hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 1

ae¸pdw PnÃm ]©mb¯v hnPbt`cn hnZym`ymk ]²XnbpsS `mKambn Ignª

hÀjw ¹kvSp/ hnF¨vFÊn c­mw hÀj hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡mbn t^m¡kv 21 F¶ t]cnÂ
X¿mdm¡nb ÌUn saäocnbepIÄ¡v A[ym]Icn \n¶pw hnZymÀ°nIfn \n¶pw
hfsc \Ã {]XnIcWamWv e`n¨Xv. tImhnUv almamcnaqew km[mcW ¢mkpIÄ
e`n¡m¯ hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v {]kvXpX saäocnb Gsd klmbIcamsb¶v AhÀ
km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.
H¶mw hÀj hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pÅ ]co£ sk]vX¼À BZyhmcw \S¡pIbmWv.
t^m¡kv ]mT`mK§Ä¡mbn hnPbt`cn t^m¡kv +1 F¶ t]cn Ignª
hÀjt¯Xp t]mse Cu hÀjhpw hnhn[ hnjb§Ä¡v {]tXyI ÌUosaäocnbÂ
ae¸pdw PnÃm ]© mb¯ v h nPb t`cn h nZym`ymk ]² Xnb psS `mK amb n
]pd¯nd¡pIbmWv. ae¸pdw UbämWv {]kvXpX saäocnben\pÅ A¡mZanI ]n´pW
\ÂInbn«pÅXv. hnhn[ hnjb§fpsS PnÃm Xe A[ym]IcpsS Atkmkntbj\mWv
Cu {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v R§fpsS IqsS \n¶Xv. FÃmhtcbpw Cu Ahkc¯nÂ
\µntbmsS kvacn¡p¶p.
Cu DZyaw A[ym]IÀ¡pw hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Gsd D]Imcs¸Spsa¶v
{]Xo£n¡p¶p.
FÃm hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw anI¨ hnPbw ssIhcn¡m³ Ignbs« F¶miwkn¡p¶p.

Fw.sI. d^oJ
{]knU­v
PnÃm ]©mb¯v.ae¸pdw
\ko_ Akokv
sNbÀ t]gvk¬
BtcmKy hnZym`ymk Ønc kanXn
{ioaXn. kvt\leX
RDD ae¸pdw
{io .Dss_ZpÅ
AD VHSE
{io.]n.apl½Zv apkvX^
{]n³kn¸Ä C³NmÀPv
Ubäv ae¸pdw
Sn. kenw
tImUnt\äÀ.
hnPbt`cn hnZym`ymk ]²Xn

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 2

 POLITICAL SCIENCE
PLUS ONE FOCUS AREA
2021

Prepared by:

Muhammed Iqbal. M
HSST Political Science
PPMHSS Kottukkara

Muhammed Rasak.K
HSST Political Science
GHSS Moothedath

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 3

 PART-I
INDIAN CONSTITUTION AT WORK

CHAPTER -1
Constitution: Why And How
Objective Questions
1. C´ybpsS `cWLS\bv¡v cq]w sImSp¯Xv?
Ans: `cWLS\ \nÀ½mW k` (Constituent Assembly)
2. `cW LS\\nÀ½mW k`bpsS XmXvImenI A[y£³?
Ans: k¨nZm\µ kn³l
3. `cWLS\ \nÀ½mW k`bpsS Øncw A[y£³?
Ans: tUm. cmtP{µ {]kmZv
4. C´y³ `cWLS\bpsS inev]n F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv Bcv?
Ans: tUm. _n BÀ Awt_ZvIÀ
5. `cWLS\ \nÀ½mW k`bpsS {Um^vänwKv I½nän A[y£³?
Ans: tUm. _n BÀ Awt_ZvIÀ
6. `cWLS\ FgpXn Xbmdmbn, `cWLS\ \nÀ½mW k` AwKoImcw
\ÂInbXv F¶v? (Adopted by the constituent assembly)
Ans: 1949 \hw_À 26
7. `cW LS\ \nehn h¶Xv F¶v?
Ans: 1950 P\phcn 26
8. `cWLS\ \nÀ½mW k`bn "e£y {]tabw' (Objective Resolution)
AhXcn¸n¨Xv Bcv?
Ans: PhlÀ em s\lvdp.
Short Essay
1. Hcp `cW LS\bpsS {][m\ [À½§Ä Fs´ÃmamWv?
Ans:
1. `cWLS\ GtIm]\hpw Dd¸pw \ÂIp¶p.
(The constitution allows coordination and assurances)
Hcp kaql¯nse AwK§Ä¡nSbn GIm]\hpw Dd¸pw A\phZn¡p¶ HcpIq«w
ASnØm\ \nba§Ä \ÂIpI F¶XmWv `cWLS\bpsS BZy[À½w. `cWLS\
F Ã m A wK § Ä ¡ pw Htc \nb a§ Ä \S¸nem¡ psa¶ pw B \nb a§ Ä
A\pkcn¡phm³ cmPys¯ FÃm ]uc·mÀ¡pw Htc t]mse D¯chmZnXzaps­¶pw
`cWLS\ Dd¸p \ÂIp¶p.
2. Xocpam\saSp¡p¶Xn\pÅ A[nImcw hyàam¡Â.
(Specification of decision making powers)
Hcp cmPy¯n Xocpam\saSp¡m³ BÀ¡mWv A[nImcapÅsX¶v hyàam¡pI
F¶XmWv `cWLS\bpsS c­mas¯ [À½w. kÀ¡mcnsâ hnhn[ hn`mK§fpsS
A[nImc§Ä `cWLS\bn hyàambn \nÀhNn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p.
3. Kh¬saânsâ A[nImc§Ä¡v ]cn[n \nÀ®bn¡Â.
(Limitation on the powers of the government)
`cWIqS¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v ]cn[n \nÝbn¡pI F¶XmWv aq¶mas¯ [À½w.
hyànbpsS auenI AhImi§Ä \ntj[n¡phm\pÅ `cWIqS Xmev]cy§sf

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 4

`cWLS\ \nb{´n¡p¶p.
4. Hcp kaql¯nsâ e£y§fpw A`nem£§fpw.
(Aspiration and goals of a socitey)
Hcp kaql¯nsâ A`nemj§Ä \ndthäm\pw \oXn]qÀhIamb kaql¯n\v
kmlNcy§Ä krãn¡m\pw kÀ¡mcns\ {]m]vXam¡pI F¶XmWv aq¶mas¯
[À½w. `cWLS\Ifn AkaXzs¯ adnIS¡p¶Xn\pw kaql¯nsâ t£aw
Dd¸m¡p¶Xn\pambn \nch[n {InbmßI \S]SnIÄ DÄs]Sp¯mdp­v.
5. P\XbpsS aueoI hyànXzw DbÀ¯n ]nSn¡p¶p.
(Fundemental identtiy of the people)
`cWLS\ Hcp P\XbpsS ASnØm\ hyànXzw DbÀ¯n]nSn¡p¶p. {]mtZinIhpw
`mjm]chpw kmapZmbnIhpamb Xmev]cy§sf amän\nÀ¯p¶Xn\pw tZiob hyànXzw
krãn¡p¶Xn\pw `cWLS\ klmbIcamWv.
2. C´y³ `cWLS\ ISsaSp¯ `c-W-L-S\ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F´vsIm­v?
D: C´y³ `c-W-L-S\ AXnsâ ]e-`m-K-§fpw hyXykvX cmPy-§-fn \n¶v IS-sa-Sp-¯-
h-bm-Wv.
C´y³ `cWLS\ ISsaSp¯ {][m\ hyhØIÄ.
(Borrowed provisions of Indian Constitution)
{_n«ojv `cWLS\
]mÀesa³ddn hyhØ , FPTP kwhn[m\w , \nbahmgvN , kv]o¡À F¶ Øm\hpw
A[nImc§fpw, \nba \nÀamW kwhn[m\w
Atacn¡³ `cWLS\
auenI AhImi§Ä, \oXn\ymb ]p\x]cnim[\, kzX{´ \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\w
sFdnjv `cWLS\
\nÀtZiI XXz§Ä,
{^©v `cWLS\
kzmX{´yw, kaXzw, kmlmZcyw F¶o Bib§Ä.
It\Unb³ `cWLS\
AÀ² s^Ud kwhn[m\w , Ahinãm[nImcw

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 5

 CHAPTER 2
C´y³ `cWLS\bnse AhImi§Ä
(Rights in indian constitution)

Objective Questions

1. {_n«ojv C´ybn Hcp AhImi ]{XnI thWsa¶ Bhiyw BZyambn

D¶bn¨Xv
D: tam¯nem s\lvdp I½än
2. PpUojydn¡v ]pdsa AhImi§Ä kwc£n¡p¶ aäv GP³knIÄ GsXÃmw
D: tZiob a\pjymhImi I½oj³, tZiob \yq\]£ I½oj³ , tZiob
h\nXm I½oj³ ,tZiob ]«nI PmXn I½oj³
3. \nbahncp²amb AdÌv tNmZyw sN¿s¸Sp¶ dnäv GXmWv
D : tl_nbkv tImÀ¸kv
4. tUm. Awt_ZvIÀ "`cW LS\bpsS lrZbhpw Bßmhpw' F¶v hntijn¸n¨
auenI AhImiw GXmWv
D: `cWLS\m]camb ]cnlmc§Ä¡pÅ AhImiw
5. 1976  FXv tZKXnbneqsSbmWv auenI IÀ¯hy§Ä (Fundamental Duties )
C´y³ `cWLS\bn tNÀ¯Xv
D. 42
7 1978 Â F{Xmas¯ t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv kz¯hImis¯ (Right to Propetry)
auenIhImiaÃmsXbm¡nbXv.
D: 44
8. kz¯hImiw Ct¸mÄ F´v Xcw AhImiamWv
D: eoKÂ AhImiw (Article 300 A]
Short Questins
Y9. auenI AhImi§fpw km[mcW AhImi§fpw X½nepÅ hyXymkw
F´mWv.
D. km[mcW AhImi§sf kwc£n¡p¶Xpw \S¸nem¡p¶Xpw km[mcW
\nbaamWv. F¶mÂ, auenIhImi§sf kwc£n¡p¶Xpw Dd¸m¡p¶Xpw
cmPys¯ `cWLS\bmWv.
km[mcW \nba\nÀ½mW {]{InbbneqsS km[mcW AhImi§fn amäw
hcp¯mw. F¶m auenImhImi§fn amäw hcp¯m³ `cWLS\m
tZKXnbneqsS am{Xsa km[n¡pIbpÅp.
Essay
Y10. `cWLS\ ]uc\v Dd¸v \ÂIp¶ auenI AhImi§Ä GsXÃmw
D: `cWLS\bnse Part 3, Article 14 apX 32 hscbpÅ `mK§Ä auenI
AhImi§sf Ipdn¨v hnhcn¡p¶p.
1979 hsc 7 auenI AhImi§Ä ]uc\v \ÂIn h¶ncp¶p. 1979  44þmw
t`ZKXnbneqsS kz¯hImis¯ auenI AhImi§fn \n¶pw Hgnhm¡n.
hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 6
 Ct¸mÄ 6 auenI AhImi§Ä ]uc\v \ÂInhcp¶p .
C´y³ `cWLS\bn auenImhImi§fpsS (Fundamental Rights) Hcp ]«nI
DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. auenImhImi§Ä¡v th­nbpÅ Bhiyw C´y³
kzmX{´ykac¯nsâ `mKambncp¶p. auenImhImi§Ä A\phZn¡Wsa¶
Bhiyw BZyambn apt¶m«p h¨Xv tam¯nem s\lvdp I½nänbmWv.

`cWLS\bnse auenI AhImi§Ä

(Fundamental Rights of Indian constitution)

1. kaXzmhImiw.(Right to equaltiy)
2. kzmX{´y¯n\pÅ AhImiw. (Right to Freedom)
3. NqjW¯ns\XnscbpÅ AhImiw. (Right against Exploitation )
4. aXkzmX{´y¯n\pÅ AhImiw. (Right to Freedom of Religion)
5. kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym`ymk]chpamb AhImiw. (Cultural and Educational
Rights )
6. `cWLS\m]camb ]cnlmc§Ä¡pÅ AhImiw.. (Right to constitutional
Remedies )

I. kaXzAhImiw (Right to equaltiy) 14-þ18 hIp¸pIÄ

kaXz AhImiw C´y³ `cWLS\bpsS ASnØm\ {]amWamWv. 14 apXÂ
18 hscbpÅ hIp¸pIfn Ah hyàambn hniZoIcn¨n«p­v.
 Article 14 \nba¯n\p ap¶n kaXzw,\nbaw aptJ\ Xpey kwc£Ww F¶nh
Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p.
 Article 15 hnthN\¯n \n¶pw kwc£Ww \ÂIp¶p
`cWLS\bpsS Article 15 aXw, hÀ¤w, PmXn, enwKw, P·tZiw F¶nhbpsS
ASnØm\¯nepÅ hnthN\w \ntcm[n¡p¶p.
 Article 16AhkckaXzw Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p .
CXv kÀ¡mÀ tPmenbpsS Imcy¯n ]uc·mÀ¡v AhkckaXzw \ÂIp¶p.
 Article 17 : Abn¯ \nÀamÀP\w Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p.
CXv Abn¯w \ntcm[n¡p¶p. AXnsâ GsX¦nepw cq]¯nepÅ BNcWw
\nba{]Imcw in£mÀlam¡nbncn¡p¶p.
 Airticle 18 _lpaXnIÄ kzoIcn¡p¶Xv XSbp¶p .
]«mf _lpaXnIfpw hnZym`ymk_lpaXnIfpsamgn¨pÅ _lpaXnIÄ
\ÂIp¶Xn \n¶v 18-hIp¸v cm{ãs¯ hne¡p¶p.
II) kzmX{´y¯n\pÅ AhImiw (Right to freedom)
`cWLS\bnse 19 apX 22 hscbpÅ hIp¸pIÄ C´y³ ]uc·mÀ¡pÅ
kzmX {´ y¯ n\pÅ A hImiw Dd¸m¡ p¶ p. Cu A h Imiw
]uckzmX{´y¯nsâ ASnØm\amWv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 7

