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 to search for a theory 1. Rationale of the Study

 to test a theory 2. Theoretical-Conceptual Framework
 to solve a problem Chapter I – THE PROBLEM 3. Statement of the Problem
AND ITS SCOPE 4. Significance of the Study
5. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
6. Definition of Terms

 A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation

of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations Chapter II – REVIEW OF RELATED
among natural phenomena (Kerlinger, 1973) LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1. Research Environment
2. Research Subjects / Respondents
3. Research Instruments Rationale of the Study
Chapter III - RESEARCH 4. Research Method (Design)

METHODOLOGY 5. Statement of Hypothesis • Gives the overview of the chosen study

6. Research Procedure • Presents a situationer
7. Statistical Treatment of Data • Explains the reason for choosing the research topic
• Creates the need for the study
Chapter IV – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
Example of statements of purpose:
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The goal of this study is to...
Chapter V – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS ... overcome the difficulty with ...
... discover what ...
AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... understand the causes or effects of ...
... refine our current understanding of ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
... provide a new interpretation of ...
APPENDICES ... understand what makes ___ successful or
unsuccessful

Theoretical Background and/or Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem
• Presents the theoretical perspective (if necessary)
• Discusses related literature and studies
• Contains the main problem or general
• Presents a schematic diagram either to introduce or to
objectives
summarize the coverage of the section
• States the sub-problem or specific objectives

Example of a problem statement:

"The frequency of having no classes is

creating fear, anxiety, and a loss of
productivity among students of De La
Salle University."

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Characteristics of a Good Problem

Identifying the Research Problem

 Interesting
A problem exists:
 Should be of great interest to the researcher
 When there is an absence of information resulting in a “gap” in
knowledge  Useful

 When there are contradictory results  Should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field

 When a fact exists and you intend to make your study explain it
Searching for the
Best Candidate
 Novelty
 Should be something new
 Complex design
 Better results can be expected
 Time bounded
 Should be completed in the allotted time desired

 Ethical
 Should not carry ethical or moral impediments

Sources of a Problem Significance of the Study

• Discusses the value of the study to individuals,

Experiences and observations
groups, institutions and to the discipline.
Vast amount of literature • Mentions who are to benefit from the study and
in a particular field
how each may be benefited
Courses taken

Journals, books, magazines

or abstracts
Why is your study important?
Recommendations of theses To whom is it important?
and dissertations What benefit(s) will occur if
your study is done?
Classmates and professors

Internet

Scope and Delimitation of the Study Limitation of the Study

• This section describes and explains the nature, coverage
and time frame of the research study.
• Discusses shortly the specific areas of investigation, the
research problem, the research methods, the location, time
and resources, the population and sampling, the instruments
used, the limitations and delimitations of the study.
• The limitations and delimitations as to the procedures and
• The specific uncontrolled aspects of the study and the restrictions
imposed on the actual investigations are the aspects pertaining to
the limitations of the study.
• It’s all about the weaknesses and constraints of the entire study.
Delimitation of the Study

substance of the research design are discussed in detail.

Their main purpose are to focus, narrow down and simplify • It is devised by drawing out the boundaries of the study during the

the research design, particularly, the data collection, planning stage such as specifying the topics and issues that the

interpretation and analysis in order to achieve the objective at researcher does not want to research as against the areas he/she

a given period of time. wants to focus on, and the specific circumstances that hinder him
to pursue research along the areas delimited.

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Comparison
• The delimitation of the study rests on the freedom of the
researcher to limit the scope of the scholarly undertaking and
finish the work within the time-frame.
Whereas, the limitation of the study includes the restrictions on the
study prior the gathering of data such as to the issues as to the
time, space, confidentiality, resources, technical competence and
manpower and facilities.
Brief Summary
• The scope is all about the coverage of the study; the delimitation
pertains to the issue of the researcher’s discretion or freedom;
and the limitation speaks of the incapacity, built-in weaknesses or
the Achilles’ heel of the subject and the researcher.
 Helps in identifying a research problem
 Helps in defining a problem
 Avoids unnecessary duplication of previous works
 Offers a wide range of theoretical and conceptual framework,
debates, and issues about the research topic
 Provides information about what variables have been investigated,
the research method used, and how findings were interpreted
 Allows to foresee significant directives and issues
 Suggests how the planned research can contribute to enriching
what is currently known.
 As much as possible, the literature needs to be summarized in the
researcher’s own words to avoid stringing of quotations in the
presentations.
 When describing the research findings therein, it is advisable to use
phrases suggesting the tentative character of the research literature
such as:
(a) The literature has shown…
(b) The literature has found…
(c) The foregoing literatures have found…
(d) There appears to be strong evidence that…
(e) The data supporting the hypothesis are…
(f) The results of the foregoing studies thus far suggest…, and
many other styles of presentation.
 RRL can be presented using meta-analysis approach by quantifying
the information or highlights of the findings and taking the average
across them.
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Definition of Terms
• Gives the operational definitions of key words in the title,
problem, sub-problems and in the entire research study.
• It is commonly advised to avoid the use of dictionary
definition both on operationalization and conceptualization of
the terms.
How to write RRL effectively?
 To effectively review a literature and facilitate its writing, its
salient features and contents must be outlined and recorded in the
index card:
(1) bibliographical entry of the material,
(2) the problems or questions of the research study being reviewed
(3) the research design, which includes description of the sources
of data and sample, methodology or instruments used, data
gathering procedure, and statistical treatment applied,
(4) the results, conclusions and recommendations
(5) analysis, comments and reactions on the aforesaid areas.
 Having recorded or documented the vital information on all the
reviewed literature in the index card, it is now easy to organize and
piece together the researcher’s related literature and studies.
 In the selection of related literature and studies, one has to
remember the following:
(a) they must be as recent and as relevant as possible except those
original philosophies, theories, and constructs;
(b) they must be reviewed with objectivity and fairness, sans any
professional political, ideological or personal biases;
(c) they must be written by reliable, credible and authoritative
authors and published houses or made for academic institutions
and research centers;
(d) they must be arranged either according to chronology of events
and dates of publication, outline and/or importance to the study
(e) they must be analyzed , criticized and distinguished from the
present study.
 RRL must contain substantial information to help researcher
understand the subject and guide her/him to determine the gap to be
bridged in or filled in by the study (foundational knowledge or
springboard of the study)
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Four types of entry reference notes in RRL

