EDN - Basic First Aid-1

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF NURSING
2ND SEMESTER 2021-2022
NUR 1221- EMERGENCY DISASTER NURSING
MODULE 1
GENERAL FIRST AID
DEFINITION OF FIRST AID
 First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
ROLES OF FIRST AID
l. It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the services of the physician.
3. It ends when the service of a physician begins.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
l. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger
3. To prolong life
4. Promote recovery
5. Provide pain relief
6. Protect the unconscious
NEED AND VALUE OF FIRST AID
l. To minimize if not totally prevent accident.
2. To prevent added injury or danger.
3. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.
4. Accident happens, and sudden illnesses are common and often serious.
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
5. People very often harm rather than help.
6. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life or limb.
Characteristics of a Good FIRST AIDER:
1. GENTLE – First aider should not cause, inflict pain as much as possible
2. RESOURCEFUL – Makes the best use of things at hand
3. OBSERVANT - Should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening and what may happen.
4. TACTFUL – Handling the victim with utmost care and in calm manner
5. EMPATHIC – Should be comforting
6. RESPECTABLE – Maintains a professional and caring attitude
GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

l. Getting started
l.l. Planning of action
- Established based on anticipated needs and available resources

Ex. getting to know where FIRST AID kits are located, equipment’s such as fire
extinguishers, fire alarm switches, fire exits, be aware also on emergency hotline
numbers (hospital and police numbers)
l.2. Gathering of needed materials – preparation of materials, equipment’s, and personnel
l.3. Initial response as follows:
A- Ask for help
I - Intervene
D- Do not further harm
Ask for help - In a crisis, time is of essence. The more quickly you recognize an
emergency, and the faster you call for medical assistance, the sooner the victim will get
help. Immediate care can greatly affect the outcome of an emergency.
Intervene. To intervene means to do something for the victim that will help
achieve a positive outcome to an emergency. Sometimes getting medical help will be all
you can do, and this alone may save a life. In other situation, however, you may become
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
actively involved in the victim’s initial care by giving first aid. Let the golden rules of
emergency care guide your effort.
Do no further harm. Once you have begun first aid, you want to be certain you
don’t do anything that might cause the victim’s condition to worsen. Certain actions
should always be avoided by keeping them in mind, you will be able to avoid adding to
or worsening the victim’s illness or injuries.
l.4. Instruct helpers
2. “Emergency Action Principles”

2.l. Survey the scene
 Is the scene safe?

 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
 Get consent to give care
 Check responsiveness
 Protect spine if necessary
2.2. Do a primary survey of the victim
2.3. Activate medical assistance/transfer facility
 Depending on the situation:
- Care first or Call first

- A bystander should make the telephone call for help, may be requested to call for a
physician or arrange for transfer facility.
 Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:

- What happened
- Location
- Number of persons injured
- Extent of injury and first aid given
- Telephone number from where you are calling
- Person who activated medical assistance must identify himself and drop the phone
last.
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
2.4. Do a primary survey of the victim:
Check vital body functions. Use the C-A-B-C:
1. C – CONSCIOUSNESS
 Is the victim conscious- by tapping his/her shoulder, ask him “Are you
ok?”, wait for verbal response
2. A- AIRWAY
 If unconscious start immediately airway management
3. B - BREATHING
 Is the victim breathing?

 If breathing:
 check if shallow or deep,
 does the victim appear choking?
 is the victim cyanotic, suggesting poor oxygenation?
-If the victim appear difficulty in breathing, immediately support his
breathing (have an open airway)
- If the victim is NOT breathing, provide ventilation
4. C – CIRCULATION
 Is the victim’s heart beating?

 If it is beating – how is it? (ASSESS pulse)
 If not, perform CPR
 Check also if he is severely bleeding -if present, CONTROL bleeding
2.4. Do a secondary survey of the victim
Survey the scene
Check for: D – deformities

C – contusion
A – abrasion
P – puncture
B – bleeding/burn
T – tenderness
L – laceration
. S - swelling
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility
 By calling specific person for medical advice before administering first

aid.
 But if in some situations you will need to attend to the victim first
Depending on the situation:
- A bystander will call for help (if available)
- Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility
Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
- what happened
- number of persons injured
- extent of injury and first aid given
- the telephone number from where you are calling
- person who activated medical assistance must drop he
phone last
Do a Secondary survey of the victim?
Interview the victim:
o introduce yourself
o get permission to give care
o asks the victim’s name
o asks what happened
o ask, “do you have any pain or discomfort?”
o “do you have any allergies?”
o “are you taking any medication?”
Check the vital signs:

1. determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate per minute:)
Adult 60 - 90/min.
Child 80 - 100/min.
Infant 100 - 120/min.
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
2. determine breathing (respiration rate)