 Article 19 C´y³ ]uc³amÀ¡v Bdv Xmsg \ÂIp¶ AhImi§Ä
Dd¸p\ÂIp¶p.
1. kw`mjW kzmX{´y¯n\pw BhnjvImc kzmX{´y¯n\pw DÅ AhImiw.
2. kt½f\ kzmX{´yw
3. kwLS\m kzmX{´yw
4. k©mckzmX{´yw
5. ]mÀ¸nS kzmX{´yw
6. sXmgnÂ, hym]mcw, hmWnPyw, hyhkmbw F¶nhbv¡pÅ kzmX{´yw.
 Article 20 IpäIrXy§Ä¡pÅ A\ymbamb in£s¡XnscbpÅ kwc£Ww
Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p .
 Article 21 hyànkzmX{´yhpw PohnX kzmX{´yhpw Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p.
 Article 22 A\ymbamb AdÌn\pw XS¦en\psaXnsc kwc£Ww \ÂIp¶p
III. NqjW¯ns\XnscbpÅ AhImiw (Right against exploitation) (22 to 24
hIp¸pIÄ)
`cWLS\bnse 23 Dw 24Dw hIp¸pIÄ Nqj W¯ ns\XnscbpÅ
AhImi§Ä Dd¸p\ÂIp¶p.
 `cWLS\bnse 23þmw- hIp¸v Ak·mÀ¤nI sNbvXnIsfbpw ASna¸Wnsbbpw
aäp \nÀ_ÔnX sXmgnepIsfbpw \ntcm[n¡p¶p.
 Article 24 GsX¦nepw ^mÎdnbn Asæn J\nbn AXpasænÂ
A]ISIcamb atäsX¦nepw taJeIfn 14 hbÊn XmsgbpÅ
Ip«nIsfs¡m­v sXmgn sN¿n¡p¶Xv \ntcm[n¡p¶p.
IV aXkzmX{´y¯n\pÅ AhImiw [Right to religion) Article 25-28
Hcp atXXc- P \ m[n]Xy cm{ãamWv C´ y³ `cWL S\ hn`mh\w
sN¿p¶Xv.AXn\m aXkzmX{´y¯n\pÅ AhImiw C´y³ `cWLS\
Dd¸p \ÂIp¶p.
 `cWLS\bpsS hIp¸v 25 hyànIÄ¡v kz´w a\km£n¡\pkcn¨v
{]hÀ¯ n¡ m\pÅ k zmX{´ yw A \phZn¡ p¶ p. CãapÅ aXw
kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\pw BNcn¡p¶Xn\pw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw
\ÂIp¶p.
hnZym`ymkØ m]\ § fn aX] camb t_ m[\§ Ä \ I p¶ Xv
`cWLS\bnse 28- hIp¸v \ntcm[n¡p¶p.
V. kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym`ymk]chpamb AhImi§Ä (Cultural and
educational rights) (29, -30 hIp¸pIÄ)
`cWLS\bpsS 29, 3- 0 hIp¸pIfnemWv kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym`ymk]chpamb
AhImi§Ä DÄs¡mÅn¨n«pÅXv. \½psS `cWLS\ \yq\]£§Ä¡v
AhcpsS `mj, en]n, kwkvImcw F¶nh¡pw kwc£Ww \ÂIp¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 8

 aXtam `mjsb ]cnKWn¡msX FÃm \yq\]£§Ä¡pw Cã{]Imcw
hnZym`ymk Øm]\§Ä Øm]n¡p¶Xn\pw \S¯p¶Xn\pÅ AhImihpw
Dd¸v \ÂIp¶p.

VI. `cWLS\m]camb {]Xnhn[nIÄ¡pÅ AhImiw. (Right to Constitutional

Remodies)
`cWLS\m]camb ]cnlmc§Ä¡pÅ AhImis¯ tUm Awt_ZvI À
"`cWLS\bpsS lrZbhpw Bßmhpw' F¶mWv hntijn¸n¨Xv
auenImhImi§Ä \ntj[n¡s¸«m ]p\xØm]n¨p In«p¶Xn\v hIp¸v 32
{]Imcw kp{]owtImSXnsbtbm hIp¸v 226 {]Imcw sslt¡mSXnsbtbm
kao]n¡m³ ]uc\v AhImiw \ÂIp¶p.
auenI AhImi§Ä kwc£n¡p¶Xn\mbn tImSXn ]eXc¯nepÅ {]tXyI
D¯chpIÄ ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶p. Ch dnäpIÄ (Rits) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.
dn«pIfn NneXv Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p.
1. tl_nbkv tImÀ¸kv 2. saâmsakv 3. s{]mln_nj³ 4. tIm -hmdtâm 5.
skÀjyddn.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 9

 CHAPTER 3
sXcsªSp¸pw {]mXn\n[yhpw
Objective Questions
1. C´ybnse temIk`m ,\nba k`m sXscsªSp¸pIÄ FXv hyhØ
{]ImcamWv
D. FPTP (tIhe `qcn]£ k{¼Zmbw)
2. cmPyk`bnse AwK§sf sXscsªSp¡p¶Xv GXv hyhØ {]ImcamWv.
D : B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[yw (PR System)
3. cmPyk`m AwK§sf sXcsªSp¡p¶ BcmWv
D: MLA amÀ
4. thm«n§v {]mbw 21 Â \n¶pw 18 B¡n amänb hÀjw
D: 1989, 61þmw t`ZKXnbneqsS
5. aÞe§fpsS kwhcWw kw_Ôn¨ Xocpam\saSp¡p¶ I½oj³
D: AXnÀ¯n \nÀ®b I½oj³ (Delimitation Commission)
6. aÞe§fpsS AXnÀ¯nIÄ \nÀ®bn¡p¶ I½oj³ ?
D:AXnÀ¯n \nÀ®b I½oj³ (Delimitation Commission)
Short Questions
Y7. tIhe `qcn]£ hyhØbpw B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[yhpw X½nepÅ hyXymk§Ä
Fs´Ãmw
(Difference between FPTT and Proportional Representation)
Ans: tIhe `qcn]£ hyhØ (FPTP)
 Cu hyhØ {]Imcw cmPys¯ At\Iw \ntbmPIaÞe§Ä AYhm

PnÃIfmbn hn`Pn¡p¶p.
 Hmtcm \ntbmPI aÞehpw Hmtcm {]Xn\n[nsb XncsªSp¡p¶p.

 k½XnZmbIÀ thm«v sN¿p¶Xv Øm\mÀYn¡mWv.

 Hcp I£n¡v AXn\p In«nb thm«nsâ hnln Xs¯¡mÄ IqSpX koäpIÄ

\nba\nÀamWk`bn e`n¨p F¶v hcmw.

 sXcsªSp¸n hnPbn¡p¶ Øm\mÀYn¡v `qcn]£ thm«pIÄ ( 50%+1)

In«ns¡mÅWsa¶nÃ.
 bpsI, C´y F¶nhnS§fn Cu hyhØ \ne\n¡p¶p.

B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[yw (PR)

 Cu hyhØ A\pkcn¨v cmPys¯ apgph³ Hcp GI \ntbmPIaÞew Bbn

IW¡m¡p¶p.
 Hcp \ntbmPI aÞe¯n \n¶v H¶ne[nIw {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcsªSp¡mw.

 k½XnZmbIÀ thm«v sN¿p¶Xv cm{ãobI£n¡mWv.

 HmtcmI£n¡pw AXn\v In«nb thm«pIfpsS iXam\¯n\v B\p]mXnIambn

\nba\nÀamWk`bn koäpIÄ e`n¡p¶p.

 sXcsªSp¸n hnPbn¡p¶ Øm\mÀ°n¡v `qcn]£w thm«v e`n¡p¶p.

 C{kmtbÂ,s\XÀem³Uv F¶nhnS§fn Cu hyhØ \ne\n¡p¶p

Y8. \½psS sXcsªSp¸v hyhØ¡v ]eXc¯nepÅ t]mcmbva Ifpap­v. Ch

]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\pÅ sXcsªSp¸v ]cnjvImc§Ä \nÀt±in¡pI. (Eletcrol Reforms).
Hcp sXcsªSp¸v k{¼Zmbhpw IpäaäXmbncn¡nà .bYmÀ° sXcsªSp¸v

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 10

 {]{Inbbn At\Iw Ipä§fpw IpdhpIfpw D­mIpw.
sXcsªSp¸v ]cnjvIcW¯n\pÅ {][m\ \nÀt±i§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp¶p .
1. C ´ yb nse sXcsª Sp¸v h yh Ø FPTP b n \n¶ v B \p]mXnI (PR)
k{¼Zmb¯nte¡p amdWw.
2. ]mÀesaânepw Akw»nIfnepw kv{XoIÄ¡v kwhcWw GÀs¸Sp¯Ww.
3. ]W¯nsâ kzm[o\w XncsªSp¸pIfn \n¶v Hgnhm¡Ww.
4. IpähmfnIsf Øm\mÀ°nIÄ B¡m³ ]mSnÃ.
5. sXcsªSp¸pIfn PmXo - aX kzm[o\w Hgnhm¡Ww.
6. -cm{ãob I£nIsf \nb{´n¡Ww.
7. P\§Ä¡v cm{ãob hnZym`ymkw \ÂIpI.
8. sXcsªSp¸v sNehpIÄ kÀ¡mÀ Hcp {]tXyI ^­n \n¶pw \ÂIWw
Essay
Y9. XncsªSp¸v I½ojsâ A[nImc§fpw NpaXeIfpw Fs´Ãmw (The Powers and
functions of Election Commission)
kzX{´hpw \oXn]qÀÆIhpw \n£v]£hpamb sXscsªSp¸v \S¯m³
C´ybn Hcp Ce£³ I½oj³ 1950 Øm]nXambn.
C´y³ `cWLS\bnse 324- hIp¸mWv sXcsªSp¸v I½ojs\ Ipdn¨v
{]Xn]mZn¡ p¶ Xv. sXcsª Sp¸v I ½ oj ³ Hcp k zX{´ Ø m]\w
BWv.sXcsªSp¸n\v taÂt\m«w kwhn[m\w \nb{´Ww F¶o aq¶v NpaXeIfmWv
I½oj³ apJyambpw \nÀhln¡p¶Xv . C´y³ sXcsªSp¸v I½ojs\
klmbn¡p¶Xn\pth­n Hmtcm kwØm\¯nepw Hcp apJy sXcsªSp¸v
Hm^okÀ D­v (chief eletcroral officer).
Xt±i kzbw`cW Øm]\¯nte¡v XncsªSp¸v \S¯m\pÅ D¯chmZnXzw Cu
sXcsªSp¸v I½oj\nÃ. AXn³sd NpaXe kwØm\ sXcsªSp¸v I½ojWÀ
amÀ¡mWpÅXv
sXcsªSp¸v I½ojsâ NpaXeIÄ
C
- ´ybnse sXcsªSp¸v I½oj\v hn]peamb NpaXeIÄ D­v. Ah Xmsg \ÂIp¶p.
1. temIk`, cmPyk`, \nba \nÀ½mW k`IÄ F¶nhbnte¡pÅ sXcsªSp¸v
\S¯pI
2. cm{ã]Xn,D]cm{ã]Xn F¶nhsc XncsªSp¡m\pÅ sXcsªSp¸v \S¯pI
3. sXcsªSp¸n\v Bhiyamb thm«À ]«nI X¿mdm¡pI.
4. thm«À]«nI ]cnjvIcn¡pIbpw ]pXp¡pIbpw sN¿pI.
5. sXcsªSp¸v XobXnIÄ \nÝbn¡pI
6. sXcsªSp¸v hnÚm]\w, \ma\nÀtZi]{XnI kaÀ¸n¡Â ,^e{]Jym]\w F¶o
Xn¿XnIÄ {]Jym]n¡pI.
7. cm{ãob I£nIÄ¡v AwKoImcw \ÂIpI
8. Nn A\phZn¡pI
9. sXcsªSp¸p NnehpIÄ¡v ]cn[n \nÀWbn¡pI.
10. sXcsªSp¸v XÀ¡§fpw tIkpIfpw XoÀ¸m¡pI.
11. s]cpamä N«w {]Jym]n¡pI
12. sXscsªSp¸v DtZymKØsc \nban¡pI

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 11

 CHAPTER 4

EXECUTIVE
(Imcy\nÀÆlW hn`mKw)
Objective Questions
1. AÀ² {]knsU³jy k{¼Zmbw \ne\n¡p¶ cmPy§Ä¡pZmlcWw FgpXpI
D: djy , {^m³kv, {ioe¦
2. cmPyk`bpsS sNbÀam³ BcmWv
D: sshkv {]knsUâ v
Short Questions
Q3. F´mWv FIvknIyq«ohv?
Kh¬saân\v \nba\nÀamW hn`mKw, Imcy \nÀhlW hn`mKw, \oXn\ymb hn`mKw
F¶n§s\ aq¶v hyXykvX LSI§fp­v.
\nba \nÀ½mW hn`mKw \nba§Ä \nÀ½n¡p¶p. Imcy\nÀÆlW hn`mKw (Execu-
tive) Ah \S¸nem¡p¶p. \oXn\ymb hn`mKw \nba§sf kwc£n¡pIbpw
hymJym\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
Q4. C´ybnse ]mÀesaâdn FIvknIyq«ohns\ Ipdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿pI (Parlametnry Ex-
ecutive in india)
Kh¬saânsâ Gähpw {][m\s¸« imJbmWv FIvknIyq«ohv
C´y³ `cWLS\ tI{µ¯nepw kwØm\¯nepw Hcp ]mÀesaâdn FIvknIyq«ohv
hyhØbmWv kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv
C´ybn c­v Xe¯nepÅ FIv k nIyq«ohv BWpÅXv . tI{µXe¯nepw
k wØ m\Xe¯ nepw. cm{ã ]Xn,D]cm{ã ]Xn, {][m\a{´ n a{´ nk `
F¶nhcS§nbXmWv tI{µ FIvknIyq«ohv AYhm bqWnb³ FIvknIyq«ohv.
KhÀWÀ, apJya{´n, a{´nk`m F¶nh AS§nbXmWv kwØm\§fnse
FIvknIyq«ohv.
Q5. cm{ã]XnbpsS A[nImc§fpw Øm\hpw NÀ¨ sN¿pI (Powers and Positions of
president)
C´y³ dn¸»n¡nse Xeh\mWv cm{ã]Xn. tI{µ Kh¬sasâ FÃm FIvknIyq«ohv
A[nImc§fpw cm{ã]Xnbn \n£ n]v X amWv . F¦nepw bYmÀ°¯nÂ
At±l¯nsâ A[nImcw \maam{XamWv.
 cm{ã]Xn A©p hÀj Imemh[nbv¡ mWv sXcsªSp¡s¸Sp¶Xv. cm{ã]Xnsb

sXcsªSp¡p¶Xv ]tcm£ambmWv.
 ]mÀesaânsebpw kwØm\ \nbak`Ifntebpw XncsªSp¡s¸« AwK§Ä

AS§p¶ Hcp CeÎd tImtfPv (eletcrol college) BWv At±ls¯

sXcsªSp¡p¶Xv.
 B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhØb\pkcn¨v "GI ssIamä thm«p" hgnbmWv Cu

sXcsªSp¸v \S¡p¶Xv.
cm{ã]Xnsb XÂØm\¯v \n¶v \o¡w sN¿m\pÅ A[nImcw ]mÀesaân\p
am{Xtab pÅ q.C Xn\pÅ \S]Sn C w]o¨ vsaâ v (impeachment) F ¶ p

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 12

 ]dbp¶p.`cWLS\m ewL\¯n\v am{Xta cm{ã]Xn Cw]o¨v sN¿m³ ]mSpÅq.
Cu \S]Sn{Ia¯n\v' {]tXyI `qcn]£w' BhiyamWv.
cm{ã]XnbpsS A[nImc§Ä (power and position of the president)
cm{ã]Xn¡v hn]peamb A[nImc§Ä D­v. Imcy\nÀÆlW ]chpw \nba\nÀ½mW
]chpw \oXn\ymb ]chpw ASnb´chpamb A[nImc§Ä CXnepÄs¸Sp¶p.
bYmÀ°¯n Cu A[nImc§Ä cm{ã]Xn D]tbmKnt¡­Xv a{´nk`bpsS
D]tZiw A\pkcn¨mWv.
`cW LS\bnse 74(1) hIp¸\pkcn¨v cm{ã]Xnsb klmbn¡phm\pw
D]tZin¡phm\pw {][m\a{´n Xeh\mbn Hcp a{´nk` D­mbncn¡Ww. B
D]tZia\pkcn¨v Bbncn¡Ww At±l¯nsâ NpaXeIÄ \nÀÆlnt¡­Xv.

