈x§ k§ p¦ e§ s®¥ C©bn§ `Ed́ d†F̈d§i
`Ed ï§i mc̈w¢ .`ÏxFI¦
© B onE¦ `Ïai © S© £ iC§ .Wp̈¡`e¤ :D«Ör
¦ i on¦ .il¥ B§ Wix¥A§ cia¥ r© ©
ÆdF̈d§iÎxa© c§ i³¦ `l :DiO¥ r© FBn¦ `Edd© `Ẅp̈¡` ®.i¥viYW¦ ¥ ie§ .fi¥Bxn©
W¤t¬¤Pd© z²¥ xM̈Y¦ | z¯¥ xM̈d¦ x®©td¥ Fzë † v§ nÎz ¦ ¤̀ e§ d½f̈Ä
.ip¦ W`© idFcFT
¦ R¦ zïe§ .xQ© A© ïiC© `n̈b̈zR¦ lr© ix¥ £̀ :D«ä d¬p̈Ÿer £ `e†¦dd©
Îi¥pa§ E¬id«§ I¦ © al t :DiA¥ DiaFg ¥ `Edd© `Ẅp̈¡` ®.i¥viYW¦ ¥ i d`v̈i¨ YW
¥ `¦
mi†¦vr¥ W¬¥WŸwn§ Wi²¦` E À̀ v§ n¦§ Ie© x®Äc§ O¦ A© l†¥̀ x¨U¦ §i
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
© f`© .'d xa© c§ `l :zxk̈§
zxd̈§ ¥ A `EdW § m¥Xd© .sC© ¥bn§ :ci¦fn¥ A§ .dn̈x¨ cïA§ l :dxi¦
¨ rU§ Dl̈ r©aẅ
:d ¤ n i¦Rn¦ x¨`X § d© e§ ,dxEa§
¨ Bd© i¦Rn¦ dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r dR̈x¤ §g dz̈§id̈§e (eh ,d l`wfgi) Fn§M ,sxg̈§ ¥n
dÜr̈ `N¤W DÄ Dp̈F£rW ¤ on̈§fA¦ .Dä dp̈Fr£ K¤ln¤ ix£ ¥r©p EtC¦ §B xW
¤ £̀ (e ,fl diryi) ,dẗEc§bE
xÄc§ O¦ A© l ¥̀ x¨U¦§ i i¥pa§ Eid¦§ Ie© al :däEWY§ z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ O©l o`M̈¦n Epi¥zFAx¦ EWx§C̈ cFr .xEX©`
158 jl gly eh xacna gpw

b"qx xiqtz
¨ i i¥pa§ Fe£de© :z«ÄX
l ¥̀ xU¦ © d© mF¬iA§
.`l© Bªx§ ECB§ e©t§ .xAË © l`© it¦ li`¦ xq© `¦
:zAQl © `© me©i it¦ `Ah © g© ah¦ Yg© § i oir¦ `¨ aiab̈
¥ n§ cM© ®.xa© B§ .EgMW
© `© e§ .`x¨Ac
§ n© A§
dECB§ e§
'iqEn
©
i'c¦ N§ `© dEnC©w© § (bl
'il© `¦ .`A© h§ g© ah¦ Yg© § i
Fz½ Ÿ` Eaix´¦ w© § I © bl :`z̈A§ W© C§ `n̈FiA§
:dr` © n© BË
§ l`© xi` ¦ q© e§ .oExd© e§ mi®¦vr¥ W´¥WŸwn§ Fz† Ÿ` mi¬¦`v§ ŸO« d©
dŸP`© l§ .qAgË © l` it¦ dEr'v§ eE© (cl
:dŸA r©pviª `n© mdª l§ xq‹¦ t© iª ml© l†¤̀ e§ oŸx£
½ d`Îl
«© ¤̀ e§ ÆdW ¤ ŸnÎl ¤̀
lYwª
© i .‡iqEn © l§ dNË © l`© l`w© § (dl
o`© Jl`' ¦ c©e§ .`lY © w© lBª“l § `© EgMW ¥ Eaix¦ẅe§ :dc̈
© `© C§ .Dizï « r«¥ d̈ÎlM̈
rin¦ B§ dx`© © BgË ¦ l`A¦ dEnBx© § i zëlE dWŸ
¤ n zël§ .oir¦ `¨ aiab̈
¥ n§ cM© Dizï
¥
:xMq © rË
© l`© Bx`' ¦ k© .dr` © n© BË
§ l`©
.xMq © rË
© l`© Bx`' ¦ k© dEBx'k Egi¬¦P©I © cl :`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ zëlE ®.oŸxd£ `©
§ `© § (el
.Y`n© 'iY© g© dx`© © BgË
Wx½©Ÿt `Ÿl´ iM¦µ x®n̈W§ O¦ A© Fz† Ÿ`
¦ l`A¦ dEnB§ x©e§

Wx©R̈z`¦ `l̈ ix¥ £̀ .`x¨H§ n© zia¥ A§ Dizï¥ Er©pv`© e§ :Fl« d†¤Ur̈«¥IÎdn©

dW ¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆdF̈d§i xn` ¤ Ÿ³I © dl q :Dil¥ oEcAr© § iC§ `n̈ ®.oFdl§

