SATHIAN M.

“MALAYALAM FILM AND GENDER POLITICS: A STUDY BASED ON

SELECTED MALAYALAM FILMS”. DDEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM AND KERALA
STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT, 2017
 A[ymbw c−v

aebmfkn\na þ
s]®¯¯nsâ B¬ImgvNIÄ

1928 Â hnKXIpamc\neqsS aebmfkn\nabpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw`n¡p

t¼mtg¡pw temIkn\nabn kn\nabpsSkt¦X§Ä hfsctbsd hfÀ¨

{]m]n¨pIgnªncp¶p. sam−mjpw PÀa³ FIvkv{]j\nkhpw temIkn\na

bn {]Xy£s¸«pIgnªv GsdhÀj§Ä IgnªmWv aebmf¯n\v

X\Xmb kn\na cq]s¸Sp¯m³ IgnªXv. 1907þ tIcf¯n kn\na

{]ZÀi\w Bcw`n¡p¶Xn\pap¼pXs¶ aäp `mjm Nn{X§Ä aebmfnIÄ I-

−pXpS§nbncp¶p. 1950 hsc aebmf¯n \maam{Xamb kn\naIfmWv D-

−mbXv. A³]Xn\ptijamWv hÀj¯n icmicn Bdpkn\naIÄhoXw

aebmf¯n dneokv sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv.

BZyImeaebmfkn\naIfpsS BJym\coXnIÄ s]mXpsh lnµnþ

Xangv kn\naIsf ]n³XpSÀ¶v cq]s¸Sp¯nbXmbncp¶p. Xangv kwKoX

\mSI§fnse¶t]mse BZna[ym´s¸mcp¯apÅ Hcp IYbv¡v Zriymhnjv

Imcw \ÂIpI, AXn km[mcW¡mcmb t{]£IÀ¡v ckn¡m\mhiyamb

\À½hpw kwKoXhpw thjhn[m\§fpw sImcp¯pshbv¡pI XpS§nb

X{´§fneqsS P\{]nbamb tNcphIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯m\mWv A¡mes¯

kn\nam\nÀ½mXm¡fpw kwhn[mbIcpw {i²n¨Xv. lnµn kn\naIfpsS

hgnbpw asäm¶mbncp¶nÃ. F¦nepw, tIcfobamb ]cnkchpw {]tab§fp

amWv A¶s¯ aebmfkn\naIÄ kzoIcn¨ncp¶Xv. cq]]cambn Xangvþ

lnµnkn\naIsf ]n´pScpt¼mgpw aebmfkn\naIÄ X\Xmb Hcp hgn sh«n

s¯fnbn¡m³ klmbn¨Xv {]tab]camb hyXymkamWv. ]s¯m³]Xmw

\qäm−nsâ Ahkm\L«¯n tIcf¯n cq]s¸«ph¶ kmaqlnI\thm

°m\¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI]cnkchpw cmjv{Sobt_m[hnImkhpw BZy

64
Imes¯ aebmfkn\naIfpsS {]tab§sf cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn \nÀ®mbI

ambn¯oÀ¶p.

2.1. aebmfkn\nabpw IpSpw_Nn{XoIcWhpw

Hcp hyhkmbsa¶ \nebn henb apXÂapSt¡msSbpÅ kn\nam

\nÀamWw kn\nabpsS XpS¡Ime¯v aebmfkn\namcwK¯v km[yambncp

¶nÃ. henb apXÂapS¡phcp¶ kmt¦XntIm]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¡p

hmt\m skäpIÄ \nÀ½n¡phmt\m Ignbm¯Xn\m XmcXtay\ sNehp

IpdªcoXnbn IpSpw_]ivNm¯ehpw aäpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xn aebmf

kn\na¡v HXp§n¡-gn-tb−nh¶p.

kn\namkmt¦XnIhnZy hnIkn¨ bqtdm]y³\mSpIfn AXnt\mSIw

Xs¶ km£mXv¡cWw km²yamb kb³kv ^nIvj³, ^mâkn XpS§nb

\ho\P\pÊpIfnÂs¸« kn\naIÄ \nÀ½n¡m\pÅ km¼¯nItijntbm

kmt¦XnIss\]pWytam tIcf¯nse kn\nam{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v D−mbncp

¶nÃ. AXpsIm−pXs¶ kmaqlnIamb {]iv\§fpw IpSpw_IYIfpw

{]tabam¡nbpÅ kn\naIfmWv Fgp]XpIÄhsc aebmf¯n apJyambpw

D−mbXv. A¡me¯p−mbncp¶ IpSpw_IYm]camb IYmkmlnXyhpw

\mSIhpw tIcf¯nse cmjv{Sob]cnkchpsaÃmw kn\nabpsS {]Xn]mZy

s¯ \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn ]¦phln¨p.

kn.hn.cma³]nÅ, N´ptat\m³, ap«¯p hÀ¡n, Im\w, XIgn, Ddq_v,

Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³\mbÀ, tIihtZhv, _joÀ XpS§nb {]kn²kmlnXy

Imc·mcpsS IrXnIÄ ]eXpw BZyImekn\naIÄ¡v B[mcambn«ps−

¦nepw IpSpw_IYIÄ {]tabamb kn\naIfnse IYm]m{X§Ä an¡

t¸mgpw hmÀ¸pamXrIIÄ Bbncp¶p. Aѳ, ImcWhÀ, A½mh³, aI³,

acpaI³, ktlmZc³, ImapI³ F¶n§s\bpÅ ]pcpjIYm]m{X§fpw,

`mcy, aIÄ, ktlmZcn, ImapIn F¶n§s\bpÅ kv{XoIYm]m{X§fpw

65
an¡hmdpw FÃm kn\naIfnepw Gsd¡psd Htc kz`mhkhntijXItfmsS

Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«p.

hnhmlw, IpSpw_w F¶o Øm]\§fpsS ]Ým¯e¯nemWv

IpSpw_kn\naIÄ cq]oIcn¡p¶Xv. \½psS ]c¼cmKXt_m[§Ä¡v A\p

krXamb, XdhmSpw Iq«pIpSpw_hpsams¡bmWv kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn

¡s¸« IpSpw_k¦Â¸§Ä. A§s\, k¦ev]¯nse¦nepw, tIcf¯nsâ

amXrImIpSpw_ambpw AXnse a\pjy_Ô§fmbpw XdhmSpw ]cnkchpw

kÀÆmwKoIrXamb H¶mbn Dd¸ns¨Sp¯p BZyImekn\naIÄ.

km¼¯nIhnPbaÃmsX C¯csamcp kmaqlnIamXrI Dd¸ns¨Sp

¡Â e£ywsh¨mbncn¡nà kn\naIÄ \nÀ½n¡s¸«Xv. ChnsSbmWv

{]Xybimkv{X¯nsâ CSs]S kn\nabn kw`hn¡p¶sX§s\sb¶

At\zjWw {]kàamhp¶Xv. IpSpw_wt]mebpÅ Hcp kmaqlnIØm]

\¯nsâ IpdhpIfnte¡pw Ipä§fnte¡pw {i²£Wn¡p¶ BJym\§Ä

Ahsb hnaÀin¨v ZpÀºes¸Sp¯p¶Xmbn {]Xy£¯n tXm¶mw.

F¶m ]tcm£ambn B Øm]\s¯ {]tab]Ým¯eam¡n BhÀ¯n¨v

Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶XneqsS A\ntj²yhpw A]cmPnXhpamb Hcp kmaqlnI

Øm]\ambn AXns\ {]XnjvTn¡pIbmWv ]tcm£ambn AXv A\pjvTn

¡p¶ [À½w. AXn\p hg§pIbÃmsX AXns\ [n¡cn¡m\pÅ {ia§Ä

F{Xiàtcbpw AXnITn\amb ]co£Ifnte¡mWv XÅnhnSpIsb¶

]mTamWv A¯cw Bhnjv¡mc§Ä {]kcn¸n¡p¶Xv. XncÈoebnse

PohnXs¯ At]£n¨v hfsc ZpÀºeamb PohnXw \bn¡p¶ hyànIsf

`bs¸Sp¯ns¡m−v kmaqlnIØm]\§tfmSpÅ AN©eamb hnt[bXzw

At_m[]qÀÆambn AXv hyànIfn \«phfÀ¯p¶p. ]tcm£amWXnsâ

{]hÀ¯\w F¶Xn\m¯s¶ hnaÀimßIamb Hcp ho£W¯nÂ

am{Xta C¡mcyw hyàamhpIbpÅq. {]Xybimkv{X]camb hnaÀiw

kwKXamIp¶Xv CXpsIm−pIqSnbmWv. hmkvXh¯nÂ, Hcp hyhlmc

66
sa¶\nebn t{]£Isâ IÀ¯rXzcq]oIcW¯n {]Xyb imkv{X]c

amb ]¦v P\{]nbIeIÄ s]mXpsh F¶t]mse t]m¸peÀkn\nabpw \nÀÆ

ln¡p¶p−v F¶ hkvXpXbmWv kaImehnaÀi\w Xncn¨dnbp¶Xv.

kn\n-a-bnse "IpSpw_w', "hnhmlw', "{]Wbw' F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ LS-I-

§sf {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡p¶ hni-I-e-\-§-fn hÀ¤w (class), PmXn (caste) XpS-

§nb kmaq-ln-I-kw-hÀ¤-§Ä hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p-−v. Ah-

sbms¡ IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w, amdn-h-cp¶ kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-

þ-cm-jv{So-b-]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ\n-¶p-sIm−v kn\n-a-I-tfbpw AXnse enwK-]-Zhn

(gender) sbbpw ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

2.1.1. IpSpw_LS\: hniIe\§fpw ImgvN¸mSpIfpw

am\hcminbpsS IpSpw_LS\bpsS DÛhs¯¡pdn¨v ‘tamÀK’sâ

ImgvN¸mSpIsf hniIe\wsNbvXpsIm−v s{^UdnIv GwKÂkv {]mNo\

Ime¯v \nehnencp¶ IpSpw_coXnIsf hnhcn¡p¶p−.v “]pcpj·mÀ _lp

`mcymXz¯nepw AhcpsSXs¶ `mcyamÀ _lp`À¯rXz¯nepw Ip«nIsfÃmw

AhÀ¡p s]mXphpw Bbncn¡p¶ AhØbmWv {]mIrXkaql¯nÂ

ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv. B AhØbn {Iam\pKXambn h¶p`hn¨ amä§Ä

Ahkm\w GI`mcymXz¯n F¯nt¨cp¶p. A§s\ s]mXphnhml

_Ô§fpsS hr¯w Npcp§n¨pcp§n C¶v kmÀÆ{XnIambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶

Häbmb ‘Z¼XnIpSpw_’¯n hs¶¯nbncn¡p¶p.”1

GwKÂknsâ \nco£W§sf ]n´pScpt¼mÄ apJyambpw aq¶p

IpSpw_coXnIfmWv D−mbncp¶sX¶pw Ah Hmtcm¶pw am\h]ptcmK

Xnbnse apJyamb aq¶p L«§sf {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶psh¶pw ImWmw.

“ImS¯¯n kwLhnhmlw, A]cnjvIrXmhØbn bpÜhnhmlw,

\mKcnIXbn GI`mcyXzhpw AXnsâ A\p_Ôamb Pmc_Ôhpw hy`n

67
Nmchpw. ]pcpj·msc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hmkvXh¯n kwLhnhmlw

C¶pw \ne\n¡pIbmWv. kv{Xosb ]m]nbpw ]XnXbpam¡p¶ AtX

IrXywXs¶ ]pcpj³ sNbvXm AXv am\ytam Gdnh¶m Bcpw

`qjWamsb®p¶ \nÊmcamsbmcp k·mÀ¤{`witam Bbn am{Xta IW¡m

¡s¸Sp¶pÅq”2.

2.1.2. kv{XoXz¯nsâ hmÀ¸pamXrI

FwKÂknsâ \nco£Ws¯ ]n³]änbm \mKcnIXbn DÛhn¨

GI`mcymXzIpSpw_coXnXs¶bmWv `qcn]£w aebmfkn\nabnepw Bhnjv

Icn¡s¸«n«pÅsX¶p ]dbmw. AtXmsSm¸wXs¶ Pmc_Ôhpw hy`nNm

chpw kn\nabn {]Xy£amIp¶p−v. kaql¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]pcpj

tImbvasb ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶ kn\naIfmWv IpSpw_kn\naIÄ. Hcp "IpSpw-

_n\n' F§-s\-bm-bn-cn-¡-sW¶ t_m[w kaq-l-a-\-Ên cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-

Xn\pw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kn\na hln¨ ]¦v sNdp-X-Ã. `À¯m-hn\pw

aäp IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä¡pw-th−n kzPo-hnXw tlman-¡p¶ `mcy-am-cmWv kn\n-a-

bn \ndªp-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. IpSpw-_-¯n-\p-Ånepw ]pd-¯p-apÅ \oXn-\n-tj-

[s¯ Xncn-¨-dn-bm-sX-t]m-Ip-¶-hcpw Adn-ªmÂt¸mepw {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\m-

ImsX kÀÆwklbmbn¯ocp¶hcpamWv IpSpw_n\nIsf¶ hmÀ¸pamXrI

aebmfkn\na ho−pw ho−pw Dd¸n¨psIm−ncp¶p.

kn\nabnteXpt]mebmbncp¶nà tIcfobPohnX¯nse kmaqlnIm

hØ. PohnX¯n IpSp_n\nIÄ A\p`hn¨ncp¶ {]iv\§Ä hyXykvX

hÀ¤§fnepw hyXykvXPmXnIfnepw hyXymks¸«ncn¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw.

taemfkv{XoIfpw Iogmfkv{XoIfpw hyXykvXcoXnIfnemWv {]iv\§sf

A`napJoIcn¨Xpw A\p`hn¨Xpw. taemfIpSpw_§fnepÅXnt\¡mÄ

kzmX{´yhpw CÑmiànbpw IogmfIpSpw_§fnse kv{XoIÄ {]ISn¸n¨ncp

¶psh¶Xv {it²bamWv.

68
2.1.3. P·t`ZhyhØ

tIcfobkmaqlnIPohnXs¯ hniIe\w sN¿pt¼mÄ hfsc {]tbmP

\Icamb H¶mWv sP. tZhnI AhXcn¸n¡p¶ P·t`ZhyhØ F¶ k¦

ev]\w. tZhnI FgpXp¶p: “tIcf¯nse FÃm kv{XoIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse

_m[Iamb Hcp kv{Xok¦Â¸w, Asæn kv{XoXzZÀi\w ]c¼cmKX

aebmfnkaql¯n D−mbncp¶nsöp ]dbmw. ]c¼cmKXtIcfobkaq

ls¯ ‘P·t`ZhyhØ’ F¶v \ap¡p hnfn¡mw. Hcp hyàn GXv PmXn

hn`mK¯n P\n¡p¶pthm B hn`mK¯nsâ s]mXp\nba§Ä¡v ASns¸«v

PohnXImew apgph³ Ign¨pIq«ns¡mÅWsa¶ \n_Ô\ CXnsâ ASn

Øm\{]amW§fnsem¶mbncp¶p. ‘P·t`ZhyhØ’ {]Imcw Hmtcm PmXnbn

tebpw BWp§Ä¡pw s]®p§Ä¡pw shtÆsd enwK\nba§fp−mbn

cp¶p. AXmbXv aebmf{_mÒWkapZmb¯nse ‘D¯akv{Xo k¦ev]w’

\mbÀkv{XoIÄt¡m IogvPmXn¡mÀt¡m _m[Iambncp¶nÃ. Hmtcm kapZm

b¯n\pw CsXms¡ {]tXyIw {]tXyIap−mbncp¶p.”3

2.1.4. taemfkv{XoPohnXw tIcf¯nÂ

taÂPmXnIfn Gähpw {]_eambncp¶ \¼qXncnkapZmbw kv{XoI

fpsSta iàamb \nba§Ä ASnt¨Â¸n¨ncp¶p. A\y]pcpj·mcpambn

kzX{´cmbn k©cn¡phmt\m kwkmcn¡mt\mt]mepw AhÀ¡v A\phmZ

ap−mbncp¶nÃ. an¡ kab§fnepw ho«n\pÅn Ignbm³ hn[n¡s¸«

‘A´ÀÖ\’§fmbncp¶p AhÀ. I\yIamÀ \à `À¯mhns\ In«m\pw

hnhmlnXIÄ `À¯m¡·mcpsS sFizcy¯n\pw th−n ITn\{hX§Ä

A\pjvTn¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. IjvSn¨v hmbn¡m³ ]Tn¨m A´ÀP\

§fpsS hnZym`ymkw Ignbpw. Hu]NmcnIamb hnZym`ymkw AhÀ¡p e`n¨n

cp¶nÃ. ho«nse tPmenbÃmsX ]pd¯v tPmen¡pt]mhm³ A´ÀP\§Ä¡v

69
km[yambncp¶nÃ. \¼qXncnIpSpw_§fn aq¯aI\v (aqÊv) am{Xta

kzPmXnbnÂ\n¶v thfnIgn¡m³ AhImiap−mbncp¶pÅqsh¶Xn\mÂ

Hcp ]pcpj\v ]e `mcyamcp−mhpI kzm`mhnIambncp¶p. am{Xaà sNdp

{]mb¯nepÅ \¼qXncnkv{XoIsf hr²·mcmb ]pcpj·mÀ hnhmlw

sNbvXpsImSpt¡−p¶ AhØbmWv CXpaqew kwPmXambXv. hnhml

¡mcy¯n kv{Xo ]pcpj\v ]cn]qÀWambpw Iogvs¸«ncp¶p.

]c]pcpj_Ôw s]mdp¡m\mhm¯ Ipäambncp¶p. Nmcn{Xy`wKw

Btcm]n¡s¸Sp¶ kv{XoIsf kapZmb¯n\p ]pd¯m¡pI A¡me¯v

kÀÆkm[mcWambncp¶p. ‘kvamÀ¯hnNmcw’F¶ {]{InbbneqsSbmWv CXv

km[yam¡nbncp¶Xv. tZmjmtcm]nX]pcpj·mÀ¡v X§fpsS km[pXzw

sXfnbn¡m³ ]eamÀ¤§fp−mbncp¶p. F¶m kvamÀ¯hnNmcw t\cnSp¶

A´ÀÖ\¯n\v Xsâ \nc]cm[nXzw sXfnbn¡m³ Ffp¸ambncp¶nÃ.

ISp¯ \nb{´W§Ä¡pÅnembncps¶¦nepw Cçfnse kv{XoIÄ Cu

\nba§sf adnIS¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xpw A¡me¯v ImWm³ Ignªn«p−v.

\mbÀkv{XoIÄ ]c¼cmKXhyhØbn AXnkzX{´cmbncp¶p

sh¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. kw_ÔhyhØbn AhÀ¡v `À¯mhns\ ths−¶p

tXm¶nbm Dt]£n¡m\pÅ kzmX{´yw A¶p−mbncp¶p. \mbÀkv{Xo

IÄ¡v k©mckzmX{´yhpw A\y]pcpj·mtcmSv kwkmcn¡m\pÅ kzmX

{´yhpap−mbncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. ]s¯m³]Xmw\qäm−nsâ A´y¯nepw

Ccp]Xmw \qäm−nsâ XpS¡¯nepw ae_mdn KthjWw \S¯nb F^v.

^mkäv F¶ \chwiimkv{XRvP³ \mb·mcpsS PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v C{]

Imcw ]dbp¶p: “FÃm ssewKnIImcy§fnepw kv{XoIÄ¡pw ]pcpj·mÀ

¡pw XpeykzmX{´ya\phZn¡p¶psh¶Xv acpa¡¯mb hyhØbpsS

A]qÀÆKpW§fnsem¶pXs¶. Häcm{Xn am{Xta H¶n¨pIgnªpÅq

F¶mepw CcpIq«À¡pw ]ncnªpt]mIm³ A\phmZap−v. ssewKnI

Xmev]cyw CÃmXncn¡pItbm aäphn[¯nepÅ a\s¸mcp¯w \jvSamhp

70
Itbm sNbvXm CcpIq«À¡pw _Ôw thÀs]Sp¯n aäp_Ô§fnteÀs¸

Sm\pÅ kzmX{´yap−mbncp¶p.”4

\mbÀ¯dhmSpIfnse aq¯ kv{Xo¡v aäp kv{XoIsf At]£n¨v

IqSpX A[nImchpw kzmX{´yhpap−mbncp¶p. F¶m Cu kzmX{´y

saÃmw ]pcpj³ \nÝbn¡p¶ AXncpIÄ¡I¯mbncp¶p. Xdhm«pImcW

htcmSv hnt[bXzw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶ kv{XoIÄ Dds¡ Nncn¡pItbm ap¶nÂ

s¨¶p\n¶v kwkmcn¡pItbm sN¿m³ ]mSnÃmbncp¶p. hmXn adªp

\n¶mWv AhÀ ]et¸mgpw X§fpsS Bhiy§Ä Adnbn¨ncp¶Xv. acpa¡

¯mbw \ne\n¶ncp¶ kapZmb§fn kz¯hImiw kv{XoIÄ¡mbncps¶

¦nepw {Ibhn{Ibw \S¯nbncp¶Xv ]pcpj·mÀXs¶bmbncp¶p. A½m

ht\m ktlmZct\m H¸psh¡m³ ]dbp¶nS¯v H¸psh¨v kz¯\p`hn

¡p¶ GÀ¸mSmWv AhnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv.

kn\namþkwkvImchnaÀiIbmb ao\ Sn. ]nÅ C¡mcyw hnhcn¡p

¶p−v: “BZyIme¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶ amXrZmb{Iaa\pkcn¨v kz¯hImiw

kv{XoIÄ¡mbncps¶¦nepw A[nImcw ]pcpj\n¯s¶bmbncp¶p. 1896

apX 1976 hscbpÅ ImeL«§fn ae_mÀ, XncphnXmwIqÀ, sIm¨n

F¶nhnS§fnepw ]n¶oSv tIcfkwØm\¯pw h¶n«pÅ Ccp]tXmfw

\nbat`ZKXnIÄ amXrZmb{Ia¯nepÅ kv{Xohncp²\ne]mSpIsf (Ieym

Ww, ]n³XpSÀ¨mhImihpw aäpw) amäp-¶-Xn\pth−n-bmWv D−m-b-Xv.”5

HcpIme¯v henb {]Xm]t¯msS Ignªncp¶ XdhmSpIÄ tImSXn

hyhlmc§fneqsSbpw aäpw \in¨pt]mhpIbp−mbn. XdhmSnsâ A´Êp

ImWn¡m³ IpSpw_t£{X§fn DÕhw \S¯m\pw kzm`nam\¯nsâ

t]cp]dªv tImSXnbn tIkp\S¯m\pw `qkz¯p¡Ä XosdgpXn XdhmSp

apSn¡p¶Xn\pw ImcW¡mcmbXv ]pcpj·mÀ Xs¶bmbncp¶p.