Q6. cm{ã]XnbpsS hnthN\ A[nImc§Ä Fs´Ãmw (Discretionary power of Indian

President)
aq¶p kmlNcy§fn cm{ã]Xn¡v At±l¯nsâ hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn¨v
{]hÀ¯n¡mhp¶XmWv.
 H¶maXmbn a{´nk` \ÂInb D]tZiw ]p\À ]cntim[\ \S¯p¶Xn\mbn
Xncn¨b¡p¶Xn\pÅ A[nImcw cm{ã]Xn¡p­v.
F¶m Hcn¡Â Xncn¨b¡p¶ D]tZiw ]p\]cntim[\¡v tijw ho­pw
k aÀ¸n¡ s¸SpI b m sW ¦n A Xn\v A wK oI mcw \ÂI m³ cm{ã ]Xn
_m[yØ\mWv.
 c­maXmbn cm{ã]Xn¡v hotäm A[nImcw D­v . AXp {]Imcw At±l¯n\v
]mÀesaâ v ]mkm¡nb _nÃpIÄ XSªp hbv¡pItbm A\paXn \ntj[n¡pItbm
sN¿mw.
 aq¶maXmbn sXcsªSp¸n Hcp ]mÀ«n¡pw hyàamb `qcn]£w CÃmsX hcp¶
kµÀ`§fn cm{j]Xn¡v Xsâ hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn¡mw.

Q7. {][m\a{´nbpw a{´nk`bpw:- ]Zhnbpw D¯chmZn¯z§fpw Fs´Ãmw

tI{µa{´nk`bpsS Xeh³ {][m\a{´nbmWv
a{´nk`bpsS ta[mhn F¶ \nebn Kh¬saâ nse Gähpw {]apJ\mb
`cWm[nImcn {][m\a{´nbmWv.
C´ybnse bYmÀ° FIvknIyq«ohv A[nImcw I¿mfp¶Xv Ct±lamWv.
{][m\a{´nsb \nban¡p¶Xv cm{ã]XnbmWv.
temIk`bn `qcn]£w e`n¡p¶ I£nbpsS Asæn ap¶WnbpsS t\Xmhns\
cm{ã]Xnbmbn a{´nk` cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn\mbn £Wn¡p¶p.
{][m\a{´n¡v temIk`bn `qcn]£ ]n´pW D­mbncnt¡­XmWv. `qcn]£
]n´pW \ãs¸Sp¶ \nanj¯n Xs¶ {][m\a{´n¡v At±l¯n\v ]Zhn
\ãs¸Sp¶p.
{][m\a{´nbmWv kÀ¡mÀ cq]oIcn¡p¶Xv. a{´nk`bnse a{´namÀ BscÃmw
Bbncn¡Ww F¶v Xocpam\n¡p¶Xv At±lamWv.
a{´namcpsS HutZymKnI Øm\hpw (rank) hIp¸pIfpw {][m\a{´n A\phZn¡p¶Xv.
a{´nk`bpsS Xocpam\§Ä {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¸nem¡p¶Xv {][m\a{´nbmWv.
{][m\a{´n BWv \oXn BtbmKv sNbÀam³. At±l¯n³sd AwKoImcanÃmsX
Hcp ]²Xnbpw \S¸m¡m\mhnÃ.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 13

 C´y Khs·â n {][m\a{´nbpsS Øm\w kp{][m\amWv . {][m\a{´n
kXy{]XnÚ sNbvXv Øm\taäXn\ptijamWv a{´nk` cq]oIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
a{´n k`sbbpw cm{ã]Xnsbbpw _Ôn¸n¡p¶ I®nbmWv {][m\a{´n.
AXpt]mse a{´nk`sbbpw ]mÀensaân s\bpw _Ôn¸n¡p¶ I®nbmbpw
{][m\a{´n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.
{][m\a{´n Nne GtIm]\ NpaXeIfpw \nÀhln¡p¶p.
]mÀesaâdn P\mXn]Xy¯n bYmÀ° `cWm[nImcn {][m\a{´nbmWv .
At±l¯nsâ A[nImc§Ä hn]pehpw iàhpamWv.
a{´nk` (Council of ministers)
{][m\a{´nbpsS D]tZia\pkcn¨v cm{ã]XnbmWv tI{µa{´nk`bnse a{´namcpsc
\nban¡p¶Xv.
a{´nbmIp¶ HcmÄ ]mÀesaânse AwKambncn¡Ww. AÃm¯]£w a{´nbmbn
\nb anX\mI p¶ Xv apXÂ B dp amk ¯ n\I w ]mÀesa³dnte¡ v
XncsªSp¡s]«ncn¡Ww.
tI{µa{´nk`bn aq¶pXc¯nepÅ a{´namcp­v.
1. Iym_n\äv a{´namÀ. 2.kla{´namÀ. 3. D]a{´namÀ

Q8. Øncw FIvknIyq«ohns\ (_yqtdm{Ikn) Ipdn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡pI

(Permenent executive:Bureaucracy)
D: \b§Ä cq]oIcn¡m³ a{´namsc klmbn¡pIbpw B \b§Ä \S¸nem¡pIbpw
sN¿p¶ Kh¬saâ v DtZymKØ hn`mKs¯bmWv _yqtdm{Ikn F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.
CXns\ knhnÂkÀhokv F¶pw hnfn¡p¶p.
`cWImcy§fn sshZyKvZyhpw ]cnioe\hpw DÅhcmWv knhn kÀhokv
DtZymKØÀ.B[p\nI Imes¯ `cWw IqSpXÂ kmt¦XnIXzw \ndªXmWv.Cu
kmlNcy¯n `cW \nÀÆ lW¯n\pth­n kmt¦XnI]cnÚm\hpw
]cnioe\hpw kn²n¨ cm{ãob FIvknIyq«ohv ØncaÃ.F¶m t\scadn¨v
_yqtdm{Ikn Øncw FIv k nIyq«ohmWv . tbmKyXbpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ
\nban¡s¸Sp¶ _yqtdm{Ikn¡v
Øncamb HutZymKnI Imemh[n D­v . _yqtdm{Ikn cm{ãob \njv ] £X
]peÀt¯­XmWv. Imcy§fn _yqtdm{Ikn cm{ãob \ne]mSv FSp¡m³ ]mSnÃ
F¶XmWv CXn\À°w.
Q9. C´y³ knhn kÀÆokv hn`m-K-§Ä GsXÃmw? hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.
knhn kÀhoknse hÀKoIcWw (Classification of civil services)
knhn kÀhoknsâ kz`mhs¯bpw AXn³sd tPmenbpsS D¯chmZnXzs¯bpw
IW¡nseSp¯v AXns\ aq¶p `mK§fmbn Xncn¡mhp¶XmWv.
1.AJnte´ym kÀhokv. 2.tI{µ kÀhokv 3.kwØm\ kÀhokv
AJnte´ym kÀhokv
tI{µ Kh¬saânsâbpw kwØm\ Kh¬saâpIfpsSbpw Bhiy¯n\mbn
C´ybnse GsX¦nepw {]tZit¯m kwØm\t¯m \nbanX\mIp¶ D¶X
DtZymKØcmWv AJnte´ym kÀhokn DÄs¸Sp¶Xv.
1. C´y³ AUvan\nkvt{Säohv kÀhokv (IAS) 2. C´y³ t]meokv kÀhokv (IPS)

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 14

2. tI{µ kÀhokv
bqWnb³ enÌnÂs]« hnjb§fpsS `cW \nÀhlWw \S¯p¶ Kh¬saâ v
DtZymKØcpsS Hcp hn`mKamWv tI{µ kÀhokmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
tI {µ k Àh ok nse DtZymK Ø ·mÀ tI {µ K h ¬ saâ nsâ t\cn«pÅ
\nb{´W¯nemWv.
C´y³ t^mdn³ kÀhokv (Indian foreign service),
C´y³ dh\yq kÀhokv (Indian revenue service) F¶nhbmWv tI{µkÀhokn\v
IognepÅ {][m\ kÀhokpIÄ.
3. kwØm\ kÀhokv
kwØm\ enÌnÂs]« hnjb§fpsS `cW\nÀhlWw \S¯p¶ Kh¬saâ v
DtZymKØcpsS Hcp hn`mKamWv kwØm\ kÀhokv.
kwØm\ hn¸\\nIpXn kÀhokv, kwØm\ knhn kÀhok,v kwØm\
sk{I«dntbäv kÀhokv apXembhbmWv {][m\ kwØm\ kÀhokpIÄ.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 15

 CHAPTER 5

LEGISLATURE
(\nba\nÀ½mW k`)
Objective Question
1. ]mÀesaânse Øncw k` GXmWv
D: cmPyk`
2. cmPy k`mwK§fpsS Imemh[n
D: 6 hÀjw
3. cmPyk`bnte¡v {]knUâ v \ma\nÀt±iw sN¿p¶ (Nominate) AwK_ew
D: 12
4. ]mÀesa³dnse GXv k`¡mWv [\_n Bcw`n¡m\pw t`ZKXn sN¿m\papÅ
A[nImcapÅXv
D: temIk`
Short answer Questions
Y5. cmPyk`bpsS {]tXyI A[nImc§Ä Fs´Ãmw
D : kwØm\ enÌn DÅ GsX¦nepw hnjb§Ä cmPy¯nsâ s]mXp Xmev]cyw
]cnKWn¨p bqWnb³ enÌntet¡m I¬Id­v enÌntet¡m amäm³ tI{µ
]mÀesa³dv B{Kln¡p¶psh¦nÂ, AXn\v cmPyk`bpsS AwKoImcw
e`n¨ncn¡Ww.
Y6. temI k`bpsS {]tXyI A[nImc§Ä Fs´Ãmw
D: [\ _nÃpIfpsS taepÅ \nb{´Ww temIk`bv ¡ mWv . [\ _nÃpIÄ
AhXcn¸n¡mt\m, \ncmIcn¡mt\m, t`ZKXn sN¿mt\m DÅ A[nImcw
cmPyk`¡nÃ. AXpt]mse a{´nk`bv¡v D¯chmZnXzapÅXv temIk`tbmSv
Bbncn¡pw. cmPyk`tbmSÃ .
Short essay
Y7. F§s\bmWv]mÀesa³dn \nba \nÀ½mWw \S¯p¶Xv (How does the parlia-
ment make lows?)
D: \nba\nÀ½mWw \S¯pI F¶XmWv \nbak`bpsS ASnØm\ [À½w .
Hcp_nÃv Ccp k`Ifnepw ]mÊmbXn\v tijw {]knsUâ v AXn H¸v
sh¡p¶tXmsS B _nÃv \nbaambn amdp¶p.
\nba\nÀ½mW{]{Inb¡v Nne \nÝnX \S]Sn{Ia§Ä D­v.
C´ybnse \nba \nÀ½mW {]{Inb (Legislative procedure in india)
1. H¶mw hmb\ (First reading), H¶mw hmb\ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv _nÃnsâ AhXcW
L«amWv. k`bpsS A\paXn hm§nb tijw Hcp hniZoIcW {]kvXmh\tbmSv
IqSn GsX¦nepw AwKw _nÃv AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.
2. c­mw hmb\ (second reading), _nÃnsâ c­mw L«amWv c­mw hmb\. Cu
L«¯n _nÃnsâ ASnØm\XXz§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶p. _n Hcp skeÎv
I½nänt¡m,c­v k`IfptSbpw kwbpà skeÎv- I½nänt¡m ]cnKW\¡mbn
Ab¡p¶Xn\v Bhiys¸Spw.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 16

I½än L«w (Commitee stage),
_nÃnse hyhØIÄ Häs¡mä¡v kq£vaambn ]Tn¡p¶ I½nän AwK§Ä k`bnÂ
NÀ¨ sN¿p¶Xn\pÅ dnt¸mÀ«v X¿mdm¡p¶p.
dnt¸mÀ«v L«w ( Report stage), _nÃnsâ \memw L«amWv CXv. _nÃnse Hmtcm
hyhØbpw t`ZKXnIfS¡w NÀ¨ sNbvXp thm«n\v CSp¶p. Cu L«¯nemWv
k mcamb ]e amä§ f pw _ nà n\pw k w`h n¡ p¶ Xv F ¶ Xn\mÂ
AhXcW¯nseGähpw {][m\ L«amWv CXv.
aq¶mw hmb\ (Third reading), aq¶ mw h mb \b mW v A ´ na L «w. I mcyamb
amä§sfm¶pw Cu L«¯n _nÃn hcp¯mdnÃ. t`ZKXnIÄ am{Xw D¶bn¨v
s]s«¶v ]dªpXoÀ¡pw.NÀ¨bpsS Ahkm\w _n thm«n§n\nSpw. lmPcmb
AwK§fn `qcn]£w t]cpw A\pIqeambn thm«v sN¿pIbmsW¦n k` _nÃv
AwKoIcn¨Xmbn IW¡m¡pw. ]n¶oSv _n c­mas¯ k`bnte¡v Ab¡pw.
B k`bnepw _nÃv ]mkmIpIbmsW¦n {]knânâ v A\paXn \ÂIp¶tXmsS
_nÃv \nbaamIp¶p
Y8. F§s\bmWv ]mÀesaâ v FIvknIyq«nhns\ \nb{´n¡p¶Xv
FIvknIyp«ohns\ \nb{´n¡m³ ]mÀesaân\v ]e amÀ¤§fpap­v Ah Xmsg
\ÂIp¶p.
]mÀesaâdn \nb{´W¯n\pÅ D]IcW§Ä (intsruments of parlamentary cotnrol )
1. ]cymtemN\Ifpw NˬIfpw ( Delibration and Discussion).
2. \nba§Ä¡v A\paXn \ÂI Asæn \ncmIcn¡Â (Approval or Refusal of
laws).
3. [\]camb \nb{´Ww (Financial cotnrol).
4. Ahnizmk{]tabw (No confidence motion).
1. KmUamb BtemN\Ifpw NˬIfpw (Deliberation and discussion)
\nba\nÀ½mW {]{Inb kab¯v k`bnse sa¼ÀamÀ¡v ]cymtemN\IÄ¡mbn
Ahkcw e`n¡p¶p­v . CXn\v ]pdta k`bn s]mXpNÀ¨ thfbnepw
\nb{´W§Ä sN¿m\pÅ Ahkcw ssIhcp¶p. tNmtZym¯cthfbn (ques-
tion hour)sa¼ÀamÀ DbÀ¯p¶ tNmZy§Ä¡v- AXmXv hIp¸v a{´namÀ adp]Sn
]dtb­Xp­v.
iq\ythfbn sa¼ÀamÀ¡v {][m\s¸« hnjb§fn tNmZyw D¶bn¡m³
Ahkcap­v.
Nne kµÀ`§Ä kv]o¡dpsS A\paXn Ds­¦n k`m\S]SnIÄ \nÀ¯nsh¨v
ASnb´c{]tab¯n\v Ahkcw \ÂImdp­v . kÀ¡mcns\ Imcy\nÀÆlW
hn`mK¯n\pw a{´nk`bv¡p ta PmKcqIcmbncn¡m³ DÅ Gähpw ^e{]Zamb
Hcp D]m[nbmbn tNmtZym¯cthf D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mw.
2. \nba§Ä¡v A\paXn \ÂI Asæn \ncmIcn¡Â (Approval or Refusal of
laws)
]mÀesaân AhXcn¸n¡p¶ Hcp _nÃv \nbaw BIWsa¦n AXn\v AwK§fpsS
AwKoImcw/ A\paXn thWw.k`bn th­{X `qcn]£w Ds­¦n _nÂ
]mkm¡nsbSp¡m³ _p²nap«p­mhnÃ.
3. [\]camb \nb{´Ww (Financial cotnrol)
_UvPäv aptJ\bmWv Kh¬sa³dn³sd ]cn]mSnIÄ \S¸m¡p¶Xn\pÅ ]Ww
Is­¯p¶Xv.[\]camb Hmtcm Bhiy§Ä¡pw _UvPän kwJy hIbncp¯pw.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 17