Æmip¦ ä£̀ ä« Fz³ Ÿ` mFb̧x¨ Wi®¦`d̈ z†©nEi zFn¬

`l̈ḧwz ¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :d«p¤ g
§ `¦ .dWŸ £ O«
«© l© uEg† n¦ dc̈½ r´d̈Îl
¥ M̈
:`z̈ixW
¦ n© l§ `x¨A© n¦ ®.`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ `Ï©pa`© A§ Dizï
¥ EnEbx§ .`xaEB
¨ lih¦ wz¦
§ i
dp¤½ g
£ O«
«© l© ÆuEgnÎl ¦ ¤̀ d Àc̈r« ¥ d̈ÎlM̈ Fz¹ Ÿ` E`iv¦¸ ŸI © el
d†F̈d§i d¬Ëv¦ x²¤W£̀ M«© zŸnÏ© ® e mi†¦pä£̀ Ä« Fz² Ÿ` En¬ B§ x¦§ Ie©
.`z̈ixW¦ n© l§ `x¨A© n¦ l§ .`ŸWp¦ M§ lM̈ Dizï ¤ ŸnÎz ¤̀
¥ EwiR¦ `© e§ :d«W
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
§ Eid̈ `l .Fl dU
,zEnï dz̈i¦n Ffi¥̀ A§ mi¦rcFi ¤ r̈¥I ,aEzM̈©d x¤AC¦ l¥̀ x¨U ¤ oz̈Ep§bA¦ .E`v§ n¦§ Ie©
§ ¦i§NW
:dz̈i¦nA§ zÄ©W l¥Ng© O§ d© W¤ Eid̈ mi¦rcFi§ lä£̀ `Ä dϦpX § a© E ,dp̈FW`x¦ zÄ©W `l̈¥̀ Ex§nẄ N¤W
KFld̈ o¥k§e f"rla h"pyiit dUr̈ Fn§M .mFbx¨ dl .WWFw ¥ n§ FzŸ` mi`¦ vŸ§ Od© bl :Dl̈§Ng¦ e§ d¤f
o`M̈¦n .FzŸ` E`ivŸ¦ Ie© el :xFnẄ§e xFkf̈ o¥k§e h"pl` s©` WW ¥ Fw§Nn¦ g© i¦Pd¦ `l§e FA Ex§zd¦ W ¤
:oiC¦ zi¥An¦ wFgx§ ¨e uEg dl̈i¥wQ§ d© zi¥AW ¤ dn© WxŸ©t `Ÿl iM¦ cl :FA Exz§ d¦ §e EdE`v̈§OX ¤ n¦
hpw jl gly eh xacna 159

ciT¥ t© C§ `n̈M§ ®.zinE

¦ `Ï©pa`© A§ .Dizï
¥ En©bxE b"qx xiqtz

xn` ¤ ¬ŸI © fl xihtn t :dWŸ¤ n zï ï§i :'iqEn

©
:`l© i`
dNË
¦ w© 'iqEn
© l`©
© l§ dNl
xn© `§ `n© M§
© `© l`w© § (fl
xn© £̀ e© :xŸn`
« N¥ d¬¤WŸnÎl ¤̀ d†F̈d§i .mdª l§ lwªe§ li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ “ ª (gl
'il© r§ .da` © e'© c§ mdª l§ Erpv© § i o`©
i³¥pAÎl
§ ¤̀ xAº¥ © gl :xni© n¥ l§ dWŸ¤ nl§ ï§i x» n© 'il© r§ mdª x`© § f`§ s`©PM`©
'dA` © e©c§ 'il© r§ oElrB© © ie§ .mdª l`©
§ iB`©
md¤½ l£̀ ¥ ´Ÿx§ n«
© `¨ e§ Æl ¥̀ x¨U¦ §i :oEBp` § nq © `© Jlq¦ s©pMË© l`©
dA` © e'© c§ mMª l§ JlY¦ oEMY§ § (hl
i¬¥tp§ MÎl
© r© z²¦viv¦ m¬¤dl̈ EU̧r̈e§ .ExM'c ª z© t§ `de © x©Y§ .dx©d`' § v©
Ep² z«§ p̈e§ m®z̈ŸxŸc« l§ m†¤dic¥b§ a¦ .`dEl © nr
r`A© Y© `©
§ Y© e§ dNË © l`© `©i`v© e§ rin¦ B§
EnExY§ `l© e§
li¬¦zR§ s†¨pM̈d© z¬¦vivÎl
¦ r© i'c¦ N§ `© .mMª pEi
§ r§ e§ mMª AEl
§ w§

