I.

Alkaline Earth Metals

OUTLINE A. Members and Clinical Significance

I. Alkaline Earth Metals VII. Beryllium
A. Members and A. History MEMBERS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Clinical Significance B. Occurrence
B. Chemical Properties C. Physical Properties Calcium Essential Oils
II. Hydroxides D. Chemical
III. Halides Properties Magnesium Essential Oils
IV. Calcium E. Pharmacologic
A. History Action
Strontium Radiotherapy
B. Occurrence- Nature F. Uses
C. Occurrence-Body VIII. Barium
D. Physical Properties A. History Beryllium CBD/Berylliosis
E. Chemical Properties B. Occurrence
F. Official ID Test C. Physical Properties Barium “Barium Meal”
G. Biological D.. Chemical
Importance Properties ● alkali metals form the so-called s-block metals
H. Physiologic Action E. Official ID Test ● have two electrons in their outer shell which is an
I. Physiologic Effects F. Pharmacologic s-orbital type.
J. Pharmacology of Action 2+
● Form stable cation 𝑀 , which has a noble gas
Calcium G. Toxicity
K.Pharmacologic Action H. Official configuration.
L. Definition of Terms Compounds ● are all silvery-white metals with high reactivity, similar
M. Deficiency States I. Unofficial to alkali metals, but less soft and not as reactive.
N. Other Disease States compounds ● Earth alkaline metals can be mostly found in the
O. Official Compounds IX. Radium earth’s crust in the form of their cations displayed in
P. Unofficial A. History minerals and not as the elemental metal.
Compounds B. Chemical ● are harder and have a higher density than sodium and
V. Magnesium Properties potassium and higher melting points.
A. History C. Use ● Atomic and ionic radii increase within the group
B. Occurrence- Nature ● ionic radii are significantly smaller than the atomic
C. Occurrence-Body radii.
D. Physical Properties ● coloured from grey (Be, Mg) to silver (Ca, Sr, Ba).
E. Chemical Properties
F. Official ID Test
G. Physiologic Action B. Chemical Properties
H. Physiologic Effects
I.Pharmacologic Action ● Have strong reducing power
2+
J. Toxicity ● they very easily form 𝑀 bivalent cations
K. Treatment ● become increasingly more electropositive on descending
L. Uses ● Within the group Calcium reacts similar to sodium, but is
M. Official Compounds slightly less reactive.
VI. Strontium ● All the metals except beryllium form oxides in air at room
A. History temperature once the reaction is started.
B. Occurrence ● The nitride compound is formed in the presence of
C. Physical Properties nitrogen, and magnesium can burn in carbon dioxide.
D.. Chemical Properties ● Form alkaline oxides.
E. Unofficial ID Test ● oxides of alkaline earth metals have the general formula
F. Pharmacologic MO.
Action ● Other group 2 oxides (MO) are typically formed by the
G. Uses thermal decomposition of the corresponding metal
H.Official Compounds carbonate or hydroxide.
I. Unofficial Compound 𝑀𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑀𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