71
2.1.5. Iogmfkv{XoPohnXw

D¶XIpePmXcmb kv{XoIfnÂ\n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hyXykvXamb A\p

`h§fmWv Iogmfkv{XoIÄ¡p−mbncp¶Xv. Abn¯w \ne\n¶ncp¶

A¡me¯v kv{Xosb¶\nebnepw Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mcnsb¶\nebnepw Cc«

]oU\w AhÀ A\p`hn¨ncp¶p. “htcWykv{XoIÄ¡v CSbv¡v e`n¨ncp¶

hnt\mZthfIfpw AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶ kpc£bpw XoscbnÃmsX, Hcn¡epw

Xocm¯ A[zm\ambncp¶p Iogmfkv{XoIfptSXv. taemf·mÀ¡pth−n

Dev]mZ\]camb A[zm\w am{Xaà AhÀ sNbvXncp¶Xv. ]mS¯p ]Wn

sbSp¡p¶Xn\p ]pdsa taemf·mcpsS hoSpIÄ¡p NpäpapÅ ]e ]WnIfpw

AhÀ sNbvXph¶p. taemf]pcpj·msc ssewKnIambn kt´mjn¸n¡p

¶Xn\pw AhÀ \ntbmKn¡s¸«p.”6

Iogmfkv{XoIsf shdpw ssewKntIm]IcWambn I−ncp¶Xp

sIm−mWv A¯cw Hcp hnt[bXzw taemf]pcpj·mÀ {]Xo£n¡p¶Xpw,

A§s\bpÅ kmlNcy§fn Abn¯w _m[IamImXncp¶Xpw, sXmgnen

S§fn AhÀ NqjW¯n\p hnt[bcmbn¯ocp¶Xpsams¡. F¶mÂ,

IpSpw_LS\¡I¯v Iogmfkv{Xo¡v IqSpXÂ kzmX{´yap−mbncp¶p.

hnhmltamN\hpw ]p\Àhnhmlhpw IpSpw_¯n\pÅn Xocpam\saSp¡m

\pÅ AhImihpw AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶p.

2.1.6. kmaqlnI]cnjvIcW{]Øm\§fpw kv{XoIfpw

]s¯m³]-Xmw-\q-äm-−nsâ Ah-km-\-Z-i-I-§ÄapX tIc-f-¯nÂ

kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä kPo-h-ambn¯pS-§n. anj-W-dn-am-cpsS

hc-thm-Sp-IqSn ]pXn-b-Xcw hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§Ä hym]n-¡m³ XpS-§n.

{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS taÂt¡mbva ]c-¼-cm-K-X-cm-P-hw-i-§-fpsS A[n-Im-cs¯

CÃm-Xm-¡n. Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ASn-¯-d-bn-f-In-¯p-S-

§n. AtXmsS ]c-¼-cm-K-X-enw-K-aq-ey-§Ä a\p-jy-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-sW¶

72
hnaÀi-\-ap-¶-bn-¨p-sIm−v kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvIm-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä ]pXnb aqey-

hn-Nm-c-§Ä¡p cq]w-sIm-Sp-¯p. a\p-jyÀ X½n-epÅ ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw

XpS-§nb Bi-b-§Ä {]_-e-am-bn. F¶n-cp-¶mepw "kv{Xo]p-cp-j-Xp-

eyX'bpsS Imcy-¯n kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v Du¶-ep-−m-

bnÃ.

“kv{XobpsSbpw ]pcpjsâbpw imcocnI{]tXyIXIÄ¡v CW§p¶

kz`mhKpW§fpw at\mKXnbpw Xs¶bmWv {]IrXn AhÀ¡p \evInbncn

¡p¶sX¶pw ChbneqsSbmWv kv{XobpsSbpw ]pcpjsâbpw kmaqlnI\ne

\nÀWbnt¡−sX¶pw anjWdnamcpw aäp]cnjvIcWIpXpInIfpw Hcp

t]mse hmZn¨p. CXp{]Imcw kv{XobpsS icnbmb CSw KrlamsW¶v Iev]n

¡s¸«p. ho«ptPmen, {]khn¡Â, Ip«nIsf hfÀ¯Â XpS§nb IÀ½§fpw

s]mXpsh hnImc§fneqsS IpSpw_mwK§sf kzm[o\n¨v \Ãhgn¡v

\S¯m\pÅ D¯chmZn¯hpw kv{Xo¡pÅXmsW¶pw h¶p. ]pdwtemI

¯nÂ\n¶v hyXykvXambn aZaÕcanÃm¯, kam[m\hpw kvt\lhpw

\ne\nÂt¡− CSamWv Krlsa¶pw AXn\pX¡Xmb at\mKpW§Ä

Hmtcm kv{Xobnepw {]IrXnXs¶ \nt£]n¨n«ps−¶pamWv \hhtcWy

teJIcpw anjWdnamcpw hmZn¨Xv. kvt\lw, Zb, £a, hmÕeyw, hm¡p

IfneqsSbpw I®ocneqsSbpw A`yÀ°\bneqsSbpw aäpa\pjysc kzm[o

\n¡m\pÅ iàn, CsXms¡ kv{Xo¡v klPambn e`n¡p¶p−t{X.”7

B[p\nIhnZym`ymkw e`n¨n«pw ‘kv{Xoþ]pcpjXpeyX’¡p ]Icw

‘B¬þs]¬hyXykvXX’bmWv tIcf¯n AwKoIcn¨mZcn¡s¸«Xv. ]pcp

j·mcptSXmbn Iev]n¡s¸« CS§fnte¡v kv{XoIÄ IS¶psNÃp¶Xns\

kwibZrjvSntbmsS t\m¡m\pw hne¡m\pamWv kaqlw {ian¨Xv. kv{Xo

bpsS Øm\w ho«n\I¯msW¶pw `À¯mhneqsSbmWv AhfpsS kmaqln

ImwKXzsa¶papÅ [mcWIfmWv A¶s¯ kmapZmbnI ]cnjvIcW

73
{]Øm\§fpw sh¨p]peÀ¯nbXv. £a, Zb, kvt\lw, XymKk¶²X

F¶o KpW§fpÅ C¯cw kv{XoIfmWv D¯akv{XoIsf¶v kaqlw

IcpXn. AXn\p hn]coXambn Pohn¡p¶hÀ ‘sXdn¨ s]®m’bn amdn. 1930I

fn D−mb km¼¯nIamµyw Irjntbbpw I¨hSt¯bpw _m[n¨tXmsS

BWp§tfmsSm¸w kv{XoIfpw tPmenbnteÀs¸SWsa¶ AhØ kwPmX

ambn. hnhmlnX IpSpw_¯nencp¶v [\k¼mZ\w \S¯p¶Xv ‘kv{Xo’Xz

¯ns\Xncsöv hn[n¡s¸«p. At¸mgpw kv{XoIsf ho«n\pÅn HXp¡p¶

Imcy¯n Hcp amähpw kw`hn¨nÃ. ao\ Sn. ]nÅ ]dbp¶Xpt]mse,

“hyànPohnX¯n kzmX{´yw _enIgn¨pw kmlNcy§fpambn s]mcp¯

s¸«pamWv kv{XoIÄ s]mXpcwK¯v Aev]sa¦nepw Xsâ Øm\w t\SnsbSp

¡p¶Xv. tIcf¯nse kv{Xo{]Øm\§fpw Iq«mbvaIfpw \S¯nb t]mcm«

§sfÃmw s]mXpcwK¯pÅ XpeyXbv¡pw enwK]Zhnbpambn _Ôs¸«

\oXn¡pw th−nbmbncp¶p. F¶m bYmÀ° {]iv\w ØnXnsN¿p¶

IpSpw_¯n\Is¯ ASn¨aÀ¯ens\Xncmtbm kv{Xoþ]pcpj_Ô¯nsâ

am\ZWvU§Ä ]p\À\nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn\mtbm ChÀ¡v H¶pwXs¶ sN¿m³

Ignªncp¶nÃ. ‘s^an\nkw’ _qÀjzmIpSpw_hyhkvYbv¡v `ojWnbm

sW¶v Xncn¨dnªv, enwKt`Zhpambn _Ôs¸« {]iv\§sf A`napJoIcn

t¡−nhcpt¼mÄ kv{XoIÄ s^an\nksa¶ te_enÂ\n¶v Hgnªpamdn

bYmØnXnIamb \ne]mSp kzoIcn¨psIm−v HcpXcw {]Xntcm[¯nteÀs¸

SpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv.”8 ]pcp-j\v Iog-S§n \nevt¡--−h-fmWv kv{Xosb¶

Nn´Xs¶-bmWv B[p\nIhnZym`ymkw t\Snbhcnepw {]_eambncp¶Xv

F¶mWv CsXÃmw shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

taÂkqNn¸n¨ tIcfobP\PohnX¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nÂ\n¶psIm−v

aebmfkn\natbbpw enwK]Zhntbbpw hniIe\w sN¿pIbmWv Cu

A²ymb¯nsâ e£yw.

74
2.2. kn\na \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡p¶ s]×

BZyImeaebmfkn\nabn tI{µIYm]m{X§fmbn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«Xv

kv{XoIfmbncp¶p. an¡ kn\naIfpsSbpw t]cpIÄt]mepw kv{XoIsf

]cmaÀin¡p¶Xmbncp¶psh¶Xv {]tXyIw HmÀt¡−Xp−v. \nÀ½e, tN¨n,

kv{Xo. A²ym]nI, Úm\kpµcn, Úm\mw_nI, IÅns¨Ã½, Xdhm«½,

I\yI, apds¸®v, N«¼n¡eymWn, shfp¯ I{Xo\, AgIpÅ skeo\

XpS§n [mcmfw DZmlcW§Ä Nq−n¡mWn¡m\p−v. IpSpw_¯n\pth−n

XymKw kln¡p¶ A½, ktlmZcn, `mcy, ImapIn, XpS§nb tdmfpIfnÂ

amaqepIfpw acymZIfpw ewLn¡m¯, ]pcpjtImbvasb tNmZywsN¿m¯

kv{XoIfmbmWv AhÀ {]Xy£s¸«Xv.

tIcf¯n kn\nabpsS XpS¡Ime¯v t{]£Icn `qcn`mKhpw

]pcpj·mcmbncp¶p. AXpsIm−v Ahsc Xntbädnse¯n¡m\pÅ Hcp

X{´ambpw Cu t]cpIÄ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ncn¡mw. ]n¡me¯v IpSpw_

ktaXw kn\nabvs¡¯p¶ coXn D−mbnhcnIbpw kv{XoIfpsSbpw Ip«nIfp

sSbpw km¶n²yw henbtXmXn t{]£Ikaql¯nsâ `mKamhpIbpw

sNbvXp. aebmfkn\nabpsS hfÀ¨bn P\{]nbkn\nabpsS kahmIy§Ä

amdnh¶Xv t{]£Icnep−mb Cu amät¯mSpw _Ôs¸«msW¶pImWmw.

]t£, D]cnXe¯nep−mb Cu amäw kn\naIfnse kv{XoNn{XoIcW

§fpsS ASnØm\]camb {]Xntemakz`mh¯n\v amäw hcp¯pIbp−m

bnÃ.

]pcpj\p Iogvs¸«ncn¡p¶ kv{XoIsf Nn{XoIcn¡p¶XneqsS kv{Xo

bpsS Iogv\nesb BZÀih¡cn¡pIbpw Øm]ns¨Sp¡pIbpamWv kn\na

sN¿p¶Xv. A¯cw kn\naIÄ Hcp kv{Xo F§s\bmWv Pohnt¡−sX¶v

\nÀt±in¡pIIqSn sN¿p¶p−v. Hcpkv{Xo F§s\ hkv{Xw [cn¡Ww,

75
\S¡Ww, Nn´n¡Ww Fs¶Ãmw hnhcn¡p¶ ‘d^d³kv ssKUm’ bmWv-,

AYhm kv{Xo\nÀanXnbpsS ‘am\zÂ’ BbmWv kn\na {]hÀ¯n¨Xv.

“hmÀ¸pamXrIIsf krjvSn¨v Ahbn NneXns\ ]pIgv¯m\pw aäp

NneXns\ CIgv¯m\papÅ Ignhv kn\na¡p−v. Cu hmÀ¸pamXrIIfpsS

kzm[o\¯nÂs¸«v kv{XoIÄ, taÂt¡mbvabpÅ kmaqlyLSI§fmÂ

hmÀs¯Sp¡m\pw \nÀÆNn¡m\pw kn\na ImcWambn¯ocp¶p−v. A§s\

Cu taÂt¡mbva ]p\:krjvSn¡m³ kn\na At_m[]qÀÆambn«msW¦nepw

klmbIambn¯ocp¶p”9 F¶v ao\ Sn. ]nÅ hnebncp¯p¶p.

Ihnbpw s^an\nÌv Nn´Ibpamb B{Unb³ dn¨v ]pcpjm[nImcs¯

¡pdn¨v hnhcn¡p¶Xv {it²bamWv. “]pcpjm[nImcsa¶m ]nXm¡·m

cpsS A[nImcamWv. _e{]tbmKwsIm−pw t\cn«pÅ k½À±wsIm−pw

Asæn A\pjvTm\w, ]mc¼cyw, \nbaw, F¶nhsIm−pw H¸w `mj,

BNmc§Ä, acymZ, hnZym`ymkw, A[zm\hn`P\w F¶nhsIm−pw kv{XoI

fpsS ]¦ns\ ]pcpj·mÀ \nÀ®bn¡p¶ IpSpw_]camb, kmaqlyamb,

{]Xybimkv{X]camb cmjv{SobhyhØ; CXn FÃmbnS¯pw kv{Xo

]pcpj\p Iogvs¸«ncn¡p¶p.”10

aebmfkn\nabpw ]pcpjm[nImcs¯ \ne\nÀ¯m\pXIp¶ coXnbn

emWv kv{Xosb {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶Xv. Hcp kmaqlnI\nÀ½nXnbmb

kv{XoXzs¯ cq]oIcn¡m\pw {]Ncn¸n¡m\papÅ IrXyamb ZuXyw kn\na

GsäSp¯p \nÀÆln¡p¶p−v. GXm\pw aebmfkn\naIsf sXcsªSp¯v

L«hn`P\w \S¯n ASp¯p]cntim[n¡p¶Xv C¡mcy¯n IqSpXÂ

hyàX \ÂIm\pXIpw.

kmt¦XnIXIÄ¡v henb {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡mXncp¶ ]gb

Imes¯ aebmfkn\naIÄ IYmhnhcWkz`mhw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. ]e

76
t¸mgpw s{^bnapIfpsS kwhn[m\¯nepw Imcyamb {i² sNep¯nbXmbn

ImWp¶nÃ. C¡mcW§fmÂ, Cu L«¯nse kn\naIsf ]T\hnt[b

am¡pt¼mÄ AhbpsS IYIfn IqSpXembn Dut¶−nhcp¶p−v. an¡

hmdpw, IYIfpw AhbpsS s]mcpfpIfpw F´msW¶p ]cntim[n¨psIm−p

apt¶m«pt]mtI−nhcp¶p.

tIcf¯n s^an\nÌp{]Øm\§Ä kPohamIp¶Xpw kv{XoIÄ

IqSpXembn sXmgnÂtaJeIfn {]thin¡p¶Xpw F¬]XpItfmsSbmWv.

kv{XoXzw ss\kÀ¤nIasöpw kmwkvImcnI\nÀ½nXnbmsW¶pw s^an\n

ÌpIÄ Nn´n¡p¶Xpw F¬]XpIfnemWv. am{Xaà DbÀ¶ hnZym`ymkw

e`n¨ Hcp ]pXpXeapd kmam\yambn¯ocp¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. AtXm

sSm¸w kn\nabn kv{Xosb hkvXphev¡cn¡p¶ coXn {]ISamIp¶Xpw

F¬]XpItfmsSbmWv. CsXÃmw IW¡nseSp¯v F¬]XpIÄ¡v ap¼v,

F¬]XpIÄ¡v ]n¼v F¶ Ime]camb hÀ¤oIcWw \S¯n apt¶m«p

t]mhpIbmWv Cu {]_Ôw.

2.2.1. aebmfkn\nabnse BZy\mbnIamÀ

1928 ]pd¯nd§nb ‘hnKXIpamc\n’tebpw 1931 ]qÀ¯oIcn¨

‘amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½’bnsebpw kv{XoIYm]m{X§sf¡pdn¨v hniZamb hnhcw

e`yaÃ. ]n. sI. tdmkn F¶ \Sn hnKXIpamc\nse \mbnIbmbpw

tZhIn`mbn F¶ \Sn aÀ¯mWvUhÀ½bnse kp`{Zbmbpw A`n\bn¨p.

]n.sI.tdmknbpw tZhIn`mbnbpw kn\nabn A`n\bn¨p F¶ ImcW¯mÂ

PohnX¯n A\p`hn¨ ZpcnX§sf¡pdn¨v tNe§m«v tKm]meIrjvW³

A¶s¯ \mbnIamÀ F¶ IrXnbnÂ(2012) hnhcn¡p¶p−v. AXn\¸pdt¯

¡pIS¶v C¸dª kn\naIsf ap³\nÀ¯n Ahbnse kv{XoNn{XoIcW

§sf hnebncp¯m³ km[yaÃ. kn\nam{]nâv e`yasöXpXs¶ ImcWw.

77
sXm«p]n¶mse aebmf¯nep−mb kn\naIÄ ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ hyà

amb Nne {]hWXIÄ \nÀ²mcWw sN¿m³ Ignbp¶p−v.

2.2.1.1. hmZnbpw {]Xnbpambn¯ocp¶ A½amÀ

hnKXIpamc\pw amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½bv¡pw tijw 1938emWv aebmf

¯nse BZyi_vZNn{Xw ‘_me³’ ]ndhnsImffp¶Xv. Sn. BÀ. kpµcw

\nÀan¨v Fkv. s\m«m\n kwhn[m\w sNbvX _me\n c−p {][m\ IYm]m

{X§fmWpÅXv. Fw. sI. Iaew \mbnIbmbn A`n\bn¨ kcksb¶

IYm]m{Xhpw sI. F³. e£van¡p«n A`n\bn¨ ao\m£nsb¶ IYm

]m{Xhpw. ]n¡mekn\naIfnseÃmw hmÀ¸pamXrIbmbn¯oÀ¶ ‘c−m\

½’bpsS DÛhw aebmfkn\nabn _me\n¯s¶ kw`hn¨n«p−v.

[\nI\mb tUmIvSÀ tKmhnµ³\mbcpsS a¡fmWv _me\pw kckbpw.

`mcybpsS acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ ao\m£nsb¶ kv{Xosb

hnhmlw Ign¡p¶p. Cu c−m\½bpsS ]oU\§fn Ip«nIÄ A\p`hn

¡p¶ ZpcnXwI−v tKmhnµ³\mbÀ lrZbw XIÀ¶pacn¡p¶p. CtXmsS

Ip«nIÄ \mSphnSp¶p. _mcnÌÀ {]`mIctat\m³ Ahsc kwc£n¡p¶p.

tUmIvSdpsS hn¸{Xa\pkcn¨v Ip«nIsf kwc£n¨mte kz¯pe`n¡pI

bpÅqsh¶v a\Ênem¡nb ao\m£n Ahsc tXSnbnd§p¶p. AXn\nSbnÂ

Ip«nIsf hncpX³ i¦psh¶ Hcp Ių X«ns¡m−pt]mhp¶Xpw Ip«nIÄ

X{´]qÀhw c£s¸Sp¶XpsaÃmw Nn{XoIcn¨n«p−v. HSphn _mcnÌÀ

{]`mIctat\m³ _met\bpw kcktbbpw Is−¯n Iq«ns¡m−p

t]mhp¶p. {]`mIctat\m³ ao\m£ns¡Xnsc tIkp\S¯n hn¸{X{]Imc

apÅ kz¯v Xncns¨Sp¯Xn tIm]mIpebmbn¯oÀ¶ ao\m£n {]`mIcs\

shSnsh¡p¶p. _me³ kzbw shSntbäp tat\ms\ c£n¡pIbpw acWw

hcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ao\m£n Pbnenembn. {]`mIctat\m³ kcksb

hnhmlw Ign¡p¶p. AhÀ¡p ]nd¶ Ipªn\v _me³ F¶ t]cnSp¶p.

78
CXmWv _mesâ IYmX´p. IYm{][m\amb Cu kn\na AXn`mhpIXz

]cambmWv AWnbns¨mcp¡n bncn¡p¶Xv.

2.2.1.2. Úm\mw_nIbpw c−m\½bpw

c−mas¯ i_vZNn{Xamb ‘Úm\mw_nI’bnse {][m\ {]tabhpw

‘c−m\½’bpsS {IqcXXs¶. [\nI\mb cmPtiJcsâ c−mw`mcy Abm

fpsS BZy`mcybnse aIfmb Úm\mw_nIsb ]oUn¸n¡p¶Xpw Úm\mw

_nIbpw apds¨dp¡\mb N{µ\pw X½nepÅ {]Wbhpw hnclhpw ]p\xk

amKahpsams¡bmWv “PRm\mw_nI’bn Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

1961 sI. Fkv. tkXpam[hsâ kwhn[m\¯n ]pd¯nd§nb

"Úm\kpµcn' bpw c−m\½bpsS {IqcXXs¶bmWv {]tabam¡nbn«pÅXv.

{InkvXobaX]Ým¯e¯nsemcp¡nb Hcp cmPIYbmWnXv. aIsf Poh\p

Xpeyw kvt\ln¡p¶ cmPmhnÂ\n¶pw Ahsf AIän\nÀ¯m³ c−m\½

{ian¡p¶Xpw AXn\mbn Ahsf Im«nÂs¡m−pt]mbn sImÃm³ `S·msc

G¸n¡p¶Xpw \njvIf¦bmb _menIsb sImÃm³ a\ÊphcmsX

`S³amÀ, Ahsf sIms¶¶v cmP]Xv\nsb t_m[y¸Sp¯m³ AhfpsS

CcpssIIfpw sh«nsbSp¯p ImgvNsh¡p¶Xpw HSphn AhÄ c£s¸Sp¶

XpamWv IY. kn\nabnse Km\cwK§fn amemJamÀ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xpw

Im«neIs¸« Úm\kpµcn {InkvXphnsâ IpcnipacWhpw DbnÀs¯gp

t¶Â]pw Nn´n¡p¶Xmbn Nn{XoIcn¨Xpw tZhamXmhnsâ {]Xy£s¸Sepw

apdn¨pamänb ssI Xncn¨pIn«p¶XpsaÃmw A¡mes¯ kn\naIfpsS

sI«pIYmkz`mhamWv DZmlcn¡p¶Xv.

1960Â Ip©mt¡m BZyambn kwhn[m\wsNbvX kn\nabmWv ‘D½’.

AXnepw c−m\½bpsS {IqcX Nn{XoIcn¨n«p−v. ‘At\zjn¨p; Is−-

¯nbnÃ’, ‘Xdhm«½’ F¶o kn\naIfnepw c−m\½bpsS {IqcX

79
{][m\s¸« Hcp hnjbambn IS¶phcp¶p. Npcp¡¯nÂ, aebmf

kn\nabnse kv{Xo Nn{XoIcW¯nse {][m\s¸« Hcp tdmÄ BWv c-

−m\½bptSXv. kv{XoIfpsS i{Xp ]pcpj·mcà kv{XoIÄXs¶bmsW¶p

]dbmdp−v. A¯cw kv{XoIfpsS {]Xn\n[nbmWv c−m\½amÀ.

c−m\½amcpsS asämcp ]Xn¸mWv A½mbnb½amÀ. A½mbnb

½amcpw c−m\½amcpw tNÀ¶p PohnXw ZpÊlam¡n¯oÀ¯mepw adphm¡p

]dbm¯ D¯aIpSpw_n\nIsfbmWv A]c]£¯v {]XnjvTn¡p¶Xv.

C§s\ \Ã kv{Xo, No¯ kv{Xo Fs¶mcp Zzµzw Iev]ns¨Sp¡p¶p.