3. determine skin appearance
4. look at the victim’s face and lips
5. record skin appearance
temperature
moisture
color
6. do the head-to-toe examination:
- Start with the head.
- Look and feel for cut, bruises and other signs of injury.
- Check and compare pupils of both eyes
- dilated pupils involve bleeding and state of shock

- constricted pupils may mean heat stroke or drug overdose.
- unequal pupils may suspect head injury or stroke.
- Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.
- Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of injury.
- Check and compare both collar bones and shoulders
- Check the chest and rib cage.
- Check the victim’s abdomen for tenderness by pressing lightly with flat
part of your fingers.
- Check the hip bone by pressing slowly downward and inward for
possible fracture.
- Check one leg at a time.
- Check one arm at a time.
- Check the spinal column by placing the victim into side lying down
position and press gently from the cervical region down to the
lumbar for possible injury.
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
7. record all the assessment including the time.
8. keep the injured person lying down, his head level with his feet.
9. keep the injured person warm and guard against chilling
3. The golden rules of emergency care:

3.1. What to do:
Do obtain consent, when possible.
Do think the worst, it’s best to administer first aid for the gravest possibility.
Do call or send for help.
Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.
Do provide comfort and emotional support.
Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
Do be as calm and as direct as possible
Do care for the most serious injuries first.
Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication.
Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
Do handle the victim to a minimum.
Do loosen tight clothing.
3.2. What not to do:
Do not let the victim see his own injury.
Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones.
Do not deny a victim’s physical or emotional coping limitation.
Do not further harm the victim like the following:
o trying to arouse an unconscious victim.
o administering fluid/alcoholic drink.

Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
Do not make any unrealistic promises.
Do not trust the judgement of a confused victim.
Do not require the victim to make decisions.
HINDRANCES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
1. Unfavorable surrounding
1.l. nighttime
l.2. crowded city streets; churches; shopping mall
l.3. busy highways
l.4. cold or rainy weather
l.5. lack of necessary materials or helpers
2. The presence of crowds
2.1. crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, sometimes offer incorrect advice.
2.2. they may demand haste in transportation or attempt other improper procedures.
2.3. a good examination is difficult while a crowd look on.
3. Pressures from victims or relatives

3.1. The victim usually welcomes help, but if he is drunk, he is often hard to examine and
handle, and is often misleading in his response.
3.2. The hysteria of relatives or the victim, the evidence of pain, blood and possible early death,
exert great pressure on the first aider.
3.3. the first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do what he would
know in calm moments to be wrong.
The first aider can meet all these difficulties. Forewarned is forearmed. He should remember
that few cases demand haste, or good examination is important and can be done slowly, and he has
no other job or appointment as important and so gratifying as saving a life or limb.
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022
Prepared by:
NUR 1221 – EDN Team AY 2021-2022

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FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

GENERAL FIRST AID

DEFINITION OF FIRST AID

ROLES OF FIRST AID

3. It ends when the service of a physician begins.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

2. To prevent added/further injury or danger

5. Provide pain relief

6. Protect the unconscious

NEED AND VALUE OF FIRST AID

l. To minimize if not totally prevent accident.

2. To prevent added injury or danger.

3. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.

5. People very often harm rather than help.

6. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life or limb.

Characteristics of a Good FIRST AIDER:

2. RESOURCEFUL – Makes the best use of things at hand

5. EMPATHIC – Should be comforting

6. RESPECTABLE – Maintains a professional and caring attitude

GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

l.l. Planning of action

- Established based on anticipated needs and available resources

l.2. Gathering of needed materials – preparation of materials, equipment’s, and personnel

l.3. Initial response as follows:

A- Ask for help

D- Do not further harm

l.4. Instruct helpers

2. “Emergency Action Principles”

 Is the scene safe?

2.2. Do a primary survey of the victim

2.3. Activate medical assistance/transfer facility

 Depending on the situation:

- Care first or Call first

 Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:

2.4. Do a primary survey of the victim:

Check vital body functions. Use the C-A-B-C:

 If unconscious start immediately airway management

 Is the victim breathing?

- If the victim is NOT breathing, provide ventilation

 Is the victim’s heart beating?

2.4. Do a secondary survey of the victim

Survey the scene

Check for: D – deformities

Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility

 By calling specific person for medical advice before administering first

Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:

Do a Secondary survey of the victim?

Interview the victim:

o get permission to give care

o asks the victim’s name

o asks what happened

o ask, “do you have any pain or discomfort?”

o “do you have any allergies?”

o “are you taking any medication?”

Check the vital signs:

Infant 100 - 120/min.

2. determine breathing (respiration rate)

5. record skin appearance

6. do the head-to-toe examination:

- Start with the head.

- Check and compare pupils of both eyes

- dilated pupils involve bleeding and state of shock

- Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.

- Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of injury.