1 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

● Peroxides are known for magnesium, calcium, strontium D. Physical Properties
and barium but not for beryllium ● Silvery-white crystalline metal, w/c turns gray on
II. Hydroxides oxidation
● Beryllium reacts with aqueous alkali (NaOH) and
forms beryllium hydroxide, which is an amphoteric E. Chemical properties
hydroxide Ca
− 2− ● Dec H2O at ord temp
𝐵𝑒(𝑂𝐻)2 + 2(𝑂𝐻) → [𝐵𝑒(𝑂𝐻)4]
○ heat evolv insuff to inflame
𝐵𝑒(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑒𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2𝑂 ● Burns with brilliant white flame
● Magnesium does not react with aqueous alkali ● CaO
(NaOH). ● 𝐶𝑎3𝑁2 react with H2O
2+ +
𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻 → 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 + 2𝐾 ○ 𝑁𝐻3, 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
● Calcium, strontium and barium oxides react Ca+
exothermically with water to form the corresponding ● Insol carbonate
−
hydroxides ○ 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ + 𝐻2𝑂
𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐻2𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 − −
○ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ + 𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝑆𝑟𝑂 + 𝐻2𝑂 → 𝑆𝑟(𝑂𝐻)2
− −
𝐵𝑎𝑂 + 𝐻2𝑂 → 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ○ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ + 2𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
● Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 are sparing soluble in H2O. ● Insol oxalate
● Group 2 hydroxides, except Be(OH) , react as bases ● Insol phosphate
● water solubility and thermal stability increase within ○ Neutral: 𝐶𝑎𝐻𝑃𝑂4
the group (Mg→Ba). ○ Ammoniacal: 𝐶𝑎3(𝑃𝑂)2
III. Halides
● Earth alkali halides (MCl2) are normally found in their ● Insol sulfate, but req very high conc of pptant
hydrated form. ● Insol hydroxide
● Anhydrous beryllium halides are covalent. ● Insol soaps
● Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II) halides are ionic ● Exothermic heat of solution
● MgCl2, MgBr2, MgI2 are hygroscopic.
F. Official ID Test
● Anhydrous calcium chloride also has a strong affinity
for water and is typically used as a drying agent. ● Calcium oxalate
○ methyl red TS
IV. CALCIUM ○ 6 N 𝑁𝐻4𝑂𝐻
A. History ○ 3 N HCl
● Davy (1808) ○ (𝑁𝐻4)2𝐶2𝑂4 TS
○ 1st to obt Ca by electrolysis ○ 6 N HOAc
○ HCl
B. Occurrence - Nature ● Flame test
● fifth in abundance among the elements in the earth's
crust G. Biological Importance
● Carbonate ● Calcium ions play important roles in the human body
○ calcite (crystalline) in a variety of neurological and endocrinological
○ marble processes.
○ limestone (principal commercial source) ● Calcium is known as a cellular messenger and it has a
○ chalk large intra versus extracellular gradient (1:10,000),
○ aragonite (orthorhombic) which is highly regulated by hormones.
○ marl (amorphous) ● Calcium ions are also involved in the formation of
○ dolomite bones and teeth, which act also as a reservoir for
● Sulfate – gypsum calcium ions.
● Fluoride – fluorspar/fluorite ● A normal adult body contains 1000 g of calcium, of
● Phosphate – phosphate rock [Ca3(PO4)2] which around 99% are extracellular and most of
which is stored in bones and teeth.
C. Occurrence - Body ● The remaining 1% of Ca2+ can be found in the
● 2nd most abundant extracellular cation extracellular space, such as plasma, lymph and
○ 50% bound to proteins extracellular water.
○ 50% ionized ● The intra and extracellular Ca2+ concentration is
● Primary element in bones, shells, teeth as extremely important to many physiological functions
hydroxyapatite and is therefore rigorously controlled.