AXns\ ap³\nÀ¯n IpSpw_LS\sb \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡pIbpw AXn IpSpw_

{]iv\§sf tImÀ¯nW¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n IpSpw_n

\nbpsS Hcp D¯aamXrIsb apt¶m«pshbv¡phm\pw IpSpw_w F¶

Øm]\s¯ alXzhev¡cn¡m\pamWv kn\na {ian¡p¶Xv.

2.2.2. kÀÆwklbmb IpSpw_n\n

‘aäpÅhÀ¡mbn kzbwI¯nsbcnbp¶ kpkvt\laqÀ¯n’bmbmWv

`mcym]ZhnbnepÅ kv{Xosb Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. IpSpw_¯nsâ sFizcy

¯n\pw \ne\nÂ]n\pwth−n F´p XymKhpw A\pjvTn¡m³ X¿mdmIp¶

A½. ]pcp-j-\p-th−n Hcp-§p¶, Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶, kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ Imap-In.

aebmfkn\na kmam-\y-ambn cwKs¯¯n¨p Xmtem-en-¨p-t]m-¶n-«p-ÅXvv

C¯cw kv{XoIYm-]m-{X-§-sf-bm-Wv. 1964þÂ ]n. F. tXmakv \nÀamWhpw

kwhn[m\hpw \nÀhln¨ ‘IpSpw_n\n’ C¯cw kn\naIfpsS anI¨ amXr-I-

bm-Wv.

I¯p¶ \nehnf¡n\p ap¶nencp¶v ap¯Èn cmambWw hmbn¡p¶

cwKt¯msSbmWv ‘IpSpw_n\n’ F¶ kn\na Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. “e£vao ]Xn

bmb cmLhkzmanbpw e£vao`KhXnbmb koXbpw” F¶ Cuc-Sn-Ifnse

80
‘koX’ F¶ i_vZw tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ Hcp kv{Xo hmXn IS¶phcp¶XmWv

t{]£-I³ ImWp¶Xv. Cu c−ptjm«p-IfpsS kmao-]ym-ßI_Ô¯n-eqsS

(syntagmatic relation) IpSpw_n\nbnse \mbnIbmb e£vansb cmambW

¯nse koXsb¶ amXrIm_nw_ambn \½psS a\Ên {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p.

kmao-]ymß-I-e-£-W- (syntagmatic connotation) bneq-sS-bmWv ChnsS Bi-

b-\n-th-Z\w km²y-am-Ip-¶-sX¶p ]d-bmw.11

]pcm-W-§-fntebpw CXn-lm-k-§-fn-tebpw D]-\n-j-¯p-I-fn-tebpw

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä `mc-Xo-b-a-\-Êp-I-fn \nÀ½n-¨n-«pÅ s]mXp-t_m-[s¯ D]-

tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-−mWv atä-sXmcp hyh-lm-c-¯n-ep-sa-¶-t]mse ae-bm-f-

kn-\n-abpw "kv{Xo' k¦Â]s¯ DbÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h-cp-¶-Xv. "ioem-hXn'

tbbpw "kmhn{Xn'tbbpw t]mep-Å-h-cmWv D¯-a-kv{Xo-I-sf¶ t_m[-amWv

AXv t{]£-I-cn-ep-−m-¡p-¶-Xv.

2.2.2.1. A[nImc¯nsâ Itkcbpw A\pkcWbpsS Xmgv¶ncn¸pw

cmLh¡pdp¸pw (Xn¡pdnÈn) `mcy e£vanbpw (IhnbqÀ s]m¶½)

X½nepÅ kw`mjWamWv XpSÀ¶phcp¶ cwK¯v Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

am¦mhn DÕhs¯¡pdn¨mWv AhÀ X½nepÅ NÀ¨. ‘th−nh¶mÂ

hoSphnäpw DÕhw \S¯p’sa¶mWv cmLh¡pdp¸v ]dbp¶Xv. XdhmSnsâ

am\wIm¡m³ hkvXphnäv DÕhw \S¯p¶Xnt\mSv e£van tbmPn¡p¶nÃ.

]−pÅhÀ hcpam\¯nÂ\n¶v an¨wsh¨mWv DÕhw \S¯nbn«pÅsX¶pw

hkvXp¡Ä hnän«söpw AhÄ `À¯mhns\ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶p. Cu kw`mj

WcwKw Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xp {i²n¡pI. (A\p-_Ôw Nn{Xw 1 ImWp-I).

NmcpItkcbn Imep\o«nbncn¡p¶ cmLh¡pdp¸v. sXm«Sp¯ncp¶p

`À¯mhnsâ ImepIÄ Xncp½ns¡m−mWv e£van kwkmcn¡p¶Xv.

81
 `mcybpw `À¯mhpw X½n-epÅ kw`m-jWZriyw Nn{Xo-Icn¡p¶-Xn\v

Hcp-]mSv km[y-X-IÄ Ds−-¶n-cns¡ kwhn-[m-b-I³ C§s\ sXc-sª-Sp-¯n-

cn-¡p-¶Xv {]tXyIe£y-t¯m-sS-bmWv. {]Xy-£-¯n \nÀt±m-j-I-sa-¶p-tXm-

¶mw. F¶m Cu kzoIr-X-Zr-iy-¯nsâ kmZriymßIkq£va-hn-h-£-IÄ

(paradigmatic connotations) {i²n-t¡--−Xm-Wv. IpSpw_¯nsâ km¼¯nI

ØnXn XIcmXncn¡m\pt±-in¨v ]mgvs¨-e-hns\ hne-¡p¶ e£van Hcp-Xcw

‘kuaym[nImc’12 amWv {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv F¶ kqN-\-bmWv {]Xy-£-¯nÂ

Cu Zriyw \evIp-¶-Xv. At¸mgpw Zriy-]m-T-¯nsâ ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-c-L-S-\sb

kphy-à-ambn ImWn-¨p-X-cp¶ Hcp {Iao-I-c-Ww-Xs¶ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-

Xns\ tIhew bmZr-Ñn-I-sa-¶p IcptX−--X-Ã.

2.2.2.2. A½mbnA½bpw \m¯q\pw þ t]mÀapg¡§Ä

cmLh¡pdp¸ntâbpw e£vanbptSbpw kw`mjW§Ä cmLh¡pdp

¸nsâ A½ (Bd·pf s]m¶½) Hfn¨p\n¶ptIÄ¡p¶p. F¶n«v e£vansb

iImcn¡p¶p. \m¯q³ imcZbpw AXns\ ]n´pWbv¡p¶p. ae-bmfkn\n

abn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶ IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bpsS amXr-I-bm-Wn-Xv. A½mbnb

½bpw \m¯q\pw \mbn-Ibpw. Chsc apJm-apJw\nÀ¯n Hcp t]mÀapJw kwhn-

[m\w sN¿p-¶p. an¡ kn\naIfnepw t]mcSn¡p¶ IYm]m{X§fmbn«mWv

Chsc AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ho«nse Imcy§Ä t\m¡p¶nS¯v s]®n\v

Øm\ansömWv Chn-Sps¯ A½m-bn-½bpw \m¯q\pw tNÀ¶v e£vansb

D]-tZin-¡p-¶-Xv. kw`mjWw {i²n¡pI:

A½mbnA½ : “ Cu ho«nse s]®p§sfm¶pw BWp§fpsS apJ¯p

t\m¡n adps¯mcp hm¡p]dªn«nÃ, Adnbmtam?”

\m¯q³ : “AdnbWsa¦n Xdhm«n P\n¡Ww.”

82
 Xdhm«nse AhØ AXnZb\obambncp¶p. asämcp cwK¯v, “C\nsb

¦nepw HcpXp−p `qant]mepw hn¡m³ A½ k½Xn¡cpsX”¶v e£van

]dªt¸mÄ, “BWp§fmbm hn¡pIbpw hm§pIbpsams¡ sN¿pw.

IpSpw_¯nencn¡p¶ s]®p§Ä¡Xn CSs]tS−ImcyanÔF¶mWv

A½mbnb½bpsS adp]Sn. XpSÀ¶pÅ hm¡pXÀ¡¯n A½mbnb½

e£vansb ASn¡p¶p. CXpI− cmLh¡pdp¸v e£vansb Bizkn¸n

¡p¶p. C\n kz¯p hn¡pIbnsöv AhÄ¡p hm¡p\ÂIp¶p.

2.2.2.3. IpSpw_n\nbv¡mbpÅ IymadmNe\§fpw Km\Nn{XoIcWhpw

Cu kn\nabpsS ASp¯cwK¯v ‘D¯aIpSpw_n\n’ ho«n sN¿p¶

]e-]e tPmenIfneqsS Iymad k©cn¡pIbmWv. A©paWnbmsb¶v

kqNn¸n¡p¶ Ivtfm¡nsâ ‘IvtfmkvA]v’ tjm«v. Iymad Xmtg¡v, cmLh¡p

dp¸pw e£vanbpw Dd§n¡nS¡p¶ Zriy¯nte¡v, \o§p¶p. e£van Dd¡

apWÀs¶gpt¶äv ]qapJ¯v hnf¡psh¨v {]mÀ°n¡p¶p. t\sc ASp¡f

bnse¯n ASp¸v I¯n¨v shÅw sh¡p¶p. apäw ASn¡p¶p. InWänÂ\n¶v

shÅw tImcp¶p, ]m{Xw IgpIp¶p. A½mbnb½¡v Nmb \ÂIp¶p.

C§s\ hnhn[ tjm«pIsf tImÀ¯nW¡n ‘IpSpw_n\n’sb Nn{XoIcn¡p

t¼mÄ ]Ým¯e¯nsemcp¡nb Km\w {it²bamWv.

“hoSn\p s]m·-Wn-hn-f¡p \o

XdhmSn\p \n[n \o IpSpw_n\n

]Xnsb Iq¸pw \n³IcXmfpIÄ

]XnbphsXÃmw k^ew

ISaIÄ sNbvhm³ AÀ¸ns¨mcp \n³

Ia\o P·w hnaew

]IencshÃmw ]WnsNbvXmepw

83
 ]cn`hanà ]IbnÃ

]cntZh\amw ]cnaftamepw

]\n\oÀ]pjv]w \n³ lrZbw”

“]mNIw sN¿pI, Ae¡pI, XpSbv¡pI, hr¯nbm¡pI, F¶n§s\

Xsâ ]pcpj\pth−n ‘kt´mjt¯msS’ sXmgnenteÀs¸Sp¶ kv{XoIfpsS

Zriy§Ä aebmfkn\nabn BhÀ¯n¨pImWmw. Cu Zriy§Ä \ncp]{Z

hIcambn tXm¶msa¦nepw Ah A\pkcWbpÅ kv{Xosb \nÀ½n¡m\pÅ

kaÀ°amb X{´§fmWv (clever strategy) F¶Xv kphyàamWv. C¯c

¯n enwKmSnØm\¯n sXmgnÂhn`P\w \S¯p¶XneqsS IpSpw_

¯n\I¯pw ]pd¯papÅ A[nImct{iWnsb kv{XoIÄ¡v tNmZywsN¿m

\mIm¯hn[w Øm]ns¨Sp¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. ChnsS kv{XoXzw kn\na

bnse `mjbpsS NnÓ{Ia¯n \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶Xv ss\kÀ¤nIhpw kphy

àhpamb coXnbmemsW¶ tXm¶epfhm¡p¶p”13 F¶v ao\ Sn. ]nÅ Cu

AhØsb ap³\nÀ¯n \nco£n¡p¶p.

2.2.2.4. ]nSnhnSm¯ ]mc¼cyhpw ]pcpjm[nImc{]tbmK§fpw

DÕhw \S¯n¸pambn _Ôs¸« NÀ¨ t\m¡pI. ‘Fsâ I®Sbp¶

Xphsc CXn\pap¼v \S¶t]msesbms¡ \S¡W’sa¶ A½mbnA½bpsS

hm¡pIÄ ]mc¼cys¯ apdpsI]nSn¡p¶XmWv. \ne\nev¡p¶ BNmc§

fnÂ\n¶v Aev]wt]mepw hyXnNen¡m³ X¿mdÃm¯ aebmfnbpsS {]XoI

amWhÀ. DÕhw \S¯p¶Xn\v kz¯p hn¡m³ cmLh¡pdp¸v X¿mdmhm

ªt¸mÄ A½ ]dbp¶Xv ‘s]¬sNmÃv tIÄ¡p¶h³ s]cphgnbnem’

F¶mWv. DÕhw \S¯n¸pambn _Ôs¸« XÀ¡w kz¯v `mKwsh¡p

¶Xnte¡v F¯nt¨À¶p. IpSpw__Ô¯n hnÅ hogmXncn¡m³

e£van IrjvWhn{Kl¯n\p ap¶nencp¶v {]mÀ°n¡p¶p.

84
 “thZ\sbÃmsa\n¡pXcq F³

hoSn\m\µw \o ]Icq

FÃmw kln¡phm³ sIev]pXcq

]ng hÃXpw h¶m am¸pXcq”

thZ\sbÃmw kzbw Gäphm§p¶ HcpXcw ‘atkm¡nÌv’ {]hWX C¯cw

IpSpw_n\nIfn tNÀ¯psIm−v HcÀ°¯n kn\na BtLmjn¡p¶

Xmbn ImWmw. AhfpsS IpSpw_n\n tdmfn\v Bhiyamb tNcphIÄ

kaql¯n cqV[mcWIfmbn \ne\n¡p¶XmWv. AXv htcWyamb

OmbbpÅXpamWv. Ahsb GsäSp¡pIbpw s]men¸n¡pIbpamWv kn\na

sN¿p¶Xv. GXpIpSpw_¯nepw hnf¡psh¡epw {]mÀ°\bpw kv{XoI

fpsS D¯chmZn¯ambn kn\nabn ImWn¡p¶p. htcWyaqey[mcW

IfpsS {]kcWhpw {]_e\hpwIqSn kn\na GsäSp¡p¶psh¶p kmcw.

Xs¶bpw e£vansbbpw ]ckv]cw ]nW¡p¶Xn\v A½ IWnbmsc hnfn¨p

IqtSm{XwsN¿ns¨¶ hnhcadnª cmLh¡pdp¸v hoSpamdn Xmakn¡m³

]²XnbnSp¶p. At¸mÄ e£van kuayXtbmsS `À¯mhns\ Xncp¯p¶p:

“{]mbw Ihnªv ho«nencn¡p¶ FÃm kv{XoIfpw `À¯m¡·mcpambn

Ignbp¶ acpa¡tfmSv t]mcpw ]nW¡hpsams¡ ImWns¨¶phcpw. AXp

km[mcWbmWv”

]oU\w IpSpw_¯nsâ kzm`mhnItNcphIfnÂs¸«XmsW¶pw AXv

D¯abmb IpSpw_n\n Gäphmt§−XpamsW¶ BibamWv ChnsS

{]ISamIp¶Xv. A§s\bpÅ IpSpw_n\nIsf alXzh¡cn¨psIm−v

kn\na sacp¡s¸« kv{XobpsS BtLmjs¯ Øm]ns¨Sp¡pIbmbncp¶p.

85
2.2.2.5. Akm[mcW¡mcmb s]®p§fpw ap³hn[nIfpw

A½m-bn-b-½-bpsS "an\n-tbÀ¨À'¸Xn¸pw klm-bn-th-j-hp-am-bmWv

\m¯q³ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS cwK-¯p-sIm-−p-h-cp-¶-Xv. "IpSpw-_n\n'

kn\n-a-bn \m¯q³ imc-Z-bm-Wv. Ah-fpsS GjWn tI«v ]e-t¸mgpw A½m-

bn-b½ e£van-s¡-Xn-cm-hp-¶p. IpSpw-_s¯ Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-

amb DuÀÖw {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶Xv ChÀ¡n-S-bn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ kwLÀj-§-fm-

Wv. PohnXs¯ kÀ¤mßIam¡p¶ aäv Imcy§fnte¡v hnIkn¡mt\m

{i²]mbn¡mt\m sa\s¡SmsX C¯cw IpSpw_kwLÀj§Ä BhÀ

¯n¨v BhnjvIcn¡p¶XneqsS IpSpw_s¯ kw_Ôn¨ XnI¨pw {]Xntem

aamb Bib§Ä {]_e\w sN¿s¸Sp¶p.

AXn\nSbn IpSpw_¯n kzm`mhnIamb P\\hpw acWhpsams¡

Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p. e£van Hcm¬Ip«n¡v P·w \ÂIp¶p. ho«n FÃm

hcpsSbpw Hma\bmbn Ipªv hfcp¶p. Pm\p (joe) F¶ IYm]m{Xw

cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶p. imcZbpsS `À¯mhv Ipw`mWvU³ anen«dnbnÂ\n¶v

eohn\phcp¶p. tXmWnbn hcp¶ Ipw`mWvUs\ kzoIcn¡m³ `mcym

ktlmZc³ am[h³Ip«n IShs¯¯p¶p. tXmWnbn \ndsb bm{X

¡mcp−v. Iq«¯n Pm\phpw. Pm\p Ccn¡p¶Xv tXmWnbpsS Hcä¯mWv.

km[mcWbmbn kv{XoIÄ tXmWnbm{X sN¿pt¼mÄ sIm¼¯ncn¡mdnÃ.

Pm\phns\ ImWn¡p¶ BZytjm«v C¯c¯nem¡nbXv AhÄ Akm[m

cWkv{XobmsW¶v ImWn¡p¶p. Ipw`mWvU³ AhfpsS t^mt«m FSp¡m³

{ian¡pt¼mÄ AhÄ apJwsIm−v tKmjvTnImWn¡p¶Xv Hcp XtâS¡m

cnbpw ‘hmbmSn’bpamWv Ahsf¶ kqN\ \ÂIp¶p. Ipw`mWvU³ tXmWn

bnÂ\n¶v Fgpt¶äv \S¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mÄ tXmWnadnbp¶p. FÃmhcpw

shůn hogp¶XpI−v c£n¡mt\mSnsb¯p¶ am[h³Ip«ntbmSv

(t{]w\koÀ) Pm\p IbÀ¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. an¡ kn\nabnep

86
sa¶t]mse AhÀ X½nepÅ BZyIelw {]Wb¯n\p hgnamdp¶p.

AhcpsS {]WbcwKNn{XoIcWw {i²n¡pI.

2.2.2.6. sacp¡epw Ccbm¡epw þ ImgvNsIm−pÅ AÀt°mev]mZ\§Ä

kn\nabnse Cu {]WbcwKw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv:

]pgtbmcamWv cwKw. Hcp Nq−epambn am[h³Ip«nbncn¡pt¼mÄ AXphgn

Pm\p IS¶p hcp¶p.

Pm\p: ""ao³ hÃXpw In«ntbm?''

am[-h³Ip«n: ""Hcp s]¬ao³ InS-¶p-I-d-§p-¶p-−v. ]t£ AXn\p

sIm¯m³ henb aSn''

Pm\p: ""Nq−-bm-sW¶p a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«m-bn-cn¡pw''

am[-h³Ip«n: F¶mepw s]®-tÃ. Ft¸m-sg-¦nepw sIm¯m-Xn-cn-¡ptam''?

Pm\p : “AXp Nq−¡mcsâ £at]mencn¡pw”.

Pm\phpw am[h³Ip«nbpw X§fpsS CjvSw ]ckv]cw Adnbn

¡pt¼mÄ HcmÄ ]pgtbmc¯p\n¶v hesbdnbp¶ ZriyamWv ImWn¡p¶Xv.

Nq−bnSpI, hesbdnbpI F¶nhsbÃmw kn\nabn asämcÀ°w DXv]mZn

¸n¡p¶p−v. Nq−bnSpI HcpXcw th«bmSÂXs¶. ChnsS ]pcpj³

th«¡mc\pw kv{Xo CcbpambmWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv.

Xsâ {]Wbw tN«s\ Adnbn¨v hnhml¯n\p k½Xw hm§n¯

cWsa¶v ]dªv am[h³Ip«n G«¯nb½sb kao]n¡p¶p. c−pt]cpw

apdnbnencp¶v kwkmcn¡p¶ t\c¯v imcZbpw A½mbnA½bpw h¶v

Ieln¡p¶p. am[h³Ip«nbpw e£vanbpw X½n AhnlnX_Ôaps−¶

coXnbn {]iv\w amdnbt¸mÄ kaNn¯XtbmsS Imcy§Ä ]cnlcn¡m³

cmLh¡pdp¸v X¿mdmhp¶p. Cu kµÀ`§fnseÃmw kn\nabn cmambW

]cmaÀiw hcp¶Xmbn ImWmw. cmLh¡pdp¸v am[h³Ip«ntbmSv ‘GS¯nb

87
½sb A½sbt¸mse ImWW’sa¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ cmambW¯n kpan{X

e£vaW\v D]tZiw\evIp¶ cwKw HmÀ½bnse¯pw. cmLh¡pdp¸pw

am[h³Ip«nbpw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯ kqNn¸n¡m³ ]e kµÀ`§fnepw

‘cmae£vaW³amsct¸mse’ F¶v D]an¡p¶pXv ImWmw.

2.2.2.7. AXn\mSIobXbpsS Iem[À½w

kn\nabn XpSÀ¶v am[h³Ip«nbpsSbpw Pm\phntâbpw hnhmlw

\S¡p¶p. hnhmlZnhkwXs¶ sshIo«v A½ acn¡p¶p. ho«nse Imcy§Ä

IqSpXÂ hjfmIp¶p. imcZbpsS GjWnaqew Pm\phpw e£vanbpw X½nÂ

{]iv\§fp−mbXn\m cmLh¡pdp¸pw e£vanbpw aI\pw Xmakw

amäp¶p.

KÀ`nWnbmb Pm\p {]khthZ\bn Dgept¼mÄ klmb¯ns\¯p

¶Xv e£vanbpw cmLh¡pdp¸pamWv. AXymk¶\nebnemb Pm\phns\

Bip]{Xnbnse¯n¡pIbpw e£van càw \evIn Ahsf c£n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶p. càw \ÂIp¶Xn\nSbn AhnNmcnXambn CSnbpw an¶epap−m

hpIbpw sshZypXn XSÊwh¶v apdn Ccp«nemhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]n¶oSv

shfn¨w h¶t¸mÄ \mw ImWp¶Xv e£vanbpsS I¿nÂ\n¶v càsaSp¡m³

D]tbmKn¨ Syq_v Ducn¡nS¡p¶Xpw e£van càwhmÀ¶p acn¨pInS¡p

¶XpamWv. AhnNmcnXhpw Ahnizk\obhpamb Cu HcpcwKw krjvSn¨v

kpJ]cyhkmbn Bbn¯ocmhp¶ Hcp kµÀ`s¯ {SmPUnbm¡n amäpIbm

WnhnsS sN¿p¶sX¶p ]dbmw. AXnep]cn D¯aIpSpw_n\nsb càkm

£nXzw \ÂIn A\izcbm¡p¶, alXzs¸Sp¯p¶ ZuXyw ChnsS \nÀÆln

¡s¸Sp¶p−v. H¸w IpSpw_n\nIÄ càw \evIn Poh³\evIn kwc£n

t¡−p¶ H¶mbn IpSpw_sa¶ Øm]\hpw alXzs¸Sp¶XpImWmw.

