Sesión 3 Análisis Ciclo Brayton - 2021 - 02

Máquinas y Equipos Térmicos II 07/12/2021
Sesión 3 Análisis de Mejora de Ciclo Brayton
BRAYTON CYCLE
Máquinas y Equipos Térmicos
IDEAL CICLE FOR GAS TURBINES
Proposed by George
Brayton around 1870
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
• Air at ambient conditions is drawn into the
compressor.
• The high pressure air proceeds into the

combustion chamber, the fuel is burned
at constant pressure.
• The high-temperature gases enter the

turbine, they expand to the atmospheric
pressure while producing power.
• The exhaust gases leaving are thrown out.
• Usually operate on an open cycle
Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 1

Operating
Principles
PRINCIPAL WORK AND HEAT TRANSFERS

• Assuming the turbine operates The symbol denotes work input and
adiabatically and with negligible takes on a positive value.
effects of kinetic and potential
energy, the work developed per
unit of mass is: • The heat added to the cycle per
unit of mass is:
𝑾̇̇ 𝒕 ̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏
= 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 = 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
where 𝒎̇̇ denotes the mass flow

rate. • The heat rejected per unit of mass is
̇
𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕
• With the same assumptions, the 𝒎̇
= 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟏
compressor work per unit of mass is:
𝑾̇̇ 𝒄
𝒎̇
= 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉1 where 𝑸̇out is positive in value.

CHARACTERISTICS
• The thermal efficiency of the cycle is:
𝑾̇𝒕 / 𝒎̇̇ − 𝑾𝒄 /̇ 𝒎̇ 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 ̇ − (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
η= =
𝑸𝒊𝒏 ̇ /𝒎̇ (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐)
• The back work ratio for the cycle is:

̇
𝑾𝒄 /̇ 𝒎̇ (𝒉𝟐 ̇ − 𝒉𝟏)
𝒃𝒘𝒓 = =
̇ /𝒎̇
𝑾𝒕 (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒)
• For the same pressure rise, a gas turbine compressor would require a
much greater work input per unit of mass flow than the pump of a vapor
power plant because the average specific volume of the gas flowing
through the compressor would be many times greater than that of the
liquid passing through the pump.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE
RATIO ON PERFORMANCE
• Thermal efficiency increases with increasing
pressure ratio across the compressor.
• There is a limit of about 1700 K imposed by

metallurgical considerations on the
maximum allowed temperature at the
turbine inlet.
• The T–s diagrams of two ideal Brayton cycles

having the same turbine inlet temperature
but different compressor pressure ratios are
shown in next figure.
• Cycle A has a greater pressure ratio than

cycle B and thus the greater thermal
efficiency.
10
IRREVERSIBILITIES AND LOSSES

̇
(𝑾𝒕 /̇ 𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟑 ̇ − 𝒉𝟒)
η𝒕 = =
(𝑾𝒕 ̇ /𝒎)̇ 𝒔 (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒𝒔)
̇
(𝑾𝒄 / ̇ 𝒎)𝒔
̇ (𝒉𝟐𝒔̇ − 𝒉𝟏)
η𝒄 = =
(𝑾𝒄̇ /𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
Turbine &
Combustor
Compressor
Pressure losses
Irreversibilities
The effects of irreversibilities in the turbine and compressor are important. Still,
among the irreversibilities of actual gas turbine power plants, combustion
irreversibility is the most significant by far.
11
12

=12
𝜼𝒄 = 0.8
Propiedad
PRESIÓN TEMPERATURA ENTALPÍA
𝜼𝒕 = 0.9 ESTADO PRESIÓN RELATIVA
Punto P (kPa) T (K) h (kJ/kg)
1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386
2s Aire comprimido 1200 ----- 610.65 16.632
2 Aire comprimido 1200 676.67 688.265 ------