2 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

 H. Physiologic Action
● Bone and teeth growth maintenance
● Blood clotting
● Secondary messenger in operation of receptors
○ muscle contraction, release of hormones,
neurotransmitters, and enzymes
● Proper cardiac fxn
I. Physiologic Effects
● Hypercalcemia:
○ caused by hyperparathyroidism,
hypervitaminosis D, and some bone
neoplastic diseases
■ N&V
■ Weakness
■ Lethargy
■ Coma
■ Sudden death
● Hypocalcemia:
○ caused by hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D
deficiency, steatorrhea
■ hypocalcemic tetany (increased
neuromuscular irritability,
numbness around lips, hands,
feet; twitches and spasms)
● Calcium Homeostasis
J. Pharmacology of Calcium
Vitamin D (sunshine vit)
3−
● Promote Ca2+ and 𝑃𝑂4 abs through gut
● Promote Ca2+ deposition
PTH (Serum Calcium ↑up)
● Secreted when serum Ca2+ low
● Promote bone resorption
● Inc tubular reabsorption of Ca2+
3−
● Inc exc of 𝑃𝑂4
Calcitonin (Serum Calcium ↓down)
● Secreted when serum Ca2+ high
● Promote bone deposition
● Dec tubular reabsorption of Ca2+
3 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB
K. Pharmacologic Action
Topical
● Anti-inflam (urticaria, neurodermatitis, eczema)
Oral
● gastric antacids
IM/IV
● Electrolyte replenisher
● Antidote for Mg toxicity
L. Definition of terms
Urticaria
● Skin rxn comp of transient wheals (edematous
papules and plaques, usually pruritic)
Eczema
● Chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease
M. Deficiency States
Osteomalacia and Rickets
● Defective mineralization of bone matrix
● Deficiency in vit D
● Skeletal deformities, delayed dental eruptions,
muscular weakness, inc susceptibility to bone frac,
defects in teeth enamel
● Skeletal pain, bone tenderness, muscular weakness,
bone frac with minimal trauma
Osteoporosis
● Occurs with aging
● Bone resorption > bone deposition
● Affects the spine
○ Back pain
○ Collapse of vertebrae
○ Deformity of spine
● Ease of fracture of long bones and hips
N. Other Deficiency States
Paget’s Disease
● faulty calcium metabolism
● initial phase of decalcification and softening of bone
followed by calcium deposition with resultant
thickening and deformity
● deformity of the limbs, easily fractures, enlargement
of the head, deafness
Calcific nephrolithiasis
● calcium kidney stones
● char by elevated active intestinal calcium absorption
● may result from use of calcium supp
Renal Osteodystrophy
● also called renal bone disease
● is a bone mineralisation deficiency seen in patients
with chronic or end- stage renal failure
O. Official Compounds
Calcium Acetate, USP
● Chemical Formula: C4H6CaO4 ⋅2H2O
● Brown acetate of lime, gray acetate of lime
 ● Manuf of acetic acid, acetone Calcium Chloride, USP
● USP: 99.0%- 100.5% of C4H6CaO4 , calculated on a ● Dihydrate, anh
dried basis. ● NOT for IM or SC
● IV
● Calcium Acetate tablets, USP ○ Calcium replenisher and systemic acidifier in
● USP: 90.0%-110.0% of the labelled amount of hypocalcemic tetany
C4H6CaO4 ○ PN in Ringer’s solution
Calcium Ascorbate, USP ○ Exchange transfusion of citrated blood
○ Cardiac resuscitation
● Chemical Formula: C12H14CaO12 ⋅2H2O
○ Spec antidote for Mg poisoning
● Antimicrobial and antioxidant in foodstuff ○ Tx of hyperkalemia
● Vitamin (antiscorbutic) ○ S/E (rapid adm): vasodilation, burning
● USP: 98.0%-101.0% of C12H14CaO12 · 2H2O, sensation on skin
calculated on the basis. Oral
● unpleasant taste, highly irritating
Calcium Carbonate, USP
● antispasmodic to smooth muscles in black
● Syn.limestone, chalk, aragonite, calcite, marble, widow spider bites, diarrhea and abdominal
Titralac, Tums, Calci-Acis, Calsan pain caused by lead colic
● Rapid-acting antacid for dyspepsia and heartburn Topical
○ Long-term use in px with renal insuff: ● Mgt of hypersensitivity rxns (urticaria),
insect bites, stings
hypercalcemia (milk-alkali syndrome), Calcium Citrate, USP
systemic alkalosis ● Chemical Formula: C12H10Ca3O14 ⋅4H2O
○ S/E: constipation, acid rebound ● Citracal®
● Calcium supplement ● Chelated and soluble form of calcium even in alkaline
medium
● Prevent osteoporosis (1000-1500 mg)
● Calcium supplement
● Combination Products: ● Calcium replenisher
○ Calcium Carbonate and Magnesia Tablet, ● more easily absorbed (bioavailability is 2.5 times
USP higher than calcium carbonate)
■ Mylanta® Rolltabs (550mg CaCO3 ● easier to digest and less likely to cause constipation
and gas than calcium carbonate.
+ 110mgMg(OH)2)Calcium
● consists of around 24% Ca2+, which means that 1000
Carbonate, Magnesia, mg calcium citrate contains around 240 mg Ca2+.
Simethicone Tablet, USP Calcium Glubionate, USP
○ Calcium and Vitamin D with Minerals Tablet, ● Equimolar amounts of Ca gluconate and Ca
USP lactobionate
● Neo-calglucon®
○ Caltrate Plus® (Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Vit. D) ● Calcium supplement
Precipitated CaCO3 ● Syrup
● Syn. Precipitated chalk Calcium Gluceptate, USP
● Comm form prep by chem means ● Chemical Formula: C14H26CaO16
● Calcium replenisher pref for
● External use
○ IM adm: neonatal tetany
○ Dentrifice ○ Rapid availability
○ PN in Aluminum Subacetate ● less irritating than gluconate
Topical Solution, USP ● S/E: tingling sensation, chalky taste after rapid IV
Prepared CaCO3 adm
Calcium Gluconate, USP
● Syn. Drop chalk, prepared chalk, creta ● Chemical Formula: C12H22CaO14
præparata, whiting, English white, Paris ● Same uses as calcium chloride
white, conical drops ● Oral, IV, IM although IM adm can cause abscess
○ Native CaCO3 purif by elutriation ● Considered as calcium salt of choice for IV
Calcium Hydroxide, USP
○ Internal use
● Syn. Slaked lime, calcium hydrate, hydrated lime
■ Antacid ● PN in Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution, USP
■ Tx of diarrhea ○ Calcium Hydroxide Soln, Lime water
○ 140 mg / 100 mL
○ Protective or emulsifying agent in lotions,
astringent