88
2.2.2.8. sXdn¨s]®v F¶ kzX{´bpw AS¡apÅhÄ F¶

IpSpw_n\nbpw

`mcy A½mbnb½, \m¯q³, F¶n§s\ kv{XoIfpsS aq¶p tdmfpI

fmWv IpSpw_n\nbn {][m\ambpw Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv. IpSpw_¯nsâ

\ne\n¸n\pth−n XymKw A\p`hn¡p¶ `mcybpsS DZm¯amXrIbmbn

e£vansb AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. C¯cw `mcyamcpsS ta· {]ISn¸n

¡m\mWv A½mbnb½, \m¯q³ XpS§nbhsc s\Käohv tdmfn Nn{XoIcn

¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

sXdn¨ s]®mbncp¶ Pm\phns\ IpSpw_n\nbm¡n¯oÀ¡p¶tXmsS

bmWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv. e£vanbpsS cq]w Pm\phn ebn¡p

¶XmbmWv kn\nabpsS Ahkm\w Zriyamhp¶Xv. CXn\p]Ým¯eambn

“X³kpJsaÃmw A\yÀ¡mbn

XymKw sN¿pw a\kzn\n

am\n\namcpsS hwi¯n\p\o

amXrIbtÃm IpSpw_n\n”

F¶ Km\w Hcicocnbmbn tIÄ¡p¶pap−v. Hcp ‘am\n\n’bmb kv{Xo F§

s\bmhWsa¶mWv kn\na \s½ ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv.

2.2.3. sXdn¨ s]®pw hnt[bbmb s]®pw

‘sXdn¨ s]®v’ {][m\s¸« IYm]m{Xambnhcp¶ {it²bamb kn\n

abmWv ]n. F³. tat\m³ kwhn[m\w \nÀÆln¨ ‘Ipt«yS¯n.’ (1971) \mbn

Imkuµcys¯ kw_Ôn¨v \mfXphsc \ne\n¶pt]m¶ k¦ev]s¯

s]mfn s¨gpXnb kn\nabmWnXv. \mSIcwK¯p\n¶p IS¶ph¶ hnemkn\n

F¶ \SnbpsS A`n\banIhn thdns«mcp kn\nasbmcp¡m³ ]n. F³.

tat\m\p Ignªp.

89
 Ipt«yS¯nsb BZyambn kn\nabn AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv AhÄ Hcp

ac¯n\papIfn Ibdnbncn¡p¶Xmbn«mWv. ho«nepw \m«nepw Hcp ‘sXdn¨

s]®v’ Bbn Ipt«yS¯nsb AhXcn¸n¡pt¼mÄ AhfpsS A\nb¯n Pm\p

hns\ (Pb`mcXn) AS¡apÅ imeo\kpµcnsb¶v ImgvN¡mc\v tXm¶p¶

coXnbnemWv Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Xt¶mSv In¶mcw ]dbms\¯p¶

]pcpj·mtcmSpw, Ipäw]dbp¶ kv{XoItfmSpw IbÀ¡p¶ Ipt«yS¯n

Abev¡mc\mb Hcp ]pcpjs\ Xmev]cy]qÀÆw t\m¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw.

ho«nepÅhscÃmw DÕhw ImWm³t]mb Hcp Znhkw Ipt«yS¯n

Ab¡mcs\ tXSn AbmfpsS ho«n sNÃp¶p. ho«n\pÅnÂ\n¶v i_vZw

tI«v AhÄ P\eneqsS t\m¡pt¼mÄ A\nb¯n Pm\phpw Ab¡mc

\pambpÅ ssewKnIthgvNbmWv ImWp¶Xv. hmXnenÂap«n hnfn¨tijw

AhÄ H¶pw ]dbmsX ho«nte¡v XncnsIt¸m¶p. ]n¶oSv A\nb¯nsb

D]tZin¡p¶ Ipt«yS¯ntbmSv Pm\p IbÀ¡p¶Xv ImWmw. hnhml]qÀÆ

ssewKnI_Ôw Hcp {]iv\ambn Pm\p ImWp¶nÃ.

Ab¡mc³ Xs¶ NXn¡pIbmbncp¶psh¶v ]n¶oSv a\Ênem¡nb

Pm\p ‘km[mcW kv{Xo’Isft¸mse BßlXysN¿mt\m \nXyhnclnWn

bmbn \nev¡mt\m {ian¡p¶nÃ. am{XaÃ, AhÄ asämcmsf hnhmlw Ign¨v

PohnXw apt¶m«psIm−pt]mIp¶pap−v.

Nmcn{Xy\jvSt¯msS kv{XobpsS PohnXwXs¶ Ahkm\n¡p¶p

sh¶ ]c¼cmKXs]mXpt_m[s¯bmWv Pm\phneqsS kn\na \ncmIcn

¡p¶Xv. F¶mÂ, ‘sXdn¨s]®v’ F¶ \nebn iàamb IYm]m{Xambn

hfÀ¯nsbSp¯ Ipt«yS¯nsb kn\nabpsS Ahkm\w BßlXybnte¡v

XÅnhnSpIbmWv sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. Hcp `mK¯v hn¹hIcsat¶m ]mc¼cy

\ntj[Isat¶m hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ kao]\w hfÀ¯ns¡m−phcp¶ Cu

90
kn\na asämcphgnbn A[oi{]Xybimkv{Xs¯ ]cnNcn¡p¶psh¶v Cu

hn]cybs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n hnebncpt¯−n hcp¶p.

2.2.4. IpSpw_n\n F¶ \nebn ‘`mcy’bpsS ]Zhn

`ÀXrtI{µnXamb IpSpw_¯n AbmfpsS A`nemj§Ä¡v

A\pkrXambn, k¼qÀ®hnt[bbmbn, kzPohnXw Pohn¨pXoÀ¡p¶

kv{Xosb alXzs¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp kmwkvImcnINcn{Xw C´ybv¡p−v.

A¯cw kv{XoIÄ¡p amXrIIfmbn Ipsdb[nIw IYm]m{X§Ä `mcXo

tbXnlmk]pcmW§fnep−v. AhcpsS IYIÄ ]p\cmJym\w sN¿p¶XnÂ

km^eyaSbp¶ ]n¡mecN\Ifpw A\h[nbmWv. B[p\nI Ime¯p

−mb kn\nabpw CtX Bib§Ä ]p\cpev]mZn¸n¡p¶psh¶Xv {it²

bamWv.

Im\w C. sP. cNn¨v Ip©mt¡m kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘`mcy’(1962)

F¶ kn\na taev]dª [mcbn hcp¶p. CXnse \mbnI eoe (cmKnWn)

kÀÆwklbmb IpSpw_n\nbmWv. “Hcp kv{Xo¡v PohnX¯n Gähpw

henb ]ZhnbmWv `mcy” F¶mWhfpsS hnizmkw. `À¯mhmb s_¶n

(kXy³) t{Kknsb¶ kv{Xo (cmP{in) bpambn {]Wb¯nemsW¶dnªn«pw

hfsc hn\bt¯msS `À¯mhns\ Xncp¯n¡m\mWv eoe {ian¨Xv.

F{X kvt\lt¯msS s]cpamdnbn«pw s_¶nbpsS s]cpamä¯nÂ

amäw h¶nÃ. HSphn s_¶nbpsS shSntbäv InS¡pt¼mgpw `À¯mhnsâ

Im sXm«phµn¡Wsa¶pw amdn XeNmbv¡Wsa¶pamWv AhÄ

Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv. `À¯mhns\ ssZhs¯t¸mse ImWWsa¶v ]Tn¸n¡p¶

`mcXobkZmNmck¦ev]§Ä¡\pkrXamb kv{XoXzs¯bmWv kn\na

apt¶m«psh¡p¶Xv. ‘ioemhXn’bpsS ]n·pd¡mcnbmbmWv eoebpsS

PohnXw kn\nabn {]ISamIp¶Xv.

91
2.2.5. BZyImeaebmfkn\nabnse sshhmlnIPohnXNn{XoIcWw

GXp IpSpw_hyhØbnepw {][m\ambn IW¡m¡p¶ H¶mWv

hnhmlw. hnhn[ PmXnaX§fnÂs¸« a\pjyÀ¡v {]tXyIw {]tXyIw

hnhmlcoXnIÄ D−v. kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw X½nepÅ _Ô¯n\v

kmaqlnIamb AwKoImcw \ÂIp¶ Hcp {]{Inb BbmWv hnhmlw

s]mXphn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AXnep]cn, kz¯hImihpambpw aäpw

I®ntNÀ¶p InS¡p¶XmWv hnhml_Ôsa¶v a\Ênem¡m³ hnjaanÃ.

\nba]camb AwKoImcw CÃm¯ kv{Xo]pcpj_Ôs¯þ AhÀ `mcym

`À¯m¡³amsct¸mse Pohn¡p¶ps−¦nÂt¸mepwþ kaqlw AwKoIcn¡p

¶nÃ. HcmfpsS, {]tXyIn¨v kv{XoIfpsS, PohnX¯nse hgn¯ncnhmbn

an¡t¸mgpw hnhmlw amdp¶p−v. Hcn-S-¯p-\n¶v asäm-cn-S-t¯-¡pÅ "]dn-¨p-\-

S-embn' AXp amdp-¶p. Hmtcm s]¬Ip-«nbpw Xsâ _mey-¯n tI«p-h-

fÀ¶Xv ""asämcp ho«n-se-¯m-\pÅ s]®m'' sW¶ apXnÀ¶-h-cpsS samgn-I-fm-

Wv. sNdp¸w apX kv{Xosb am\-kn-I-ambn X¿m-dm-¡m-\pÅ X{´-§Ä

kaqlw Hcp¡n sh¡p-¶p−v F¶p kmcw. ""]qam-\n-\n-I-fm-bm AS¡w

thWw'' F¶mWv s]¬Ip-«n-Isf Ft¸mgpw kaqlw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. "AS-

¡hpw HXp-¡hpw' Ipeo-\-X-bpsS e£-W-§-fmbn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«p. hnhm-

l-¡-t¼m-f-¯n {][m-\-tbm-Ky-X-bmbn Ahsb kaqlw IW-¡m-¡n.

X§Ä¡v A\pKpWamb coXnbn kv{Xosb ]cphs¸Sp¯m\pÅ

]pcpjm[n]Xykaql¯nsâ X{´§fmbn ]et¸mgpw AXv hÀ¯n¨p.

A§s\ `À¯rhnt[bbmbn, A\pkcWbpÅhfmbn amänsbSp¡s¸«

kv{XoIfpsS {]Xn\n[m\w aebmfkn\nabn F¬]XpIÄ¡pap¼v

kar²ambn ImWmw.

Fw. IrjvW³\mbcpsS kwhn[m\¯n F. FÂ. {io\nhmk³

\nÀ½n¨ ‘hnhmlnX’ (1970)sb¶ kn\nasb DZmlcWamsbSp¯v C¡mcyw

hniZoIcn¡mw. F§s\bmWv C¯cw kv{Xo{]Xn\n[m\§Ä kmwkvImcnI

92
kqNI§fmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶sX¶v Cu kn\nabpsS {]Xy£]mT]cntim

[\Xs¶ hyàam¡p¶XmWv.

kn\nabnse tI{µIYm]m{Xamb ao\ (]ßn\n) KmbI\pw Nn{XIm

c\pamb cmP\pambn (t{]w\koÀ) {]Wb¯nemWv. ao\bpsS tN¨n Iae

(IhnbqÀ s]m¶½)bpsS BIkvanI\ncymWt¯msS AhfpsS PohnXw

hgnamdp¶p. IaebpsS c−p Ip«nIsf kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pth−n AhcpsS

`À¯mhmbncp¶ AUz¡äv AtimIns\ (kXy³) hnhmlw Ign¡m³ ao\

\nÀ_ÔnXbmhp¶p. IeymWw Ignªv AhÄ a{Zmknte¡v AtimI\pw

IpSpw_hpsam¯p bm{XbmIp¶p. AhnsS Ft¸mgpw tPmen¯nc¡nemb

AtimIs\bmWv \mw ImWp¶Xv. Hcp kµÀ`¯nepw ao\tbmsSm¸w

DÃmkt¯msS Ignbp¶ AtimIns\ kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn¨n«nÃ.

AtXkabw Ip«nItfmsSm¸w kt´mjt¯msS Pohn¡p¶ ao\sb \mw

ImWp¶pap−v.

AtimIsâbpw ao\bpsSbpw H¶mas¯ hnhmlhmÀjnIhpw

ao\bpsS AÑsâ jjvSn]qÀ¯nbpw \m«n H¶n¨mtLmjn¡m³ Bhiy

s¸«psIm−pÅ I¯v In«nbt¸mÄ ao\tbbpw Ip«nIsfbpw AtimI³

\m«nte¡b¡p¶p. F¶mÂ, tPmen¯nc¡v ImcWw AtimI\v \m«nse

¯m³ Ignbp¶nÃ. BtLmj]cn]mSnbn ]mSms\¯nb cmP³ ao\sb

ho−pw I−pap«p¶p. {]WbIme¯v ao\bpsS Nn{Xw hc¨ncp¶ cmP³

AXp]qÀ¯oIcn¡p¶Xn\mbn AhfpsS klmbw tXSp¶p. ao\ a\ÊnÃm

a\tÊmsSbmsW¦nepw AXn\p X¿mdmbn.

Znhkhpw DZym\¯nÂsh¨v I−pap«p¶ Ahsc Hcp Znhkw DZym\

¯nse¯nb AtimI³ ImWp¶p. ao\ cmPs\m¸w \n¡p¶Xv AtimI³

ImWp¶Xmbn Nn{XoIcn¨n«nsænepw AtimIsâ kw`mjW¯nseÃmw

hywKyamb Nne ]cmaÀi§fp−v. cmPt\mSv bm{X]dªp hcp¶ ao\

AtimIs\ I−pap«p¶ cwKw {i²n¡pI.

93
AhnNmcnXambn AtimIs\ ImWp¶ ao\ sR«p¶p.

ao\: “Ft¸mÄ h¶p?”

AtimIv : “Rm\nt§m«p h¶Xpw \ns¶ I−p.”

ao\ : “Fs¶ It−m? Iptdt\cmbn ChnsS \nev¡mbncpt¶m?”

AtimIv : “CÃ, Cs¸m h¶tXbpÅq. ho«n h¶pt\m¡n \ns¶ I−nÃ.

Ct§m«p h¶p. F´m Fs¶ I−Xn kt´mjantÃ?

F\n¡v a\Ênembn. Ct¸mÄ ChnsSh¶p \ns¶ ImWp¶Xv

\n\¡v hnjaambncn¡psas¶\n¡dnbmw. Rm³ sXfnhpXcmw.”

ao\: “sXfnthm? F´n\v?” (ao\bpsS apJ¯v ]cn{`aw)

AtimIv : “\o Cu hnjaw ImWn¡p¶Xv \nsâ AÑsâ jjvSn]qÀ¯n¡v

Rm³ hcmXncp¶XpsIm−tÃ.”

(ao\ Bizmkt¯msS hoÀ¸nSp¶p).

(t]m¡änÂ\n¶v Hcp tamXncsaSp¯v AhfpsS I¿neWnbn¨psIm−v) “CXv

\nsâ tPjvT¯n, Fsâ {]nbs¸« `mcy D]tbmKn¨ncp¶XmWv. Fsâ

kvt\l¯nsâ ASbmfamWv Cu tamXncw. CXp \nsâ hncenÂ\n¶v

Ducm³ ]mSnÃ. CsXt¸msg¦nepw \nsâ I¿nensöph¶m Rm³ IcpXpw

Rm³ \nsâ lrZb¯nensöv. A§s\bp−mhnsÃs¶\n¡dnbmw.”

a\Êns\ F{X \nb{´n¨n«pw cmPs\ ImWmXncn¡m³ ao\¡v

Ignbp¶nÃ. Zqsc\n¶pw cmPsâ ]m«ptI«v aeapIfnte¡v \S¶p\o§p¶

ao\ F¯ns¸Sp¶Xv AtimIsâ ap¶nte¡mWv. ]n¶oSpÅ Hmtcm

\o¡¯nepw hyàamb Nne e£y§fpÅXmbntXm¶pw. AtimI³

cmP\pambn bmZrÑnIsa¶p tXm¶p¶ coXnbn I−pap«p¶Xpw cmPsâ

Nn{X§Ä ImWm³ BÀ«v Kmednbn t]mhp¶Xpw AhnsSsh¨v ao\bpsS

94
Nn{Xw ImWp¶Xpw B Nn{Xhpambn ho«nse¯n ao\sb ImWn¡p¶

XpsaÃmamWv XpSÀ¶v Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv.

AtimIv Xsâ ho«nte¡v cmPs\ `£Ww Ign¡m³ £Wn¡p¶Xpw

AhnsSsh¨v ao\sb ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xpw cmPs\ ]mSm³ \nÀ_Ôn¡p

¶XpsaÃmw t_m[]qÀÆamsW¶v \ap¡v a\ÊnemIpw. ]m«nse hcnIsfÃmw

ho−pw Ahsf {]Wb¯nte¡v hen¨psIm−pt]mIm³ Dt±in¨pÅXmWv.

“X]vX_mjv]PeIW§Ä \n§Ä

cXv\§fm¡nsb\nt¡Ipt¼mÄ

at®mSpa®Snª {]Wb{]Xo£IÄ

kzÀ®apfIÄ ho−pw AWnªphtÃm”

]n¶oSv AtimIpw ao\bpw a{Zmknte¡v Xncn¡p¶p.

CXn\p kam´cambn asämcp IpSpw_¯nsâ AhØbpw kn\nabnÂ

Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p−vv. kptcjpw (sI.]n.D½À) kpIpamcnbpw (Pb`mcXn)

Ft¸mgpw hg¡nSp¶ Z¼XnamcmWv. `À¯mhns\ A\pkcn¡m¯, Ft¸mgpw

\nim¢ºn t]mhpIbpw aäp ]pcpj·mcpsSIqsS \r¯wsN¿pIbpw

sN¿p¶ kpIpamcnsb AwKoIcn¡m³ Ignbm¯ kptcjv Xsâ hnja§

sfms¡ ]¦psh¡p¶Xv AtimInt\mSmWv. ChcpsS Zm¼Xy{]iv\§Ä

AtimIv ao\bpambn NÀ¨sN¿pt¼mÄ D]tbmKn¡p¶ hm¡pIÄ Ahsf

¡qSn Dt±in¡p¶psh¶ {]XoXn Dfhm¡p¶p−v: “`mcybpw `À¯mhpw

]ckv]cw a\Ênem¡n Pohn¨nsæn C§s\sbms¡ kw`hn¡pw.”

ao\sb¡mWm³ cmP³ a{Zmknse¯p¶tXmsS AhfpsS PohnXw

IqSpXÂ kwLÀj`cnXamhp¶p. Hcp s]bnânwKv {]ZÀi\w \S¯ms\¶

t]cnemWv cmP³ a{Zmknse¯p¶Xv. AtimI³ cmPt\bpw Iq«n ho«nse

¯pt¼mÄ ao\ sR«nt¸mhp¶p. Xsâ Nn{X{]ZÀi\w ImWm³ cmP³

95
ao\sb £Wn¡p¶p. ao\ hcnsödnbns¨¦nepw cmPsâ A`yÀ°\

sNhns¡mÅmXncn¡m³ AhÄ¡p Ignbp¶nÃ. AtimIpw Nn{X{]ZÀi\w

ImWms\¯p¶p. ao\ hcnsöp ]dªXpsIm−mWv AtimI³ F¯nb

sX¶pw AtimI³ hcp¶nsöXn\memWv ao\ F¯nbsX¶pw ]dbp¶p

s−¦nepw IqSpXÂ k¦oÀWamb Hcp _Ô¯nte¡mWv ao\ \S¶p\o§p

¶sX¶v \ap¡p hyàamIpw. ao\sb X¶nte¡v ASp¸n¡m³ cmP³

t_m[]qÀhw {ian¡p¶pap−vv.

]et¸mgpw cmPsâ \nÀ_Ôwaqew ao\ AtimIdnbmsX cmPsâ

apdnbnte¡p t]mIp¶Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp Znhkw cmPs\ ImWm³ ao\

Cd§pt¼mgmWv AtimIv Hm^oknÂ\n¶pw hcp¶Xv. ]n¶oSpÅ Atim

Insâ Hmtcm hm¡pw [z\ymßIamWv. ho«nte¡v cmP³ t^m¬ sNbvX

t¸mÄ ao\ ‘tdmMv \¼À’ F¶v ]dbp¶Xv tI«v AtimIv ]dbp¶Xv

“CubnSbv¡v \ap¡v [mcmfw tdmMv \¼À In«p¶p−vv” F¶mWv.

AtimInt\mSpw Ip«nItfmSpsam¸w I®psI«n¡fn¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ

IS¶phcp¶ cmPs\ ao\ IS¶p ]nSn¡p¶p.‘IÅs\ ]nSn¨p IÅs\

]nSn¨p’ F¶v ao\ ]dbpt¼mÄ AtimIv ]dbp¶Xv “bYmÀ° IÅs\

]nSn¨p” F¶mWv.

cmP\pw ao\bpw Ccp¶p kwkmcn¡p¶Xn\nSbn AtimIv

IS¶ph¶v ]dbp¶Xp {i²n¡pI.

AtimIv: cmP³ Rm³ Hcp henb tembdmWv. Hcp tIkn GXp

Ipcp§nb \qepw Agn¡m³ hnZKv²\mWv Rm³. ]t£

Ct¸mÄ Hcp Ipgª tIkn F´psN¿Wsa¶mtemNn

¡pIbmWv.

cmP³ : Fsâ klmbw BhiyamtWm?

96
 AtimIv: \n§fpsS c−pt]cptSbpw klmbw F\n¡mhiyamWv.

kw`hw Hcp kv{Xo AhcpsS `À¯mhnÂ\n¶v thÀs]«v

t]mIm³ B{Kln¡p¶p

(ao\bpsS apJw t¢mkv A]v)

cmP³ : BcpsS ImcyamWv ]dbp¶Xv?

AtimIv : \½psS kpIpamcnsb¸änbm

ao\ : Hm kpIpamcnbpw kptcjpw

AtimIv : ]ns¶ Bsc¸änsb¶mWv hnNmcn¨Xv?

ao\ : Ahsc¸än¯s¶

AtimIv: kpIpamcn¡v hnhmltamN\w thWw. ]t£ Rm³

hnNmcn¨Xv kptcjnsâ hoSv XIcm³ ]mSnÃ, A§s\btÃ
ao\!
ao\ : AtXbtX.

cmP³ : kpIpamcn¡v B hnhml¯n a\ÊpJansæn ]ns¶

\nÀ_Ôn¡p¶sX´n\v? AhÄ¡v kzmX{´yw tht−?

AtimIv: hnhmlnXbmb Hcp kv{XobpsS kzmX{´y¯n\v ]cnanXn

Ifp−v. IpSpw_¯nsâ `{ZXbmWv kÀÆ{][m\w.

AXpad¡p¶ kv{Xo Hcn¡epw \ÃhfÃ.

AtimInsâ Cu hm¡pIÄ kµÀ`\njvTamb Hcp hmIyambn Npcp¡n

a\Ênemt¡−p¶ H¶Ã. kn\nabneqsS BhÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶ ]c¼cmKX

[mcWbpw kaql¯n\p \evIp¶ ktµihpamWv AXv.

]t£ F{X \nb{´n¡m³ {ian¨n«pw cmPsâ hioIcWhm¡pIÄ

\ntj[n¡mt\m Abmsf ImWmXncn¡mt\m ao\¡v Ignbp¶nÃ. Hcp Znhkw

cmPs\ I−phcp¶hgn Xm³ cmPsâ `mcybmsW¶pw \n§sfsâ PohnXw

\in¸ns¨¶pw ]dªv Hcp kv{Xo ao\sb kao]n¡p¶p. FÃm Imcy§fpw

97
AtimInt\mSv ]dbpsa¶v ]dªp `ojWns¸Sp¯n ]Ww ssI¡em¡p¶p.

]e {]mhiyw kv{XobpsS `ojWntI«v ao\ AhÀ¡v ]Ww \ÂIp¶p.