¨ i i¥pA§ mr¦ .liN¥ n© :zl«

l ¥̀ xU¦ ¤ k¥ Y§
.oFdix¥c̈l§ oFdzEq
§ M§ itp
¥ M© lr© .oic¦ RqEx
§ M§ oFdl§ oEcAr©
§ ie§ .oFdl§ xni
© z¥ e§
m» k¤ l̈ d´ïd̈ § hl :`z̈li§ kz
¦ C¦ `ḧEg `ẗpM© cRqEx
© M§ lr© ®.oEpY¦§ ie§
zŸév§ n¦ ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ ÆmY¤ x§ k§ © fE FzÀ Ÿ` m´¤zi`¦ xE§ z¼ vi
¦ v¦ l§
Æmk¤ a§ a© l§ i³¥
x£g`«© ExEz¹ z̈ `Ÿl¸ e§ m®z̈Ÿ` m†¤ziU¦ r«£e© d½ëŸdi§
:m«di ¤ x£
¥g` «© mi†¦pŸf m¬¤Y`Îx © W£̀ ¤ mki¥
¤½ pir«¥ ix£´¥g` «© e§
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
xi¦gW§ O© d© ©ri¦wx¨ r©av¤ §l d¤nFC z¤lk¥ Y§ d© r©av¤ mi¦li¦zR§ d© m¥W l©r .zvi ¦ v¦ md¤ l̈ EUr̈e§ gl
dp̈FnW § c¤b¤pM§ ,DÄW¤ mi¦hEg dp̈FnW ¤r z¥r§l zi¦vi¦vA§ i¦pg¥ T̈¦Ie© (b ,g l`wfgi) Fn§M ,DÄ mi¦iEl§Yd©
§ E .ax¤
c©r m¦ix§ ©vO¦ n¦ E`§vϤXn¦ l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i EdẌ¤W mi¦nï m¤zi¦`xE§ m¥W l©r zi¦vi¦v x¥g`© xäC̈ .i¦W`x
wFxï r©av¤ .zl¤ k¥ Y§ :mÏ©d l©r dxi¦ ¨ W Ex§n`¨ W ¤ :mi¦Mx£©gd© o¦n ui¦vn¥ (h ,a y"dy) Fn§M ,Fz`
.'d zFv§ n¦ lM̈ z ¤̀ mY¤ x§k§ © fE hl :oFfl̈£g©NW ¤ `V̈¤̀ë (c ,hi zeny) c¤b¤pM§ .mdi ¤ c§¥ba¦ it§¥ pM© lr©
,zF`¥n WW ¥ zi¦vi¦v§NW ¤ `ïx© §hn§ i¥B o©i§pO¦ W
¤ l§
e zFt§ p M
© r©A x©
§` l©
r .mi x¦Ẅ§
p i¥
t §pM© l©
r m¤kz§ ¤̀
:b"ixz ix£ ¥d mix¦Ẅ§w dẌ¦ng£ e© mi¦hEg dp̈FnW § E r©Ax©§` c¤b¤pM§ ,W¥ng̈ z©l£rA© `l§e WlẄ z©l£rA©
(dk ,bi lirl) Fn§M .mk¤ a§ a© l§ ix£¥g`© ExEzz̈ `Ÿle§ (e zeny) m¦ix§
©vn¦ A§ xn̈¡`¤PW¤ dN̈ª̀§b ¦NW ¤ zFpFW§l
sEB©l mi¦l§Bx§ ©n m¥d m¦i©pi¥rd̈§e a¥Nd© .ux¨ ¤`d̈ xEY¦n liz¦ R§ :i¦Yg§ w© l̈§e i¦Yl§ `© b̈§e i¦Yl§ S© d¦ e§ i¦z`¥vFd§e
a¥Nd© e§ d¨`Fx o¦ir© d̈ ,zFx¥ar£ d̈ z¤̀ Fl mix§ ¦qx©§qn§ E EnEBx© §Y .zFxFk§A lEMW ¦ m¥W l©r .zl¤ k¥ Y§
:zFx¥ar£ d̈ z¤̀ dU ¤ Fr sEB©d§e c¥nFg o¥
k e
§ dl̈§
i N
© A
© d z̈§id̈ mz̈M̈©
nE .`l̈§kY© lFkW § ¦NW
¤
160 jl gly eh xacna qw

b"qx xiqtz .Dizï

¥ oFfgz¦ e§ .oic¦ RqExk
§ l¦ oFkl§ oFdie¦
iM© § (n :md` ª x©e§ oEi'b`
§ h© mYp ª `© oEcAr
§ z© e§ .ïiC© `ÏcFT
© R¦ lM̈ zï oExkc § z¦ e§
Elnr§ Y© e§ .`n© i` ¦ C© Jl`'
¦ c© ExM'c
ª Y©
oFkA§ l¦ xEdxd¦ xz© Ä .oFrhz¦ `l̈e§ .oFdzï §
oiq¦ C§ w© nª EpEMY§ t§ .i`©i`v© e§ rin¦ B§
.mMª A§ x© dNË© l`© `©p § (`n© :mMª A§ x©l§
:oFdix¥z§ Ä or© ḧ oEY`© C§ ®.oFki¥pir¥ Efig¥ xz© äE
.xvn¦ Cl© A§ on¦ mMª YB § x'k
© `© i'c¦ N§ `© m†¤ziU¦ r«£e© Ex½ M§ § fY¦ or´©©n § n
`©p`§ .`d` © l© `¦ mMª l§ oEM`§ l§
:`w© A˧ l`© mi` ¦ C© mMª A§ x© dNË© l`© m¬¤zi¦id§ e¦ i®z̈Ÿev§ nÎl
¦ M̈Îz ¤̀
lic¦ A§ ¤ d¥ Ÿl`
:m«ki « l¥ mi†¦WŸcw§
:oFk£dl̈`
¡ mc̈w¢ oiWi
¦ C¦ w© oFdzE ®.ic̈FTR¦ lM̈ zï oEcAr
§ z© e§ .oExkc
§ z¦ C§
Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀ iz`³¥ ¦ vFd xW£̀ ¤̧ mki ¤À d¥ Ÿl¡
« ` d´F̈d§i iºp£ ¦ `n
d¬F̈d§i i†¦p£̀ mi®¦dŸl`«l¥ m†¤kl̈ zF¬id§ l«¦ m¦ix½©v§ n¦ ux´¤̀ ¤ n¥
.m¦ixv
© n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥ oFkzï
§ ziwi
¦ R¥ `© C§ .oFk£dl̈` ¤ d¥ Ÿl¡
¡ ï§i `p̈ £̀ :m«ki «`
t t t :oFk£dl̈ £̀ ï§i `p̈ £̀ ®.Dl̈`¡ l¤ oFkl§ i¥edn¦ l§
hlt oniq mi¦wEQi¦t hÀ
À iwÀ
@
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
© d§lE oi¦ga§ d© §l .mki
Fc§ba¦ A§ ol̈i¦` `l̈©w d¤lFY©d o¦n rxR̈¦ ¤ dŸ¥ l`¡ :xk̈Ü m¥NW © l§ on̈¡`¤p .'d i¦p £̀ `n
d ¤ n i¦Ax§ ¤ FcEQ¦In¦ E .`i¦d z¤lk¥ Y§ x¥nF`§e l©r .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ iz`¥
¦NW ¦ vFd xW£̀ ¤ :rxR̈¦ © l on̈¡`¤p
z©WxR̈ ¨ dk̈§nq§ ¦p dÖl̈ ,i¦Yw§ Y© r§ d¦ oẄx§C© ©d :i¦zẍ¥f§B m¤ki¥lr£ El§Aw© Y§ W¤ m¤kz§ ¤̀ i¦zicR̈ ¦ o¥M zp̈§n
x©nFl ,dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r z©Wxẗ§ ¨ l WW ¥ Fw§n N¤W ic§ ¥M ,xn̈¡`¤p dÖl̈ cFr .mki ¤ dŸ¥ l`¡ 'd i¦p £̀
,dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r c¥aFr§M zÄ©Xd© z¤̀ l¥Ng© O§ d© W ¤ l ,mFwÖ©d x©n`¨ dn̈ i¥pR§ n¦ l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i Ex§n`i
`Ed o¥k§e ,zF§vO¦ d© lk̈§M dl̈Ew§W `i¦d s©`W § l§e mi¦UFr `l Ep¨` ,xk̈Ü lH¦p§e dU ¤ r£ ©PW
¤
i©pi¦q x©d l©r§e (eh .bi ,h 'ingp) `x§¨f¤rA§ x¥nF` o¥k§e .m¤kM§ l§ n© i¦p£̀ m¤kg£ xM̈ § l©r ,xk̈Ü mi¦lh§ Fp
zÄ©W z¤̀§e zF§vn¦ E dxFY ¨ L§O©r§l oY¥ Y¦ ©e Ÿc§xï © 'ebe dẅf̈£g cï§A `l m¦` (bl ,k l`wfgi) x¥nF` `Ed
KM̈§l zi¦vi¦v z©WxR̈ ¨ s©`e§ ,m¤dl̈ Ÿ§rcFd
© L§Wcẅ § z©`i¦v§i xn̈¡`¤p dÖl̈ x¥g`© xäc̈ .m¤ki¥l£r Kl§n ¤̀
lM̈ c¤b¤pM§ dl̈Ew§W `i¦d s©`W § i¦tl§ EN¥̀ l§ dk̈§nq§ ¦p dR̈¦h oi¥A m¦ix§©vn¦ A§ i¦Y§pg© a§ d¦ W
¤ `Ed i¦p£̀ ,m¦ix§©vn¦
:i©zF§vn¦ lM̈ z¤̀ m¤zi¦U£r©e xn̈¡`¤PW
¤ ,zF§vO¦ d© ci¦zr£ `Ed i¦p£̀ ,xFk§a¦NW ¤ dp̈i¥̀ W
¤ ¦l xFk§a¦NW ¤