4 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

 ○ PN in Calamine Lotion, USP ● Manuf of insecticide (Bordeaux Mixture)
Calcium Lactate, USP
● Calactate Tablets® P. Unofficial Compounds
● Oral tx of calcium def Chlorinated Lime
● Less GI irritation than chloride ● Bleaching powder, chloride of lime, calx chlorinate
● Superior for elderlies ● Disinfecting and bleaching agent
○ bioA is not as gastric-acid dependent as Crude Calcium Sulfide
carbonate ● Sulfurated lime, calcic liver of sulfur, hepar calcis
Calcium Levulinate, USP ● Tx of acne and furunculosis
● [CH3COCH2CH2COO]2Ca ⋅2H2O ● Paste with equal part of starch: depilatory
● Like gluceptate, less irritating than gluconate ● Scabicidal
● S/E: tingling sensation, chalky taste after rapid IV adm
Calcium Pantothenate, USP V. MAGNESIUM
● Syn. Pantholin A. History
● B vitamin used in general nutritional deficiency ● N. Grew (1695)
Calcium Polycarbophil, USP ○ Obt MgSO4 by evap water of mineral spring
● Calcium salt of a synthetic loosely crosslinked polymer at Epsom
of acrylic acid ● J. Black (1755)
● Bulk-forming laxative ○ Diff MgO from CaO
○ Nonabsorbable, indigestible ● Davy (1808)
○ Hydrosorptive axn in small intestine & colon ○ 1st to isol impure Mg
○ Tx of diarrheal disorders to dec fluidity and ● A.B. Bussy
looseness of stools ○ Prep pure Mg by tx molten MgCl2 with K
● S/E: feeling of fullness and bloating ● Bunsen (1852)
Saccharin Calcium, USP ○ Obt Mg by electrolysis of MgCl2
● Pharmaceutical aid ● H. Sainte Claire Deville (1857)
○ Non-caloric sweetening agent ○ Dev large scale manuf of Mg
● 300x as sweet as sucrose
Calcium Silicate, USP B. Occurrence - Nature
● Suspending or anti-caking agent ● Silicates
Calcium Stearate, USP ○ Talc [Mg3H2(SiO3)4]
● Lubricant in manuf of compressed tab ○ Asbestos [CaMg(SiO3)4]
● Conditioning agent in food and pharmaceutical prod ○ Meerschaum [Mg2Si3O8⋅2H2O]
Calcium Sulfate, USP ● Carbonates
● Syn. Dihydrate: gypsum, terra alba, alabaster, selenite, ○ Magnesite [MgCO3]
mineral white satin spar, light spar, satinite ○ Dolomite [CaCO3⋅MgCO3]
○ Diluent in manuf of compressed tab ○ Dolomitic limestone
○ Plaster casts and supports ● Chlorides
● Hemihydrate: plaster of Paris ○ Carnallite [KCl⋅MgCl2⋅6H2O]
○ making casts, taking impressions ● Sulfate
● Anhydrous: anhydrite, Drierite® ○ Kieserite [MgSO4⋅H2O]
Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, USP ○ Chlorophyll
● CaHPO4 ⋅2H2O ● Cocoa, Dairy, Nuts, Seeds, Whole grains, vegetables
● Excellent source of calcium and phosphorus ● Hard tap water
● Tooth cleaning agent – toothpaste formulations
Tribasic Calcium Phosphate, USP C. Occurrence - Body
● Ca5(OH)(PO4)3 ● Magnesium phosphate
● prophylaxis and tx of hypocalcemia ○ Bones (12 g)
● Source of phosphate ○ Muscles & soft tissues (12g)
Edetate Calcium Disodium, USP ○ urine
● Dx and tx of Pb poisoning ● 4th most abundant cation in the body
● Heavy metal poisoning ● 2nd most abundant intracellular cation
● No hypocalcemia ● absorbed in the ilium and colon
Lime, USP ● Excreted by the kidneys
● Syn: CaO, calx, quicklime ● filtered at the glomerulus, and 10–15% is reabsorbed
● prep by calcining of CaCO3 PN in Sulfurated Lime at the proximal tubule
Solution, USP (Vleminckx’ Solution, Vleminckx’ ● 60–70% at the thick part of the ascending limb of the
Lotion) loop of Henle and 10–15% at the distal tubule
○ 3Ca(OH)2 + 12S -> 2CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 3H2O
○ Tx of acne and skin diseases