Aire
3 Sobrecalentado
1200 1400 1515.42 450.5
Aire
4s Sobrecalentado
100 ----- 768.38 37.542
Aire
4 Sobrecalentado
100 819.19 843.084 -----
13
̇
(𝑾𝒕 /̇ 𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟑 ̇ − 𝒉𝟒)
η𝒕 = =
̇ ̇ /𝒎)̇ 𝒔 (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒𝒔)
(𝑾𝒄 / ̇ 𝒎)𝒔
̇ (𝒉𝟐𝒔̇ − 𝒉𝟏) (𝑾𝒕
η𝒄 = =
(𝑾𝒄̇ /𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
ℎ = ℎ − ̇(ℎ − ℎ )(𝜂𝑡)
̇
(𝒉2𝒔 − 𝒉1) ̇
h = 1515.42 − 1515.42 − 768.38 (0.90)
𝒉 =𝒉 +
(η𝐶)
ℎ = 843.084𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
̇
(𝟔𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟗)
𝒉𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 +
(𝟎. 𝟖)
ℎ = 688.265𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
14

• PROCESSES • ANALYSIS
• EFICIENCY
𝑾̇̇𝑪
= (ℎ2 − ℎ1) kJ/kg 𝑾̇̇ 𝒕 𝑊̇ 𝑡 / 𝑚̇̇ − 𝑊𝑐 /̇ 𝑚̇ 672.337 ̇ − (388.075)
𝒎̇ = (688.265 − 300.19) kJ/kg η= =
𝒎̇ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 ̇ /𝑚̇ (827.155)
= 388.075 kJ/kg = 0.3436
̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏 ̇
𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕
• WORK RATIO
= (ℎ3 − ℎ2) kJ/kg = (1515.42 − 688.265)
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
̇
𝑊𝑐 /̇ 𝑚̇ ( . ̇ )
= 827.155 kJ/kg 𝒃𝒘𝒓 = = 𝑋 100
̇ /𝑚̇
𝑊𝑡 ( . )
𝑾̇̇ 𝒕
= (ℎ3 − ℎ4) kJ/kg 𝑾̇̇ 𝒕
𝒎̇ = (1515.42 − 843.083) = 57.72 %
𝒎̇
r • MASS FLOW
= 672.337 kJ/kg
𝑊 ̇ 𝑘𝑊
̇
𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕 ̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏 𝑚̇ =
= (ℎ4 − ℎ1) kJ/kg = (843.083 − 300.19) (𝑊̇ 𝑊̇
𝑚̇ − 𝑚̇)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
= 542.893 kJ/kg
̇
𝑾̇𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐 𝑾̇𝒕 𝑾̇𝑪
̇ = ( ̇ − ̇ ) (𝒎̇) = (672.337-388.075)(5.087) = 1446.04 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
𝒎 𝒎
15

REGENERATIVE TURBINES
• A heat exchanger called regenerator,
which allows the air exiting the
compressor to be preheated before
entering the combustor, reducing the
amount of fuel that must be burned in
the combustor.
• The regenerator is a counterflow heat

exchanger, the hot turbine exhaust gas
and the cooler air leaving the
compressor pass in opposite directions.
• Ideally, no frictional pressure drop

occurs in either stream.
• The heat added per unit of mass is

then given by ̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏
= 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝒙
𝒎̇
16
REGENERATOR EFFECTIVENESS
• As the specific enthalpy hx increases
and thus as the temperature Tx
increases
• The maximum theoretical value for Tx,

refer to the figure, it shows temperature
variations of the hot and cold streams
of a counterflow heat exchanger.
• The regenerator effectiveness is the

ratio of the actual enthalpy increase of
the air flowing through the compressor
side of the regenerator to the
maximum theoretical enthalpy
increase. That is: ̇
(𝒉𝒙 − 𝒉𝟐)
η𝒓𝒆𝒈 =
(𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐)
17
18

̇
(𝒉𝒙 − 𝒉𝟐)
η𝒓𝒆𝒈 =
(𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐)
Propiedad
ESTADO PRESIÓN RELATIVA

T3=1600 K
𝜼𝒄 = 0.9 2 Aire comprimido 1400 662.165 672.78 ------

𝜼𝒕 = 0.9
Aire
3 Sobrecalentado
1400 1600 1757.57 791.2
T T3=1600 K
3 Aire
4s Sobrecalentado 100 ----- 861.289 56.514
Aire
4 Sobrecalentado
100 916.024 950.917 -----
4
Aire
2 4s
x Sobrecalentado 1400 866.29 895.289 -----
2s x y
Aire
y Sobrecalentado
100 662.165 672.78 -----
T1=300 K
1
s
19
̇ ℎ = ℎ + ̇ (ℎ − ℎ )(𝜂reg)
̇ (𝑾𝒕 /̇ 𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟑 ̇ − 𝒉𝟒)
(𝑾𝒄 / ̇ 𝒎)𝒔
̇ (𝒉𝟐𝒔̇ − 𝒉𝟏) η𝒕 = =
η𝒄 = = ̇ /𝒎)̇ 𝒔 (𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒𝒔) ̇
h = 672.78 − 950.917 − 672.78 (0.80)
(𝑾𝒄̇ /𝒎)̇ (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏) (𝑾𝒕
ℎ = 895.289𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
̇
(𝒉2𝒔 − 𝒉1)
𝒉 =𝒉 + ℎ = ℎ − ̇(ℎ − ℎ )(𝜂𝑡)
(η𝐶)
̇
(635.519 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟗) ̇
h = 1757.57 − 1757.57 − 861.289 (0.90)
𝒉𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 +
(𝟎. 𝟗)
ℎ = 950.917𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 672.78𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
20

• PROCESSES • ANALYSIS
• EFICIENCY
𝑾̇̇𝑪
= (ℎ2 − ℎ1) kJ/kg 𝑾̇̇ 𝒄
= (672.78 − 300.19) kJ/kg
𝒎̇
𝒎̇ 𝑊̇ 𝑡 / 𝑚̇̇ − 𝑊𝑐 /̇ 𝑚̇ 806.653 ̇ − (372.59)
η=
̇ /𝑚̇ =
= 372.59 kJ/kg 𝑄𝑖𝑛 (862.281)
= 0.5034
̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏 ̇
𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕
= (ℎ3 − ℎx) kJ/kg = (1757.57 − 895.289) • WORK RATIO
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
= 862.281 kJ/kg ̇
𝑊𝑐 /̇ 𝑚̇ ( . ̇)
𝒃𝒘𝒓 = = 𝑋 100
𝑾̇̇ 𝒕
= (ℎ3 − ℎ4) kJ/kg 𝑾̇̇ 𝒕 ̇ /𝑚̇
𝑊𝑡 ( . )
𝒎̇ = (1757.57 − 950.917)
𝒎̇
= 46.19 %
= 806.653 kJ/kg • MASS FLOW
̇
𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕 ̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏
= (ℎ𝑦 − ℎ1) kJ/kg = (672.78 − 300.19) 𝑊 ̇ 𝑘𝑊
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇ 𝑚̇ =
(𝑊̇ 𝑊̇
= 372.59 kJ/kg 𝑚̇ − 𝑚̇)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
• NET POWER GENERTION

̇
𝑾̇𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐 𝑾̇𝒕 𝑾̇𝑪
̇ = ( ̇
𝒎
− ̇ )
𝒎
(𝒎̇) = (806.653-372.59)(5.087) = 2208.079 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
21

3
5
4
6
4s
2 3 4 5 2
6s
2s
1
1 6
Resolver sin Regenerador y Comparar Resultados
22
Propiedad
2 Aire comprimido 1400 662.165 672.78 ------
Aire
3 1400 1600 1757.57 791.2
Sobrecalentado
Aire
4s 400 ------ 1260.064 226.057
Sobrecalentado
Aire
4 400 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
5 400 1600 1757.57 791.2
Sobrecalentado
Aire
6s 100 ------ 1215.353 197.8
Sobrecalentado
Aire
6 100 -------
Sobrecalentado
23
24

