University M'Hamad BOUGUARA-Boumerdes-

Institute of Electronic and Electrical engineering

EE102

Experiment #5: Parallel Circuits

Done by:
-Hamza Soumia
-Chaib Meriem Group:06
-Arrar Sara

Date of experiment: 11/04/2017

 Teacher:Miss Bouhadjra

Introduction:

Objectives:
The aim of this experiment is an examination of basic parallel DC circuits with
resistors. A key element is Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the sum of currents
entering a node must equal the sum of the currents exiting that node. The current
divider rule will also be investigated.

Theory Overview:
A parallel circuit is defined by the fact that all components share two common
nodes. The voltage is the same across all components and will equal the applied
source voltage. The total supplied current may be found by dividing the voltage
source by the equivalent parallel resistance. It may also be found by summing the
currents in all of the branches. The current through any resistor branch may be
found by dividing the source voltage by the resistor value. Consequently, the
currents in a parallel circuit are inversely proportional to the associated
resistances. An alternate technique to find a particular current is the current
divider rule. For a two resistor circuit this states that the current through one
resistor is equal to the total current times the ratio of the other resistor to the
total resistance.

Equipment:
-Adjustable DC Power Supply

-Digital Multimeter

-Resistors with resistance value of 1kΩ, 2.2kΩ, 3.3kΩ, and 6.8kΩ.

-Breadboard and wires.

Procedure:
1-Build the circuit of the figure 1. With R1= 1kΩ, R2= 2.2kΩ, and E=8 volts,
determine the theoretical voltage at points A, B, and C with respect to ground and
record them in Table 1. Set the DMM to read DC voltage and apply it to the circuit
from point A to ground. The red lead should be placed at point A and the black
lead should be connected to ground. Record this voltage in Table 1.Repeat the
measurements at points B and C

2-Apply Ohm's law to determine the expected currents through R1 and R2.
Record these values in the Theory column of Table 2. Also determine and record
the total current. 3-Set the
DMM to measure DC current. Remember, current is measured at a single point
and requires the meter to be inserted in-line. To measure the total supplied
current place the DMM between points A and B. The red lead should be placed
closer to the positive source terminal. Record this value in Table 2. Repeat this
process for the currents through R1 and R2. Determine the percent deviation
between theoretical and measured for each of the currents and record these in
the final column of Table 2.

4-check the theoretical results by computing the two resistor currents through
the Current Divider Rule (CDR).Record these in Table 3.

5-Consider the circuit of figure 2 with with R1 =1kΩ, R2 =2.2kΩ, R 3=3.3kΩ, R4

=6.8kΩ, and E=10 volts.Using the Ohm's law, determine the currents through each
of the four resistors and record the values in Table 4 under the Theory column.
Note that the larger the resistor, the smaller the current should be. Also
determine and record the total supplied current and the current Ix. Note that this
current should equal the sum of the currents through R3 and R4.

6-In the circuit of figure 2 with circuit values of part 5 , set the DMM to measure
DC current. Place the DMM probes in-line with R1 and measure its current.Repeat
this process for the remaining three resistors.Also measure the total current
supplied by the source by inserting the ammeter between points A and B.
7-To find Ix, insert the ammeter at point X with the black probe closer to R3.
Record this value in Table 4 with deviation.

Results:

Tables:

Table1:
We know that the resistors in parallel have the same voltage so the theoretical
voltage is 8V

Voltage(V) Theory Measured

VA 8 8
VB 8 8
VC 8 8
Table1

Table2:
Using Ohm's law I=V/R we get the theoretical current

Current(mA) Theory Measured Deviation

R1 8 7.90 -1.25%
R2 3.63 3.61 -0.82%
Total 11.63 11.80 1.37%

Table3:
Using current divider rule we calculate I1, I2, and the total current :
I=E/RT = 8/0.6875= 11.63mA

I1 =( R2× I)/ RT =(2.2×11.63)/(1+2.2)=7.99mA ~ 8mA

I2 =(R1 × I)/RT =(1×11.63)/(1+2.2)= 3.63mA

Current(mA) CDR Theory

 R1 8
R2 3.63
Total 11.63

Table4:
Using Ohm's law we determine the currents across R1,R2, R3, and R4 .

Ix = (E/ R3 )+(E/R4 )=(10/3.3)+(10/6.8)= 4.5mA

Current(mA) Theory Measured Deviation

R1 10.0 9.85 -1.5%
R2 4.55 4.50 -1.10%
R3 3.03 2.98 -1.65%
R4 1.47 1.47 0%
Total 19.05 18.54 -2.68%
Ix 4.50 4.45 -1.11%

Questions and their answers:

1-for the circuit of figure 1, what is the expected current entering the negative
terminal of the source?

- The expected current entering the negative terminal of the source is the sum of
the expected currents through R1 and R2 .

Thus it's equal to 11.63mA .

2-For circuit of figure 2, what is the expected current between points B and C?

-I between B and C equal to: I total - I1 = 19.05 - 10 = 9.05 mA

3-In figure 2, R4 is approximately twice the size of R3 and about three times the
size of R2 . Would the currents exhibit the same ratios? Why/why not?
-No , the currents would not exhibit the same ratios

The reason:

We have R4 = 2 R3 and. R4 = 3 R2. So. R4 /R3 =2 and R4 /R2 = 3

we begin with. R4 /R3 =2 We know that R= V/I so (V /I4 )/(V/ I2)=2
therefore I4 /I2 = 1/2 . we do the same thing with R4 /R2 = 3 we get
I4 /l3 = 1/3 . consequently the currents would not exhibit the same ratios.

4- If a fifth resistor of 10kΩ was added to the right of R4 in figure 2, how would
this alter I Total and Ix? Show work.

- I4 will be equal to E/( R4 + R5 ) = 0.6 mA

Thus, I= 10+ 4.55+3.03+ 0.6= 18.18 mA

Ix=I3 + I4 = 3.03+ 0.6= 3.63 mA .

5- Is KCL satisfied in Tables 2 and 4 ?

-KCL states that the sum of the currents entering an node, system, or junction
must be equal the sum of currents leaving the node, system, or junction.

- In table 2:

We have 8 + 3.64 = 11.64 means that I1 + I2 = I Thus, KCL is satisfied.

-In table 4:

We have 10+ [4.55+ (3.03+1.47)]= 19.05. Thus KCL is satisfied.

Conclusion: