CARE OF CLIENTS

WITH PROBLEMS IN
ENDOCRINOLOGY
FGV JAMINIT, RN, CNN, MAN
Diabetes Care Specialist
HIV/AIDS Counselor
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Glands of the Endocrine System

CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Hypothalamus
 Posterior Pituitary

 Anterior Pituitary

 Thyroid

 Parathyroids
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

 Adrenals

 Pancreatic islets

 Ovaries and testes

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Hypothalamus
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Prolactin releasing and inhibiting hormones

 Corticotropin-releasing hormone

 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

 Growth hormone-releasing hormone

 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

 Somatostatin-=-inhibits GH and TSH

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Anterior Pituitary
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Growth Hormone (GH)

 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

 Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)

 Follicle stimulating hormone—ovary in female,

sperm in males
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

 Luteinizing hormone—corpus luteum in

females, secretion of testosterone in males
 Prolactin—prepares female breasts for
lactation
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Posterior Pituitary
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Antidiuretic Hormone

 Oxytocin—contraction of uterus, milk ejection

from breasts
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Thyroid
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Follicular cells—excretion of triiodothyronine

(T3) and thyroxine (T4)—Increase BMR,
increase bone and calcium turnover, increase
response to catecholamines, need for fetal
G&D
 Thyroid C cells—calcitonin. Lowers blood
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

calcium and phosphate levels

CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN 7


calcium
Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone—regulates serum

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Pancreatic Islet cells

CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Endocrine & exocrine gland

- endocrine portion: islets of Langerhans
1. alpha cells – glucagon
2. beta cells – insulin
3. gamma cells – pancreatic
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

polypeptide
4. delta cells – somatostatin
- exocrine portion – cholecystokinin,
secretion
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Pancreatic Islet cells

CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Insulin

 Glucagon—stimulates glycogenolysis and

glyconeogenesis
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

 Somatostatin—decreases intestinal absorption

of glucose
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Kidney
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D—stimulates calcium

absorption from the intestine
 Renin—activates the RAAS

 Erythropoietin—Increases red blood cell

production
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Adrenal Cortex
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Mineralocorticoid—aldosterone. Affects
sodium absorption, loss of potassium by
kidney
 Glucocorticoids—cortisol. Affects metabolism,
regulates blood sugar levels, affects growth,
anti-inflammatory action, decreases effects of
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

stress
 Adrenal androgens—dehydroepiandrosterone
and androstenedione. Converted to
testosterone in the periphery.
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Adrenal Medulla
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Epinephrine and norepinephrine

serve as neurotransmitters for sympathetic
system
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Ovaries
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Estrogen
 Progesterone—inportant in menstrual
cycle,*maintains pregnancy,
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Testes
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Androgens, testosterone—secondary sexual

characteristics, sperm production
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Thymus
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Releases thymosin and thymopoietin

 Affects maturation of T lymphocetes
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN 16

Melatonin 
Pineal

 Affects sleep, fertility and aging

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Prostaglandins
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Work locally
 Released by plasma cells

 Affect fertility, blood clotting, body temperature

FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN
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Assessment
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Health history—energy level, hand and foot

size changes, headaches, urinary changes,
heat and cold intolerance, changes in sexual
characteristics, personality changes, others
 Physical assessment—appearance including
hair distribution, fat distribution, quality of skin,
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

appearance of eyes, size of feet and hands,

peripheral edema, facial puffiness, vital signs
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Diagnostic Evaluation
CARE OF CLIENTS WITH PROBLEMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

 Serum levels of hormones

 Detection of antibodies against certain hormones
 Urinary tests to measure by-products (norepinephrine,
metanephrines, dopamine)
 Stimulation tests—determine how an endocrine gland
responds to stimulating hormone. If the hormone
responds, then the problem lies w/hypothalmus or
pituitary
FGV Jaminit, RN, CNN, MAN

 Suppression tests—tests negative feedback systems

that control secretion of hormones from the
hypothalamus or pituitary.