8 4
6
3
5
2 4 5 6 7 3 7
5s
2 7s
2s
25
Propiedad
2 Aire comprimido 1000 603.75 610.97 ------
Aire
3 1000 1074.44 1131.49 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
4 1000 1500 1635.97 601.9
Sobrecalentado
Aire
5s 300 ------ 1185.792 180.57
Sobrecalentado
4
Aire 6
5 300 1159.9 1230.80 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
6 300 1500 1635.97 601.9 5
Sobrecalentado 3 5 7
2 s 7
Aire 2
s
7s 100 ------ 1220.030 200.6333 s
Sobrecalentado
8
Aire
7 100 1186.21 1261.624 -------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
8 100 725.81 741.104 1
Sobrecalentado
26
Propiedad
2s Aire comprimido 1400 -----
2 Aire comprimido 1400 ------
Aire
3 1400 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
4 1400 1500 1635.97 601.9
Sobrecalentado
Aire
5s 400 ------
Sobrecalentado 4
6
Aire
5 400 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire 5
6 400 1500 1635.97 601.9 3 5 7
Sobrecalentado
2 s 7
2
Aire s
7s 100 ------ s
Sobrecalentado 8
Aire
7 100 -------
Sobrecalentado
Aire 1
8 100
Sobrecalentado
27

28
29
10
𝜼𝒓𝒆𝒈 = 0.82
̇ 𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒 )
(𝒉
η𝒓𝒆𝒈 =
(𝒉𝟗 − 𝒉𝟒 ) Resolver con Interenfriador
P9= 100 KPa
y Comparar Resultados
5
P7= 300 KPa
P4= 1000 KPa 4 6 9
7 8
T6=1500 K T8=1500 K
𝜼𝒄 = 0.9
𝜼𝒕 = 0.9
P2= 500 KPa T3=300 K

1 2 3
T1= 300 K
P1= 100 Kpa
̇ 𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒂 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟕 𝒔
30

6
8
7
5
9
7s
9s
4
4s
2 10
2s
31
32
33

34
• The continued quest for higher thermal

efficiencies has resulted in rather
innovative modifications to conventional
power plants.
• A more popular modification involves a

gas power cycle topping a vapor power
cycle, which is called the combined gas–
vapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
• The combined cycle of greatest interest is

the cycle topping a
cycle, which has a
higher thermal efficiency than either of
the cycles executed individually.
35
 Gas-turbine cycles typically operate at  A 1350-MW combined-cycle power plant

considerably higher temperatures than built in Ambarli, Turkey, in 1988 by Siemens
steam cycles. of Germany is the first commercially
operating thermal plant in the world to
attain an efficiency level as high as 52.5
 The maximum fluid temperature at the percent
turbine inlet is about 620°C (1150°F) for
modern steam power plants, but over
1425°C (2600°F) for gas-turbine power  At design operating conditions. This plant
plants. It is over 1500°C at the burner exit has six 150-MW gas turbines and three 173-
of turbojet engines. MW steam turbines. Some recent
combined-cycle power plants have
achieved efficiencies above 60 percent.
 The gas leaves the gas turbine at very
high temperatures (usually above 500°C),
which erases any potential gains in the
thermal efficiency.
36

Processes
BRAYTON CYCLE
 #1 : Compression with 0.90  #3 : Expansion with 0.90 efficiency:
efficiency:
𝑾̇̇ 𝒄 𝑾̇̇ 𝒕
= 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉1 = 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
𝑾̇̇ 𝒄 𝒌𝑱 𝑾̇̇ 𝒄 𝒌𝑱
= 610.97 − 300.19 = 310.74 𝒌𝒈 = 1635.97 − 300.19 = 310.74 𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇ 𝒎̇
 #2 : Heat transfer in to the fluid:

̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏
= 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟐 ̇
𝒎̇ 𝑸̇𝒐𝒖𝒕
= 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟏
̇
𝑸̇𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝑱
𝒎̇
= 1635.97 − 610.97 = 1025 𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇
𝑸̇out
37
Processes
BRAYTON CYCLE
 the thermal efficiency of the  The relation for the energy
combined cycle is: transferred from the gas cycle to the
vapor cycle for the system is obtained
by applying the mass and energy rate
𝑾̇ 𝒈 + 𝑾̇ 𝒔
𝜼̇ = balances to a control volume enclosing
̇
𝑸𝒊𝒏 the heat exchanger.
𝒎̇ 𝒔 (𝒉𝟕 − 𝒉𝟔) = 𝒎̇ 𝒈 (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟓)

where Wg is the net power developed
by the gas turbine and Ws is the net
power developed by the vapor cycle.
Where mg and ms are the mass
Qin denotes the total rate of heat
flow rates of the gas and vapor, respectively.
transfer to the combined cycle,
including additional heat transfer, if
any, to superheat the vapor entering
the vapor turbine.
38
39
Type of plant Steam Power Plant

Gas Combined Cycle
Turbine With Power Plant
Characteristics Without Reheat
Reheat
950 – 1000 640 – 700 550 – 630 950 - 1000

Average temperature of the
heat supplied, in K (in °C)
(660 – 700) (360 – 420) (280 – 360) (660 – 700)
500 – 550 400 – 450 400 – 450 400 – 450

Average temperature of the
heat supplied, in K (in °C)
230 - 280 120 – 180 120 – 180 120 – 180
Carnot efficiency, in % 42 – 47 45 – 54 37 – 50 63 - 68
Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 07/12/2021
39

40
T3=1600 K
1400 KPa
𝜼𝒄 = 0.9 𝜼𝒕 = 0.9
CICLO
COMBINADO ̇
(𝒉𝒙 − 𝒉𝟐)
η𝒓𝒆𝒈 =
(𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐)
T7= 500 °C
7.5 kPa
41
4
4s
2s
PRESIÓN GENERADOR
5
6s 8s
1
6 PRESIÓN CONDENSADOR
9 8
42

Propiedad
Aire
1
Atmosférico
100 300 300.19 1.386
Aire
2s
comprimido
1400 ----- 635.5 19.4
Aire
2
Sobrecalentado
1400 662.49 672.78 ------
Aire
3
Sobrecalentado
1400 1600 1757.57 791.2
Aire
4s
Sobrecalentado
100 ----- 861.29 56.51
Aire
4 100 916.026 950.92 -----
Sobrecalentado
Aire
5 100 -------
Sobrecalentado
43
44
45
8 Vapor Húmedo 9 Líquido Saturado 6 Líquido Comprimido
7 Vapor SC
Propiedad
PRESIÓN TEMPERATURA ENTALPÍA ENTROPÍA
ESTADO TÍTULO
Punto P (kPa) T (°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K)
Líquido
6 8000 ----- ------- --------
Comprimido
Vapor
7 8000 500 3399.5 6.7266 ---------
Sobrecalentado
8s Vapor Húmedo 7.5
8 Vapor Húmedo 7.5
9 Líquido Saturado 7.5 40.29 168.75 0.5763 -------
45