]n¶oSv AhÄ Ahiys¸« ]Ww \ÂIm³ IgnbmsXh¶t¸mÄ B kv{Xo

AhfpsS tamXncw DucnsbSp¡p¶p sshIpt¶cw ]Ww \ÂInbmÂ

tamXncw Xncn¨p\ÂImsa¶v ]dªv AhÄ t]mIp¶p.

tamXncw I¿n ImWmªt¸mÄ AtimIv Imcyw Xnc¡pIbpw AXv

AhÄ¡p \ÂInb kab¯v ]dª hm¡pIÄ BhÀ¯n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶p. tamXncw ¢o³ sN¿m³ \ÂInbXmsW¶pw sshIpt¶cw

Xncn¨pIn«psa¶pw ]dªv X¡mew AhÄ c£s¸Sp¶p. \membncw cq]

kwLSn¸n¡m³ AhÄ s\t«m«tamSp¶XmWv ]n¶oSv ImWp¶Xv. HSphnÂ

AhfpsS B`cW§Ä hnäv ]Whpambn ]mÀ¡nse¯nbn«pw B kv{Xosb

ImWp¶nÃ. Iptdt\cw Im¯ncp¶n«pw Ahsf ImWmXncp¶t¸mÄ ao\

cmPsâ kao]s¯¯n Ahsf Xnc¡p¶p. At¸mgmWv tdmUneqsS B

kv{Xo \S¶p\o§p¶Xv ao\bpsS {i²bnÂs¸Sp¶Xv. ao\ B kv{Xosb

]n³XpSÀ¶p. DtZzKw \ndbp¶ kwKoX¯nsâ AI¼SntbmsSbmWv

Gsdt\cw Cu ]n³XpSc Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv. HSphn Hcp sI«nS¯nte¡v

Ibdnt¸mhp¶ kv{Xosb ]n³XpSÀ¶v ao\ F¯nt¨cp¶Xv AtimInsâ

Hm^okv apdnbnte¡mWv. am\knI]ncnapdp¡w kln¡h¿msX BßlXy

sN¿m³ saUn¡Â jm¸nÂ\n¶pw Dd¡KpfnI hm§pt¼mÄ AtimIv

AhnsSsb¯pIbpw AhÄ tamlmekys¸«p hogpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

]n¶oSv \mw ImWp¶Xv I«nen InS¡p¶ ao\tbbpw Ahsf

t¯Snsb¯nb kv{XosbbpamWv. ao\ kIe\nb{´W§fpwhn«v Ahsf

Igp¯v sRcn¨v sImÃms\mcp§pt¼mÄ AtimIv IS¶phcnIbpw B kv{Xo

Xsâ sk{I«dnbmsW¶pw \ns¶ ]n³XpScm³ Xm³ ]dªb¨XmsW¶pw

ao\sb Adnbn¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶v AtimIsâ kw`mjW§fneqsS IpSpw_

¯nse kv{XobpsS kZmNmcs¯¡pdn¨mWv kn\na ]dbp¶Xv.

98
 AtimIv : “ao\m, kv{XobpsS asämcp t]cmWv IpSpw_n\nsb¶v.

kv{Xo \in¡m³ XpS§nbm IpSpw_w \in¡p¶p. kapZmbamsI

Zpjn¡p¶p. \o FÃm AXnÀ¯ntcJIfpwhn«p k©cn¨p. Hcp

kv{Xo¡pw AXn\hImianÃ. IpSpw_¯nse kam[m\w \in¸n

¡mt\m PohnXw XIÀ¯pIfbmt\m BÀ¡pw A[nImcanÃ.”

AtimInsâ hm¡pIÄ tI« ao\ \nÝbZmÀVyt¯msS cmPs\

XÅn¸dbp¶tXmsSbmWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv

ao\ : “.....Rms\mcp kv{XobmWv. Hcp `mcybmWv. `À¯mhnsâ

A`nam\hpw hoSnsâ `{ZXbpw kv{XobpsS I¿n `{Zambncn¡Ww.

Rm³ sNbvXXv sXämWv. AsXmcn¡epw BhÀ¯n¡pIbnÃ.”

AtimsI¶ IYm]m{X¯neqsS ao\sb in£Ww sN¿n¨v Ahsf

km{¼ZmbnI[mcWIÄ ]n³]äp¶ D¯abmb kv{Xobpw D¯abmb

`mcybpam¡n cq]m´cs¸Sp¯p¶p. AhfpsS {]Wbw IpSpw_¯n\pth−n

_ensImSp¡p¶Xns\ {]Xy£ambn¯s¶ ]n³XpWbv¡pIbpw \ymboIcn

¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpamWv Cu kn\nabpsS {]Xy£]mT

¯n kwhn[m\w sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. B¬tImbvabpsS {]Xybimkv{X

[À½w \nÀÆln¡pIbpw _es¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶XneqsS kn\na

AXnsâ kzoImcyXbpw BkzmZyXbpw AXphgnbpÅ k½Xnbpw ssIhcn

¡p¶p. IpSpw_kZÊn\pth−nbpÅ kn\nabmbpw IpSpw_sa¶ Øm]\

¯n\p th−nbpÅ kn\nabmbpw AXv [À½a\pjvTn¡p¶p.

{]Wbw/IpSpw_kvt\lw Fs¶mcp Zzµzw cq]s¸Sp¶p−v Cu

kn\nabnÂ. AXpt]mse, adp`mK¯v h©\ Fs¶mcp ]c¼cmKX BJym\

LSIhpw IS¶phcp¶p. apXemfn¯bpK¯nse PohnXw \bn¡pt¼mgpw

^yqUÂ kmaqlnIþat\mLS\bnemWv eoeþAtimIv Z¼XnIfpsS

99
PohnXw kwhn[m\w sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. ^yqU kmaqlnI{Iahpambn

_Ôs¸Sp¯n Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ {]Wb¯n\v hn¹hIcamb Hcp AÀ°Xe

ap−v. apXemfn¯bpK¯nse hyànXzkhntijXbmbn AXns\ hnebncp

¯m\pÅ ]Ým¯ehpw kn\na {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p−v. ]t£, A¯cw am\

§sfbmsI \ntj[n¡pIbpw \ncmIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Xc¯nepÅ Hcp

]cnNcWamWv kn\nabn ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv. AYhm, apXemfn¯nsâ

PohnXkzoImcyXs¡m¸w ^yqU ]mc¼cy§sf CW¡nt¨À¡p¶ Hcp

IpSpw_]²Xn \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡m³ kn\nabv¡p Ignbp¶p. km¼¯nI

kaql{Ia¯ns\m¸w ^yqU B´cnI Xmev]cy§fpsS XpSÀ¨IÄ¡mWv

C¯cw kn\naIÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂInh¶ncp¶Xv. h©\ F¶ tam«n^v IYm

LS\bn D]tbmKn¨psIm−mWv ChnsS ^yqUÂLS\bnte¡v Xncn¨p

t]mIp¶Xv F¶p ImWm³ Ignbpw.

2.3. Ipeo\Ifpw hy`nNmcnWnIfpw þaebmfkn\nabnse BhnjvImcw

tIcfobkaql¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶ IpSpw_amXrIIfpw a\pjy_Ô

§fpw an¡Xpw aebmfkn\na BhnjvIcn¡p¶p−v. F¶mÂ, kaql¯nÂ

{]mapJyap−mbncp¶ GI`mcy/`À¯r_Ô§fne[njvTnXamb IpSpw_

amXrIbmWv `qcn]£w kn\naIfpw ]n´pSÀ¶Xv. hyXykvX PohnXcoXn

Ifn k©cnt¡−nhcp¶ a\pjysc kn\nabpsS \nÀÆlWL«¯nÂ

(closure) GI`mcy/`À¯rIpSpw_LS\bnte¡v F¯n¡m\pÅ t_m[]qÀ

Æamb {iaw aebmfkn\nabn I−phcp¶p−v. Cu {ia¯n CcIfmbn

¯ocp¶Xv IqSpXepw kv{XoIfmWv. ]pcpj³ Iev]n¨psImSp¯ hgnIfn

eqsSam{Xw k©cn¡p¶hÀ Ipeo\Ifpw AÃm¯hÀ hy`nNmcnWnIfp

ambn¯ocp¶Xv AXpsIm−mWv. hy`nNmcnWn F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀ°w

sXämb hgnbneqsS k©cn¡p¶hÄ F¶mWv. At¸mÄ icnbmb

hgn/sXämb hgn Fs¶mcp Cc« cq]s¸Sp¶p−v. ChnsS, BcpsS icn

Fs¶mcp tNmZyw XnI¨pw {]kàamWv. B¬tImbva \nÀ½ns¨Sp¯

100
s]mXpt_m[¯n \nebpd¸n¨psIm−mWv icnsXäpIÄ \nÀÆNn¡s¸Sp

¶Xv. hy`nNmcnWnsb Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ kn\naIÄ apJyambpw c−pcoXnI

fnemWv AXnsâ kam]vXn Nn{XoIcn¨pImWp¶Xv. H¶vþ kaql¯nsâ

t_m[y§Ä¡v A\pkrXamb coXnbn ]oU\§fneqsS ]Xwhcp¯n

kv{Xosb amänsbSp¡pI. c−vþ C§s\ amä¯n\p hnt[bamIm³

Iq«m¡m¯ kv{XoIsf Ahkm\n¸n¨pIfbpI. kmwkvImcnIamb HcÀ°

¯n \nÈ_vZam¡pI F¶ ASnØm\{InbbpsS c−p hyXykvX {]Imi\

§fmWnhsb¶p \nco£n¡mw.

IYm´y¯n {]tab]camtbm LS\m]camtbm A\nhmcyasöp

hcpt¼mÄt¸mepw ]e IYm]m{X§fpw acW¯nse¯nt¨cp¶Xv ImWmw.

hyhØm]nXamb \nba§sf ewLn¡p¶psh¶ ImcW¯memWv AhÀ

acW¯nte¡v F¯ns¸Sp¶sX¶p IcpXm³ \ymbap−v. tUm. sI. tKm]n

\mYsâ Hcp \nco£Ww Cu hgn¡pÅ BtemN\bv¡v iàn ]Icp¶p

ap−v. At±lw FgpXp¶p: “BßlXy/Akzm`mhnIacWw F¶nh A]Y

k©mcnWnsb BJym\¯nÂ\n¶v ]pd´Åm\pÅ amÀ¤ambncp¶p. in£/

]Ým¯m]w F¶nh IpSpw_{Ia¯nte¡v Ahsc Xncn¨p]nSn¡m\pÅ

X{´§fpw. ¢mÊn¡Â kn\naIÄ Cusbmcp ]cnNcWamXrIbmWv s]mXp

hn ]n´pSÀ¶pImWp¶Xv.”14

GXm\pw Ne¨n{X§sf hniIe\w sNbvXpsIm−v Cu \nco£W

§fpsS kmwKXyw hyàam¡mw.

2.3.1. hgn]ng¨hÄ/]ng¸n¡s¸«hÄ

]n. `mkvI-c\pw cmap-Im-cym«pw tNÀ¶v kwhn-[m\wsNbvX "\oe-¡p-

bnÂ' (1954) F¶ kn\n-a-bnse \oen, Fw. IrjvW³\m-bÀ kwhn-[m\w

sNbvX "Aán-]p{Xn' (1967)bnse knÔp, sP. iin-Ip-amÀ Hcp-¡nb "shfp¯

I{Xo\' (1968)bnse I{Xo-\, Fw. IrjvW³\m-bÀ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX

101
"ImÀ¯nI' (1968)bnse ImÀ¯n-I, ]n. `mkvI-c³ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "IÅn-

s¨-ý' (1969)bnse sNÃ-½, ]n. F³. tat\msâ "HmfhpwXo-chpw' (1970)

F¶ kn\n-a-bnse \_ok XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw hgn-]n-g-¨-Xnsâ/]ng-¸n-¡-s¸-«-

Xnsâ Zpc´w A\p-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw ac-W-¯n-se-¯n-t¨-cp-Ibpw sNbvX IYm-]m-

{X-§-fm-Wv.

BZyImekn\naIfn am{Xaà F¬]Xn\ptijhpw CXn\p amäan

sömWv sI. Pn. tPmÀÖnsâ ‘BZmansâ hmcn-sbÃn' se (1983) Beokpw,

‘teJbpsS acWw Hcp^vfmjv_m¡v’ (1983) F¶ Nn{X¯nse teJbpw

sXfnbn¡p¶Xv. kv{XoIYm]m{X§Ä A]hmZ{]NmcWw kln¡m³ Ign

bmsX BßlXybn A`bw Is−¯p¶Xpw kn\nabn BhÀ¯n

¨phcp¶ Hcp ]cnNcWamWv. If¦nXbmbn¯oÀ¶nsænepw kaqlw Ipäm

tcm]Ww \S¯p¶Xn a\ws\m´mWv, F. hn³skâv kwhn[m\w sNbvX

‘apds¸®n' se (1965) sIm¨½nWn F¶ IYm]m{Xw BßlXy sN¿p¶Xv.

]n. thWp kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘DtZymKØ’bnse (1967) hnaebpw A]hmZ

{]NcW¯n a\wXIÀ¶mWv BßlXy sN¿p¶Xv.

2.3.1.1. \oe¡pbn þ ]ptcmKa\hpw ]n³hnfnIfpw

aebmfkn\namNcn{X¯n B[p\nIamb Hcp Zriym\p`hw {]Zm\w

sNbvXpsIm−v {i² ssIhcn¨ kn\nabmWv ‘\oe¡pbnÂ’(1954). {]Xy£

¯n ]ptcmKa\]camb Hcp ktµihpw Cu kn\na AhXcn¸n¡p¶p−v.

“apIfn a[ytIcf¯nse hnimeamb \oemImiw Xmsg Is®¯msX

\o−pInS¡p¶ I¶nhbepIÄ. Ahbv¡nSbneqsS {]hln¨psIm−ncn

¡p¶ Ipsd a\pjyPohnX§Ä. sshhn[y§fpw sshcp[y§fpw \ndª

AhcpsS PohnX¯nÂ\n¶v s\bvsXSp¯ IYbmWv \oe¡pbn” Fs¶mcp

102
BapJhnhcWw enJnXcq]¯n {]ZÀin¸n¨psIm−mWv kn\na Bcw`n

¡p¶Xv.

kaql¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶ PmXn]camb D¨\oNXz§sf Xpd¶p

Im«m\pw AXnsâ \nµyXsb kv]jvSam¡n t{]£Icn AXn\\pkrXamb

`mhtImSnIsf D±o]n¸n¡m\pw {ian¡p¶ ‘\oe¡pbnÂ’ aebmf kn\na

bpsS Ncn{X¯n hensbmcp amäs¯ {]Jym]n¨ kn\nabmWv. ]pXnb Hcp

`mhpIXz¯n\v AXv XpS¡an«p. bYmXYamb BhnjvIcW¯neqsS

t{]£Ia\Ên CSwt\Snb \oe¡pbn ]mtYÀ]m©men¡pw ap¼mWv

\nÀ½n¡s¸«sX¶ Imcyw HmÀ½nt¡−Xp−vv. {]tabkzoIcW¯nepw,

tZiy`mjm{]tbmK¯nepw Zriyhn\ymk§fpsS Imcy¯nepw aebmfkn\na

At¶hsc ImWm¯ hgnIfneqsSbmWv \oe¡pbn k©cn¨Xv.

AhnhmlnX\mb {io[c³amÌdpsS(kXy³) ho«n tImcns¨mcnbp¶

agb¯v \\sªmens¨¯p¶ \oen(anÊv Ipamcn). CSnan¶epw agbpw

XoÀ¯ `oXnXamb A´co £¯nÂ\n¶v ho«n\It¯¡v Ibdnbncn¡m³

{io[c³amÌÀ \oensb \nÀ_Ôn¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv ZriyamIp¶Xv {io[c³

amÌdpsS N©eamb a\Ênsâ kqN\sbt¶mWw CfIp¶ Abenen«

tXmÀ¯v, sI«nbn« Ipc§sâ Nm«w F¶nhbmWv. HSphn \oen Ibdnbn

cn¡p¶ apdnbnte¡v IS¶phmXneSbv¡p¶ {io[c³amÌÀ. bmZrÝnIambn

kw`hn¨ Hcp _Ôw \nXykamKa¯n\pw {]Wb¯n\pw hgnsh¡p¶p.

\oen KÀ`nWnbmIp¶Xphsc AhcpsS _Ô¯n\v De¨nsem¶pap-

−mIp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ, AhÄ KÀ`nWnbmsW¶dnª \nanjw apXÂ

{io[c\nse PmXnt_m[w DWcpIbmbn. {]XoI§Ä D]tbmKn¨v Zriy

NmcpXtbmsSbmWv Cu cwKw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. Xs¶ Dt]£n¡cpsX¶v

At]£n¡p¶ \oentbmSv Ahsf hnhmlwsN¿m³ km[yasöp]dbp¶

{io[c³ amÌsd Nne´nhebpsS AI¯p\n¡p¶Xmbn«mWv ImWn

103
¡p¶Xv. (Nn{Xw 2 ImWpI) XpSÀ¶v, Im¡ÂhoWv bmNn¡p¶ \oensb

X«namän AI¶pt]mIp¶ ImepIÄ. P\en\¸pd¯mbn ho«n\pÅn a\Êw

LÀjt¯msS Dem¯p¶ {io[c³amÌÀ. P\egnbn h¶ncn¡p¶ Hcp

IpbnÂ. HSphn P\ sIm«nbSbv¡pt¼mÄ B ]£n XmsghoWp

]nSbp¶p. a\Ênsâ hmXn sIm«nbSbv¡p¶ {io[c³\mbtcbpw XIÀ¶p

t]mIp¶ \oentbbpamWv Cu Zriy{]XoI§Ä hc¨nSp¶Xv..

AhnlnXKÀ`ImcW¯m {`jvSbmbn¯oÀ¶ \oenbpsS ZpcnX

PohnX¯nsâ Zriy§fpw {io[c³amÌdpsS hnhmlZriy§fpw CSIeÀ

¯nbmWv ]n¶oSv Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. {io[c³amÌÀ \fn\nsb hnhmlw

Ign¨tijw AhfpsS A½bpsS acWhpw \oenbpsS {]khhpw acWhp

amWv {][m\kw`h§Ä. “\oe¡pbnen PmXnt`Z§fpw D¨\oNXz§fpw

acW§sft¸mepw ]nSnIqSp¶p−v. cmambW[z\nIÄ tI«pÅ acWhpw Xoh-

−n¨{I§fpsS \nehnfnbn HSp§p¶ acWhpw.”15

tNmc¡pªn\p P·w \ÂIn dbn¸mf¯n\cnIn acn¨pInS¡p¶

\oenbpsS ASpt¯¡v F¯nt¨cp¶ BfpIÄ¡nSbn {io[c³amÌdpw

i¦c³\mbcpap−v (]n.`mkv¡c³). Ip«nsb FSp¡m³ Xp\nbp¶ i¦c³

\mbsc BfpIÄ hne¡pt¼mgpw \nÊwK\mbn \n¡pIbmWv {io[c³

\mbÀ. ]pebs¸®nsâ Ip«nsb sXmScpsX¶ BÄ¡q«¯nsâ \nÀt±i

t¯bpw PmXnNn´tbbpw tNmZywsNbvXpsIm−v PmXobXs¡Xncmbn

kpZoÀLamb Hcp {]`mjWwXs¶ i¦c³\mbÀ \S¯p¶p−v. HSphnÂ,

hfsc¸n¶oSv, Ip«nIfnÃm¯ {io[c³þ\fn\n Z¼XnIÄ i¦c³\mbcnÂ

\n¶pw Ip«nsb GsäSp¡p¶nS¯mWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.

Ipªns\ XncnsI \ÂIpt¼mÄ i¦c³\mbÀ ]dbp¶ hm¡pIÄ

Hmtcm t{]£Isâbpw a\Ên Bg¯n BteJ\w sN¿s¸Sp¶XmWv:

104
“Ahs\ Hcp \à a\pjy\mbn hfÀ¯q, Hcp henb a\pjy\m¡n hfÀ¯q.

\mbcpw am¸nfbpw s]meb\pw H¶pam¡−. F\n¡v AXpam{Xw aXn”.

tIcf¯nsâ a\Êv B[p\nIXbpsS hnfntIÄ¡pIbpw atXXc

aqey§fpsS aWvUe¯nte¡p {]thin¡pIbpw sNbvXXnsâ kv]jvSamb

ASbmfambn Cu kn\nam´ys¯ hymJym\n¡m³ {]bmkanÃ. ]eXcw

]nghpIfpsS ]cnlmc{InbIÄ \nÀÆln¨pw Xncp¯pIÄ \nÀt±in¨pamWv

]pXnb aqey§Ä \nebpd¸n¡p¶Xv. F¶mÂ, ]ng¨hÄ¡v ap³Ime§Ä

Iev]n¨ in£mhn[n At_m[mßIambn ]pXnb Imes¯ BJym\§fpw

\S¸nem¡pIXs¶ sN¿p¶p.

“kaImenIkmaqlybmYmÀ°y§fn thcq¶nbmWv aebmfkn\na

XpS¡w apX {]hÀ¯n¨Xv. C´ybnse aäp`mjmNn{X§fnÂ\n¶v hyXykv

Xambn, `àn{]tabw amän\nÀ¯ns¡m−v IÀjIIem]§fpw ^yqUÂ

kwLÀj§fpw PmXobhpw hÀ¤]chpamb ZpchØIfpw {]tabambn kzoI

cn¡m\mWv aebmfkn\na BZy\mfpIfn Xmev]cys¸«ncp¶Xv. {ZpX-K-Xn-

bn amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ kmaq-ln-Im-´-co-£-¯n C¯cw hnj-b-§Ä

ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ ae-bm-f-kn-\na ]e-t¸mgpw "kv{Xo'bpsS hnj-b-§-

fn au\w-]m-en-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-sX¶v Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-Wv.''16 F¶v

tUm. ao\ Sn. ]nÅ Fgp-Xp-¶p. PmXobXIfnÃm¯, a\pjyXzw \ndª, Hcp

temIs¯¡pdn¨pÅ kz]v\§fpw BZÀi§fpamWv an¡hmdpw kn\naIÄ

apt¶m«psh¡p¶Xv. C§s\ ]ptcmKa\]camb Nn´IÄ DbÀ¯pt¼mgpw

\oensb acW¯nte¡v XÅnhnSp¶ Xc¯n {]Xybimkv{Xw kn\nabnÂ

{]hÀ¯n¨psh¶ Imcyw hnkvacn¨p IqSm.

105
2.3.1.2. Aán]p{Xn : t_m[]qÀÆw acW¯nte¡v XÅnbnSs¸Sp¶

\mbnI

1967Â Fw. IrjvW³\mbÀ kwhn[m\w \nÀÆln¨ kn\nabmb

‘Aán]p{Xn'bn Hcp thiymkv{XobpsS PohnXamWv Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv.

thiymeb¯nembncp¶ knÔphns\(joe) hnhmlw sNbvXp ho«nte¡p

sIm−phcp¶ cmtP{µ³(t{]w\koÀ) IpSpw_¯nep−mhp¶ {]iv\§sf

t\cnSm³ X¿mdmhp¶p. A½ kckzXn(Bd·pf s]m¶½)bpw tN«³ tUm.