jl gly zyxt zlqg

`qw jl glyc dxhtd 161

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa

dv̈x¨e§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dxFY
¨ A© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ x¨U¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

jl glyc dxhtd
'a oniq ryedia

mi³¦Wp̈£̀ Îm¦i«p© W§ miHº¦ X¦ dÎo © n¦ oEpÎo  A¦ r´ª © WFd§i g´© lW¦ § Ie© `
¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ E`¬ x§ Ek² l§ xŸn½ `l¥ Wx´¤
ux†¨ ¤ g Æmil¦ B§ x©n§
a†g̈x¨ D¬n̈WE § d²p̈Ff d¬Ẍ`Îzi ¦ A¥ E`ŸaÏ©e Ek¹ l¥̧§ Ie© Fgi
® x§¦ iÎz ¤̀ e§
,oil¦ N§ `© n§ oixaª
¦ B oix¥Y§ .oiH¦ W¦ on¦ .oEp xA© r© WFd§
ǻ i glWE
© :dÖ«ẄÎEaM§ W¦ § Ie©
`z̈Y§ `¦ zia¥ l§ .Elr̈e§ .El©f £̀ e© .Fgix§¦i zïe§ ,`r̈x`© zï Ff£g .Eli¦fi`¦ .xni
© n¥ l§ fx¨A§
Fgi
† x§¦ i Kl¬¤ ¤ nl§ xn©½ `¨´¥I © a :oÖz© EaikWE ¦ ,ag̈x¨ DnWE
© ®.`z̈iw¥ Cp
§ tª
l†¥̀ x¨U¦§ i i¬p¥ A§ n¦ dl̈§i²©Nd© dP̈¯¥d E`´Ä miWp̈£Â ¦ ` d´¥Pd¦ xŸn® `l¥
.`Ïxaª
© B `d̈ .xni © n¥ l§ ,Fgixi¦ C¦ `M̈ln© l§ .xn© £̀ z`¦ e§ :ux«¤`¨ d̈Îz ¤̀ x¬ŸRg§ l©
Ægl© W¦§ I © b :`r̈x`© zï `l̈N̈`© l§ ,l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ i i¥pA§ n¦ ®.`ïlil¥ A§ `k̈ld̈ Fz £̀
mi³¦`Äd© miWp̈£̀ ¦¸ d̈ « i`i ¦ vF ¦ d xŸn® `l¥ a†g̈xÎl ¨ ¤̀ Fgi ½ x§¦ i Kl´¤
¤n
:E`«Ä ux†¨ ¤ `d̈ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ x¬ŸRg§ l© i²¦M Kzi ¥½ a¥ l§ E`´ÄÎxW£̀ ¤ ÆKi¦ l©¸ ¥̀
,jizë
¦ l§ Fz £̀ C© `Ïxaª
© B .iwi
¦ R¦ `© .xni
© n¥ l§ ,ag̈x¨ zël§ .Fgixi¦ C¦ `M̈ln© ,glWE
©
d²Ẍ`« ¦ d̈ gT¯©Y©¦ c :Fz £̀ ,`r̈x`© lM̈ zï `l̈N̈`© l§ ix¥ £̀ ®.jizi ¦ a¥ l§ Elr̈C§
miWp̈£̀
¦½ d̈ ¤ ŸY´ e© F®pR§ v§ Y«¦ e© mi†¦Wp̈£̀ d̈
« Æil© ¥̀ E`³Ä oM¥À xn` « i¬p¥ WÎz
§ ¤̀
,`Ïxaª
© B oix¥Y§ zï .`z̈Y§ `¦ zx©acE
© :dÖ«d¥ o¦i¬©`n¥ iY¦ r†© § cï `¬Ÿle§
op̈n§ i ¥̀ ,zir¦ c§©i `l̈e§ ®.`Ïxaª
© B ,izë
¦ l§ Fz £̀ .`ḧWwª A§ zx©n© £̀ e© .oEpzx©nh
© `© e§
`Ÿl´ E`v̈ï
½ mi´¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ ¤ Ÿg¸ A© xFÀBq§ l¦ xr© X
« e§ ÆKW ©¹ d© id§
¸¦ i © d :oEP`¦