5 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

 D. Physical Properties H. Physiologic Effects
● Silver-white metal Deficiency in magnesium (hypomagnesemia)
● Ribbons ● loss of appetite, failure to gain weight properly,
● Alloy with Al: magnalium (Al with 2%Mg) thrombosis of major organs, personality changes after
depletion of 3 to 4 months, convulsions and muscular
E. Chemical properties tremors, epilepsy, constipation, changes in heart
● Permanent in dry air, tarnishes in moist air rhythm
● Burns with blinding white light when heated in air, ● plasma serum Mg2+ levels of <0.5–1 mmol/kg for a
oxygen, or carbon dioxide period of 5 days or more.
○ Flash light powders (powd Mg, KClO3, ● Treated with IV/IM MgSO4
BaO2)
● At high temp, RA Excessive amounts of magnesium (hypermagnesemia)
● Sol in acids ● Flushing, sweating, hypotension, circulatory collapse,
● Insol in alkalies cardiac and CNS depression, respiratory depression,
● Neither reduced nor oxidized diarrhea, decreased muscle response, heart failure
● Insol salts
− 3− 2− 3− I. Pharmacologic Action
○ 𝑂𝐻 , 𝑃𝑂4 , 𝐶𝑂3 , 𝐴𝑠𝑂4
Topical
● sitz bath: hypertonic soln with anti-inflam axn
F. Official ID Test Oral
● Solutions of magnesium salts in the presence of ● saline laxative/cathartic
ammonium chloride yield no more than a slightly hazy ● gastric antacids
precipitate when neutralized with ammonium IM/IV
carbonate TS, but on the subsequent addition of ● general anesthetic
dibasic sodium phosphate TS, a white crystalline ● CNS depressant in obstetrics, convulsant states
precipitate, which is insoluble in 6 N ammonium (anticonvulsant), and for symptoms of tetanus
hydroxide, is formed. ● Specific antidote for Ba poisoning