PbtZh\pw(ap¯¿) tN«sâ `mcy(DjmdmWn)bpw ap¯Èn (Sn.BÀ.Hma\)bp

saÃmw FXnÀ¯n«pw cmtP{µ³ Ahsf ho«n¯s¶ Xmakn¸n¡p¶p.

sdkvIyptlmaneIs¸« Hcp s]®n\v PohnXw \ÂIpIsb¶ XymKw

sN¿p¶h\mbmWv cmtP{µs\ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. AhÀ X½n hnhmlw

Ign¡m\nSbmb kmlNcy§tfm AhÀ X½nepÅ {]Wbtam kn\nabnÂ

BJym\w sN¿s¸Sp¶nÃ. Hcp ]pcpj³ kv{Xosb hnhmlw sN¿p¶XneqsS

AhÄs¡mcp PohnXw \ÂIpIbmsW¶ ]c¼cmKXt_m[amWv Nn{Xw

]¦psh¡p¶Xv.

knÔp Hcp thiybmsW¶dnbp¶ cmtP{µ³ Hcn¡epw Ahsf

Ipäs¸Sp¯p¶nÃ, adn¨v, A¯csamchØbn AhÄ F¯nt¨cm\nSh¶

kaqlymhØsbbmWv At±lw tNmZyw sN¿p¶Xv. cmtP{µsâ A½mhsâ

aI³ _me\pw knÔphpw X½n ]qÀÆ_Ôaps−¶dnªn«pw, _me³

Ahsf Dt]£n¡m³ t{]cn¸n¨n«pw cmtP{µ³ AXn\p X¿mdmIp¶nÃ.

cmtP{µsâ ho«n hfcp¶ Hcp s]¬Ip«n tUmIvSdmb tN«sâ Bip]{Xn

bn Btcm Dt]£n¨p t]mbXmsW¶ \nebv¡mWv IYmcw`¯n t{]£

I³ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. ]t£ AhÄ PbtZh\v knÔphnep−mb Ip«nbm

sW¶ Imcyw ]n¶oSv shfns¸Sp¶p. tUmIvSÀ ap¼v tPmensNbvXncp¶

Bip]{Xn¡v kao]w Xmakn¨ncp¶ Hcp ]mhs¸« s]¬Ip«nbmbncp¶p

knÔpsh¶pw Ahsf PbtZh³ NXn¡pIbmbncp¶psh¶pw IpSpw_

106
¯nse apgph³ BfpIfpw ]n¶oSv Xncn¨dnbp¶p. F¦nepw HSphn kn\na

Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv knÔphnsâ acW¯nemWv.

cmtP{µsâ `mcybmbpw PbtZhsâ Ip«nbpsS A½bmbpw Htckabw

knÔphns\ \nÀ¯m³ s]mXpt_m[a\phZn¡p¶nÃ. kn\nabnse kwLÀ

jhpw kn\namkzmZI³ Gäphm§p¶ kwLÀjhpambn AXv amdp¶p.

CXn\v IYmKXnbnep−mIp¶ {]Xnhn[nbmbnthWw knÔphnsâ acWs¯

a\Ênem¡m³.

2.3.1.3. shfp¯ I{Xo\: Ipähpw acWin£bpw

sP. iinIpamÀ kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘shfp¯ I{Xo\’ (1968) F¶

kn\na ]cntim[n¡pI. I{Xo\(joe)sb Hcp B\ HmSn¡p¶

cwKt¯msSbmWv Ne¨n{Xw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. Im«neqsS HmSn¯fÀ¶

I{Xo\sb tXm«w apXemfn at\mlc³(tPmkv {]Imiv) B\bnÂ\n¶pw

c£n¡p¶p. th«¡mcsâ thj¯nse¯nb apXemfn B\sb shSnsh¨p

Xpc¯nsb¦nepw Ahsf NqjWw sN¿m\pÅ a\tÊmsSbmWv \n¡p

¶sX¶v ImWmw. “cm{Xn Rm³ ho«nte¡phcpw” F¶ apXemfnbpsS

hm¡n CXv {]ISamWv.

th«bmSs¸Sp¶ kv{XobpsS {]XoIambmWv I{Xo\sb kn\nabnÂ

Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv. ZfnXv kv{Xobmb I{Xo\ shfp¯Xn\memWv ]et¸mgpw

]oU\§tfäphm§p¶Xv. shfp¸pw Idp¸pw kn\nabn ]e kµÀ`§fnepw

IYmKXnsb \nÀWbn¡p¶p−v. kn\nabpsS t]cv ‘shfp¯’ I{Xo\

F¶mbXpw {it²bw. I{Xo\bpsS ktlmZc³ tXh\pw(ap¯¿) A½

amÀ¯¸pebnbpw(IhnbqÀ s]m¶½) Ahsf sNø\p(kXy³) hnhmlw

sNbvXpsImSp¡m³ Xocpam\n¡p¶p. F¶m Idp¯h\mb sNøs\

hnhmlw Ign¡m³ I{Xo\ k½Xn¡p¶nÃ. shfp¯ Hcmsf `À¯mhmbn

In«Wsa¶m{Kln¨ AhÄ Xsâ A\njvSw ]et¸mgpw {]ISam¡p¶p−v.

107
sNøs\ asämcp s]¬Ip«n (A½nWn) kvt\ln¡p¶ps−¦nepw Idp¯

hfmb Ahsf kzoIcn¡m³ sNø\pw X¿mdÃ.

aebmfnIfpsS kuµcyt_m[¯nse Hcp {]iv\amWv sXmenshfp¸v.

kv{XoIfpsS Imcy¯n AXn\p henb {]m[m\yw ssIhcnIbpw sN¿p¶p.

kn\nabn Cu ]cnKW\ hfscb[nIamWv. aebmfkn\nabnse \mbnI

amsc sXcsªSp¡pt¼mÄ shfp¸n\v AanX{]m[m\yw \evIp¶Xmbn

ImWmw. Ccp\ndw BhiyamsW¶p IcpXp¶ IYm]m{X§sf AhXcn¸n

t¡−nhcpt¼mÄ shfp¸v \ndapÅ \SnIsf NmbwtX¨v Ccp\nd¯n

em¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw. ]mTm´c_Ô¯neqsS ]gbkn\naIfnse sXmen

shfp¸v At_m[ambn k¶nlnXam¡m³ CXp klmbn¡p¶p. BZyIme¯v

kn\nam\Snamsc {]tXyIn¨v \mbnIamsc sXcsªSp¡pt¼mÄ ]cnKWn

¨ncp¶ Hcp kuµcyam\ZWvUw shfp¸mbncp¶p. F¶m ]pcpj·mcpsS

Imcy¯n CXv _m[Iambncp¶nÃ. Ccp\nd¯nepÅ kXy³ BZyIme

kn\nabnse \ndkm¶n[yambncp¶tÃm. F¶mÂ, ]n¡me¯v IfÀ kn\na

IfpsS hcthmsS Idp¯ \ndapÅ IYm]m{X§Ä ]Sn]Snbmbn A{]Xy£

amIp¶p−v.

I{Xo\sbt¯Sn cm{Xn at\mlc³ apXemfn ho«n\cnsIsb¯pIbpw

I{Xo\ hoSn\p ]pd¯nd§nb kµÀ`¯n Ahsf IS¶p]nSn¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶p. ktlmZc³ tXh³ AhnsSsb¯pIbpw XpSÀ¶v \S¶

kwL«\¯n at\mlc³ apXemfn sIm¡bnte¡v hogp¶p.

B cm{Xnbn¯s¶ \mSphnSp¶ tXh\pw IpSpw_hpw hnZqcØamb

asämcp \m«nse¯nt¨cp¶p. AhnsS Ahsc klmbn¡m³ ]ecpw

apt¶m«ph¶Xv I{Xo\sb I−n«mWv. HSphn B \m«nse P·nbpw

]cakmXznI\pamb Hcp \¼qXncn AhÀ¡v A`bw \ÂIp¶p. I{Xo\

Iqenthe sN¿m³ t]mhp¶p. AhnsSbpw AhÄ¡p ]oU\§tf¡p¶p.

CXn\nSbn HcpIq«w A{IanIÄ I{Xo\sb am\`wKs¸Sp¯m³

108
{ian¡pt¼mÄ sNø³ F¯nt¨À¶v A{IanIsf Xpc¯n Ahsf

c£n¡p¶p. AtXmsS sNøs\ hnhmlw Ign¡m³ I{Xo\ k½Xn¡p¶p.

hnhml¯n\pÅ X¿msdSp¸n\mbn sNø³ aS§nt¸mhp¶p. At¸mgpw

I{Xo\bpsS ZpcnX§Ä Ahkm\n¡p¶nÃ. Hcn¡Â BfpIfpsS

B{IaW¯nÂ\n¶v c£s¸«v HmSnsb¯p¶ I{Xo\¡v Hcp apÉow IpSpw_w

A`bw \ÂIp¶p. Iodnb thjw amän¨v apÉow thj¯n Krl\mY³

I{Xo\sb ho«nte¡b¡p¶p. ho«nse¯nb I{Xo\ ]ng¨pt]msb¶pIcpXn

AhfpsS ktlmZc³ aÀ±n¡pIbpw ho«nÂ\n¶v ]pd¯m¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

KXy´canÃmsX AhÄ Xs¶ CjvSs¸Sp¶ \¼qXncnbpsS ASpt¯¡v

klmbwtXSn F¯p¶p. \¼qXncn Ahsf kzoIcn¨v hnhmlw Ign¡p¶p.

A§s\ ]pXnsbmcp PohnX¯nte¡v {]thins¨¦nepw I{Xo\sb

Zpc´w hns«mgnbp¶nÃ. Hcp Znhkw I{Xo\sbt¯Sn \¼qXncnbpsS

ho«nse¯nb sNø³ Ahsf {]tem`n¸n¨v Iogvs¸Sp¯n imcocnIambn

_Ôs¸Sp¶p. AhÄ KÀ`nWnbmIpIbpw sNøsâ cq]¯n Hcp Ip«n

P\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CsXm¶padnbm¯ \¼qXncn Hcn¡Â Ip«n¡pÅ

Ifn¸m«§fpambn ho«nte¡v IS¶phcpt¼mgmWv Xsâ IeymW¯n\v

£Wn¡ms\¯nb sNø\pw I{Xo\bpambpÅ kw`mjW¯nÂ\n¶pw

Imcy§Ä {Kln¡p¶Xv. a\ÊpXIÀ¶ \¼qXncn Xsâ hoW ao«ns¡m−vv

acW¯n sNs¶¯p¶p.

sNø³ asämcp kv{Xosb hnhmlw sNbvXv hcpt¼mgmWv

ae©cnhnÂ\n¶pw Hcp Ip«nbpsS Ic¨n tIÄ¡p¶Xv. AXv Xsâ

Ip«nbmsW¶v sNø³ Xncn¨dnªp. Ip«nsb hmcnsbSp¯v Xsâ `mcysb

G¸n¨v Ch³ \½psS Ip«nbmbn hfcpsa¶v ]dbp¶p. ]n¶oSv \mw

ImWp¶ Zriyw ]pgbn acn¨pInS¡p¶ I{Xo\bpsSXmWv (Nn{Xw 3

ImWpI).

109
 ]ng¨hfmWv I{Xo\. AXn\v Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm kaqlw

Iev]n¡p¶ in£ acWamWv. I{Xo\sb acW¯ntes¡dnªv kn\na

Ahkm\n¡pt¼mÄ Cu ‘kmaqlnI\oXn’ \S¸m¡s¸SpIbmWv. F¶mÂ,

]ng¸n¨hsâ hn[n AXà F¶Xv {it²bamWv. AbmÄ¡v ]m]]cnlmcw

sNbvXn«msW¦n¡qSnbpw Ipähnapà\mbn ]pXnsbmcp PohnXw

sI«n¸Sp¡m³ Ahkcsamcp¡p¶p−v kn\na. PohnXmht_m[sa¶

\nebn \nÀ®mbIambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kmaqlnI[mcWIsf adbnÃmsX

]cnNcn¡pIbmWv ChnsS kn\na sN¿p¶Xv.

2.3.1.4. IÅns¨Ã½ þ Nmcn{Xy\jvShpw \nÀ_ÔnXacWhpw

]n. `mkvI-c³ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "IÅn-s¨-ý' (1968) Bcw-`n-¡p-

¶Xv Hcp N´-bpsS Zriy-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. A{Xm³I®p apX-emfn (a-[p)bpw

kmln-bnbpw N´-bn I¨-h-S-¯n-s\-¯p¶ FÃm-h-cnÂ\n¶pw Icw ]ncn-s¨-

Sp-¡p-¶p. sNý (jo-e) klm-bn-bpsS I¿n ]Ww sImSp-¯-t¸mÄ apX-

emfn sNýbpsS ]Ww Xncn¨p\ÂIm³ ]dªp. ]t£, “BcpsSbpw

N¡m¯v F\n¡pth−” F¶p ]dªv AhÄ AXv XncnsI kzoIcn¡m³

X¿mdmhp¶nÃ. sNý I¸ hn¡p¶nS¯v IqSpX ]Ww \ÂIn Ahsf

hioIcn¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mgpw “BcpsSbpw Hmimcw F\n¡p ths−”¶v

AhÄ ]dbp¶p−v.

XtâSnbpw kzX{´bpamb Hcp s]®mbmWv BZycwK¯v sNýsb

AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. aäpÅhcpsS Hcp HuZmcyhpw ssI¸äm³ AhÄ X¿mdÃ.

BcpsSbpw ap¶n hnt[bt¯msS \n¡m³ ]mSnsö Dd¨ \ne]mSv

sNý¡p−v. amXm]nXm¡Ä \jvSs¸« sNý HcI¶ _Ôphmb

hÅnb¡bpsSbpw Ip«ncmasâbpw IqsSbmWv Xmakn¡p¶Xv. sNýbpsS

IpSnen ]ipIbdn N¡sbÃmw Xn¶t¸mÄ hÅnb¡ AhÄ¡p

ap¶dnbn¸p \ÂIp¶p.

110
 “Hcpt\csam¶pw IpSn¨nsænepw Ibdn¡nS¡p¶ Iqc¡v Hcp

FXsams¡ thWw. Hcp \mepcpf a®v Dcp«nsh¨v Hcp AS¸pw

sXmd¸psams¡ D−m¡Ww. Csæn ]iphpw tIdpw IÅ\pw

tIdpw”.

aäpÅhcpsS B{IaW¯nÂ\n¶pw c£t\Sm³ AS¨pd¸pÅ hoSv

thWsa¶ t_m[yw h¶ sNý a®v Nhp«n¡pgbv¡p¶ cwK¯v Ip«ncma³

Ahsf t\m¡p¶Xp I−v AhÄ Ahs\ imkn¡p¶p. kv{Xosb icocambn

ImWp¶ kaql¯n Pohn¡p¶ sNý \nc´cw Hcp]mSp‘t\m«’§sf

A`napJoIcn¡p¶p−v. Hcp Ip«n Xs¶ t\m¡pt¼mgpw ‘]pcpjt\m«’

ambn«mWv sNý ImWp¶Xv. ]n¶oSv hmb\imebpsS ap¶neqsS sNý

\S¶pt]mhpt¼mÄ hmb\imebnencp¶v aq¶v t]À Ahsf¯s¶ t\m¡p

¶Xv ImWmw (Nn{Xw 4 ImWpI ). AhcnsemcmfpsS t\m«s¯¡pdn¨v

asämcmÄ ]dbp¶Xv “Hm´v tNmc IpSn¡p¶Xpt]mebtà hbÊpIme¯v

Duän hen¨p IpSn¡p ¶Xv” F¶mWv.

kn\nabn ]e kµÀ`§fnepw Cu ]pcpjt\m«w Nn{XoIcn¨ncn

¡p¶Xv ImWmw. sXmgnemfn t\Xmhmb takvXncnsbmgn¨v aäp ]pcpj³

amscÃmw sNýsb ssewKnImkàntbmsS t\m¡p¶ Xc¯nemWv kn\na

bn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. A[nImcnbpw klmbnbpw X½nepÅ kw`mjW

¯n AhfpsS PmXnbpw aXhpsam¶pw t\m¡msX Ahsf X\n¡v

In«Wsa¶v A[nImcn ]dbp¶Xv Abn¯w \ne\n¶ncp¶ Ime¯v

kv{Xosb ssewKnIambn NqjWw sN¿p¶Xn\v PmXnbpw aXhpw Hcp

XSÊambncp¶nsöXn\v sXfnhmWv. B \m«nse an¡ ]pcpj·mcpw Ahsf

Ima]qÀ¯n¡mbn D]tbmKn¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mgpw AsXÃmw X{´]qÀhw

Hgnhm¡n XtâSt¯msS \n¡m³ sNý¡v Ignbp¶p−vv. A{Xm³I®p

apXemfn BSns\ \ÂIn hioIcn¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mÄ AhÄ ]Ww

111
hm§n¡Wsa¶v \nÀ_Ôw ]nSn¡p¶Xpw Ahsf IS¶p]nSn¡m³

{ian¡pt¼mÄ Xos¡mÅnsIm−p sNdp¡p¶Xpw AhfpsS kzm{ib

ioet¯bpw Bßt_m[t¯bpw shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. \m«n XnaÀ¯ps]bvX

agbn Irjnapgph³ \in¨ kµÀ`¯n shÅw hän¡m³ F³Pn\p

amsb¯p¶ IpªÑ³(t{]w\koÀ) ]m«p]mSnbpw {]Wbw \Sn¨pw AhtfmS

Sp¡m³ {ian¡p¶p. aäpÅ ]pcpj³amtcmsSÃmw XtâSt¯msS sNdp¯p

\n¶ sNý Ipª¨sâ {]Wbw kXyamsW¶ [mcWbn Ah\v

hg§p¶p.

Ipª¨sâ cwK{]thi\hpw Xncn¨pt]m¡pw c−p Km\cwK§fn

eqsSbmWv kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. B \m«nte¡pw AhfpsS

PohnX¯nte¡pw Ipª¨³ IS¶phcp¶ kµÀ`¯nÂ

“am\s¯¡mben IS¸pd¯ns¶mcp

Xmac¡fnt¯mWn h¶Sp¯p” F¶pw

Ipª¨³ B\m«n \n¶pw t]mIpt¼mÄ

“IS¯phÅw bm{Xbmbn Icbn \o am{Xambn”

F¶pamWv Km\§sf¶Xv it²bamWv. DÕh¸d¼n Im¡mcÈn\mSIw

ImWp¶ cwK¯v “thS³ thjw sI«nh¶p” F¶ hcnIÄ Be]n¡pt¼mÄ

sNý Ipª¨s\ HfnI®n«pt\m¡p¶XmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv. I]Sthjw

[cn¨ thS³Xs¶bmWv Ipª¨s\¶ IYm]m{Xw, sNý Ccbpw.

AhnhmlnXbmb sNý KÀ`nWnbmsW¶dnbp¶tXmsS kaql

¯n apdpapdp¸pbcp¶p. ]cnlmktaäp hnhibmb sNý t]äpt\mthäp

]nSbpt¼mÄ Ahsf Bip]{Xnbnse¯n¡m³ takvXncnbpw klmbnIfp

sa¯p¶p. sNý {]khn¡p¶Xv Hcp Nm]nÅsbbmWv. Cu kµÀ`¯n

seÃmw Ahsf klmbn¡m³ A{Xm³I®p apXemfn F¯p¶p−v. ]n¶oSv

112
ho«nte¡v Bhiyamb km[\§sfms¡ hm§n sNýsb ImWms\¯p¶

apXemfn Ahsf Ibdn¸nSn¡pt¼mÄ IpXdnamdn apXemfnsb ‘DS¸ndt¶m³’

Bbn«mWv ImWp¶sX¶ sNýbpsS hm¡pIÄ apXemfnbn am\km

´cw hcp¯p¶p. apXemfn hoSn\I¯p\n¶v ]pd¯n§pwap¼v Ipª¨³

AhnsSsb¯pIbpw AhÀ X½nepÅ kwLÀj¯n\nSbn apXemfn¡v

Ipt¯Â¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. At¸mtg¡pw takvXncnbpw Iq«cpw AhnsS

sb¯pIbpw Ipª¨s\ sX§n sI«nbn«v apXemfnsb Bip]{Xnbn

se¯n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. t]meokpImtcbpw Iq«n takvXncn aS§nsb¯p

t¼mtg¡pw sNý Ipª¨s\ sI«gn¨p tamNn¸n¡p¶p. F{Xbmbmepw

Ipª¨³ Xsâ `À¯mhmsW¶ Nn´bmWv sNýsb AXn\p t{]cn¸n

¡p¶Xv.

]n¶oSv ]mdaSbn tPmensN¿p¶ Ipª¨³ Hc]IS¯n Bip

]{XnbnembXdnª sNý AhnsSsb¯n Ipª¨t\bpw Iq«n asämcp

{Kma¯nte¡v bm{XbmIp¶p.

Bip]{XnbnÂ\n¶v Xncns¨¯nb A{Xm³I®papXemfn {]XnImcw

sN¿m³ Ahsc At\zjn¨p\S¡p¶p. Ipd¨pIme¯n\p tijw Ipª¨sâ

XmakØew Is−¯nb apXemfn AhnsSsb¯n Ipª¨s\ ]cmPb

s¸Sp¯n sImÃms\mcp§pt¼mÄ apXemfnbpsS Im¡ hoWp sNý

Xsâ `À¯mhnsâ Poh³ hn«p\ÂIWsa¶v At]£n¡p¶p. sNýbpsS

A`yÀ°\ {]Imcw apXemfn Ipª¨s\ shdpsXhnSp¶p.

]n¶oSv c−pIp«nIfpambn Ipª¨sâ BZy`mcy sNýbpsS ho«n

se¯nt¨cpt¼mgmWv AbmÄ hnhmlnX\pw c−v Ip«nIfpsS AÑ\p

amsW¶ Imcyw sNý Adnbp¶Xv. AtXmsS XIÀ¶pt]mb sNýtbmSv

Ipª¨³ Xsâ BZy`mcysbbpw a¡sfbpw ho«nÂ\n¶v ASn¨nd¡m³

Bhiys¸Spt¼mÄ “CsXsâ hoSmWv, Rm\mWp sNehp \S¯p¶Xv”

113
F¶p]dªpsIm−v Ahsc ho«nte¡v IbänXmakn¸n¡pIbmWv sN¿p

¶Xv. NXn¡s¸«psh¶v t_m[yamb sNý hnjw Ign¨v Xsâ A½bpsS

IpgnamS¯n\cnInte¡v HmSnsb¯p¶p. IpgnamS¯n A½bpsS kvacW

¡mbn hfÀ¯nb sX§nÂ\n¶pw tX§bn«v IpSn¡m³ {ian¡p¶ sNÃ

½sb P·nbpw Iq«cpw IÅnsb¶v ap{ZIp¯n t]meoknte¸n¡m³ sIm-

−pt]mIp¶p. AhÄ hoWpacn¡p¶tXmsSbmWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.

Nmcn{Xyw \jvSs¸Sp¶tXmsS Hcp kv{Xo¡v ]ns¶ PohnXansö kzbw

t_m[amWv sNýsb BßlXy sN¿m³ t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xv. ]ng¨pt]mb

kv{Xo¡v Pohn¡m\hImiansö s]mXpt_m[amWv kn\nabn Ahsf

sImÃn¡p¶Xv.