RESUMEN ESTADOS PUNTO

Propiedad PRESIÓN TEMPERATURA ENTALPÍA ENTROPÍA PRES. REL TÍTULO
ESTADO UBICACIÓN
Punto P (kPa) T (°C) [K] h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) Pr x
1 Aire Atmosférico Succión Compresor 100 300 300.19 ------ 1.386 ------
2s Aire Comprimido Descarga Compresor Ideal 1400 ----- 635.5 ----- 19.4 -----
2 Aire Comprimido Descarga Compresor Real 1400 662.49 672.78 ------ ------ ------
Aire
3 Entrada Turbina 1400 1600 1757.57 ------ 791.2 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire
4s Salida Turbina Ideal 100 ----- 861.29 ------ 56.51 ------
Sobrecalentado
Aire Entrada Intercambiador Calor
4 100 916.026 950.92 ------ ------ ------
Sobrecalentado A
Aire
5 Salida Intercambiador Calor A 100 400 K 400.98 ------ ------ ------
Sobrecalentado
Líquido Entrada Intercambiador Calor
6 8000 ------ 178.81 ------ ------ ------
Comprimido B
Vapor
7 Salida Intercambiador Calor B 8,000 400 °C 3139.4 6.3658 ----- ------
Sobrecalentado
8s Vapor Húmedo Entrada Condensador 7.5 40.29 °C ----- -----
8 Vapor Húmedo Entrada Condensador 7.5 40.29 °C 2098.91 6.7337 ------ 0.8024
9 Líquido Saturado Descarga Bomba Ideal 7.5 40.29 °C 168.75 0.5763 ----- -----
Líquido
6s Descarga Bomba Real 7.5 ------ ----- ----- -----
Comprimido
46
RESUMEN ESTADOS PUNTO

PROCESOS
Proceso Estados punto Descripción Fórmula Entalpías Resultado Unidades
CICLO ALTO: TURBINA DE GAS
Compresión del aire con 𝑊̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
1 1A2 = ℎ −ℎ 669.74 300.19 369.55 𝑘𝑔
eficiencia de 84% 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
Transferencia de calor hacia el 𝑄̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽

2 2A3 = ℎ −ℎ 1515.42 669.74 845.68 𝑘𝑔
fluido en ciclo alto 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
Expansión con eficiencia de 𝑊̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽

3 3A4 = ℎ −ℎ 1515.42 858.01 657.41 𝑘𝑔
88% en turbina de gas 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
Transferencia de calor desde el 𝑄̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽

4 5A1 = ℎ −ℎ 400.98 300.19 100.79 𝑘𝑔
fluido en ciclo alto 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
CICLO BAJO: TURBINA DE VAPOR

Expansión con eficiencia de 𝑊̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
5 7A8 = ℎ −ℎ 3139.4 2098.91 1040.49 𝑘𝑔
90% en turbina de vapor 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
Transferencia de calor desde el 𝑄̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽

6 8A9 = ℎ −ℎ 2098.91 168.75 1930.16 𝑘𝑔
fluido en el condensador 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔
Compresión del agua con 𝑊̇ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽

7 9A6 𝑚̇
= ℎ −ℎ 𝑘𝑔 178.81 168.75 10.06
eficiencia de 80% 𝑘𝑔
47
THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
48
Gas Turbine (Brayton) Steam Turbine without

Reheat (Rankine)
T4 = 600°C
48

THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
49
Steam Turbine with Reheat Combined Cycle Gas

(Rankine) Turbine/Steam Turbine
49
50
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
• The thermal efficiency of a • If there’s no supplementary firing in

Combined-Cycle plant is: the waste heat boiler:
𝑊̇ + 𝑊̇ ̇ ̇
𝜂=
𝑄̇ + 𝑄̇
•𝜂 = ̇
• Additional firing in the steam • Increasing the additional firing

generator (𝑄 ̇ ) is supplied directly improves the efficiency of the
to the steam process combined cycle only if it improves
the efficiency of the steam process.
50
51
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Gas Turbine Alone
Combined Cycle plant
51

52
SUMMARY
• The gas turbine with the highest efficiency does not necessarily produce the
best overall efficiency of the combined cicle power plant.
• The turbine inlet temperature is far more important factor.
• The problem lies only in its maximum conversion into mechanical energy.
52
Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 07/12/2021 53
SYSTEM LAYOUTS
“The main problem in laying out a
combined cycle plant is making
optimum use of the exhaust heat
from the gas turbine in the waste
heat boiler”
53
54
SYSTEM LAYOUTS
The heat transfer between the topping and bottoming cycle entails losses, it’s
limited by three factors:
• The physical properties of the water and exhaust gases cause exergetic and
energetic losses.
• The heat exchanger cannot be infinitely large.
• The low temperature corrosion that can occur at the end of the heat
exchanger limits how far the gases can be cooled.
54