● Purpose of NH4Cl NH4Cl <-> NH4 + + Cl- J. Toxicity

○ Prevent ● Caution in presence of deficient kidney fxn
■ 5Mg2+ + 6CO32- + 7H2O -> ● Hypermagnesemia: coma
4MgCO3 • Mg(OH)2 • 5H2O ̄+
2HCO3- K. Treatment
■ NH4 + CO3 2- <-> NH3 + HCO3- ● Calcium gluconate IV
○ Prevent
■ Mg2+ + 2NH4OH <-> Mg(OH)2 ̄↓ + L. Use
2NH4+ ● Grignard Reagent (RMgX) as alkylating agent
○ Purpose of NH4OH
■ Neutral: white flocculent ppt M. Official Compounds
● Mg2+ + HPO42- ->
MgHPO4 ̄↓ Magaldrate, USP
■ lessens hydrolysis and decreases ● Aluminum magnesium hydroxide sulfate, magnesium
the sol aluminum hydrate, Riopan
● MgNH4PO4 ̄↓+ H2O <-> ● Al5Mg10(OH)31(SO4)2⋅xH2O
Mg2+ + HPO42- + ● non systemic antacid for symptomatic relief of
NH4OH heartburn and dyspepsia
● no disturbance in electrolyte bal & bowel fxn
G. Physiologic Action ● Oral susp, tabs
● Cellular energy metabolism ● + simethicone oral susp, tabs
○ Activator of many enzyme systems such as Magnesium Carbonate, USP
the splitting of peptides and phosphate ● Basic hydrated magnesium carbonate or a normal
compounds hydrated magnesium carbonate
● Nucleic acid and protein synthesis ● [MgCO3)4⋅Mg(OH)2⋅5H2O
○ cofactor for many hormone and enzyme ● Antacid, laxative
systems ● PN in Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution
● 2nd messenger systems Magnesium Chloride, USP
○ essential for regulating nerve function and ● MgCl2·6H2O (deliquesce)
muscle contraction ● Cathartic
● Ion channels ● Electrolyte replenisher
○ maintenance of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ across ● PN for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis fluids
cell membranes