 _Päv X¿mdm¡epw k`bpsS AwKoImc¯n\v AhXcn¸n¡epw kÀ¡mcnsâ
`cW LS\m]camb IÀ¯ hyamW v . _ Päv kab¯ v FIv k nIyq«ohns\
\nb{´n¡m³ ]mÀesaân Ignbpw.
Iw]vt{SmfÀ B³Uv HmUnäÀ P\dÂ, ]»n¡v F¡u­v I½nän F¶nhbpsS
dnt¸mÀ«nsâ ASnØm\¯n Kh¬saânsâ [\ ZpÀhn\ntbmKs¯ ]än temI
k`¡v At\zjn¡mw.
4. Ahnizmk{]tabw (No confidence motion)
a{´nk`bpsS NpaXemt_m[w Dd¸m¡p¶Xn\v ]mÀesa³dns\ klmbn¡p¶
asämcp iàamb Bbp[amWv Ahnizmk{]tabw . `cn¡p¶ I£n¡v AsænÂ
Iq«p I£nIÄ¡v k`bn `qcn]£w DÅnSt¯mfwImew kÀ¡mcns\
]pd¯m¡pI F¶Xv km¦Â¸nIw am{XamWv. kv]o¡dpsS A\paXn Ds­¦nÂ
A h ni zmk {]tab w k `b n A h Xcn¸n¡ m³ k m[n¡ pw A Xnt·Â
NÀ¨bv¡ptijw thm«n\v CSpIbpw sN¿pw.`qcn]£w e`n¨n«nsæn Kh¬saân\v
cmPnsht¡­nhcpw..

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 18

 CHAPTER 6

\oXn\ymb hn`mKw
(JUDICIARY)

1. kp{]ow tImSXnbntebpw ssltImSXnIfntebpw PUvPnamsc \nban¡p¶Xv BcmWv

D: {]knUâ v
2. \ap¡v kzX{´amb \oXn\ymb hn`mK¯nsâ Bhiysa´mWv? (why do we need
an independent judiciary)
kaql¯n hyànIÄ X½nepw,{Kq¸pIÄ X½nepw, hyànIfpw {Kq¸pIfpw
`cWIqShpambpw XÀ¡§fn GÀs¸Sp¶Xv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbpw.
C§s\bpÅ XÀ¡§fpw A`n{]mbhyXymk§fpap­mhpt¼mÄ \nehnepÅ
\nbahmgvNbv¡\pkrXambn Hcp kzX{´ GP³kn XoÀ¸v I¸n¡Ww.
AXv t]mse \nbahmgvN kwc£n¡m\pw \nba¯nsâ ]cam[nImcw Dd¸m¡m\pw
\oXn\ymb hn`mKw AXymhiyamWv .
\oXn\ymb hn`mKw hyànIfpsS AhImi§Ä kwc£n¡p¶p. \nba§sf
hymJym\n¡pIbpw X§fpsS ap¶n hcp¶ {]iv\§fn AXv {]tbmKn¡pIbpw
sN ¿ p¶ p. `cW L S\b psSb pw A h I mi § f psSb pw I mh Â`S\mb n
{]hÀ¯n¡m\pw Hcp kzX{´ PpUojydn \nÀ_ÔamWv.
Y3. \oXn\ymb hn`mK¯nsâ kzX{´X F§s\ kwc£n¡mw?
Xmsg ]dbp¶ amÀK§fneqsS PpUojydnbpsS kzmX{´yw Dd¸phcp¯mw.
1. \nba\ coXn (Mode of appoinment)
\ymbm[n]·mcpsS \nba\¯n \nba\nÀ½mW hn`mK¯n\v ]s¦m¶panÃ.
C´ybn {]knsU­mWv Ahsc \nban¡p¶Xv.
2. \nÝnXamb HutZymKnI Imemh[n
\ymbm[n]·mÀ¡v Hcp \nÝnX tkh\ Ime]cn[n D­mbncn¡pw. Hgn¨p IqSm³
]äm¯ Nne kµÀ`§fn AÃmsX GsXmcp \ymbm[n]·mcpw XÂØm\¯p \n¶v
\o¡w sN¿m³ ]mSpÅXÃ.
3. PpUojydnbpw FIvknIyq«ohv X½nepÅ thÀs]Sp¯Â
\njv ] £X Dd¸phcp¯p¶Xn\v FIv k nIyq«ohns\bpw PpUojydnsbbpw
NpaXeIÄ thÀs]Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.
4. PUvPnamsc \o¡w sN¿Â (Removal of judges)
PUvPnamsc \o¡w sN¿m³ hfsc {]bmkIcamWv.
sXfnbn¡s¸« kz`mhZqjytam imcocnIamb AtbmKyXtbm Ds­¦n am{Xta
C¡q«sc \o¡wsN¿m³ BIpIbpÅq. Ipäamtcm]n¡p¶ hn[¯n Hcp {]tabw
]mÀesa³dnse Ccpk`Ifnepw {]tXyI `qcn]£ {]Imcw ]mkm¡n FSp¯pthWw
\o¡w sN¿m³.
5. km¼¯nIm{ibXz¯nsâ A`mhw .
PU v- P namÀ¡ v B I Àj I amb i ¼ f w \ÂI n h cp¶ p. PpU oj ydn
F I vk nI yp«oh nt\sb m \nb a \nÀamW k `tb sb m k m¼ ¯ nI amb n
B{ibnt¡­XnÃ

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 19

ESSAY
Y4. kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS A[nImc]cn[n (Jurisdiction Of supreme court ) or kp{]ow
tImSXnbpsS [Àa§Ä Fs´Ãmw
C´ybnse ]ctam¶X \oXn]oTamWv kp{]ow tImSXn
temIs¯hnsSbpapÅ tImSXnIfn Gähpw {]_eamb tImSXnIfn H¶mWv
C´ybnse kp{]ow tImSXn.
kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS A[nImc]cn[n
1. X\Xv A[nImcw (Original Jurisdichion)
2. A¸o A[nImcw. (Appellate Jurisdiction)
3. D]tZi A[nImcw (Advisory Jurisdiction)
4. dnäv A[nImcw (Rit Jurisdiction)
1. X\Xv A[nImcw (Original Jurisdichion)
Nne tIkpIÄ t\cn«v ]cnKWn¡p¶Xn\pw ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\papÅ A[nImcw
`cWLS\ kp{]ow tImSXnsb Gev]n¨n«p­v.Ch X\Xv A[nImc§Ä F¶ t]cnÂ
Adnbs]Sp¶p. Iogv tImSXnIÄ¡v A¯cw tIkpIÄ ssIImcyw sN¿m\mhnà .
Hcp s^Ud kwhn[m\¯n \nba]camb XÀ¡§Ä tI{µ Kh¬saâpw
kwØm\§fpw X½nepw Nnet¸mÄ kwØm\§Ä X½nepw D­mImw C¯cw
tIkpIÄ tIÄ¡phm³ kp{]ow tImSXn¡v am{Xta A[nImcapÅq.
2. A¸o A[nImcw (Appellate Jurisdiction)
Gähpw D¶Xamb A¸o tImSXnbmWv kp{]ow tImSXn.
ssltImSXn hn[ns¡Xnsc Hcp hyàn¡v kp{]ow tImSXnbn A¸o t]mImw
`cWLS\m]cab XÀ¡§Ä , knhn XÀ¡§Ä , {Inan\ XÀ¡§Ä F¶o
tIkpIfnemWv kp{]ow tImSXn¡v A¸oem[nImcapÅXv.
Iobv tImSXn shdpsX hn« {]Xnsb A¸oens\ XpSÀ¶v sslt¡mSXn Ipä¡mc\mbn
ImWpIbpw h[in£bv¡p hn[n¡pIbpw sNbvXm ]uc\v kp{]ow tImSXnbnÂ
A¸o t_m[n¸n¡mw.
3. D]tZi A[nImcw (Advisory Jurisdiction)
s]mXp {]m[m\yhpw `cWLS\ hymJym\w Bhiyamb GsXmcp hnjb¯nepw
{]knU­n\v kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS D]tZiw tXSmhp¶XmWv. F¶m A¯cw
kµÀ`§fn D]tZiw \ÂIm\pÅ _m[yXsbm¶pw kp{]owtImSXn¡v Cà F¶v
am{Xaà tImSXnbpsS D]tZiw kzoIcn¡m\pÅ _m[yX {]knU­n\pw CÃ
4. dnäv A[nImcw (Rit Jurisdiction)
C´ybnse ]uc·mcpsS auenImhImi§Ä ewLn¡s¸SpIbmsW¦nÂ
{]iv\]cnlmc¯n\mbn GsXmcp hyàn¡pw kp{]owtImSXnsb kao]n¡mw.
AhImi ewL\§Äs¡Xnsc dn«pIfpsS cq]¯n sslt¡mSXn¡pw kp{]ow
tImSXn¡pw D¯chpIÄ ]pds¸Sphn¸n¡m³ km[n¡pw.
tl_nbkv tImÀ¸kv , am³Umakv ,s{]mln_nj³ ,tIzm hmdtâm , skÀtjymddn
F¶nh A¯cw dnäpIÄ BWv.
CXn\v ]pdsa PpUojy dnhyqhpw kp{]ow tImSXnbpsS A[nImc¯nÂ
hcp¶XmWv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 20

 Chapter 7
FEDERALISM
(s^Udenkw )
Objective Ouestions
1. ................. Hcp Ahinãm[nImc§Ä¡pÅ (Residuary powers) DZmlcWamWv
D: ssk_À \nba§Ä
2. tI{µ- kwØm\§fpsS _Ô§sf Ipdn¨v ]Tn¡m³ \nban¡s¸« I½oj³
D: kÀ¡mcnb I½oj³
3. GXv BÀ¡nÄ D]tbmKn¨mWv tI{µ Kh¬saâ v state Kh¬saâpIsf
]ncn¨phnSp¶Xv
D. Article 356
4 C ´ yb n ]pXnb k wØ m\§ Ä ¡ v th ­ nb pÅ h mZ§ Ä C t¸mgpw
\S¶psIm­ncn¡p¶p. DZmlcWw FgpXpI
D: almcm{ãbnse hnZÀ_, D¯c {]tZinse lcnXv {]tZiv
5. C´ybnse \Zo Pe XÀ¡§Ä¡v DZmclcWw FgpXpI
Imthcn¡v th­n IÀ®mSIbpw XanÄ \mSpw, apÃs¸cnbmdn\v th­n tIcfhpw
XanÄ \mSpw.
6. Iivaocn\v {]tXyI ]Zhn \ÂInbncp¶ BÀ«n¡nÄ
D : BÀ«n-¡nÄ 370
Short answer
7. F´mWv s^Udenkw
A[nImc§Ä tI{µXe¯nepw kwØm\ Xe¯nepw {]tXyIw hn`Pn¡p¶Xns\
s^Udenkw F¶v ]dbp¶p.
Short essay
8. C´y³ s^Ud kwhn[m\¯nse A[nImc hnP\s¯¡pdn¨v hniZoIcn¡pI.
Ans.c­pXcw Kh¬saâpIÄ DÅ Hcp `cWkwhn[m\amWv s^Udenkw
tZiobXe¯n Hcp tI{µ Kh¬saâpw, {]mtZinIXe¯n kwØm\
Kh¬saâpIfpw DÄs¸Sp¶XmWv C´y³ s^Ud kwhn[m\w . A[nImc
hn`P\w, FgpXs¸« `cWLS\ , kzX{´ PpUojydn F¶nh C´y³ s^UdÂ
kwhn[m\¯nsâ khntijXIfmWv.
A[nImc§sf C´y³ `cWLS\ bqWnb³ enÌv (Union List) kwØm\ enÌv,
(State List) I¬Idâ v enÌv (Concorrent List) F¶n§s\ aq¶v hn`mK§fmbn
hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p.
1. bqWnb³ enÌv
bqWnb³ enÌnepÅ hnjb§fn \nba\nÀamWw \S¯p¶Xn\pÅ A[nImcw
tI{µ Kh¬saân\v am{XamWv. {]Xntcm[w, hntZiImcyw, bp²hpw kam[m\hpw,
_m¦nwKv, sdbnÂth I¼n X¸m , thymaw , XpdapJ§Ä, hntZihym]mcw, Id³kn
\mWb§Ä, F¶nh bqWnb³ enÌn s]« hnjb§Ä¡v DZmlcW§fmWv
2. kwØm\ enÌv
Cu hnjb§fn \nba\nÀamWw \S¯p¶Xn\pÅ A[nImcw kwØm\
Kh¬saâpIÄ¡mWv. Irjn, aZyw ,t]meokv, PbnÂ, {]mtZinI Kh¬saâ v
s]mXpP\mtcmKyw, `qan , arKkwc£Ww, kwØm\ ]»nIv kÀhokv I½oj³,
hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 21
 F¶nh State enÌnse NneXmWv.
3. I¬Id³dv enÌv
tI{µ Kh¬saân\pw kwØm\ Kh¬saân\pw \nba\nÀamWw \S¯p¶Xn\v
A[nImcapÅ hnjb§fmWv I¬Id³dv enÌn DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv .
hnZym`ymkw, h\§Ä, sXmgn kwLS\IÄ, ambw tNÀ¡Â, Zs¯Sp¡Â,
F¶nh I¬Id³dv enÌn s]Sp¶ hnjb§fmWv.
Ahinã A[nImc§Ä:- ta¸dª aq¶p enÌnepw DÄs¸Sm¯ FÃm
hnjb§fpw Ahinã A[nImc§fn DÄs¸Sp¶p. Cu hnjb§fnÂ
\nba\nÀ½mWw \S¯m\pÅ A[nImcw tI{µ Kh¬saân\v am{XtabpÅq. k_À
\nbaw CXn\pZmlcWamWv.
Essay or Short essay
Y9. iàamb Hcp tI{µ Kh¬sa³dv cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn\pÅ {][m\ LSI§Ä
GsXÃmw .
1. `q]camb kwtbmP\¯n\pÅ A[nImcw .
`q]camb kwtbmP\w DÄs¸sS Hcp kwØm\¯nsâ \ne\n¸pXs¶
]mÀesaânsâ ssIIfnemWv.
Hcp kwØm\¯nsâ Ipd¨p `mKw FSp¯v thsd ]pXnb Hcp kwØm\
cq]oIcn¡m\pw Ht¶m ct­m kwØm\§sf Iq«ntbmPn¸n¨v Hcp kwØm\w
cq]oIcn¡mt\m ]mÀesa³dv A[nImcap­v.
2. ASnb´ncmhØ¡pÅ A[nImcw
`cWLS\bn Nne iàamb ASnb´cmhØ hyhØIfp­v. AXv {]Imcw
Hcn¡Â ASnb´cmhhØ {]Jym]n¨p Ignªm s^Ud hyhØbn amäw
hcnIbpw A[nImc§sfÃmw tI{µh¡cn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p-¶p.
3. km¼¯nI A[nImc§Ä
km[mcW hcpam\w e`n¡p¶ {][m\ t{kmXÊpIÄ FÃmw tI{µ kÀ¡mcnsâ
\nb{´W¯nembncn¡pw. kwØm\ kÀ¡mcpIÄ¡v {Kmâpw aäp [\klmb§fpw
e`n¡p¶Xn\v tI{µ kÀ¡mcns\ B{ibn¡pIbmWv ]Xnhv.
4. KhÀWdpsS A[nImc§Ä
KhÀWÀ¡v kwØm\ kÀ¡mdns\ ]pd¯m¡m\pw \nbak` ]ncn¨phnSm\papÅ
ip]mÀi \ÂIm\pÅ A[nImcw D­v.
5. tÌäv enÌn \nba \nÀ½mWw \S¯m\pÅ A[nImcw
tÌ äv enÌ nep h nj b §f n \nba\nÀ½ mW w \S¯ m\pÅ A [nI mcw
kwØm§Ä¡msW¦nepw Nnet¸mÄ tI{µ Kh¬saâ v AXn CSs¸«v
\nba\nÀ½mWw \S¯mdp­v.
6. knhn kÀÆokv A[nImc§Ä
A Jnte´ ym k Àh ok pI Ä C ´ ym cmPy¯ n\msI _ m[I amW v. C Xv
kwØm\§fpsS ta tI{µ Kh¬sa³dn\v taÂss¡ \ÂIp¶p. lAS , IPS
DtZymKØÀ tI{µ¯nsâ \nb{´W¯n\v IognepÅhcmWv.
7. 33 ,34 hIp¸pIÄ tI{µKh¬saâns\ iàns]Sp¯p¶p. tI{µ kÀhokntem
kwØm\ kÀhokntem DÅ DtZymKس ]«mf\nbaw \nehnepÅt¸mÄ \nba
]me\w Dd¸ph cp¯ p¶ Xn\mb n F Sp¡ p¶ G sXmcp \S]Snsb b pw
kwc£n¡Wsa¶v BÀ«n¡nÄ 33Dw 34Dw ]mÀesaâns\A[nImcs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 22