HEAT EXCHAGE 55
Heat Exchange in a Waste

Ideal Heat Exchanger Heat Boiler
55
SINGLE PRESSURE SYSTEM

56
The waste heat boiler consists of

three parts:
• Feedwater preheater
(economizer), heated by the flue
gases
• The evaporator
• The superheater
56
ECONOMIZERS 57
• Preheats water prior to entry

into the steam drum.
• Desirable to prevent steam

from forming in the
economize
57

EVAPORATOR 58
• Vaporizes water and produce steam
• Water/steam circulates from lower drum

to steam drum
• Steam exits from the steam drum after

passing through steam separating
equipment
• Water level must be carefully maintaine
58
SUPERHEATERS/REHEATERS 59
• Saturated steam from

evaporator is sent to
superheater to produce dry
steam
• Dry steam is required for

steam turbines
59
NATURAL CIRCULATION HRSG

60
 Typically horizontal gas flow and

vertical tubes
 Tube bundles typically grow thermally

down
 For gas turbines less than 50 MW,

evaporator is shipped to site in single
pieces
 For larger gas turbines the evaporator

is shipped in multiple sections
60

NATURAL CIRCULATION HRSG

61
Typically vertical gas flow and

horizontal tubes
Steam/water mixture circulation

through evaporator tubes and
to/from drum with a pump
Historically common in Europe

due to small footprin
61
62
TEMPERATURE/HEAT DIAGRAM
62
TEMPERATURE-HEAT TRANSFER 63
DIAGRAM
Characeristics Diagram
• The steps of heat recovery can be
illustrated in a temperature-heat transfer
diagram.
• The aim of such a diagram is to facilitate

analysis of different parameters in the
HRSG.
• The upper line illustrates the cooling of

exhaust gas from inlet to outlet in the
HRSG.
63

DIAGRAM
• The lower line illustrates the water-
to steam process, where
evaporation takes place at
constant temperature.
• The area between the exhaust

profile and the water profile is a
measure of the heat loss in the
HRSG.
64
65
TEMPERATURE-HEAT TRANSFER
DIAGRAM
• An important design parameter is the
pinch point temperature difference,
ΔtPP.
• The feed water exiting the economizer

has a somewhat lower temperature
than the saturation temperature of
the drum; this is called the approach
temperature.
65
HEAT TRANSFER DIAGRAM AND 66
HEAT BALANCES
Transfer Diagram
Heat Balances
66

Ideal vs Real Exchange

DIAGRAM
• The lower the heat recovery (and
• In an ideal heat exchanger, the thus efficiency), the higher the exit
temperature difference between the two temperature of the cooled
medium.
media on each heat exchanger side
approaches zero, i.e. ΔT -> 0.
• In a real heat exchanger, the temperature

difference can never become zero.
• The larger the temperature difference

between the two media, the lower the
efficiency of the heat exchange, and thus
less heat is recovered. Ideal Heat Exchange
67
DIAGRAM
Heat Exchange in a
Real HRSG
• In the HRSG of a combined cycle, the
water vaporization at constant
temperature constitutes the largest heat
loss.
• The larger the area between the exhaust

profile and the water profile, the higher the
exhaust temperature out from HRSG, i.e.
the stack temperature.
68
PINCH POINT TEMPERATURE 69
Cost vs ∆𝑇 DIFFERENCE, ΔTPP

Conditions
• The pinch point temperature difference (ΔtPP)
is the difference between the temperature of
the exhaust exiting the evaporator (tg3) and
the temperature of water evaporation (ts):
• The water evaporation takes place at

constant temperature and pressure in the
drum.
• The pinch point temperature difference, ΔtPP ,

is usually between 5ºC and 15ºC. The lower
the pinch point temperature difference, the
higher the cost for the heat exchanger.
69