6 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

Magnesium Citrate, USP Magnesium Phosphate, USP
● Saline laxative ● Mg3(PO4)2⋅5H2O
● Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution, USP ● Syn: “Neutral" magnesium phosphate; tertiary
● Magnesium Citrate for Oral Solution, USP magnesium phosphate; trimagnesium phosphate,
○ Syn. purgative lemonade, limonada bobierrite
purgante ● Antacid
○ 5H3C6H5O7 + (MgCO3)4•Mg(OH)2•5H2O ● Mild laxative
-> 5MgHC6H5O7 + 4CO2↑+ 11H2O Magnesium Salicylate, USP
○ 3KHCO3 + H3C6H5O7 -> K3C6H5O7 + 3CO2 ● analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent
-↑+ 3H2O ○ symptomatic relief of pain due to arthritis
Magnesium Gluconate, USP and other musculoskeletal disorders
● C12H22MgO14.2H2O ○ C/I: GI ulcers
● Antispasmodic ● intestinal anti-infective
● Magnesium replenisher Magnesium Sulfate, USP
● Tab ● Heptahydrate (efflorescent)
Magnesium Hydroxide, USP ● bitter salts, Epsom salt, epsomite; dried magnesium
● magnesium hydrate, brucite, Rolaids® sulfate; Morison’s paste
● antacid ● saline laxative (oral)
● cathartic ○ dissolved in iced water
● emulsifying agent (finely dispersed solid) ● anticonvulsant (parenteral)
● Comb with Al(OH)3 ○ DOC for eclampsia or pre-eclampsia
○ Delcid®, Maalox®, Mylanta® ○ antidote for Ba poisoning
Milk of Magnesia, USP ● Tx of erysipelas (topical)
Phillips Milk of Magnesia®, Magnesia Magma Prep: ● Aka St. Anthony’s Fire
● Milk of Magnesia – 80 mg Mg(OH)2 per ml of soln ○ Cold, wet compress of saturated
● Double Strength Milk of Magnesia – 160 mg Mg(OH)2 magnesium sulfate solution in water
per ml of soln ● replacement treatment in acute hypomagnesemia
● Triple Strength Milk of Magnesia – 240 mg Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Trisilicate, USP
per ml of soln ● Hydrated magnesium silicate
0.1% citric acid ● 2MgO⋅3SiO2⋅xH2O or (MgSiO3)2.SiO2.xH2O
● lessen chalky taste ● insoluble in water and alcohol but readily
● reduce alkalinity contributed by MOM and glass decomposed by mineral acids
container ● non systemic antacid and adsorbent
Storage: ● chronic use: siliceous nephrolithiasis
● blue-colored glass bottles ● large doses produce diarrhea
● < 35C, do not freeze because this changes the density ● DDI
and character of the hydroxide making it settle more ○ reduces the absorption of iron products,
quickly, coarser and more granular certain antibiotics (such as Nitrofurantoin)
Magnesium Oxide, USP or antimalarial drugs (such as Proguanil)
● Syn.Magnesia, Light Magnesia, Calcined Magnesia, ○ are not recommended to be taken at the
Heavy Magnesium Oxide, Heavy Magnesia, Heavy same time as a variety of drugs such as ACE
Calcined Magnesia inhibitors, aspirin and penicillamine.
● Antacid Talc, USP
● Comp of “Universal Antidote” ● Syn: talcum, purified talc, French chalk, soapstone,
○ MgO, tannic acid, activated charcoal steatite
● + MgCl2: magnesia cement, oxychloride cement, ● native hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes ctg a
Sorel’s cement, zylolith small prop of aluminum silicate
Light MgO ● softest mineral on Mohs’ scale of hardness
● Very bulky ● PN in dusting powder
● Magnesium carbonate heated to dull redness ○ desiccant and lubricant effects
● Preferred for administration of liquids ● Pharmaceutical aid: clarifying agent
Heavy MgO
● Dense/compact VI. STRONTIUM
● Magnesium carbonate heated to white heat A. History
● readily absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture when ● Davy (1807)
exposed to air ○ Isolated Strontium by electrolysis of the
hydroxide
○ named Strontian from a village in
Argyleshire,Scotland where it is found