 CHAPTER 8
{]mtZinI Kh¬saâpIÄ
(Local Government)
Objective Questions
1. C´ybn Xt±i`cW Øm]\§Ä¡v XpS¡an« {_n«ojv ssht{kmbn
D: dn¸¬ {]`p
2. 1989 Â, Xt±i Kh¬saâpIÄ¡v `cWLS\m]camb AwKoImcw \ÂIWsa¶v
ip]mÀi sNbvX I½än
D: ]n sI XpwK³ I½än
3. 73þmw t`ZKXn F´pambn _Ôs¸«XmWv.
D: ]©mb¯v cmPv (PRI )
4. 74þmw t`ZKXn F´pambn _Ôs¸«XmWv.
D: \Kc]menI
5. 73 , 74 t`ZKXnIÄ \nehn h¶ hÀjw
D : 1993
Short answer
Y6. {]mtZinI Kh¬saâpIfpsS BhiyIX F´mWv.
{Kma Xe¯nepw PnÃm Xe¯nepw DÅ Kh¬saâns\bmWv {]mtZinI Kh¬sa³dv
AYhm Xt±i Khs×â v F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.
P\§fpsS ASp¯p\n¡p¶ Kh¬saâmWnXv . ]uc·mcpsS ssZ\wZn\
PohnX¯nepw {]iv\§fnepw Xt±i Khs×â v CSs]Sp¶p. P\§fpsS {]mtZinI
XmÂ]cy§Ä Gähpw ^e{]Zambn kwc£n¡m³ {]mtZinI Kh¬saâpIÄ¡v-
km[n¡pw.
KmÔnPnbpsS A[nImc hntI{µoIcWw F¶ kz]v \ w \S¸nembXv Xt±i
Kh¬saâneqsSbmWv.
Essay
- w t`ZKXnIÄ (73rd AND 74th Amendment) sIm­v h¶ amä§Ä Fs´Ãmw
Y7. 73 -Dw 74 D
D : 73 ,74 t`ZKXnIÄ Ncn{X¯nse \mgnIIÃmWv. C´ybnse ]e ]ptcmKXn¡pw
ImcWw Cu t`ZKXnIfmWv.
73þmw t`ZKXn {Kma{]tZi§fnse {]tZinI Khs×âpIsf kw_Ôn¨pÅXmWv.
]©mb¯v cmPv Øm]\§Ä F¶pw Ah Adnbs¸Sp¶p.
74 t`ZKXn \Kc{]tZi§fnse (\Kc]menIm kwhn[m\w) {]mtZinIsaâpIsf
Ipdn¨pÅhbmWv.
1992 Â C´y³ ]mÀesaâ v 73,74 t`ZKXnIÄ ]mÊm¡n. 1993 Â Ch {]m_ey¯nÂ
h¶p.
73þmw t`ZKXn
73 t`ZKXn C´ybnse ]©mb¯v cmPv Øm]\§fn hn¹hIcamb amä§Ä
sIm­ph¶p. amä§Ä Fs´Ãmsa¶v ]cntim[n¡mw.
1. {XnXe LS\ \nehn h¶p. (Three Tier tsructure)
73 þmw `cWLS\ t`ZKXn ]©mb¯v cmPv \nbaw `cWLS\m\pkrXam¡n. Hcp
{XnXe ]©mb¯ncmPv k{¼Zmb¯n\v AXv cq]w \ÂIn.
hntÃPv Xe¯n {Kma¸©mb¯pw a[y Xe¯nÂt»m¡v ]©mb¯pw PnÃm

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 23

 Xe¯n PnÃm ]©mb¯pw {]hÀ¯n¡pw.CXn\p ]pdsa {Kmak`IÄ
cq]oIcn¡m\pw Cu t`ZKXn hyhØ sN¿p¶p.
2. sXcsªSp¸v kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn h¶pw
73 , 74 t`ZKXnIÄ Xt±i sXcsªSp¸n\v hyhØ sN¿p¶p .
{XnXe ]© mb ¯ pI f nteb v¡ pÅ {]Xn\n[nI sf P\§ Ä t\cn«mW v
XncsªSp¡p¶Xv.Hmtcm ]©mb¯p kanXnbptSbpw Imemh[n 5 hÀjamWv.
3. kwhcWw GÀs¸Sp¯n.
]©mb¯v Øm]\§fnse aq¶nsem¶p koäpIÄ kv{XoIÄ¡mbn kwhcWw
sNbvXn«p­v. A§s\ kv{ XoimàoIcWs¯ bmYmÀYyam¡m³ ]©mb¯v
hyhØbv¡v km[n¨p.
]«nIPmXn-] «nIhÀ¤¡mÀ¡pw P\kwJy¡v B\p]mXnIambn kwhcWw
GÀs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.
]©mb¯pIfnse km[mcW koäpIfn am{Xaà {]knsU­v AYhm
A[y£]Zhn IÄ¡v IqSn Cu kwhcWw _m[IamWv.
4. hnjb§fpsS ssIamäw (Transfer of subjectcs)
73þmw t`ZKXntbmsS kwØm\ enÌnep­mbncp¶ 11 ]«nIbnse 29 hnjb§Ä
]©mb¯v cmPn\v ssIamdn . Cu hnjb§Ä ap¼v kwØm\ enÌnÂ
s]«hcmbncp¶p.
]Xns\m¶mw ]«nIbnse {][m\ hnjb§fnse NneXv Xmsg \ÂIp¶p
 Irjn
 sNdnbtXmXnepÅ PetkN\w
 {KmaoW hoSv \nÀ½mWw, IpSnshÅw
 tdmUpIÄ, Zmcn{Zy\nÀamÀP\ ]cn]mSn, ss{]adn sk¡³Udn kvIqÄ DÄs¸sSbpÅ
hnZym`ymkw
 {KÙimeIÄ, kmwkvImcnI {]hÀ¯\§Ä
 It¼mfhpw N´Ifpw, IpSpw_t£aw, kmaqlyt£aw, s]mXphnXcWk{¼Zmbw
6. kwØm\ sXcsªSp¸v I½oj³ \nehn h¶p.
73þmw t`ZKXn {]Imcw kwØm\ Kh¬sa³dv Hcp kwØm\ sXcsªSp¸v
I½ojWsd \nÀ½nt¡­Xp­v. ]©mb¯v cmPv Øm]\§fnte¡pw XncsªSp¸v
\S¯m\pÅ D¯chmZnXzw Cu XncsªSp¸v I½ojWÀ¡m\pÅXv.
7. kwØm\ [\Imcy I½oj³ \nehn h¶p.
Hmtcm A©p hÀjw IqSpwtXmdpw kwØm\ Kh¬saâ v Hcp kwØm\ [\Imcy
I½ojs\ \nbant¡­Xp­v . Cu I½oj³ kwØm\¯nse {]mtZinI
Kh¬saâpIfpsS [\ ØnXn ]cntim[n¡pw. kwØm\§Ä¡pw {]mtZinI
Khs×â vIÄ¡pw CSbn DÅ hcpam\ hnXcWs¯ AXv hnebncp¯pw.
73 , 74 t`ZKXnIÄ cmPy¯v hn¹hmßIamb amä§Ä¡v ImcWambn. hnIk\w
Xmsg X«n \n¶pw \S¸mhm³ CXv ImcWambn.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 24

 Chapter 9
`cWLS\ Hcp kPoh {]amWw F¶ \nebnÂ
(Consitution as a living document)
Objective Questions
1. C´y³ `cWLS\ AwKoIcn¡s¸« (adopted) hÀjw
D. 1949 \h¼À 26
2. C´y³ `cWLS\ \nehn h¶Xv F¶v
D 1950 P\phcn 26
3. `cWLS\m t`ZKXnIsf {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ BÀ«n¡nÄ
D: BÀ«n¡nÄ 368
4. `cWLS\m t`ZKXnIfn Gähpw hnhmZ]cambXv
D: 42. t`ZKXn
Y5. C´y³ `cWLS\ t`ZKXn¡pÅ \S]Sn{Ia§Ä GsXÃmw
(Procedure for the amendment of constitution)
`cWLS\bn ]pXnb `mK§Ä Iq«nt¨À¡pItbm Nne hIp¸pIfn amäw
hcp¯pItbm GsX¦nepw hIp¸pIÄ d±m¡pItbm sN¿p¶Xns\bmWv t`ZKXn
F¶XpsIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv
C´y³ `cWLS\KXn sN¿m\pÅ A[nImcw ]mÀesaân \n£n]vX amWv.
`cWLS\bpsS BÀ«n¡nÄ 368 emWv t`ZKXnIsf¡pdn¨v hniZoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.
C´y³ `cWLS\bpsS Nne`mK§Ä AbhpÅXpw (Flexible) Nne `mK§Ä
ZrUambXpamWv ( Rigid)
AXv sIm­v Xs¶ aq¶v coXnIfneqsS C´y³ `cWLS\bn amäw hcp¯mw.
1. ]mÀesaânsâ tIhe `qcn]£t¯msSbpÅ `cWLS\m t`ZKXn
2. ]mÀesaânsâ {]tXyI `qcn]£t¯msSbpÅ t`ZKXn
3. ]m Àe sa â nsâ {]t X yI `qcn ]£ t ¯ msS m¸ w k wØ m \§ fp sS
AwKoImct¯msSbpÅ t`ZKXn F¶nhbmWh
1. tIhe `qcn]£t¯msSbpÅ t`ZKXn
`cWLS\bnse Nne hIp¸pIsf ]mÀesaânsâ tIhe`qcn£w sIm­v t`ZKXn
sN¿m³ Ignbpw.
]mÀesaânsâ Ccpk`Ifpw tIhe `qcn]£t¯msS ]mÊm¡p¶ C¯cw t`ZKXn
_nÃpIÄ {]knsUâ v A\paXn \ÂIp¶tXmsS \nbaamIp¶p.
`cWLS\bpsS Cu `mKw hfsc AbªXmWv.t`ZKXnbpsS \S]Sn{Iahpw hfsc
efnXamWv.
]pXnb kwØm\§fpsS cq]oIcWw kwØm\§fpsS t]cv , AXnÀ¯n
F¶nhbn amäw hcp¯pI. ]ucXzw kw_Ôn¨ hIp¸pIÄ F¶nh C¯cw
t`ZKXn¡v DZmlcW§fmWv
2. ]mÀesaânsâ {]tXyI `qcn]£t¯msSbpÅ t`ZKXn
`cWLS\bpsS Nne `mK§Ä amäw hcp¯m³ ]mÀesaânsâ aq¶n c­v
`qcn]£w AYhm {]tXyI `qcn]£w thWw.
Ccpk`Ifnepw lmPdmbn thm«p sN¿p¶ AwK§fn aq¶n c­v `mKw
AwK§fpsS ]n´pW¡mWv {]tXyI `qcn]£w F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 25

3. ]m Àe sa â nsâ {]t X yI `qcn ]£ w + ]I pX n k wØ m \§ fp sS
AwKoImct¯msSbpÅ t`ZKXn
`cWLS\bnse Nne hIp¸pIÄ t`mKXn sN¿p¶Xn\v ]mÀesaânsâ {]tXyI
`qcn]£t¯msSm¸w C´ybnse ]IpXnbne[nIw kwØm\ \nba\nÀ½mW
k`IfpsS AwKoImchpw BhiyamWv.
`cWLS\bpsS Nne `mK§Ä t`ZKXn sN¿m³ {]bmkamWv F¶XmWnhnsS
ImWn¡p¶Xv. `cWLS\bpsS Nne `mK§Ä ZrVamWv (Rigid).
`cW L S\b nse s^ U d L S\ ,auenI A h I mi § Ä F ¶ nh
kwc£n¡s¸Sp¶Xv CXneqsSbmWv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 26