APPROACH TEMPERATURE
70
• The approach temperature is defined as the

temperature difference between the
saturation temperature and the economizer
outlet temperature
• The purpose of keeping the economizer

outlet temperature somewhat lower than the
saturation temperature is to avoid
evaporation in the economizer.
• The approach temperature range is typically

between 5ºC and 12ºC.
70
71
72
72

73
Pitch 10°C
App 10°C
73
• A combined gas turbine–vapor power plant has a net power

T3 = 1600 K
output of 100 MW.
• Air enters the compressor of the gas turbine at 100 kPa, η𝒄 = 𝟖𝟔%
300 K, and is compressed to 1200 kPa. The isentropic

efficiency of the compressor is 86%.
• The conditions at the inlet to the turbine are 1200 kPa and
1600 K. Air expands through the turbine, which has an
isentropic efficiency of 88%, to a pressure of 100 kPa. The
air then passes through the interconnecting heat exchanger,
and is finally discharged at 480 K. T3 = 500°C
• Steam enters the turbine of the vapor power cycle at 8 MPa,

500°C, and expands to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa.
• Water enters the pump as saturated liquid at 8 kPa.
• The turbine and pump have isentropic efficiencies of 90 and
80%, respectively.
74
GAS TURBINES FOR

AIRCRAFT PROPULSION
75

AERONAUTICS TURBINES
76
FIN
GRACIAS
77

Sesión 3 Análisis Ciclo Brayton - 2021 - 02

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Máquinas y Equipos Térmicos II 07/12/2021

Sesión 3 Análisis de Mejora de Ciclo Brayton

IDEAL CICLE FOR GAS TURBINES

• The high pressure air proceeds into the

• The high-temperature gases enter the

• The exhaust gases leaving are thrown out.

• Usually operate on an open cycle

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 1

PRINCIPAL WORK AND HEAT TRANSFERS

where 𝒎̇̇ denotes the mass flow

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 2

• The back work ratio for the cycle is:

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 3

• There is a limit of about 1700 K imposed by

• The T–s diagrams of two ideal Brayton cycles

• Cycle A has a greater pressure ratio than

IRREVERSIBILITIES AND LOSSES

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 4

1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386

2s Aire comprimido 1200 ----- 610.65 16.632

2 Aire comprimido 1200 676.67 688.265 ------

PRINCIPAL WORK AND HEAT TRANSFERS

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 5

• The regenerator is a counterflow heat

• Ideally, no frictional pressure drop

• The heat added per unit of mass is

• The maximum theoretical value for Tx,

• The regenerator effectiveness is the

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 6

1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386

𝜼𝒄 = 0.9 2 Aire comprimido 1400 662.165 672.78 ------

PRINCIPAL WORK AND HEAT TRANSFERS

• NET POWER GENERTION

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 7

Resolver sin Regenerador y Comparar Resultados

1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386

2s Aire comprimido 1400 ----- 635.519 19.404

2 Aire comprimido 1400 662.165 672.78 ------

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 8

1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386

2s Aire comprimido 1000 ----- 579.9 13.86

2 Aire comprimido 1000 603.75 610.97 ------

1 Aire Atmosférico 100 300 300.19 1.386

2s Aire comprimido 1400 -----

2 Aire comprimido 1400 ------

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 9

P2= 500 KPa T3=300 K

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 10

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 11

• The continued quest for higher thermal

• A more popular modification involves a

• The combined cycle of greatest interest is

 Gas-turbine cycles typically operate at  A 1350-MW combined-cycle power plant

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 12

 #2 : Heat transfer in to the fluid:

𝒎̇ 𝒔 (𝒉𝟕 − 𝒉𝟔) = 𝒎̇ 𝒈 (𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟓)

Type of plant Steam Power Plant

950 – 1000 640 – 700 550 – 630 950 - 1000

500 – 550 400 – 450 400 – 450 400 – 450

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 07/12/2021

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 13

Ing. José Luis Torres Gutiérrez 14