Exact words of an author reproduced • The introductory paragraph specifies and justifies the
Quotation and enclosed in quotation marks.
type of research to be employed. The research
process of flow may be presented here in a
Restating the author’s thoughts
Paraphrase schematic diagram. The duration of the project
in own words
study or time frame shall also be indicated in this section.
Restating the contents of the
Summary
article in condensed form

Evaluation Recording of reaction indicating agreement or

disagreement or interpreting the writer’s point
of view

Research Environment Research Subjects / Respondents

• Describes the research locale or the coverage area • Explains the sampling procedures that will be used

where the study will be conducted • Specifies the number / proportion of samples /

• Includes a map if necessary respondents to be involved from the target population

• Describes the type and characteristics of the samples / respondents.

Research Instruments Research Method

• Mentions the research instrument (s) or tools for data gathering • Present the design of the study

• Describes the content and characteristics of the research

instruments, its preparation and the level of validity and reliability
• Specifies the type of information / data to be generated in the pre-
test and in the actual administration of the instrument (s)

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Statement of the Hypothesis (If Needed) Research Procedure

• Present the details of data gathering employing the

State the research hypothesis
research tools describe earlier

Research Questions and/or

Hypotheses and/or Null
Hypotheses

The research questions for this study will be:

1. What are the attitudes of...

2. Is there a significant difference between...
3. Is there a significant relationship between..

Statistical Treatment of Data

• Explains the statistical procedures / analysis to be used
• Applies the descriptive and or the inferential statistics to
and the level of significance – for quantitative data
determine the characteristics of the data and of the sample
• Explains the analytical method (s) to be employed – for
qualitative data

Guidelines in the presentation, analysis and

Guidelines in the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data (Saavedra, 1997)
interpretation of data (Saavedra, 1997)

 The textual presentation should supplement or expand the

 The chapter is organized and divided into several components or
contents of tables and charts, rather than duplicate them.
topics, each of which is titled according to the sub-problem or
 Only objective data embodied in tables are made the bases of
hypothesis statement
discussion
 Present only relevant data.
 The analysis of the data should be objective and logical.
 In reporting, choose the medium that will present them effectively
 In analyzing and interpreting data, point out those that are
such as tables or figures.
consistent or inconsistent with the theory presented in the
 Do not repeat the same data in several places and do not include
study’s theoretical framework.
tables with data that can be presented as well in a few sentences in
the text.

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Consider these 3 levels of interpretation

 Based on inferences and deductions;
The Summary and Findings
 Based on documented evidences, supporting or
contradicting the findings of the study  Presents in brief and very concise terms of the following
 Based on the researcher’s insightful interpretation
 Restatement of the main problem and sub-problem
using implications and synthesis
 Type of research methodology employed, nature and size of
sampling groups of subjects or respondents and place of study

 Resume of the major findings which answers each

sub-problem or hypothesis

 Findings are each stated in a statement or two, pointing out

whether the null hypothesis have been rejected or confirmed
and the sub-problems duly answered.

The Conclusions Recommendations

• Are suggestions for the improvement of practices,

 are broad statements or generalizations that are based on
policies, and implementing strategies relative to the
the findings of the study
topic under study
 logical for they should flow from the findings
Two divisions or parts:
 Specific recommendations on the findings and
conclusions of the study itself
 General recommendations

• Contains the alphabetical listing of reference materials

used in the development of the research proposal

Classification:
Books
Publications
Periodicals
Unpublished Materials
Internet Sources
Non-print Sources