b`za dlr xiqn .i`i

¦ vF
¦ d b :xfta `l o`bizd lka iz`e lif` mrha .Ek¹ l¥̧ § Ie© ` :wecwcd wlg
:irb e"ied .F®pR§ v§ Y«¦ e© c :dawp oeyla lirln cegl
162 jl glyc dxhtd aqw

i¬¦M m†¤dix£ ¥g` «© x²¥dn© E¬tc§ x¦ mi®¦Wp̈£̀ d̈ « Ek† l«§ d̈ dp̈¬¨` iY¦ r§ cï ½©
.zir¦ c§©i `l̈ .Ewt© p§ `Ïxaª © be§ ,`l̈aw© A§ .`r̈xY© cgi © n¥ l§ ,oC̈r¦ dë£de© :mEbi « V¦ z©
`i†¦d § e :oEpEpEwAc § z© ix¥ £̀ ,oFdix¥z§ Ä ®.ri
© xt ¦ A¦ EtEcx§ .`Ïxaª © B ,El©f £̀ o`¨ l§
Îlr© D†l̈ zF¬kxªr« £d̈ ur¥½ d̈ i´¥YW§ t¦ A§ Æmp¥ n§ h§ Y«¦ e© d¨b®B̈d© mz´l̈ © r« ¡d¤
,Dl© oixi¦ cq ¦ C¦ ®.`p̈Ÿk¦ i¥pErhA¦ ,oEpzx©nh © `© e§ .`xB̈
¨ `¦ l§ oEpzwi © Q¥ `© ,`id¦ e§ :b«B̈d ©
lr†© oC½¥x©§ Id© Kx´¤ ¤C Æmdi ¤ x£
¥g` «© Et³ c§ x«¨ miWp̈£̀ À¦ d̈ « § f :`xB̈¨ `¦ lr©
mi†¦tc§ Ÿx« d̈ E`¬ v«§ ï x²¤W£̀ M«© ix£ ¾¥g`«© Exb̈½ q̈ xr´© © Xd© e§ zFx®A§ r§ O« © d©
`r̈xz© e§ .`z̈f̈b̈n§ ,lr© .`p̈Cx© § i gxF`
© ,oFdix¥z§ ä Etc©x§ .`Ïxaª © be§ :m«di ¤ x£ ¥g` «©
`i²¦de§ oEa® M̈W¦ § i mx´¤ ¤ h dÖ†¥d § g :oFdix¥z§ Ä ,`Ït© c§ x¨ Ewtp © C¦ ®.xz© Ä .Ecg© £̀
zwi © l¥ q§ ®.`id¦ e§ .Eaik¦ W§ `l̈ cr© ,oEP`¦ e§ :b«B̈dÎl © r© m†¤dil¥ r£ d¬z̈l§ r̈«
o¯©zp̈ÎiM¦ iY¦ r§ cï ¾© miWp̈£̀ ¦½ ´d̈Îl ¤̀ Æxn` ¤ ŸY¸ © h :`xB̈¨ `¦ l§ ,oFdzë § l§
i¬¦ke§ Epil¥½ r̈ Æmk¤ z§ ni« © ¥̀ d³l̈t«§ p̈Îik¦ e§ ux®¨ ¤ `d̈Îz ¤̀ m†¤kl̈ d²ëŸdi§
ix¥ £̀ .`p̈rcï © bl§ ,zx©n© £̀ e© :m«ki¥
© .`Ïxaª ¤ pR§ n¦ ux†¨ ¤ `d̈ i¬¥aW« § ŸiÎlM̈ EbŸn² p̈
lM̈ ®.Exa© Y§ `¦ ix¥ £̀ e© .`p̈«©lr£ ,oFkzni
© ¥̀ zl© t© p§ ix¥ £̀ e© .`r̈x`© zï ,oFkl§ .ï§i ad§
©i
d¹ëŸdi§ WiaFdÎx
¸¦ W£̀
¤ z`¥Â Epr§ n©À Ẅ i´¦ i :oFkin¥ c̈w¢ on¦ ,`r̈x`© ia¥ zï §
x´¤W£̀ e«© m¦ix®¨v§ O¦ n¦ m†¤kz`« § v¥ A§ mki¥ ¤½ pR§ n¦ ÆsEqÎm©i i³¥nÎz ¤̀
oŸg´ iq¦ l§ ÆoC¥x©§ Id© xa¤ r³¥A§ xW£̀ ¤̧ ixŸ¹¦ n`¡ d̈
« ik¥̧ l§ n© Ái¥pW§ l¦ mzi
¤¿ U¦ r£
in¥ zï .ï§i WiA©¥ iC§ zï .`p̈rn© W§ ix¥ £̀ :mz̈
« F` m†¤Yn§ x¡ ©gd«¤ x¬¤W£̀ bFr½ lE
§
ikl
¥ n© oixz
¥ l¦ .oEYca© r£ c©e§ .m¦ixv
«¨ O¦ n¦ ,oFkwR© n¦ A§ .oFkin¥ c̈w¢ on¦ ,sEqC§ `Ö©i
:oFdzï
§ ,oEYxO©
© BC§ ®.bFrlE oFgiq¦ l§ ,`p̈Cx© § iC§ `xa ¨ ra
¦ C¦ .d`¨ xFn
¨ `
¡
Wi†¦`A§ gE © x² cFr¬ dn̈ẅ¸ Î`Ÿle§ Epa¥½ äl§ q´©O¦Ie© Ærn© W¦ § P© `i
lr© O©½ n¦ m¦in
´© ẌA© ÆmidŸl¡ ¤½ d¥ Ÿl¡
¦ ` `Ed³ mki « ` d´ëŸdi§ iM¦µ m®¤ki¥pR§ n¦