 CHAPTER 10
C´y³ `cW LS\bpsS X¯zimkv{Xw
(The Philosophy of the constitution )
1. \mKmemân\v {]tXyI ]Zhn \ÂIp¶ BÀ«n¡nÄ GXmWv.
D: BÀ«n¡nÄ 371 A
Short answer
Y2. C´y³ `cWLS\s¡XnscbpÅ hnaÀi\§Ä GsXÃmw ( criticism against Indian
constitution )
C´y³ `cWLS\s¡Xnsc [mcmfw hnaÀi\§Ä D­v. Ahbn {][m\s¸« 3
F®w Xmsg \ÂIp¶p.
1. C´y³ `cWLS\ HXp¡anÃm¯XmWv ( It is un wieldy)
2. icnbmb {]mXn\n[yanÃm¯mWv ( It is un representative )
3. sshtZinI kz`mhapÅXmWv ( Alien to Indian condition)
1. C´y³ `cWLS\ HXp¡anÃm¯XmWv ( It is un wieldy)
C ´ y³ `cW L S\¡ v Hcp¡ ansà ¶ v h naÀi I À N q­ n I mW n¡ p¶ p.
`cWLS\bpsS ImXemb Imcy§sfÃmw Hä {]amW¯n Xs¶bmbncn¡Wsa¶
BibamWv Cu hnaÀi\¯nsâ ASnØm\w. F¶m CXv bmYmÀ°y§Ä¡v
\nc¡p¶XÃ. DZmlcWambn aäpcmPy§fn XncsªSp¸v I½oj³, knhnÂ
k Àh ok v I ½ oj ³ F ¶ nh sb ¸änb pÅ \nb a§ Ä `cW L S\b nÂ
DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ. F¶m C´ybn C¯cw Imcy§fpw `cWLS\bn Xs¶
DÄs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xn\memWv AXv Hcp _rl¯mb {KÙambn amdnbXv.
2. icnbmb {]mXn\n[yanÃm¯mWv ( It is un representative )
C´y³ `cWLS\ {]mXn\n[ykz`mhanÃmsXbmWv X¿mdm¡s¸«sX¶v hnaÀinIÀ
Btcm]n¡p¶p.Cu hnaÀi\t¯mSv ]qÀ®ambpw tbmPn¡m\mhnÃ. `cWLS\m
\nÀ½mWk`bnte¡pÅ AwK§fpsS XncsªSp¸v kmÀh{XnI {]mb]qÀ¯n
thm«hImi¯neqsS Bbncp¶nÃ. adn¨v \nb{´nX thm«hImi¯neqsS Bbncp¶p.
Cu AÀ°¯n `cWLS\ th­ {]mXn\n[yanÃmsX X¿mdm¡s¸«p F¶p ]dbmw.
F¶m `cWLS\m \nÀ½mW k`bnse NÀ¨Ifpw kwhmZ§fpw ]cntim[n¨mÂ
kaql¯nse FÃm hn`mK§fpsSbpw XmÂ]cy§Ä kwc£n¡m³ AXnse
AwK§Ä {]tXyIw {i²n¨ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. B \nebv¡v FÃm P\§fptSbpw
A`n{]mb§Ä¡v cWLS\ th­{X {]mXn\n[yw \ÂInbncp¶psh¶v hyàamWv.
3. sshtZinI kz`mhapÅXmWv ( Alien to Indian condition)
C´y³ `cWLS\ ]qÀ®ambpw sshtZinI kz`mhapÅ H¶msW¶pw AXv
C´ybnse kmlNcy§Ä¡v CW§p¶Xsöpw hnaÀiIÀ Nq­n Im«p¶p.
\½psS `WLS\bnse ]e hIp¸pIfpw hntZi `cWLS\Ifn \n¶v
ISsaSp¯hbmWv . ]t£ AsXÃmw AÔamb IpSsaSp¡Â Bbncp¶nÃ.
AhsbÃmw C´y³ kmlNcy§Ä¡v A\ptbmPyambn \mw ]cnjvIcn¡pIbpw
\hoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v.
Y3. C´y³ `cWLS\bpsS ]cnanXnIÄ [ Limitation of Indian Constitution ] Fs´Ãmw?
1. C´y³ `cWLS\bv¡v tZiob sFIy¯ntâXmb Hcp tI{µoIrX Bibap­v.
2. IpSpw_¯n\pÅnse enwK\oXn t]msebpÅ {]iv\§sf AXv ad¨psh¨p.
3. kmaqlnI km¼¯nI AhImi§sf auenImhImi§fn DÄs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\p
]Icw \nÀtZiI XXz§fpsS hn`mK¯n DÄs¸Sp¯n.
hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 27
 PART - II Political Theory

Chapter 11
cm{ãob kn²m´w : Hcp BapJw
(political Theory: an Itnroduction )

Objective Questions
1. lnµv kzcmPv F¶ ]pkvXI¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv?
D: KmÔnPn
2. cm{ãobw \s½ ]m¼p Npä¶Xv t]mse Npänbncn¡pbmsW¶pw AXnt\mSv
aÃSn¡pIbÃmsX aäv hgnIfnsöpw \nco£n¨ Nn´I³ Bcv?
D: KmÔnPn
3. kzmX{´yw t]mse {][m\amWv kaXzw F¶v hmZn¨ Nn´I³?
D: ImÄ amÀIvkv
Short asnswer
Y4. \msa´n\v cm{ãob kn²m´w ]Tn¡Ww? (why should we study political theory)
]uc·mÀ F¶ \ne¡v cm{ãob kn²m´¯nsâ ]T\w hfsc {][m\amWv. cm{ãob
{]hÀ¯IÀ, _yqtdm{ImäpIÄ, cm{ãob kn²m´w ]Tn¸n¡p¶hÀ, A`n`mjIÀ
PUv P namÀ, s]mXp{]hÀ¯IÀ F¶nhÀs¡Ãmw cm{ãob kn²m´w ]T\w
{]kàamWv . cm{ãob kn²m´ ]T\w \s½ Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcy§Ä¡v
klmbn¡p¶p.
1. FÃm hnZymÀ°nIfpw `mhnbn Hcp sXmgn XncsªSpt¡­n hcpw. GXp
sXmgnen\p kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfhpw cm{ãob kn²m´s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ AdnhpIÄ
A\nhmcyamWv
2. hnZymÀ°nIÄ FÃmw thm«hImiapÅ ]uc·mcmbn Xocm³ t]mhpIbmWv .]e
{]iv\§fnepw AhÀ¡v Xocpam\w FSpt¡­n hcpw.
3. cm{ãob I mcy§ sf Ipdn¨pÅ \½psS B ib § sf bpw [mcW I fpw
]cntim[n¡p¶Xn\v cm{ãob kn²m´w klmbIamIp¶p.
4. cm{ãob k¦Â]§sf Ipdn¨v Nn«tbmsS Nn´n¡m³ cm{ãob kn²m´w \s½
]Tn¸n¡p¶p.
bpàn]cambn kwhmZw \S¯m\pw GXmWv icn GXmWv sXäv F¶nh Xncn¨dnbm³
cm{ãob kn²m´]T\w klmbn¡p¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 28

 CHAPTER 12
kzmX{´yw' (Freedom)
1. Match the following
Long walk to freedom - Aung San suki
Freedom from fear - Nelson Mandela
on Libetry - Aubrey Menon
Ramayana Retold - JS Mill
The Satanic verses - Salman Rushdie
2. lm\n kn²m´ (Harm Principle ) ¯nâ D]ÚmXmhv
D: sP Fkv anÂ
Y3. lm\n kn²m´ ( Harm principle) s¯ Ipdn¨v hnhcn¡pI.
sP Fkv an Xsâ kzX{´ys¯ ]än ( On Libetry) F¶ {]_Ô¯nemWv lm\n
kn²m´w (Harm Princple ) F¶ Bibw AhXcn¸n¨Xv.
tPm¬ ÌphÀ«v an HcmfpsS {]hÀ¯nIsf c­mbn Xcw Xncn¡p¶p.
1. kzkw_Ônbmb {]hÀ¯nIÄ (Self Regarding action)
2. A]c kw_Ônbmb {]hÀ¯nIÄ (Others Regarding action )
{]hÀ¯nIfpsS ^e§Ä Abmsf am{Xw _m[n¡p¶XmsW¦n AXns\
kzkw_Ônbmb {]hÀ¯nIÄ F¶p]dbp¶p. t\sc adn¨v A¯cw {]hÀ¯nIÄ
aäpÅhsc _m[n¡pIbmsW¦n AXns\ A]c kw_Ônbmb {]hÀ¯nIÄ
F¶v hnfn¡p¶p.
HcmfpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä Abmsf am{Xw _m[n¡pIbmsW¦n cm{ã¯nt\m
atäsX¦nepw _mly A[nImcnIÄt¡m CSs]Sm³ A[nImcansöv sP.F kv.anÃv
h mZn¡ p¶ p.t\sc adn¨ v Hcp h yà nb psS {]h À¯ nI Ä aäpÅ h sc
_m[n¡pIbmsW¦n _mlyamb CSs]S D­mth­Xp­v. Npcp¡¯nÂ
aäpÅhcpsS {]hÀ¯nIÄ \ap¡v lm\nIcw BhpIbmsW¦n GsX¦nepw
_mly A[nImcnIÄ \s½ Dd¸mbpw kwc£nt¡­XmWv.
4. \ntj[mßI kzmX{´yhpw ( Negative Libetry) {InbmßI kzmX{´hpw positive
libetry) X½nepÅ hyXymk§Ä Fs´Ãmw
\ntj[mßI kzmX{´yw (Negative Libetry)
_mlyamb bmsXmcp \nb{´Whpw CÃm¯ AhØbmWv \ntj[mßI kzmX{´yw
F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.HcmÄ B{Kln¡p¶Xv sN¿m\pÅ kzmX{´yw BWXv. Cu
kzmX{´yw FÃmhn[ hne¡pIsfbpw CSs]SepIsfbpw FXnÀ¡p¶p.
{InbmßI kzmX{´yw. (Positive Libetry )
hyà nbpw kaqlhpw X½nepÅ _ Ô ¯ nse {]IrXw, kmlNcy§Ä
F¶nhbpambn _Ôs¸«XmWv {InbmßI kzmX{´yw. HcmÄ¡v kaql¯n\I¯v
am{Xta kzX{´\mbn Ccn¡m³ Ignbq. kaql¯n\v ]pd¯v hyàn¡v kzmX{´yw
A\p`hn¡m³ IgnbnÃ. AXn\m hyànbpsS hfÀ¨¡v DXIp¶ Hcp kaql¯n\v
cq]w \ÂIm\mWv {InbmßI kzmX{´yw {ian¡p¶Xv.
Hcp hyàn¡v Xsâ IgnhpIÄ hnIkn¸n¡Wsa¦n AXn\p th­ kmlNcy§Ä
D­mbncn¡Wsa¶v {InbmßI kzmX{´yw Bhiys¸Sp¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 29

 CHAPTER 13
kaXzw [ Equaltiy ]
^ŚŽƌƚƐƐĂLJ
Y1. kaXz¯nsâ hnhn[ am\§Ä GsXÃmw (what are Different Dimensions of Equaltiy )
kaXz¯n\v aq¶v am\§fp­v (Three Dimentions of equaltiy)
1 cm{ãob kaXzw.(Political Equaltiy )
2. kmaqlnI kaXzw. [ Social Equaltiy ]
3. km¼¯nI kaXzw. [Economic Equaltiy ]
1 cm{ãob kaXzw.(Political Equaltiy )
cm{ã ¯ nse F Ã m A wK § Ä ¡ pw Xpeyamb cm{ã ob A h I mi § Ä
A\phZn¡p¶Xns\bmWv cm{ãob kaXzw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. thm«v sN¿m\pÅ
AhImiw, BhnjvImc kzmX{´yw, k©cn¡m\pw kwLSn¡m\pÅ kzmX{´yw,
hnizmk kzmX{´yw, sXcsªSp¸n aÕcn¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw, s]mXp
]ZhnIÄ hln¡p¶ AXn\pÅ AhImiw, F¶n§s\bpÅ Nne ASnØm\
AhImi§Ä CXn DÄs¸Sp¶p.
cmãob kaXzw \nba¯n\v ap¼nepÅ XpeyXbpamWv. AXv sIm­v cm{ãob kaXzw
kaql¯n hfsctbsd {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶p.
2. kmaqlnI kaXzw. [ Social Equaltiy ]
kaql¯n FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpey ]Zhn e`n¡p¶ AhØbmWv kmaqlnI kaXzw
F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.
PmXn,aXw,hwiw,\ndw, kz¯v- F¶nhbpsS ASnØm\¯n BÀ¡pw {]tXyI
]cnKW\ A\phZn¡cpsX¶v kmaqlnI kaXzw Bhiys¸Sp¶p.
kmaqlnI kaXz¯n\v Gähpw {][m\LSIw AhkckaXzw BWv. kz´w
hyànXzw hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\v kaql¯nse FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpey Ahkc§Ä
D­mbncn¡Wsa¶v AXv hmZn¡p¶p H¸w kaql¯nse FÃm AwK§Ä¡pw
th­{X BtcmKy{i², sa¨s¸« hnZym`ymk¯n\pÅ Ahkcw, Bhiyamb
t]mjImlmcw, an\naw thX\w, XpS§nb Nne {]mYanI Bhiy§Ä Dd¸v
hcp¯pIbpw thWw. Ahkc kaXzanÃm¯ Hcp kaql¯n kmaqlnI kaXzw
\S¸nem¡m³ {]bmkamWv . kv { XoIÄ¡pw aäv ]nt¶m¡hÀ¤¡mÀ¡pw
A h k ck aXzw \ÂI nb m am{Xta k aXzsa¶ b YmÀ° B i b w
\S¸nemhpIbpÅq.
3. km¼¯nI kaXzw. [Economic Equaltiy ]
hyànIÄ¡nSbntem P\§Ä¡nSbntem [\¯n\pw k¼¯nepw hcpam\¯nepw
KWyamb A´cw Ds­¦n kaql¯n km¼¯nI AkaXz§Ä \nevIp¶p
F¶v \mw ]dbmdp­v.
cm{ã¯nsâ k¼¯v FÃmhcpw Xpeyambn A\phZn¡Wsa¶mWv km¼¯nI
kaXz¯n\À°w.
DÅhcpw CÃm¯hcpw X½nepÅ A´cw Ipd¡p¶XmWv km¼¯nI kaqlw
sN¿p¶Xv Zmcn{Zy\nÀamÀP\ amÀK§fneqsS GsdIpsd CXv \S¸nem¡m³
Ignbp¶p.
Xpey tPmen¡v Xpey thX\w, tPmensN¿m\pw AÀlamb Iqen In«m\papÅ