2.3.1.5. apds¸®v þ XdhmSnsâ A´ÀKX§fpw kv{XoIfpsS \nÀ_ÔnX

acWhpw

Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³\m-b-cpsS BZys¯ Xnc-¡-Y-bn cq]w-sIm−

"apd-s¸®v' (1965) apc-a-¡m-¯m-b-Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-Ø-bnse Pohn-X-§-sf-bmWv

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ipªn-¡r-jvW-ta-t\m³ F¶ Xd-hm-«p-Im-c-W-h-cpsS a¡-

fmWv tIi-h³Ip«n (a-[p)bpw `mKo-cYn (im-c-Z)bpw. At±-l-¯nsâ s]§-

fpsS a¡-fmWv _me³ (t{]w-\-koÀ), A\n-b³ (sI. ]n. D½À), sIm¨-½nWn

(P-b-`m-c-Xn)F¶n-hÀ. Iq«pIpSpw_ambn Htc Xdhm«nemWv AhcpsS Xmakw.

tIi-h³Ip-«nbpw _me\pw A\nbpw tImtf-PnÂ\n¶v sht¡-j\v \m«n-se-

¯p¶ cwK-t¯m-sS-bmWv kn\na Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. tXmWnbnd§nhcp¶

cwK¯v A\nb³ ]mâpw jÀ«pamWv [cn¨n«pÅXv. aäpc−pt]À¡pw ap−pw

jÀ«pamWv thjw. A\nb³ tXmWnbnÂ\n¶v tIih³Ip«nbptSbpw

_metâbpw ssI]nSn¨v shůn Nhn«msX Icbnte¡v NmSnbnd§p¶Xv

ImWmw. aäpÅhsc Xsâ t\«¯n\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶ A\nbsâ

kz`mhs¯ kqNn¸n¡pIbmWv Cu cwKw. ho«nte¡v Ibdnb AhÀ¡v

114
Nmbbpambn sIm¨½nWnsb¯p¶p. Aev]w H¨sh¨pÅ AhfpsS

\S¯hpw kwkmchpw tI«v am[hn ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI:

“H¨bnStà s]t®. ]¯p]Xnt\gv hbÊmbn«pw s]®nsâ

Ip«n¡fn amdWnÃ. ]Xps¡ \Ss¡So. F{X ]dªns«´m.

s]¬Ipt«ymfv \S¡pt¼mÄ Imen\Snbn tImgnap« s]«mÂ

s]m«cpsX¶mWv ap¯Èn ]dbmdv.”

AS¡hpw HXp¡hpapÅhcmbncn¡Ww kv{XoIsf¶ t_m[amWv

kn\na apt¶m«psh¡p¶Xv. kn\nabn B¬Ip«nIsf am{XamWv

]Tn¸n¡m³ Abbv¡p¶Xv. s]¬Ip«nIsf Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ cwK§sfÃmw

hoSpambn _Ôs¸« ]cnkc§fnemWv. Ipfn¡Shv, kÀ¸¡mhv, ASp¡f

F¶n§s\bpÅ Øe§fmWv kv{XoIfpsS CSw. hkv{Xw Ae¡n

DW¡m\nSp¶ `mKocYn, hnf¡pIÄ XpS¨v hr¯nbm¡p¶ sIm¨½nWn,

]m«p]Tn¡p¶ an\n¡p«n, XncphmXnc¡fnbn ]s¦Sp¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ

F¶n§s\ tPmenhn`P\hpw km{¼ZmbnIcoXnbn¯s¶.

Ipªn¡rjvWtat\msâ A\nb³ Ip«¸tat\msâ \nÀ_Ô¯n\v

hg§n XdhmSv `mKwsh¡pIbpw am[hnbpw IpSpw_hpw Xdhm«nÂ

\n¶nd§n asämcp ho«nte¡v t]mIpIbpw _Ô§fn hnÅÂhogpIbpw

sN¿p¶p. AXnÀ¯n {]iv\¯n _me\pw A½mh\pambn hg¡nSpIbpw

sNbvXtXmsS {]iv\§Ä IqSpX cq£amhp¶p. AXphsc _met\bpw

A\nbt\bpw tImtfPneb¨v ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶ IpªnIrjvWtat\m³ XpSÀ¶p

]Tn¸n¡m³ ]WwapS¡m³ X¿mdsöv Xpd¶p ]dªp. HSphn s]§fpsS

A`yÀ°\ tI«t¸mÄ Hcmsf ]Tn¸n¡m³ Ipªn¡rjvWtat\m³ X¿mdm

hp¶p. kz´w kpJhpw kt´mjhpw am{Xw t\m¡p¶ A\nb³ hmin]nSn¨v

tImtfPn t]mhpIbpw _me³ XymKat\m`mht¯msS Irjn¸Wn¡v

t]mhpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

115
 ]Waps−¦nepw s]¬Ip«nIsf ]Tn¸n¡Wsa¶ Nn´ A¡me¯p

−mbncp¶nÃ. s]¬Ip«nIÄ apXnÀ¶m Ahsc sI«n¨b¡pIsb¶ ISa

am{Xta A¶v ]cnKWn¨ncp¶pÅq. `À¯mhns\ kvt\ln¨pw ip{iqjn¨pw

Igntb−hfmWv s]®p§sf¶pw \Ã `mcybmhp¶Xn\v ]T\w XSÊam

sW¶pw ]pcpjtImbva hn[n¨p. AXn\\pkcn¨v Pohn¡m³ s]¬Ip«nIÄ

am\knIambn cq]s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.

Ipªn¡rjvWtat\m³ Hcm¬Ip«nsb ]Tn¸n¡m³ X¿mdmhp¶Xv

Xsâ ]p{Xns¡mcp `À¯mhns\ In«Wsa¶ KqUe£yt¯msSbmWv.

A\nb³Ip«n¡v tPmenIn«nbt¸mÄ Ipªn¡rjvWtat\m³ `mKocYnsb

_me\v \evInsöpw A\nb³Ip«n¡v hnhmlwsNbvXv sImSp¡msa¶pw

hmin]nSn¡p¶p. tIih³Ip«n sIm¨½nWnsb hnhmlw Ign¡psa¶

{]Xo£bn _me³ A\nb³Ip«nbpw `mKocYnbpambpÅ hnhml¯n\v

k½Xn¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv tIih³Ip«nbpambpff sIm¨½nWnbpsS hnhml

¯n\v Ipªn¡rjvWtat\m³ FXncp\nev¡p¶p. AÑsâ FXnÀ¸ns\ adn

IS¶p sIm¨½nWnsb hnhmlwIgn¡m³ tIih³Ip«n X¿mdmhp¶n söv

am{Xaà AÑsâ CjvS¯n\\pkcn¨v asämcp hnhml¯n\v AbmÄ

k½Xn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. tIih³Ip«n¡v sIm¨½nWntbmSpÅ {]Wbw

I]Sambncp¶Xn\meà adn¨v ImcWhsc [n¡cn¡m³ Ignbm¯ kmlNcy

amWv Abmsfs¡m−vv C§s\ sN¿n¡p¶Xv. CXn\nSbn _mesâ A½

acWs¸Sp¶p. A½bpsS acWm\´cNS§pIÄs¡m¶pw A\nb³Ip«n

F¯p¶nÃ. kz´w CjvS§Ä¡pw t\«§Ä¡pw th−n ]c¡w ]mbp¶

Xnc¡nemWbmÄ.

_mesâIqsS tImtfPn ]Tn¨ncp¶ N{µ\pambn sIm¨½nWnbpsS

hnhmlw \S¯m³ Xocpam\n¨v ]W¯n\pth−n A\nbs\ kao]n¨t¸mÄ

AbmÄ Is¿mgnbp¶p. XpSÀ¶v `mKocYn \evInb B`cW§Ä hnäv In«nb

]WwsIm−v sIm¨½nWnbpsS hnhmlw \S¯m³ Hcp¡w Iq«p¶Xn

116
\nSbnemWv tIih³Ip«nbpw sIm¨½nWnbpambpÅ _Ôadnªv N{µ³

hnhml¯nÂ\n¶v ]n·mdp¶Xv. HSphn _mesâ hm¡pIÄtI«v tIih³

Ip«nbpw A\nbsâ A`yÀ°\ am\n¨v N{µ\pw sIm¨½nWnsb hnhmlw

Ign¡m³ X¿mdmbn ho«ntes¡¯p¶p. ]t£ t]cptZmjwtI« s]®n\v

acWaÃmsX aäpamÀ¤ansö s]mXpt_m[s¯ Dd¸n¡p¶hn[w sIm¨½n

WnbpsS BßlXybnemWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.

Xd-hm-«n-ep-−mb {]iv\-§Äs¡Ãmw Cc-I-fm-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv kv{XoI-fm-

Wv. kmaq-ly-amb N«-¡q-Sp-IÄ ewLn-¡m-\m-hmsX kz´w CjvS-§sf Dt]-

£n-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸-«-h-cmWv kn\n-a-bnse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä. Ipªn-¡r-

jvW-ta-t\msâ ap¶n A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm³t]mepw Ign-bm-¯-h-

cmWv `mcybpw s]§-fpw. _mes\ kvt\ln-¡p-Ibpw `mhn-`À¯m-hmbn

kz]v\w-Im-Wp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ `mKo-cYn AÑsâ \nÀ_-Ô-¯n-\p-h-g§n

A\n-b³Ip-«n-sb hnhmlw Ign-¡p-¶Xpw tIi-h³Ip-«nsb kvt\ln-¨n-cp¶

sIm¨-½nWn asäm-cmsf hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ k½-Xn-¡p-¶Xpw hnhmlw apS-

§n-b-t¸mÄ Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶-Xp-saÃmw kv{XoI-fpsS "CÑm-i-àn-bn-

Ãmbva'sbbmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.

_mes\ kvt\ln¨ `mKocYnsbbpw tIih³Ip«nsb kvt\ln¨

sIm¨½nWnsbbpw c−p]pcpj·mcpw Xnckv¡cn¡pt¼mgpw Ahsc kn\na

Ipä¸Sp¯p¶nÃ. adn¨v AhÀ sN¿p¶ h©\sb XymKambn IcpXm\mWv

{ian¡p¶Xv. acpa¡¯mbIpSpw_hyhØ \ne\n¶ncp¶ ImeL«¯nÂ

kaql¯n cqVambncp¶ kmwkvImcnIN«¡qSv F§s\bmWv hyànIsf

\nÀ®bn¡p¶sX¶mWv ‘apds¸®v’ F¶ kn\na hyàam¡p¶Xv.

2.3.1.6. A]Yk©mcwþenwK]camb Cc«\oXnIÄ

A]Yk©mcnWnIfmb kv{XoIsf acW¯nse¯n¡p¶ kn\na

]pcpj·mcpsS Imcy¯n asämcp \oXnbmWv \S¸m¡p¶sX¶v kqNn¸n¡p

117
Ibp−mbn. ‘thiy’ F¶ ]Z¯n\v ]pÃnwKi_vZanÃm¯ aebmfn¡v ]pcp

jsâ Akm·mÀ¤nIX¡pÅ in£ tIhew imk\bnsemXp¡nbmepw

{]iv\amhnsöv kwhn[mbIÀ¡v \à t_m[yap−vv. ‘\oe¡pbnen’Â

\oensb {]Wbn¨v KÀ`nWnbm¡nbtijw PmXnbpsS t]cn \njv¡cpWw

Dt]£n¡p¶ {io[c³amÌÀ¡v asämcp hnhmlw Ign¨v Pohn¡p¶Xn\v Hcp

XSÊhpap−mhp¶nÃ. t]mÌvam³ i¦c³\mbcpsS hm¡pIfneqsS {io[c³

amÌdpsS sNbvXnIsf hnaÀin¡p¶ps−¦nepw \oenbpsS acWtijw

Ip«nsb kzoIcn¡p¶tXmsS {io[c³amÌdpsS Ipä¯n\v ]Ým¯m]¯n

eqsS ]cnlmcw ImWp¶XmbmWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. ‘Aán]p{Xn' bnse

knÔphns\ \in¸n¡p¶ tUm.PbtZh\pw kaql¯n am\yamb PohnXw

\bn¡p¶XmbmWv AhXcn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. ‘shfp¯ I{Xo\’bnÂ

I{Xo\sb _em¡mcambn Iogv¸Sp¯n Xsâ CwKnXw km[ns¨Sp¡p¶

sNø\pw asämcp IpSpw_PohnXw km[yamhp¶p−vv. ‘ImÀ¯nI’F¶

kn\nabn hnhmlhmKvZm\w \evIn ImÀ¯nIsb ssewKnINqjWw

sNbvX `cX\pw sNýsb NXn¨ ‘IÅns¨Ã½’bnse Ipª¨\pw ‘Hmfhpw

Xochpw’ F¶ kn\nabnse Ipªmenbpw s]®ns\ ]ng¸n¨Xnsâ t]cnÂ

Hcp ZpcnXhpw A\p`hn¡p¶nÃ.

2.3.2. sXmgnenS§fnse kv{XoIÄ

ap³Ime§fn htcWycmb kv{XoIÄ hoSn\p]pd¯v tPmen¡p

t]mhpIsb¶Xv ANn´\obamb Imcyambncp¶p. sI«ne½Ifmbn ]pcp

js\ tkhn¨pw kvt\ln¨pw s]äpIq«nbpw Ignªncp¶ AhcpsS temIw

ho«n\I¯p am{Xambncp¶p. k¼¯v apgph³ I¿S¡nsh¨ncp¶ htcWy

hÀ¤¯n\v A[zm\nt¡− BhiyanÃm¯Xn\m shSn]dªncn¡m\pw

118
ssewKnImhiy§Ä¡pw t\cwt]m¡n\pambn D]tbmKn¡s¸« icoc§fmbn

cp¶p A¶s¯ kv{XoIÄ.

Iogmfkv{XoIsfbmWv F¬]XpIÄ¡p ap¼v ]WnbnS§fnÂ

apJymabpw I−ncp¶Xv. kaql¯nsâ t\ÀNn{Xw Xs¶bmWv BZyIme

kn\naIfn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«Xv. cmPm¡·mcptSbpw X¼pcm¡·mcptSbpw

IY]dbp¶ kn\naIfnsem¶pw AhcpsS IpSpw_¯nse kv{XoIÄ

sXmgnenteÀs¸«Xmbn ImWp¶nÃ. AhnS§fnse ho«ptPmenIÄt]mepw

Zcn{Zcmb kv{Xo IÄ¡pÅXmbncp¶p. Iogmfkv{XoIfpsS \ntbmKamWv

tPmensb¶v IcpXs¸«p. am{XaÃ, AhÀ tamis¸«hcmsW¶ [mcWbpw

sIm−mSs¸«p. the¡mcnsb¶m tami¡mcnIqSnbmsW¶ [mcWbm

WnXv. A²zm\wXs¶ AhaXn¸pfhm¡p¶ ImcyamsW¶Xc¯nepÅ Hcp

[mcW kaqlw sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶XpImWmw.

htcWykv{XoIÄ tPmen¡pt]mhp¶Xv Akm[mcWamWv. Zmcn{Zyw

sImt−m atäm tPmen¡p t]mIp¶ kmlNcyw h¶m AXns\ henb

A]cm[ambn«mWv kaqlw I−ncp¶Xv. A¯cw kv{XoIÄ hgn]ng¨

hcmsW¶ t_m[ambncp¶p \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. IemcwK¯v C¯cw kao

]\w iàamWv. AhnsS sXmgn sN¿p¶hsc Ipdn¡m\mbn D]tbmKn

¡p¶ “B«¡mcn”F¶ ]Z{]tbmKwXs¶ ZpÊqN\tbmSpIqSnbXmsW

t¶mÀ¡Ww.

2.3.2.1. IemImcnIÄ AYhm Agnªm«¡mcnIÄ

sI.Fkv.tkXpam[h³ kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘Iq«pIpSpw_w’(1969)

F¶ kn\nabnÂ, \mSI¯ne`n\bnt¡−nh¶ iymaf(imcZ) A\p`hn

¡p¶ {]iv\§Ä ]cntim[n¡mw. Ceªn¡Â cma¡pdp¸nsâ(sIm«mc¡c

{io[c³ \mbÀ) aIfmWv iymaf. k¼s¯Ãmw \in¨ Hcp Xdhm«nse

Zb\obmhØbmWv kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv. ISw hm§nbn«mWv

119
cma¡pdp¸v acpaI³ cm[mIrjvWs\(t{]w\koÀ) I¡¯bn tImtfPv

]T\¯n\b¡p¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ aIÄ iyafbpw cm[mIrjvW\pw

X½nepÅ hnhmlw Dd¸n¨ncn¡bmWv. XdhmSnsâ A´Êpw A`nam\hpw

Im¯pkq£n¡emWv {][m\sa¶p IcpXp¶ cma¡pdp¸v Xsâ aI³

A¸p¡p«³(kXy³) Hcp ]pebns¸®ns\ hnhmlwIgn¨t¸mÄ Ahs\

Xdhm«nÂ\n¶pw ]pd¯m¡p¶p. HSphn Zmcn{Zy¯nsâ ]SpIpgnbnÂ

hogp¶ kab¯v A`nam\saÃmw amänsh¨v Xsâ aIsf \mSI¯ne

`n\bn¡m³ ]dªbt¡−nhcnIbpw A¡mcW¯m¯s¶ iymafbpsS

hnhmlw apS§pIbpw sN¿p¶XmWv kn\nabnse {][m\ {]tabw. \mSI

¡mcnsb ‘Agnªm«¡mcn’bmbmWv kaqlw ImWp¶Xv. \mSI¡mcnsb

aämcpw hnhmlw Ign¡nsöpw Ahsf Xm³Xs¶ hnhmlw sN¿msa¶pw

aq¯aIfpsS `À¯mhv ]dbp¶Xv AXpsIm−mWv. \mSIm`n\bs¯

am\yamb Hcp sXmgnembn ImWm³ A¶s¯ kaqlw X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ.

2.3.2.2. tPmen¡mcn: A]am\nX

PohnX¯nembmepw kn\nabnembmepw Zcn{ZIpSpw_§fntebpw

IogmfIpSpw_§fntebpw kv{XoIÄ the¡mcnbmbn ho«ptPmenIfnÂ

GÀs¸Sp¶p. AXns\ IogmfXbpsS {]Imi\ambn ImWpIbpw sNbvXp

t]mcp¶p. Cu the¡mcnIÀ¯rXz¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bnemWv sXmgnenteÀ

s¸Sp¶ kv{Xosb kaqlw I−pt]mcp¶Xv.

kv{XoIÄ sXmgn-ep-I-fn-teÀs¸-Sp¶ Zriy-§Ä BZy-Im-e-aebmf kn\n-

a-I-fn [mcm-f-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-−v. AhaXn-t¸m-sS-bmWv Ah-cpsS {]Xn-

\n-[m\w \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-«p-t]m-¶Xv F¶p ImWmw. "IÅn-s¨-ý'bn sNÃ-

½bpw Iq«p-Imcpw N´-bn I¨-h-S-¯n\p t]mIp-¶-Xmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶p. "shfp¯ I{Xo\'bn I{Xo\ \nÀ½m-W-ta-J-e-bn sXmgn-en-s\-¯p-

¶Xpw AhnsS ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ahsf NqjWw sN¿m³ {ian-¡p-¶Xpw ImWmw.

120
"\mS³s]®v' F¶ kn\n-a-bn A¨m½ (jo-e) Ib-dp-ev]m-Z-\-tI-{µ-¯nÂ

]Wn-¡p-t]m-hp-¶Xpw AhnsS DtZym-K-Ø-\mb _m_p (t{]w-\-koÀ)hpambn

{]W-b¯nemhp-¶Xpw ]n¶o-Sp-−m-hp¶ hnLv\-§-fp-amWv {]ta-bw.

tPmen¡p t]mhp¶ kv{Xo t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\-§Ä {]ta-b-am¡n Nn{Xo-I-cn¨

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-I-fn {][m-\-s¸« H¶mWv "DtZym-KØ'.

IpSpw_¯n\pth−n PohnXw Dgnªpsh¨ hnae (imcZ)bmWv

‘DtZymKØ’(1967) bnse \mbnI. s]³j³]änb AÑsâ XpÑamb hcpam\w

sIm−vv hoSp]peÀ¯m\mhmsX h¶t¸mÄ Ip«nIÄ¡v Syqjs\Sp¯pw

aäpamWv A\nb³ tKm]nbpw(t{]w\koÀ) A\nb¯n ameXnbp(Pb`mcXn)

aS§nb IpSpw_s¯ AhÄ \bn¡p¶Xv. hnaebpsS apds¨dp¡³

cmP\pambn(kXy³) AhÄ {]Wb¯nemWv. tKm]nsb tImtfPneb¨p

]Tn¸n¡m\pw A\nb¯nbpsS hnhmlw \S¯m\pw IjvSs¸« AhÄ F§

s\sb¦nepw Hcp tPmen e`n¡Wsa¶ Nn´bn aÕc¸co£sbgpXp¶p.

]co£ Ignªv CâÀhyq ImÀUv In«nb hnae hfsc kt´mjt¯msS

cmPsâ kao]t¯¡v HmSnsb¯p¶p. ]s£, hnae tPmen¡v t]mhp¶Xv

cmP\v CjvSambncp¶nÃ. Xsâ A\njvSw cmP³ Xpd¶p]dbp¶pap−v.

kv{XoIsf tPmen¡b¡p¶Xn A¡me¯v henb FXnÀ¸pIfmWv

kaql¯nep−mbncp¶Xv. ]t£ hnaebv¡v aäp amÀ¤anÃm¯Xn\mÂ

AhÄ tPmen¡p t]mhm³ X¿mdmhp¶p.

tPmen¡pth−n ]pd¯nd§p¶ kv{Xosb¡pdn¨v ho«nepÅhÀ¡pw

\m«nepÅhÀ¡pw henb D¡WvTbmWv. GsX¦nepw ]pcpjt\mSv X\n¨v

kwkmcnt¡−n h¶m AhÄ A]hmZ¯n\v ]m{Xambn¯ocp¶p. DtZymK

Øbmb kv{Xo s]mXphnS§fnepw ho«n\pÅnepw A\p`hnt¡−nhcp¶

{]iv\w tPmen`mcw am{XaÃ, s]mXpkaqls¯ t_m[ys¸Spt¯−p¶

BZÀi¯nsâ `mcw IqSnbmWv. ao\m Sn. ]nÅ FgpXp¶p:

121
 “cmjv{Sob]chpw \nba]chpamb XpeyXbps−¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ps−-

¦nepw kv{XobpsS ASna¯at\m`mhw XpS§p¶Xpw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xpw

aäp kmaqlycwK§fnte¡v hym]cn¡p¶Xpw ]nXrtaÂt¡mbvabpsS

tNmZyw sN¿s¸Sm¯ tIm«bmb IpSpw_¯nÂ\n¶pXs¶bmWv. CS¯cw

sXmgnemfnhÀ¤¯nÂs¸« kv{XoIÄ PohnXamÀ¤w tXSn hoSn\p ]pd¯p

t]mbmepw [rXns¸«v ho«n Xncns¨¯n `mcy, A½, acpaIÄ F¶o

tdmfpIÄ \nÀÆln¡p¶XpImWmw. F¦n am{Xta AhÄ¡v ho−pw

]pdwtemI¯v {]hÀ¯n¡m\pÅ k½Xnbpw AwKoImchpw e`n¡pI

bpÅq.”17

ho«nepw tPmenØe¯pw am\yambcoXnbn s]cpamdnbn«pw

hnaebv¡v Zpjvt]cp−mbn. taeptZymKØsâ ASp¯v X\n¨v kwkmcn¨Xpw

H¶n¨p bm{XsNbvXXpw hnaesb¡pdn¨v A]hmZw ]dbm³ BfpIÄ¡v hI

\evIn. Ip«n¡mew apXÂ ASp¯dnbmhp¶ AhfpsS ImapI³ cmP³

t]mepw Ahsf XÅn¸dªp. A\nb\pw A\nb¯nbpw Ahsf thiym

kv{Xosb¶p ap{ZIp¯pIIqSn sNbvXt¸mÄ AhÄ XIÀ¶pt]mhp¶p.