.m†¤Yn§ x¡
©gd
«¤ :oini `ylz .z`¥Â i :irb e"ied .Æmp¥ n§ h§ Y«¦ e© :`irba `"dd .mz´l̈
© r« ¡d¤ e :wecwcd wlg
:irb `"dd
bqw jl glyc dxhtd 163

cFr zx©`© YW§ `¦ `l̈e§ .`p̈«A© l¦ iq¦ nz

§ `¦ e§ ,`p̈rnWE
© :zg© Ÿ « n¦ ux†¨
¤ `d̈Îlr© e§
Diz¥ pi
§ kW
¦ C¦ ,midŸl
¦ `¡ `Ed .oFk£dl̈` ¡ ï§i ,ix¥ £̀ .oFkin¥ c̈w¢ on¦ ,Wp̈¡`A¤ .gE
© x«
`¬p̈ÎEra« § Ẍd¦ dYÀ̈ r© § ai :rx©N§ n¦ ,`r̈x`© lr© hiN¦ W© e§ ®.`l̈ir¥ N§ n¦ `ÏnW
© A¦
mY¤¹ `Îm©
© B mzi ¤̧ U¦ r«£e© cq®g̈
¤ m†¤kÖr¦ izi¬¦ ¦ Ur̈ÎiM¦ d½ëŸdi«A© Æil¦
or© k§ Eni¦Iw© .orkE
© :z«n¡
¤ ` zF`¬ i†¦l m¬¤Yz© pE § cq¤ g¤½ Æia¦ `¨ zi³¥AÎmr¦
ziA¥ mr¦ .oEY`© s`© oEcAr
§ z© e§ .Eaih¥ ,oFkO§ r¦ zic¦ a© r£ ix¥ £̀ .ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ A§ ,il¦
Îz ¤̀ e§ i´¦a`Îz
¨ ¤̀ mz¦ ¤º ig
£d«© § bi :hFWwC¦ z`¨ ,il¦ oEpY§ z¦ e§ ®.Eaih¥ ,`Ä`©
x´¤W£̀ ÎlM̈ z†¥̀ e§ izFi ©½ g§ `© (izeg` 'k) Îz ¤̀ e§ Æig© `Îz © ¤̀ e§ iOÀ¦ `¦
.`Ö`¦ zïe§ `Ä`© zï ,oFgz© e§ :z¤eÖ « n¦ Epi†¥zŸWt©
§ pÎz ¤̀ m¬¤Yl© § Sd¦ e§ m®¤dl̈
:`z̈FOn¦ ,`p̈z
«© Ẅt©p zï oEa§fiWzE
¥ ®.oFdli
§ C¦ lM̈ ,zïe§ .izëg
© `© zïe§ ,ig© `© zïe§
`Ÿl´ m`¦µ zEn½ l̈ Æmki ¤ Y¥ g§ z© Ep³¥Wt© § p miWp̈£̀
À¦ d̈ « D´l̈ Exn`¯§ ŸI © ci
ux¤`¨½ d̈Îz ¤̀ ÆEpl̈¸ d¬ëŸdi§ Îzz¥ A§ dÀ̈id̈e§ d®¤f Ep†¥ xäCÎz
§ ¤̀ EciB½¦ z©
sl̈£g oxi¨ q¦ n§ `p̈z © B Dl© Exn© £̀ e© :z«n¡
«© Ẅt©p .`Ïxaª ¤ `«e¤ cq¬¤
¤ g K†Ör¦ Epi¬¦Ur̈e§
,`p̈«©l ï§i oiY¦
¥ i cM© .idi
¥ e¦ .oiC¥ ,`p̈«nb̈z
© R¦ zï .oFEg© z§ `l̈ ,m`¦ .zn̈nl¦ ,oFkz§ Ẅt©p
cr´©A§ la†¤
¤ gA© m¬¥
cxF¦ Y©
« eh :hFWwE Eaih¥ ,jiO¦ r¦ cia¥ r©
£ pe§ ®.`r̈x`© zï
:za«¤ ẄFi `i¬¦d d†n̈Fg«aE
© dn̈½ Fg«d© xiw´¦ A§ ÆDz̈ia¥ i³¦M oFN® g« © d©
`id¦ ,`xEWaE
¨ ®.`xEW
¨ lzk
© A¦ ,Dzi
© A¥ ix¥ £̀ .`M̈x£
©g on¦ ,`p̈Eh£̀ A© oEpzli
© Wl
¥ W
© e§
m†¤kä Er¬ B§ t¦ § iÎoR¤ EkN¥½ dẍ´d̈d̈ Æmd¤ l̈ xn` ¤ ŸY³ © fh :`äzï §
mit½¦ c§ Ÿx« d̈ aEẂ cr©µ minï À¦ zW ¤ Ÿl´ W§ dÖẄ¹ mz¤̧ A¥ g© § pe§ mi®¦tc§ Ÿx« d̈
¨ l§ ,oFdl§ zx©n© £̀ e© :m«k
oErx§r̈§i `n̈lC¦ .Eli¦fi`¦ `xEh ¤ M§ x§c©l§ E¬kl§ Y
«¥ x†©g`© e§
xz© äE ®.`Ït© c§ x¨ ,oEaEziC¦ cr© .oinFi
¦ `z̈l̈Y§ ,oÖY© oExnH© z¦ e§ .`Ït© c§ x¨ ,oFkA§
Epg§ p©½ £̀ m´¦Iw¦ p§ mi®¦Wp̈£̀ d̈
« d̈i†¤l ¥̀ Ex¬ n`«Ÿ
§ I © fi :oFkgxF`
© l§ oEkd̈Y§ ,oM¥
© B ,Dl© Exn© £̀ e© :EpŸ
oi`¦ M̈©f .`Ïxaª « r§ A© W§ d¦ x¬¤W£̀ d†¤Gd© K¬¥zr̈a«ª X§ n¦
:irb o"izd .m¬¥cxF¦ Y©
« e eh :irb `"dd .mz¦ £ d«© e§ bi :`irb o"iyd .Era«§ Ẍd¦ ai :wecwcd wlg
¤º ig
:wxeya e"iede ,e"ie `ln 'aey' zaiz .mitcxd aEẂ fh .e"ie `ln .d†n̈Fg«aE ©
164 jl glyc dxhtd cqw