7 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

 B. Occurrence ● Hexagonal crystals
● Celestite (SrSO4) ● Lightest of all solid and chemically-stable substances
● Strontianite (SrCO3)
D. Chemical properties
C. Physical Properties ● Sim to Al (diagonal relationship)
● Brass-Yellow metal ○ Amphoteric (dissolved in dilute acids)
● Malleable and Ductile ● 𝐵𝑒 + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻 → 𝐾2𝐵𝑒𝑂2 + 𝐻2 ↑
● Burns in air with intense illumination similar to ● Halides sim solubility in organic solvents
Calcium ● Lewis acids
● When heated, coated with BeO
D. Chemical properties ● Cation readily forms complexes:
● Similar to calcium 2+ 2+
● Middle in solubility of sulfates (Between Calcium and ○ 𝐵𝑒(𝐻2𝑂)4 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑒(𝑁𝐻3)4
Barium)
● small atomic radius
E. Unofficial ID Test ● Forms covalent bonds: Beryllium fluoride, chloride,
● Uses Calcium Sulfate TS (CaSO4) TS to get the oxide
precipitate of SrSO4 ● Beryllium halides should be linear if they exhibit the
ionic bonding character.
F. Pharmacologic Action
● Carrier of Active anions E. Pharmacologic Action: Toxicity
● Substitute for calcium and produce hypocalcemia ● Berylliosis: toxicity due to chronic inhalation
● Usually use in Fireworks ● Extremely toxic when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed
through the skin
G. Uses ○ Inhibits CHO metabolism by preventing the
● Radioactive breakdown of phosphorus compounds
● Bone physiology ○ Appears to replace calcium and magnesium
(should be balanced in concentration)
● No known specific antidote known
H. Official Compounds
● Strontium Chloride or Sr 89 Injection F. Uses
● Not employed as therapeutic agent
I. Unofficial Compounds ● Be-Cu alloys: wires for pianos
● Strontium Bromide ● Artificial precious stones
○ Anti-convulsant ● Fluorescent lighting industry
Non-official Compounds
● Strontium Chloride VIII. BARIUM
○ Found in Sensodyne A. History
● Strontium Lactate
○ Adjuvant in treatment of osteoporosis to ● Discovered by Davy
promote remineralization of depleted
skeleton B. Occurrence
● Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)
VII. BERYLLIUM ○ Barite
A. History ● Barium Carbonate (BaCO3)
● L.B. Vauquelin (1797) – discoverer ○ Witherite
● Wöhler and Bussy (1828) – isolation ● (MnBa)OMnO2
● Humpidge (1885) – purification ○ Psilomelane – Combination of Manganese
● Glucinum
B. Occurrence C. Physical Properties
● Beryl[𝐵𝑒3𝐴𝑙2(𝑆𝑖𝑂3)6] ● It is silvery white or slightly yellowish-white metal
● Emerald D. Chemical properties
○ Beryl + chromium silicate ● Most active in Group IIA
● Beryllonite[𝐵𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑃𝑂4] ● Volatile (kept in petroleum)
● Chrysoberyl [𝐵𝑒(𝐴𝑙𝑂2)2] ● Reacts with water
● Phenakite[𝐵𝑒2𝑆𝑖𝑂4] Ba(2+)
● Similar to Ca2+ and Sr2+
● Least soluble sulfate in group 2A
C. Physical Properties ● Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) – precipitate
● Hard, white, ductile, malleable metal

8 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB

 E. Official ID Test IX. RADIUM
A. History
● Sulfuric acid (2N H2SO4) –> White (precipitate) ● Discovered by Marie Curie
● HCl ->white ○ Only woman to be awarded a noble prize
● HNO3 -> white both in chemistry and physics.
● Flame test ○ Married to Pierre Curie
● Green glass test ○ Her Laboratory notebook is kept in the
Museum for its still radioactive
F. Pharmacologic Action
B. Chemical Properties
● Barium salts are toxic
○ Resemble digitalis but cause coronary ● 1,000,000 times more radioactive than uranium
vasoconstriction.
○ Laxative
○ Study of antispasmodics (anti pulikat parang C. Uses
gamit sa salonpas ganun)
● Insoluble salts ● Used in cancer therapy
○ Radiopaque ( example Barium meal or
anything na may barium, can be seen in
X-rays or used in radiology ganun)

G. Toxicity

● Baritosis ( Inhalation of Barium compound)

○ Benign pneumoconiosis (Iritates the lining
of the lungs)
○ Profound Hypokalemia (Barium Ion will
replace Potassium)
○ Muscle stimulating action

H. Official Compounds
Barium Hydroxide, Lime USP
● Ba(OH)2 ●8H2O and Ca(OH)2
● May contain Potassium Hydroxide KOH and an inert to
anesthetic gases
● Toxic if swallowed
● CO2 absorber
Barium Sulfate,USP
● Syn. Synthetic of Artificial Barytes
● Prescribed: Barium sulfate (BaS) or Barium sulfide
(BaSO4)
● “Barium meal” (suspension: tablet or paste)
● Diagnostic aid (fluoroscopy)
● Primary radio contrasting agent
● Enema (rectally)
○ Cleanses large intestine and colon

I. Nonofficial Compounds
Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate (8H2O)
● Barium Nitrate
○ Nitrobarite (Manufactures green fire)
● Barium Oxide
○ Calcine Baryta
● Barium Peroxide
○ Barium Dioxide

9 | COURSE CODE – 1PHB