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 30

 AhImiw, hn{ia¯n\pÅ AhImiw F¶nhbpw km¼¯nI kaXz¯nsâ {][m\
LSI§fmWv.
tkmjyenkw t]mepÅ {]Xybimkv{X§Ä km¼¯nI kaXz¯n\mWv Du¶Â
\ÂIp¶Xv.
Y2. \ap¡v F§s\ kaXzw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡mw (How can we promote equaltiy)
kaXzw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xn\v {][m\ambpw aq¶v amÀ¤§fp­v.
1. Hu]NmcnI kaXzw Øm]n¡pI.( Esatablishing Formal Eaualtiy)
2.hyXykvX ]cnKW\ IfneqsS kaXzw Øm]n¡pI.(Equaltiy through Different Treat-
ment)
3.A\pIqemßI {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯pI. (Affirmalive action)
1. Hu]NcnI kaXzw Øm]n¡Â (Establishing formal equaltiy).
kaXzw ssIhcn¡p¶Xn\pÅ H¶mas¯ amÀ¤w AkaXz§fpw {]tXyI
AhImi§fpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hu]mNcnI hyhØ Ahkm\n¸n¡pI F¶XmWv.
Hu]mNcnI kaXzw F¶m \nbas¯ ap¶nepÅ XpeyX F¶mWÀ°w.
kmaqlnIhpw km¼¯nIhpw cm{ãobhpamb AkaXz§sf kwc£n¡pIbpw
\ne\nÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ Nne BNmc§fpw \nbahyhØbpw temIsa¼mSpw
\ne\n¡p¶p­v.
Cu AkaXz§Ä ]cnlcn¨m am{Xta kaql¯n kaXzw D­mhpIbpÅq .
PmXn aXw h wi w enwK w P\\Ø ew F ¶ nh b psS t]cnepÅ F Ã m
hnthN\§sfbpw C´y³ `cWLS\ \ntcm[n¡p¶p. Abn¯mNcWhpw
`cWLS\ \ntcm[n¨n«p­v.
`cWLS\bpsS auenIhImi§fn kaXz¯n\v henb {]m[m\yamWv \ÂIp¶Xv
2. hyXykvX ]cnKW\IfneqsSbpÅ kaXzw (Equaltiy through different treatment)
P\§Ä¡v Xpey AhImi§Ä Dd¸phcp¯p¶Xn\v Nnet¸mÄ Ahsc
hyXykvXcoXnbn ]cnKWnt¡­Xv hcmdp­v. ]e ImcW§sf sIm­pw
]nt¶m¡w t]mbhsc hyXykvXcmbn Xs¶ ImtW­Xp­v.
DZml cW ¯ n\v,A wK ssh I eyapÅ h yà nI Ä ¡ v s]mXpØ e§ f nÂ
{]thin¡p¶Xn\v {]tXyI kuIcyw GÀs¸Spt¯­XmWv. F¦n am{Xta
aäpÅhtcmsSm¸w s]mXp sI«nS§fn {]thin¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ¡v Xpey Ahkcw
e`n¡pIbpÅq. AXpt]mse tImÄ sk³ddpIÄ cm{Xn tPmen sN¿p¶ kv{XoIÄ¡v
At§m«pw Ct§m«papÅ bm{Xbn {]tXyI kwc£Ww GÀs¸Spt¯­Xv
AXymhiyamWv.
3. A\pIqemßI \S]Sn (Affirmative Action)
kaXzw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡m\pÅ asämcp {][m\ amÀKamWv A\pIqe \S]Sn. \nbaw
aptJ\ Hu]NmcnI kaXzw Øm]n¡msa¦nepw. kaXzw ssIhcn¡p¶Xn\v AXv
aXnbmhpIbnà F¶ BibamWv A\pIqemßI \S]SnbpsS ASnØm\w.
Nne AkaXz§Ä XpS¨p \o¡m\pw Ah eLqIcn¡p¶Xn\pw {InbmßI
\S]SnIÄ AYhm A\pIqemßI \S]SnIÄ kzoIcnt¡­n hcpw.
A\pIqemßI \S]SnIÄ ]eXc¯nepw cq]¯nepw D­v. AhikapZmb¯nÂ
s]«hÀ¡v kvtImfÀjn¸v, tlmÌ XpS§nb kuIcy§Ä ,
F¶nh CXnsâ Hcp cq]amWv . AXpt]mse sXmgnepIÄ¡pw hnZym`ymk
Øm]\§fnse {]thi\¯n\pw \ÂIp¶ {]tXyI ]cnKW\bpw kwhcWhpw
A\pIqemßI \S]SnbpsS asämcp cq]amWv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 31

 CHAPTER 14.
kmaqlnI \oXn
( Social Justice)
1. a\pjy³ A´ÊpÅhcmsW¶v A`n{]mbs¸« PÀa³ XXzNn´I³
D: C½m\ph Imâ v .
2. Theofy of justice ' F¶ ]pkvX¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv
D: 'tPm¬ tdmÄkv
3. AÚXbpsS aqSp]Sw (Veil of ignorance ) F¶ Bib¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhv
D : tPm¬ tdmÄkv
^ŚŽƌƚƐƐĂLJ
Y4. \oXnbpsS 3 XXz§ÄGsXÃmw? ( The three Principles of Juslice )
\oXn k¦ev]¯n\v aq¶v {][m\ XXz§fp­v. Ah
1. XpeytcmSv Xpey]cnKW\. ( equal Treatment for Equals)
2. B\p]mXnI \oXn. (Proportionate justice)
3. {]tXyI Bhiy§Ä AwKoIcn¡Â. ( Recognition of Special needs )
1. XpeytcmSv Xpey]cnKW\. ( equal Treatment for Equals)
FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpey \oXn F¶XmWv Cu X¯z¯nsâ ASnØm\w. CXnÂ
kaql¯nse FÃmhscbpw Xpeycmbn ]cnKWn¡p¶p.
FÃmw FÃmhÀ¡pw Xpeyambn ]¦n«v FSp¯v \oXn ssIhcn¡pIbmWv Cu
XXz¯nsâ e£yw. kwJySnØm\¯nepÅ \oXn F¶pw CXv Adnbs¸Sp¶p.
sPÀan _´mw Cu \oXn k¦Â¸¯nsâ {][m\ hàmhmbncp¶p.
_´mansâ A`n{]mb¯n "FÃmhÀ¡pw H¶v t]mse, BÀ¡pw H¶pw IqSpXÂ
BhmsX" F¶XmWv.
XpeyÀ AÃm¯hcpw Xpeycmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Spw F¶Xv CXnsâ t]mcmbvabmWv.
C¶v an¡ kzX{´ P\m[n]Xy cmPy§fpw Nne kp{][m\ XpeymhImi§Ä
P\§Ä¡v \ÂInbn«p­v . Pohn¡m\pÅ AhImiw ,kzmX{´y¯n\pÅ
AhImiw XpS§nbh AXn DÄs¸Sp¶p. thm«hImiw Cu \oXn k¦Â¸¯nsâ
ASnØm\¯nepÅXmWv.
2. B\p]mXnI \oXn. (Proportionate justice)
XpeyÀ¡v - Xpey\oXnbpw AXpeyÀ¡v AXpey \oXnbpw \ÂIs¸Sp¶XmWv
B\p]mXnI \oXn k¦ev]w.
Hcp hyàn¡v \ÂtI­ {]Xn^ew ,A[nImcw , AwKoImcw F¶nh AbmfpsS
Ignhn\pw kw`mh\¡pw B\p]mXnIambncn¡Ww.
hyXykv X Xc¯nepÅ tPmenIÄ¡v A]IS km[yXbpw {]bmkhpw
IW¡nseSp¯v {]Xn^ew \ÂIp¶XmWv \oXnbpàsa¶v B\p]mXnI \oXnbpsS
hàm¡Ä A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.
AcntÌm«n Cu \oXn k¦Â¸¯nsâ {][m\ hàmhmbncp¶p.
Nne kµÀ`§fn FÃmhscbpw ka·mcmbn IW¡m¡p¶Xv A\oXnbmIpw.
DZmlcW¯n\v,Htc kvIqfnse Htc ]co£sbgpXnb hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v XpeyamÀ¡v-
\ÂIm³ Xocpam\n¨m F´mbncn¡pw \½psS {]XnIcWw. tNmZy§Ä¡v \ÂInb
D¯c§fpsS anIhn\v ASnØm\am¡nbpw km[yamsW¦n {]bXv\ ¯n\v
ASnØm\am¡nbpw amÀ¡v \ÂIpIbmbncn¡pw \oXnbpàw.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 32

3. {]tXyI Bhiy§Ä AwKoIcn¡Â. ( Recognition of Special needs )
{]Xn^ehpw NpaXeIfpw ]¦phbv¡pt¼mÄ P\§fpsS {]tXyI Bhiy§Ä
IqSn kaqlw Xncn¨dnªp IW¡nseSp¡Ww. CXmWv kmaqly\oXnbpsS
aq¶mas¯ XXzw.
kmaqly \oXn Dd¸m¡p¶Xn\pÅ Hcp amÀKambn CXv ]cnKWn¡mw.
{]tXyI Bhiy§Ä AwKoIcn¡p¶XneqsS Xpey \oXn \S¸m¡m³ km[n¡p¶p.
KÀ`nWnIÄ¡pwA_eÀ¡pw koäv dnkÀthj³, en^väv kwhn[m\w F¶nh {]tXyI
Bhiy§Ä AwKoIcn¡Â BWv.
]«nIPmXn ]«nIhÀ¤ImÀ¡v Kh¬saâ v tPmenIfn kwhcWhpw hnZym`ymk
Øm]\§fn {]thi\¯n\v B\p]mXnI ]¦pw `cWLS\ AwKoIcn¨n«p­v.CXv
{]tXyI Bhiy§Ä AwKoIcn¡emWv.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 33

 CHAPTER 15
AhImi§Ä ( Rights)
Objective Questions
1 GXv ZnhkamWv a\pjymhImi ( Human Rights Day) Zn\ambn BNcn¨v hcp¶Xv
D: December 10
2. a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\§sf UN P\d AÊw»n kzoIcn¨hÀjw
D: 1948 Unkw_À 10
Short answer
Y3. F´mWv AhImiw?
AhImiw Hcp AhImihmZamW v (claim). asämcp Xc¯n ]dª mÂ
kaql¯nsâ AwKoImcapÅXpw cm{ãw \S¸nem¡p¶Xpamb AhImihmZ§sf
AhImi§Ä (Rights)F¶v ]dbmw.
Y4. hnhn[ Xcw AhImi§Ä GsXÃmw ( kinds of Rights)
AhImi§sf aq¶mbn Xcw Xncn¡mw.
1. cm{ãob AhImi§Ä. ( Political Rights)
2. ]ucmhImi§Ä (Civil Rights)
3. km¼¯nI AhImi§Ä (Economic Rights)
1. cm{ãob AhImi§Ä. ( Political Rights)
cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-§Ä ]uc³amÀIv \nb-a-¯n\v ap¼n Xpey-Xbpw cmjv{Sob
{]{In-b-I-fn ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-hpw \ÂIp-¶p.
thm«hImiw, sXcsªSp¡m\pÅ AhImiw., sXcsªSp¸n aÕcn¡m\pÅ
AhImiw, cm{ãob ]mÀ«nIÄ cq]oIcn¡m\pw AXn tNcm\papÅ AhImiw,
DtZymKw hln¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw, ]cmXns]Sm\pw hnaÀin¡m\papÅ
AhImiw.
2 ]ucmhImi§Ä (Civil Rights)
Poh³, kz¯v, kzmX{´yw F¶n-hsb kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ Ah-Im-i-§-sf-bmWv ]ucm-
h-I-im-§Ä F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
kzX{´hpw \oXn\njvThpamb hnNmcW¡pÅ AhImiw, { ] X n t j [ n ¡ m \ p w
FXnÀ¸v {]ISn¸n¡m\p apÅ AhImiw, A`n{]mbkzmX{´yw, kwL-S n-¡ p-¶ -X n-
\pÅ Ah-Imiw
3 km¼¯nI AhImi§Ä (Economic Rights)
kaq-l-¯n k¼-¯n\v Xpey-ambn hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv km¼-¯nI Ah-
Im-i-§Ä F¶-XvsIm­v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.
tPmen sN¿p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw.
]cym]vXamb Iqen e`n¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw.
sXmgn kwLS\IÄ cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw, hn{ia¯n\pÅ AhImiw

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 34

 CHAPTER 16
]ucXzw ( Citizenship)
Y1. {^©v hn¹hw Bcw`n¨ hÀjw?
D: 1789
Y2. C´y³]ucXzw BÀPn¡p¶Xn\pÅ hnhn[ amÀK§Ä GsXÃmw ( How can be
acquired Indian Citizenship)
C´y³ ]ucXzw e`n¡p¶Xn\v Xmsg \ÂInb A©p amÀ¤§Ä D­v.
1. P·kn²amb ]ucXzw.
1950 P\phcn 21t\m AXn\ptijtam C´ybn P\n¨ GsXmcmfpw C´ybnse Hcp
]uc³ Bbncn¡pw.
2. ]n´pSÀ¨ hgn¡pÅ ]ucXzw
3. cPnkvt{Sj³ apJm´capÅ ]ucXzw.
4. NncImem[nhmkw aptJ\bpÅ ]ucXzw.
5. {]tZinI kwtbmP\w aqew e`n¡p¶ ]ucXzw.
Y3. kmÀÆ{XnI ]ucXzs¯ (Universal Citizenship) Ipdn¨v sNdpIpdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI
bp²Ime¯pw £maIme¯pw \mSphnt«mtS­n hcp¶ A`bmÀYnIsf \mw
sSenhnj\n ImWmdp­v. kpUm³,^ekvXo³,_À½, _w¥mtZiv F¶nhnS§fnÂ
\n¶pÅ A`bmÀYnIÄ CXn\pZmlcW§fmWv.
P· \m«ntem AbÂcmPy§fntem A`bmÀYnIfmIm³ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbhcmWv
C u P\§ sf à mw. Hcp cmPy¯ v Xmak n¡ pI b pw ]W nsb Sp¡ pI b pw
sN¿p¶hÀ¡pw, ]ucXz¯n\v At]£n¡p¶hÀ¡pw cmPy¯nse ]qÀWAwKXzw
e`n¡pw F¶mWv \mw IcpXp¶Xv.
FÃmhscbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ kmÀh{XnI ]ucXzw F¶ Bibw ]e cmPy§fpw
]n´pW¡p¶p­v F¶n«pw ]ucXzw \ÂIp¶Xn\v Hmtcm cmPyhpw Nne
am\ZÞ§Ä \nÝbn¡p¶p.
F¶m bp²§Ä,]oU\§Ä, £ma§Ä XpS§nbh \mSpw hoSpw Dt]£n¨v
]memb\w sN¿m³ P\§Ä \nÀ_ÔnXcm¡p¶p. Hcp cm{ãhpw Ahsc
kzoIcn¡m³ k¶²asæn \m«nte¡v aS§m³ AhÀ¡v Ignªnsæn AhÀ
cm{ãobw CÃm¯ P\§Ä AYhm A`bmÀYnIfmbn¯ocp¶p.Npcp¡¯n Hcp
]uc\p Int«­ bmsXmcp AhImihpw AhÀ¡v e`n¡pIbnÃ.
A`bmÀYnIfpsS {]iv\w At§bäw cq£hpw KuchtadnbXpw BWv. AXn\mÂ
A`bmÀ°nIsf klmbn¡p¶Xn\pw ]p\c[nhkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pambn bp.F³.Hcp
ssl¡½ojWsd \nban¨n«p­v.
cm{ãanÃm¯ P\§fpsS {]iv\w C¶v temIw t\cnSp¶ Hcp {][m\ shÃphnfnbmWv
.BtKmf ]ucXzw F¶ Bibw Cu {]iv\§Ä¡pÅ Hcp {]Xnhn[nbmbn ]ecpw
\nÀt±in¨n«p­v.
Y4. BtKmf ]ucXzs¯ (Global Citizenship ) Ipdn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI.
]ckv]c _ÔnXamb Hcp temI¯mWv \mw Ct¸mÄ Pohn¡p¶Xv. cmPy¯nsâ
AXnÀ¯nIÄ¡pÅn am{Xambn HXp§n \n¡mt\m, Häs¸«ncn¡mt\m C¶v
IgnbpIbnÃ. C³dÀs\äv, sSenhnj³, skÂt^m¬ XpS§nb hn\nab amÀK§Ä
cmPy§sf ]ckv]cw ASp¸n¨p.
]pXnb hn\nab coXnIfpsS hfÀ¨tbmsS temIs¯hnsS \S¡p¶ Imcy§fpw