mi†¦`ä Epg¬© § p £̀ d²¥P ¦ gi :`p̈«©lr£ Yni¥Iw© C§ ,`c̈d̈ jiz¦ n̈FOn¦ ®.`p̈g©p £̀

x´¤W£̀ ÆoFNg« © A© ixÀ¦ W§ w§ Y¦ d¹G¤d© ip¦¸ Ẍd© ÁhEg z¿e©w§ YÎz
¦ ¤̀ ux®¨
¤ `Ä
Æz ¥̀ e§ K¦ig©À `Îz© ¤̀ e§ KO¥¹ `Îz ¦ ¤̀ e§ Kia¸¦ `Îz¨ ¤̀ e§ Fa½ Ep´¥Yc§ xF© d«
,oil¦ r̈ `p̈g©p £̀ .`d̈ :dz̈§iÄ « d© K¦i†©l ¥̀ i¬¦tq§ `© Y
«© Kia½¦ `¨ zi´¥AÎlM̈
,`M̈x£
©gA© .oix¦hw
§ Y¦ ,oic¥ d̈ `z̈ixFd§ ¦ f hEgC§ .`xEY ¨ zï .`r̈x`© A§
®.jEa £̀ ziA¥ lM̈ ,zïe§ .jg© £̀ zïe§ ,jiO¦ `¦ zïe§ jEa £̀ zïe§ .Dia¥ `p̈iYli
¦ Wl¥ W
© C§
iz¥̧ l§ C©n¦ Á`¥v¥iÎxW£̀
¤ lŸM´ d¿ïd̈ § hi :`z̈ia¥ l§ ,jizë¦ l§ oiW§
¦ pkY¦
d³¤id«§ i¦ xW£̀
¤̧ lŸke§ m®¦Iw¦ p§ Epg´©
§ p £̀ e«© FW`Ÿ
† xa§ Fn¬ C̈ dv̈Eg² d© | K¯¥zia¥
¥ e¦ :FAÎd¤
wFR¦iC§ lM̈ .idi « id§ Y«¦ c†ïÎm`¦ EpW`Ÿ ¥½ xa§ FńC̈ z¦iA©½ A© ÆKŸ`¦
.lŸke§ .oi`¦ M̈©f `p̈g©p £̀ e© ,DiWi
¥ x¥A§ DilEh
¥ w§ zaFg
© .`x¨äl§ ,jizi
¦ a¥ iX
¥ C©n¦ xÄ
:Dia¥ id¥ Y§ ,Wp̈¡` c©i m`¦ ®.`p̈«Wi © x¥A§ ,DilEh
¥ w§ zaFg
© .`z̈ia¥ A§ ,jiO¦ r¦ idi
¥ C¦
x¬¤W£̀ K†¥zr̈a«ª X§ n¦ m½I¦ w¦ p§ Epi´¦id̈e§ d®¤f Epx´¥äCÎz
§ ¤̀ ici†¦¦ BYÎm
© `¦ § k
,jiz¦ n̈FOn¦ ®.oi`¦ M̈©f idpE
¥ .oic¥ `p̈«nb̈z© R¦ zï ,o©Eg© Y§ m`¦ e§ :EpŸ« r§ A© W§ d¦
m†¥gN§ W© Y©
§ e `EdÎo ½ M¤ m´¤kix¥a§ c¦ M§ Æxn` ¤ ŸY¸ © `k :`p̈«©lr£ Yni¥Iw© C§
¥ t¦ M§ ,zx©n© £̀ e© :oFN« g«
oFkinb̈z © A© i†¦pẌd© z¬©ew§ YÎz
¦ ¤̀ xŸW² w§ Y©
¦ e Ek®¥l¥Ie©
:`M̈x£
©gA© ,`z̈ixFdf
¦ C¦ `xEY
¨ zï ®.zx©hwE
© .El©f £̀ e© ,oEpzg© N© W
© e§ .`Ed oM¥
Ea†ẄÎcr© minï ½¦ zW ¤ Ÿl´ W§ ÆmẄ EaW§ ³¥Ie© dx¨d̈½ d̈ E`Ÿa´ Ï©e ÆEkl«§ ¥I © ak
,El©f £̀ e© :E`«v̈n̈ `¬Ÿle§ Kx†¤ © k̈A§ mi²¦tc§ Ÿx« d̈ EW̄w§ a§
¤CdÎl © ie© mi®¦tc§ Ÿx« d̈
®.`Ït© c§ x¨ FraE .`Ït© c§ x¨ ,Eaz̈C§ cr© .oinFi
¦ `z̈l̈Y§ ,oÖY© Eaizi
¦ e¦ .`xEh
¨ l§ Elr̈e§
xd̈½ d̈«n¥ Ećx«§ ¥Ie© ÆmiWp̈£̀
¦ d̈« i³¥pW§ EaWÏ©
ª¹ bk :EgMW© `© `l̈e§ ,`g̈xF` lk̈A§
z¬¥̀ FlÎEx ½ R§ q§ ©¸ ie© oE®pÎoA¦ r†ª © WFd§iÎl ¤̀ E`Ÿa½ Ï©e ÆExa§ r«© ©Ie©
,Exa© r©
£ e .`xEh
¨ on¦ EzgpE © ,`Ïxaª « F` zF`† v§ ŸO« dÎl
© B oix¥Y§ .Eaz̈e§ :mz̈ © M̈

zaizk edlek oke dtx e"izd .iz¥̧ l§ C©n¦ hi :dtx `"tde ,irb e"izd .i¬¦tq§ `© Y«© gi :wecwcd wlg
.Ea†Ẅ cr ak :oiwqta `"td ze` `zax dxqena d"ke ,wiqte `bxc mrha .K¯¥zia¥ :icar ,ikxc
:`irba c"eid .ÆExa§ r«© ©Ie© bk :dayd oeyl `ed ik lirln
dqw gxw gwie fh xacna 165