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 35

 sRmSnbnSbn \ap¡v Adnbm³ Ignbp¶p­v. bp²§fpw Zpc´§fpw Ah
\S¶psIm­ncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ \ap¡v sSenhnj\n ImWmw.
temI¯nse kw`hhnImk§Ä t\cn«v a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbp¶ AhØ P\§sf
Imcyambn kzm[o\n¨p. temI¯nse ]e cmPy§fnepapÅ P\§fn klXm]hpw
s]mXphmb DÂIvW vT Ifpw hfÀ¯m³ AXv klmbIambn. AXnÀ¯nIÄ
IS¶pÅ ]ckv]c klmb§Ä HgpIm³ CXv ImcWambn .
B tK mf ]ucXyw F ¶ k ¦ev]w C ¶ v Hcp b mYmÀ° yamb n
amdnsIm­ncn¡pIbmWv. Hcp BtKmf kaqlw C\nbpw \nehn h¶n«nsænepw
tZimXnÀ¯n¡¸pd¯pÅhcpambn X§Ä _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶ tXm¶Â
P\§Ä¡nSbn hfÀ¶v h¶n«p­v.

CHAPTER -17
NATIONALISM (tZio-b-X)
1. Imagined Communities F¶ ]pkvXIw cNn¨XmcmWv?
D. _\UnÎv B³tUgvk¬.
Essay
2. tZiobXsb \nÀ®bn¡p¶ {][m\ LSI§Ä GsXÃmw?
P\§Ä X§fpsS tZis¯¡pdn¨v sh¨p ]peÀ¯p¶ s]mXphmb [mcWIfmWv
cm{ã¯nsâ ASnØm\w. tZiobXbpsS cq]oIcWs¯ klmbn¡p¶ s]mXphmb
LSI§Ä Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv.
1. s]mXphmb hnizmk§Ä:-
s]mXphmb Nne e£y§Ä¡v th­n P\§fn D­mIp¶ GIXzt_m[hpw
Iq«mbva bpamWv s]mXphmb hnizmk§Ä F¶Xv sIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv.
kzX{´amb cm{ãob AkvXnXzw D­mIWsa¶v B{Kln¡p¶ P\hn`mK¯ns\
Iq«mb kzXzw, `mhnsb Ipdn¨pÅ ho£Ww F¶nhbmWv AXp kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.
2. Ncn{Xw:-
sFXnly§Ä, Ncn{XtcJIÄ F¶nhsb ASnØm\am¡n P\§Ä kz´amb Hcp
Ncn{Xt_ m[w cq]s¸Sp¯ p¶p. Hcp cm{ã ¯ nsâ kzXzw XpSÀ¨ bmbn
\ne\nÀ¯p¶Xv Cu Ncn{X t_m[amWv.
3. `q{]tZiw:-
P\§Ä Hcp \nÝnX `q{]tZi¯ v A[nh kn¡ p¶Xn\m X§Ä GI
P\XbmsW¶v Nn´n¡m³ P\§sf klmbn¡p¶p. Hcp {]tXyI `qhn-`m-K-¯n\v
Gsd Imew Hcp-an¨v Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw s]mXp-hm-sbmcp `qX-Imew ]¦vsh¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-t¼mÄ P\-§-fn Iq«m-sbmcp kzXzt_m[w cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p.
4. s]mXphmb cm{ãobmZÀi§Ä:-
GXv Xc¯nepÅ cm{ãamWv krãnt¡­Xv F¶Xns\ ]än Hcp cm{ã¯nse
AwK§Ä¡v s]mXphmb Nne ImgvN¸mSpIÄ D­v. P\m[n]Xyw, tkmjyenkw
apXemb cm{ãob BZÀi§Ä Hs¯mcpan¡m\pw H¶n¨p Pohn¡m\pw P\§Ä¡v
t{]cWbmIp¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 36

5. s]mXphmb cm{ãob kzXzw:-
s]mXphmb hwi ]c¼c, `mj, aXw F¶nh P\§sf Hcpan¸n¡pIbpw AhÀ¡v
Hcp kmwkvImcnI kzXzw {][m\w sN¿pIbpw sN¿p¶p. F¶m hwi ]c¼c,
aXw F¶nh Ime{Ia¯n P\§Ä¡nSbn `n¶XIÄ krãn¡pw AXn\mÂ
tZi ob Xsb h n`mh \w sN t¿ ­ Xv k wk vI mcnI mSnØ m\¯ neà ,
cm{ãobmSnØm\¯nemWv . F¦n am{Xta s]mXphmb cm{ãob kzXzw
DSseSp¡pIbpÅq.

CHAPTER 18
atXXcXzw (Secularism)
Short answer
1. ]mÝmXy atXXcXzhpw C´y³ atXXcXzhpw: hyXymk§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

]mÝmXy atXXcXzw C´y³ atXXcXzw

 ]mÝmXy atXXcXzw cm{ãhpw
aXhpw ]ckv]cw CSs]SmsX
IÀi\amb AIew ]men¡p¶p.
 hyànIÄ¡pw hyànIfpsS
AhImi§Ä¡pw {]m[m\yw
\ÂIp¶p.
 hnhn[ aX {Kq¸pIÄ X½nepÅ
kaXz¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p.
 kmapZmbnI ASnØm\¯n DÅ
AhImi§Ä {i²n¡p¶nÃ.
 aX ]cnjvImcs¯ cm{ãw
]n´pW¡p¶nÃ.
 aXØm]\§sf cm{ãw
km¼¯nIambn klmbn¡pIbnÃ.
 cm{ãw aXImcy§fnÂ
XXzm[njvTnXamb CSs]SÂ
\S¯p¶p.
 hyànIfpsS BhImi§fpw aX
kaql¯nsâ AhImi§fpw
kwc£n¡p¶p.
 hnhn[ aX§Ä¡nSbnepÅ
kaXz¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p.
 \yq\]£§fpsS AhImi§Ä¡v
{i² \ÂIp¶p.
 aX ]cnjvImcs¯ cm{ãw
]n´pW¡p¶p.
 aXØm]\§sf cm{ãw
km¼¯nIambn klmbn¡p¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 37

 CHAPTER 19
Peace (kam[m\w)
Objective Questions
1. 19-þmw \qäm­n bp²s¯ {]IoÀ¯n¨ PÀ½³ X¯zNn´I³
D : s{^UdnIv \osj
2. `cWw I¿mfp¶ htcWyhÀ¤s¯ knwl§Ä F¶v hntijn¸n¨ Cämenb³
Nn´I³ ?
D: hnÂ{^tUm ]tcsäm
3. Iyq_³ anssk {]XnkÔn \S¶ hÀjw
D: 1962
4. 1992 hsc hÀ® hnthN\w (apartheid) \ne\n¶ncp¶ cmPyw?
D: Z£nWm{^n¡
Short Question
Y5. kam[m\¯nsâ kaImenI shÃphnfnIÄ GsXÃmw (Contemporary challenges of
peace)
D: kam[m\w ]e shÃphnfnIfpw t\cn«v sIm­ncn¡p¶p .
`oIchmZw , AWphmbp[§Ä ,hwilXy , bp²§Ä , hÀ¤obX etc F¶nh
kam[m\w t\cnSp¶ {][m\ shÃphnfnIfmWv.
Short Essay
Y6. LS\m]camb lnwkbpsS cq]§Ä GsXÃmw [Forms of Structural violence]
lnwk thcpIfpd¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv kaql¯nsâ LS\bnemWv. PmXn ,hÀ¤w enwKw
XpS§nb kmaply Øm]\§fpw k{¼Zmb§fpw lnwk¡v ImcWamhp¶p.
kmaqly Øm]\§fn \n¶pw k{¼Zmb§fn \n¶pw DSseSp¡p¶ lnwksb
LS\m]camb lnwk F¶p ]dbp¶p.
LS\m]camb lnwkbpsS cq]§Ä
1. PmXn t{iWn ( Cast Hierarchy)
2. hÀ¤ hyXymkw ( Class dispartiy)
3. ]pcpjm[n]Xyw ( Partiarchy)
4. tImf\n hmgvN ( Colonialism)
5. hwiobXbpw hÀ¤obXbpw ( Racism/ communalim)
1. PmXn t{iWn ( Cast Hierarchy)
PmXnbpsS t]cn A{Ia§fpw ASn¨aÀ¯epIfpw hnthN\§fpw \S¡p¶p
2. hÀ¤ hyXymkw ( Class dispartiy)
lnwk hÀ¤¯nsâ t]cnepw \S¡p¶p .sXmgnemfnIÄ hnhn[Xc¯nepÅ
NqjW¯n\nbmhp¶p.
3. ]pcpjm[n]Xyw ( Partiarchy)
]pcpjta[mhnXzw ]eXc¯nepÅ lnwk¡pw ImcWamhp¶p.
1 s]¬{`qWlXy
2 s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡v t]mjImlmcw \ntj[n¡pI

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 38

 3 hnZym`ymkw \ntj[n¡pI
4 ssiih hnhmlw
5 kv{Xo[\ ]oT\w
6 ssewKnI ]oU\w
F¶nh ]pcpjm[n]Xy lnwk¡v DZmlcW§fmWv
4. tImf\n hmgvN ( Colonialism)
tImf\n hmgvN aqew ]e cm{ã§fpw ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«p. P\§Ä IãXb\p`hn¨p.
5. hwiobXbpw hÀ¤obXbpw ( Racism/Communalism)
Hcp h À¤s¯ A sà ¦n k apZmb s¯ apgph ³ A Sn¨ aÀ¯ pI b pw
A]am\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶XmWv Cu lnwk. C¡me¯v ]e cmPy§fnepw
C¯c¯nepÅ lnwkbpsS cq]§Ä \ap¡v ImWw
Y7. ]pcpj m[ n]X yw (Ptariarchy ) F § ns \b mW v L S\ m]camb l nwk ¡ v
ImcWamhp¶Xv.
D: ]pcpjta[mhnXz¯n kv { XoIÄ ]eXc¯nepw ASnaÀ¯s¸SpIbpw
AhKWn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p
1 s]¬{`qWlXy
2 s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡v t]mjImlmcw \ntj[n¡pI
3 hnZym`ymkw \ntj[n¡pI
4 ssiih hnhmlw
5 kv{Xo[\ ]oT\w
6 ssewKnI ]oU\w
F¶nh ]pcpjm[n]Xy lnwk¡pÅ DZmlcW§fmWv.

CHAPTER 20
hnIk\w (Development)
1. hnIk\¯nsâ shÃphnfnIÄ(The challenges of development) Fs´Ãmw
ASnØm\ kuIcy§fpsS A`mhw, \nc£cX, sXmgnenÃmbva, t]mjImlmc Ipdhv,
Zmcn{Zyw F¶nhbmWv hnIk\¯n\v {][m\ shÃphnfnIÄ
2. hnIk\¯nsâ sNehpIÄ (Costs of development) NÀ¨ sN¿pI
hnIk\¯n\v {][m\ambpw 2 Xcw sNhpIfmWv DffXv .
1. hnIk\¯nsâ kmaqly sNehv.( Social cost of development )
2. hnIk\¯nsâ ]mcnØnXnI sNehv. ( Environmental Cost of Development)
1. hnIk\¯n\v kmaqly sNehv
hnIk\w hcpt¼mÄ AXv kaqls¯ F§s\ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡p¶p
F¶Xns\bmWv hnIk\¯nsâ kmaqly sNehv F¶XpsIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv.
hnI-k-\-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI sNe-hp-IÄ Xmsg \ÂIp-¶p.
 P\§Ä IpSnsbmgn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 39

 D]Poh\amÀ¤w \ãs¸Sp¶p.
 Zmcn{Zyw hÀ²n¡p¶Xn\v AXv ImcWamIp¶p.
 ImÀjnI kaql§Ä¡v FXncmbn `hn¡p¶p.
 ]mc¼cy sXmgnepIÄ \ãs¸Sp¶p.
 P\-§ Ä ]mÀizh¡cn¡s¸Sp¶p.
 kwkvImcs¯ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡p¶p.
2. hnIk\¯nsâ ]mcnØnXnI sNehv (Environmental costs of Development)
hnIk\w hcpt¼mÄ ]cnØnXnsb {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡pIbpw ]cnØnXnbpsS
\mi¯n\v ImcWamhpIbpw sN¿p¶Xns\bmWv hnIk\¯nsâ ]mcnØnXnI
sNehv F¶XpsIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv
hnIk\¯nsâ ]mcnØnXnI sNehpIÄ Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv .
 hmbp- Pe aen\oIcW¯n\v ImcWamhp¶p
 ]cnØnXn \ioIcWw.
 BtKmfXm]\w.
 Imem-hØ hyXnbm\w.
 h\\ioIcWw.
 a®v hnjabamIp¶p
 shÅs]m¡¯n\pw hcĨ¡pw ImcWamhp¶p.
 ]£nIÄ , arK§Ä F¶nhsb tZmjIcambn _m[n¡p¶p
3. hnIk\s¯ \nÀÆNn¡pI (Unfocused Area)
hnIk\s¯ c­v coXnbn \nÀhNn¡mw. hnimeamb AÀ°¯nepw k¦pNnXamb
AÀ°¯nepw.
]ptcmKXn, A`nhr²n,t£aw,sa¨s¸« PohnX¯n\p th­nbpÅ A`nemjw
F¶n§s\bpÅ Bib§fmWv hnimeamb AÀ°¯n hnIk\w F¶Xv
sIm­v AÀ°am¡p¶Xv.
hnIk\w hfsc k¦pNnXamb AÀ°¯nepw D]tbmKn¡mdp­v. km¼¯nI
hfÀ¨m \nc¡v hÀ[n¸n¡epw kaqls¯ B[p\oIcn¡epw aäpw am{XamWv
k¦pNnXamb hnIk\¯nsâ AÀ°w.

Prepared by:

Muhammed Iqbal. M
PPMHSS Kottukkara

Muhammed Rasak.K
GHSS Moothedath

hnP-b-t`cn ae-¸pdw PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v 40