:oFdzï
§ ,`r̈x©r̈C§ lM̈ zï ®.Dil¥ E`ir¦ YW
© `¦ e§ .oEp xA© ,r© WFd§
«ª i zël§ .Fz £̀ e©
ux®¨
¤ `d̈ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ Ep†¥ cïA§ d²ëŸdi§ o¯©zp̈ÎiM¦ r© WFd§
ª½ iÎl ¤̀ ÆExn`«Ÿ
§ I © ck
«ª l¦ ,Exn© £̀ e© :Epi«p¥ R̈n¦ ux†¨
xq© n§ ix¥ £̀ .r© WFdi § ŸiÎlM̈ EbŸn² p̈Îm©be§
¤ `d̈ i¬¥aW«
:`p̈«n© c̈w¢ on¦ ,`r̈x`© ia¥ zï
§ lM̈ ®.Exa© Y§ `¦ s`© e§ .`r̈x`© lM̈ zï ,`p̈ci
«© A¦ .ï§i
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
(:l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)
,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx©än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W¦
§ ie§ jx©Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

gxw gwie & bbc b"qx xiqtz

x¬d̈v¦ § iÎoA¤ gx©Ÿw½ gT¦ ´©I © ` fh ozCe xdvi¦ oA`¦ .gxŸ©w mC©w© Y§ t¦ (` fh
.iel
¦ oA`¦ zdw oA`¦
oz̈¸ c̈e§ i®¦elÎo ¥ A¤ z†d̈wÎo§ A¤ oF`e .A`il¦ `§ i©pA`¦ .mxia`e§
:oaE`x ip¦ A§ on¦ zlt © oA`¦
oF`¬ e§ a²¨`il¡ ¦ ` ī¥pA§ mxi ¹¨ a£̀
¦ «e©
§ `¦ e§ :o«aE`
.ie¦ l¥ xA© zd̈w§ xA© xd̈v¦i xA© .gxŸ©w bil¥ Rz ¥ x§ i¬p¥ A§ zl¤ †¤RÎoA¤
Û--------- i"yx ---------Û
(e ,hn ziy`xa) xn̈¡ `¤PW¤ ,mŸ§wlªg§ n© l©r FnW § zW ¤ x¤c¦
§p d¤tï Ff dẄxR̈ ¨ .gxŸ©w gT¦ © ie© ` fh
l©r FnW § xM̈§f¦p ok̈i¥de§ .i ¦a§M c©gY¥ l¤̀ ml̈d̈§wA¦ z¤̀ g©wl̈ .gxŸ©w gT¦ © ie© :`n̈Eg§pY© i¦Ax¦ Wx©c¦ §nA§
,mi¦nÏ©d ix§¥ac§
¦A ok̈EC©d l©r mq̈£g©iz§ d¦ A§ ,g ©w dc̈¥rd̈ KFY¦n wl̈§g¤p zFi§d¦l cg̈¤̀ c©vl§ Fn§vr©
g ©w o¤A sq̈¨`i¦a£̀ o¤A (bk .ak ,e '` d"c) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ qFl§w§p ª̀ m¤Bx§Y¦ W¤ Ed¤fe§ ,dP̈d§ ªMd© l©r xxFr§ ¥ l
oz̈c̈e§ :l¥̀ x¨U
§ ¦i o¤A i¦e¥l o¤A zd̈§w o¤A xd̈§v¦i o¤A wi¦fg§ d© §l dc̈¥rd̈ x¨`X § n¦ wl̈§g¤p b¥lR§ z§ `¦ §e
iExẄ o¥aE`x§ h¤aW ¥ dïd̈W ¤ li¦aW § A¦ .mxi¨ a£̀¦ e© ,L¤Al¦ L£gT̈¦i d©n (ai ,eh aei`) o¥k§e ,z¤wFl§gO© A©
mi¦pFg©d eip̈äE zd̈§w¦l o¥kẄ ,dp̈n̈i¥Y mz̈Ϧpg£ A© xäC̈ .mc̈¨` i¥pA§ x¨`X § n¦ L§bi¦lt§ d© §l L§ ` g© w¥ Fl
iF` ,FY§wlªg§ n© A§ g ©w m¦r Et§YY© W § ¦p ,dp̈n̈i¥Y zF`x¨c¤ §d§pq© i¥W`x¨ K©Wn̈ g ©w g©T¦I©e x¥g`©
m¦r wFl§g©l g ©w d¨`x¨ d©nE .Fp¥kW § ¦l iF` rẄxl̈ ¨ (dk ,k xacna) xn̈¡ `¤PW ¤ Fn§M ,mixä ¦ c¦
§A m¤dÄW ¤
o¤A oẗv̈i¦l¡`©NW¤ FzE`i¦U§p l©r `P̈©wz§ ¦p ,d ¤ n :mixä ¦ C§ m¤kÖ¦r Eg§w (b ,ci ryed) ,ox£d`© z¤̀ g©w
l©r zd̈§w i¥pA§ l©r `i¦Up̈ d ¤ n EdP̈¦nW ¤ l¥̀ i¦Grª o¤A xi¦M§fd¦ `l§e .ie¦l¥ oA¤ zd̈w§ oA¤ xd̈v¦ § i oA¤
,Eid̈ dr̈Äx©§` `Ä©` i¥g£̀ ,g ©w x©n`¨ .xEAC© ¦d i¦R x¥kG̈¦i `N¤W Fn§vr© l©r mi¦ng£ x© W¤TA¦ W ¤ ,aw£r©i