A]hmZw ]dbp¶Xn\p am{Xambn Hcp ap¯Èn IYm]m{Xw kn\n

abn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p−vv. aäpÅhcpsS kzImcyXbnte¡v I®pw\«ncn

¡p¶ C¯cw BfpIÄ \½psS kaql¯n \nch[nbmWv. X§fpsS

Xmev]cy§Ä¡\pkcn¨v CÃm¡YIÄ ]dªp−m¡n IpSpw__Ô§fnÂ

hnÅ hogv¯p¶hfmWv Cu kn\nabnse ap¯Èn. kvt\ln¡p¶hscÃmw

A]hmZwtI«v hnizkn¨v Xs¶ A]cm[nbm¡nbXn a\ws\m´ hnaebpsS

acW¯nemWv kn\na Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv.

2.3.2.3. At\zjn¨p; Is−¯nbnÃ: kn\nabnse \gvkpPohnXw

kn\nabnse \gvkpamcpsS Nn{XoIcWw khntij{i²bÀln¡p¶

H¶mWv. ‘At\zjn¨p Is−¯nbnÃ’ (1967) F¶ kn\nasb ap³\nÀ¯n

122
C¯csamcp ]cntim[\ \S¯mhp¶XmWv. BXpctkh\w PohnX{hXambn

I− kqk½(sI.BÀ.hnPb) F¶ t\gvkmWv kn\nabnse tI{µIYm

]m{Xw. anen«dn Bip]{Xnbnse t\gvkmb AhÄ¡v t\cntS−nhcp¶

{]iv\§sfbmWv kn\na Xpd¶pImWn¡p¶Xv. anen«dn Bip]{Xnbnse

tUmIvSÀ(kXy³) {]Wbm`yÀ°\bpambn Ahsf kao]n¡p¶p. tUmIvSÀ

aäp ]e t\gvkpamtcbpw NXn¨Imcyw A\p`hØcnÂ\n¶pXs¶ a\Ên

em¡nb AhÄ ]n·mdp¶p. anen«dn kÀÆokn\ptijw \m«nse¯nb

kqk½sb s]®pImWm³ h¶ BÄ apt¶m«p sh¨ \n_Ô\ AhÄ

t\gvkmbncp¶psh¶ Imcyw hnhmltijw aämcpw AdnbcpsX¶mbncp¶p.

kqk½ B hnhml¯n\v k½Xn¨nÃ.

""s]mXpth t\gvkp-am-cpsS tPmen IpSpw-_-kv{Xo-I-fpsS am\y-Xbv¡pw

s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-tâtbm `qcn-]-£-k-aq-l-¯n-tâtbm AwKo-Im-c-¯n\pw

kzoIm-cyX¡pw ]pd-¯p-Å-Xm-bn-«mWv Icp-X-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.''18 Cusbmcp s]mXp-

t_m[w krjvSn¨ ImgvN-bn-emWv AhÄ Nqj-W-¯n-\n-c-bmbn¯ocp-¶-Xv.

]n¶oSv A`ykvXhnZy\mb BâWn(a[p) BhfpsS PohnX¯nte¡v

BIkvanIambn IS¶phcp¶p. ZkvXtbmhvkvInbpw tSmÄtÌmbnbpsaÃm

ambncp¶p AhcpsS kwkmchnjb§Ä. ImgvNbn am\ys\¶p tXm¶p¶

BâWnbpw Ahsf NXn¡pIbmbncp¶p. AhcpsS _Ôw ZrVambn¯o

cp¶Xn\pap¼pXs¶ BâWn hnhmhnlnX\msW¶ kXyw a\Ênem¡n

AhÄ ]n·mdp¶p. tPmenØes¯ ]oU\w kln¡m\mhmsX \m«nse

¯nb AhÄ¡v AhntSbpw ]oU\m\p`h§sfbmWv A`napJoIcnt¡−n

hcp¶Xv. Npcp¡¯n Cu kn\nabnse ]pcpjIYm]m{X§sfÃmw

kv{Xosb NqjWw sN¿m³ {ian¡p¶ a\pjyXzclnXcmbmWv Nn{XoIcn¡

s¸«n«pÅXv. F¶m Cu ]pcpjIYm]m{X§tfmSv bmsXmcp hntZzjhpw

ImWnIfn P\n¸n¡p¶nà F¶XmWv kn\na apt¶m«shbv¡p¶

]cnNcWw. kn\nabn anenädn tUmIvSÀ Hc]ISw]än Bip]{XnbnÂ

123
InS¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n kqk¶tbmSv ]dbp¶Xv t\m¡pI. “Hcp]mSv sXäp

IÄ sNbvX F\n¡v \ns¶ I−tXmsS amdWsa¶p−mbncp¶p. AXns\m

chkcw \o X¶nÃ.” ChnsS ]pcpj³ sNbvX sXäns\ eLqIcn¡pIbpw

Ah\v sXäpXncp¯m³ Ahkcw \evIm¯Xn\v kv{Xosb sXäpImcn

bm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xmbn ImWmw. Xm³ hnhmlnX\msW¶ hkvXpX

ad¨psh¨v kqk¶sb {]Wbn¡m³ {ian¡p¶ BâWnsb sXäpImc\mbn

ImWn¡p¶nà F¶pam{Xaà hnhmlk½Xw Adnbn¡m³ BâWnbpsS

ho«nse¯nb kqk¶sb \m«pImÀ IqInbpw iImcn¨pw Xncn¨b¡pt¼mÄ

AhÄ sXäpImcnbmsW¶pw hcp¶p.

tIcf¯n F¬]XpIÄ¡p ap¼v Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkw e`n¨

kv{XoIfpsS F®w ]pcpj·msc At]£n¨v hfsc Ipdhmbncp¶p. F¬]

XpIfnemWv tIcf¯n tImtfPpIÄ DÄs¸sSbpÅ hnZym`ymkØm]

\§Ä [mcmfambn Øm]n¡s¸Sp¶Xv. BZyIme aebmfkn\nabnÂ

s]¬Ip«nIÄ tImtfPpIfn ]Tn¡p¶ Zriy§Ä hncfambn am{Xta

ImWpIbpÅq. (1974Â lcnlc³ kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘tImtfPv tKÄ’,

1975Â iinIpamÀ kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘]nIv\nIv’ F¶nh Iemeb]Ým¯

e¯nepÅ kn\naIfmWv) hnZym`ymkw e`n¡p¶ kv{XoIfmIs« kaql

¯nse D¶XhÀ¤{]Xn\n[nIfpambncn¡pw. ]mhs¸«htcm CS¯c¡mtcm

Bb kv{XoIsf hnZym`ymkw sN¿n¡p¶Xn\v A¶v {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨n

cp¶nÃ. ]m«pw \r¯hpw A`ykn¡p¶Xn\¸pdw aäpsXmgnepIfnsem¶pw

hnZym`ymkw t\Snb D¶XIpekv{XoIsf Ab¨ncp¶panÃ. P·nIpSpw

_§fnse ]pcpj·mÀt]mepw ]pd¯p tPmen¡pt]mhp¶Xv A`nam\£X

ambn«mWv I−ncp¶Xv. ‘hnbÀ¸nsâ hne’ F¶ kn\nabn XdhmSv XIÀ¶v

apgp¯ Zmcn{Zy¯nembn«pw aI³ I−IvSÀ tPmen¡p t]mbXdnªv am\w

XIÀs¶¶p hne]n¡p¶ tImbn¡Â IrjvW¡pdp¸v C¯c¡mcpsS

124
{]Xn\n[nbmWv. aIsâ tPmen FÃmhn[a\pjycpambn CSIeÀ¶XmWv.

FÃmhcpambn CSIecm³ A\phZn¡p¶Xà ]mc¼cyt_m[§Ä. B[p\n

IX Xpd¶n« C¯cw hgnIsf ]nt¶m«phen¡p¶ CXpt]mepÅ A`nam\

£X§Ä bmYmØnXnI ^yqUÂt_m[y§sf Ac¡n«pd¸n¡m\pÅ {ia

§fmbn ImWmw.

2.3.3. sXmgnenS§Ä þbYmXYkn\naIfpsS Imew

F¬]XpIÄ¡p ap¼pÅ kn\naIfn sXmgnenS§fnse kv{Xo

km¶n[yw ]mhs¸« Zcn{ZIpSpw_§fnÂ\n¶mbncp¶p. AXpsIm−pXs¶

kaql¯nse CXcbnS§fnse¶t]mse sXmgnenS§fnepw kv{XoIÄ Nqj

W¯n\v hnt[bcmbn. kn\nabnepw kn\na¡p]n¶nepw kv{XoIÄ NqjWw

sN¿s¸«p. “enwK]Zhnbpw sXmgnepw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´

IÄ C¶p kPohamWv. ]et¸mgpw ]pcpj·mcpsS sXmgnepw thX\hpw

kv{XoIfptSXnt\¡mÄ aqeyh¯mbn IW¡m¡p¶p. Iqenbpw AwKoIm

chpw sXmgn ]cnØnXnIfpw kv{XoItf¡mÄ IqSpX sa¨s¸«Xpam

Ip¶p.”19 ImÀjnItaJe¡v {]m[m\yap−mbncp¶ BZyIme§fn kn\na

bnepw kv{XoIfpsS {][m\sXmgnenSambn Nn{XoIcn¨ncp¶Xv ImÀjnI

taJeXs¶bmWv. Rmdp\SpI, shÅwtXIpI, hnfsIm¿pI XpS§nb

tPmenIfnseÃmw ]pcpjt\msSm¸w kv{XoItfbpw Nn{XoIcn¨Xmbn ImWmw.

sImbv¯p]m«p]mSn \r¯wsN¿p¶ kv{Xo]pcpj·msc A¶s¯ kn\n

aIÄ AWnbns¨mcp¡n. hnfshSp¸v HcmtLmjambn«mWv Zriyhev¡

cn¨ncp¶Xv. {KmaoWtaJebn A¶v kar²ambncp¶ ImgvNIfmWv

kn\nabnepw Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«Xv. sXm−pXÃn Ibdp−m¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ,

Ae¡pImcnIÄ, ao³hnev]\¡mcnIÄ, ho«pthe¡mÀ, ]m¡mcnIÄ,

]qhnev]\¡mcnIÄ, ]¨¡dnhnev]\¡mcnIÄ XpS§nb tdmfpIfnÂ

kv{XoIfpsS km¶n[yw ImWmw. \mbnImIYm]m{X§ÄXs¶ C¯cw

125
sXmgnenteÀs¸«Xmbn Nn{XoIcn¨n«p−v. ‘ImÀ¯nI’ F¶ kn\nabnse

\mbnI ]m¡mcnbmWv. ‘]mhs¸«hÄ’ F¶ kn\nabnse tI{µIYm]m{Xw

ho«pthe¡mcnbmWv. ‘\mS³s]®v’ F¶ Nn{X¯nse \mbnI A¨m½

Ibdpev]mZ\tI{µ¯nse sXmgnemfnbmWv. ‘IÅns¨Ã½’bnse sNý

N´bn I¸ hnev¡p¶hfmWv. \½psS kaql¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶

PohnXmhØIsf¯s¶bmWv `qcn]£w kn\naIfnepw Bhnjv¡cn

¨n«pÅXv. AtXmsSm¸w Cu AhØIsf \ne\nÀ¯m\pXIp¶ s]mXp

t_m[\nÀ½nXnbpw kw`hn¡p¶p−v.

kv{XoIÄ ho«n\I¯pw ]pd¯pw kpc£nXcsö t_m[w

krjvSn¡p¶ \nch[n kn\naIÄ aebmf¯nep−v. am\knIhpw

imcocnIhpamb \nch[n ]oU\§tfäphm§p¶ ZpxJ]p{XnIfmbncp¶p

BZyImekn\naIfnse an¡ kv{XoIYm]m{X§fpw. imcZbpw joebpsaÃmw

C¯cw ZxJ]p{XnamÀ¡v shÅn¯ncbn Poh³ \evInbhcmWv.

kv{XoIÄs¡Xnsc \S¡p¶ C¯cw It¿ä§sf Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xp hgn

Ahs¡Xncmb at\m`mhw t{]£Icnep−m¡m\mWv kn\na e£yw

sh¡p¶sX¦nepw AXnsâ ]cnNcWcoXn aqew hn]coX^eamWv D−m

bn¯ocp¶Xv.

kv{Xo kpc£nXbsö t_m[w BhÀ¯n¨pd¸n¡pI aqew

kv{XoIfn A]IÀjXmt_m[w Dfhm¡m³ kn\na ImcWambn

¯ocp¶p−v. kzX{´ambn Xocpam\saSp¡m³ t]mepw {]m]vXnbnÃm

¯hfmbn kv{Xosb amäp¶Xn\pw AXpImcWambn¯ocp¶p. ‘hnbÀ¸nsâ

hne’(1962)F¶ kn\nabn Xsâ CjvS¯ns\Xncmbn Aѳ hnhmlw

\nÝbn¨t¸mÄ {]Wbapt]£n¨psIm−v Hma\ ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI:

“Rm³ \nan¯w IpSpw_¯ns\mcp Ipg¸hpap−mIcpXv. ]eXpw klnt¡-

−hctà s]¬Ip«nIÄ. Rm³ kln¨psImÅmw. A½ ]dbp¶XptI«p,

126
s]¬Ip«nIÄ hnhml¯n\p tijamWv kvt\ln¡p¶sX¶v. kzX{´ambn

kvt\ln¡m³t]mepw AhImianÃm¯hcmtWm s]¬Ip«nIÄ?.” IpSpw_

¯n\pth−n Xsâ CjvS§sf amänsh¡p¶ kv{XoItfbmWv `qcn]£w

kn\nabpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. Hcp {]Xntj[wt]mepanÃmsX \nÊlmbXsb

hn[nsb¶pIcpXn Bizkn¡p¶hcmWhÀ.

kpc£nXbÃm¯ kv{Xosb Nn{XoIcn¡p¶nSs¯ ]pcpjImgvNsb

¡pdn¨pw Nn´nt¡−Xp−v. ‘Ip¸nhf’sb¶(1965) kn\nabn Hcp apÉow

kv{Xosb ho«n AXn{Ian¨pIbdn ]oUn¸n¡ms\mcp§p¶ A{Iansb

\m«pImscÃmwtNÀ¶v HmSn¨Xn\ptijw samÃm¡ ]dbp¶Xv t\m¡pI:

“sI«n¡m\mb s]®pw shSnacp¶p]pcbpw Hcpt]msebmWv.” kq£n¨n

sæn GXp \nanjhpw I¯nt¸mImhp¶hfmWv kv{Xo F¶ t_m[amWv

Cu hm¡pIfn {]ISamhp¶Xv. ‘\mS³ s]®v’(1967) F¶ kn\nabnse

hÀ¡nbpsS hm¡pIfpw CtX coXnbnemWv. “Cu s]s®¶p ]dbp¶Xp

Xs¶ XobtÃ. kq£n¨v ssIImcyw sNbvXnsæn s]mÅp¶XdnbnÃ.”

AtX kn\nabn asämcp IYm]m{X¯nsâ hm¡pIÄ kv{Xosb¡pdn¨pÅ

]pcpjImgvNsb kqNn¸n¡p¶p. “s]®p§fpsS a\Êv A−À{Ku−m. Hcp

]nSnbpwIn«nÃ. s\©n\I¯v h¶psImÅpt¼mtg Adnbq.”

IpSpw_¯nse kv{XoIfpsS kwc£tWm¯chmZn¯w ]pcpjtâ

XmsW¶ t_m[w \½psS kaql¯nep−v. Iuamc¯n ]nXmhpw buh\

¯n `À¯mhpw hmÀ²Iy¯n ]p{X·mcpw kv{XobpsS kwc£WtasäSp

¡Wsa¶ a\pkvarXn hN\¯n\p]pdInepw Cu t_m[wXs¶bmWv. ]nXm

hnsâ A`mh¯n ktlmZc\mWv kwc£W¨paXe. AXpsIm−mWv

‘apds¸®v’ F¶ kn\nabn tIih³Ip«ntbmsSm¸w cm{Xnbn ktlmZcn

A½nWnsb I−Xn\v _me³ Ahsf XÃpIbpw iImcn¡pIbpw

127
sN¿p¶Xv. ‘shfp¯I{Xo\’bnse I{Xo\ \nc´cw ]oUn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ IYm

]m{Xambn«mWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AhfpsS ktlmZc³ tZh³ sIme

]mXInbmbn amdp¶Xv ktlmZcnsb kwc£n¡m\pÅ {ia¯nemWv.

2.3.4. BhÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶ ]Xn¸pIÄ

kn\na Hcp Iemcq]sa¶tXmsSm¸w hyhkmbhpamsW¶Xn\mÂ

km¼¯nIhnPbw t\SpIsb¶ e£ywIqSn km£mXvIcnt¡−Xp−v.

AXpsIm−pXs¶ km¼¯nIhnPbw t\Snb kn\nabpsS {]amWkq{X

§Ä (formula) BhÀ¯n¡p¶ coXn kn\nabn {]ISambn ImWmw. Hmtcm

ImeL«¯ntebpw t{]£IcpsS A`ncpNn¡\pkcn¨pÅ cwK§Ä ap³Iq«n

Xocpam\n¡pIbpw IYmkµÀ`§Ä krjvSn¨v AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶

coXnbmWv kn\nabn ImWp¶Xv. \r¯w,Km\w, kwL«\w, lmkyw,

icoc{]ZÀi\w (IpfncwKw apXembh), F¶n§s\bpÅ tNcphIÄ

kn\nabn GsXms¡bfhn D−mhWsa¶v Xocpam\n¨ tijw AXn\p

X¡ IYmkµÀ`§tfm D]IYItfm {][m\IYmicoc¯n sI«nsh¡p

IbmWv ]et¸mgpw sN¿p¶Xv. kmlnXyIrXnIsf D]Pohn¨mWv BZyIme

aebmfkn\naIÄ \nÀ½n¨ncp¶Xv AXpsIm−pXs¶ kmlnXy¯nse¶

t]mse ‘[otcmZm¯\Xn{]Xm]KpWhm³’ F¶ coXnbnepÅ \mbI

k¦ev]wXs¶bmWv BZyImekn\naIfnepw I−phcp¶Xv. kÀÆKpW

k¼¶\mb \mbIsâ \nÀ½nXntbmsSm¸w hncp²kz`mh¯nepÅ {]Xn\m

bI\pw krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶p. \mbIsâ PohnXbm{Xbn {]Xn_Ôamsb

¯p¶ {]Xn\mbIs\ adnIS¶v hnPbw t\Sp¶XmWv an¡kn\nabptSbpw

LS\. {]Xn\mbI³ hyànXs¶ Bbncn¡Wsa¶v \nÀ_ÔanÃ.

\mbIsâ PohnXKXn¡v hnLv\w hcp¯p¶ kµÀ`§tfm kw`h§tfm

{]Xn\mbIXzambn ]cnKWn¡mw. FÃmbnS¯pw BXy´nIambn \mbI³

hnPbn¡p¶Xmbncn¡pw AXnsâ kam]vXn.

128
 a\pjysâ D¸¯nsb¡pdn¨pÅ sFXolyIYIÄsXm«v {]Wbw

{]tabamb IYIÄ \nch[nbmWv. BZyIme aebmfkn\naIfnepw {]Wbw

{][m\ {]tabambn ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶p. irwKmc¯nsâ ASnØm

\`mhamb {]Wbw a\pjyPohnX¯nsâXs¶ B[mcamsW¶p ]dbmw.

apJy{]tabamtbm A\p_ÔIYmcq]¯ntem {]Wbw IS¶phcm¯

aebmfkn\naIÄ hncfamWv. hnhml]qÀÆ{]Wbw, hnhmtlXc{]Wbw,

{XntImW{]Wbw F¶n§s\ sshhn[yamÀ¶ {]Wbkn\naIÄ aebmf

¯nep−v. Ch¡v s]mXphmb Nne ]mtäWpIÄ ImWmw. bphXo

bphm¡fpsS kamKahpw XpSÀ¶pÅ {]Wbhpw AXn\nSbn h¶p

`hn¡p¶ hnLv\§fpw AXv XcWwsNbvXv hnhml¯nse¯p¶ {]Wb

km^eyhpw BWv s]mXpLS\. kamKaw, {]Wbw, hnLv\w, kam]vXn

F¶o LSI§fn hcp¯p¶ amä§fneqsSbmWv sshhn[yapÅ

{]WbIYIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xv. kamKa¯n\pÅ kµÀ`§fnep−mIp¶

amäw, {]WbKXnbnep−mIp¶ hnLv\§fpsS hyXykvXX, {]Wb

kam]vXnbnep−mIp¶ ]cnWmaw F¶n§s\ {]WbIYIfn hyXykvXX

]peÀ¯pt¼mgpw A´À[mcbmbn HtcLS\Xs¶bmWv XpScp¶Xv.

kamKawþhnLv\wþkam]vXn CXmWv {]WbNn{XoIcW¯nsâ s]mXpLS\.

{]Wb¯nteÀs¸Sp¶ hyànIfpsS kmaqlymhØIfnse hyXncn

àX Hcp {][m\LSIamWv. hyXykvX PmXnbntem aX¯ntem s]«hÀ,

hyXykvX km¼¯nIØnXnbnepÅhÀ F¶n§s\ hncp²tNcnbnepÅhÀ

X½nepÅ {]Wb¯n\v hnLv\ambn¯ocp¶Xv ]et¸mgpw Cu sshcp²yw

Xs¶bmWv. C¯cw hnLv\§Ä XcWwsN¿m³ IgnbmsX Zpc´]cy

hkmbn Bbn¯ocp¶ {]WbamWv an¡ kn\naIfnepw Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv.

2.3.5. icoc¯nsâ ZriyhgnIÄ; A[nImc¯nsâbpw

kn\nasb Hcp ZriyIesb¶coXnbn ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ kv{Io\nÂ

Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶ Zriyhpw AXpev]mZn¸n¡p¶ AÀ°hpw sIm−mWv

129
t{]£Is\ BkzmZ\¯nsâ ckm\p`h§fnse¯n¡p¶Xv. GsXmcp

Adnhpw a\pjy\p kzmb¯amIp¶Xn apJym{ibw `mjbmWv. kn\nasb

kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Zriy§fmWv AXnsâ `mj. kn\nabnse Zriy§fnÂ

{][m\amWv IYm]m{X§Ä. IYm]m{X§sf F§s\ ZriyhevIcn

¡p¶psh¶Xns\ ASnØm\am¡nbmWv kn\nabpsS kwthZ\w km[yam

Ip¶Xv. kn\nasb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw FÃmZriy§fpw BJym\w

\nÀÆln¡p¶Xnsâ `mKamWv. IYmJym\w \nÀÆln¡p¶Xn IYm]m{X

§fpsS icoc`mj¡v \nÀ®mbIamb Øm\ap−v.

`mcXob\mSyNn´Ifnse BwKnIm`n\bs¯bà icoc`mj F¶

{]tbmKwsIm−p Ipdn¡p¶Xv. GsX¦nepsamcp IYm]m{Xs¯ \nÀ½ns¨Sp

¡p¶Xn\mbn ssIs¡mÅp¶ ap{ZIsf¶ \nebnepÅ IcNcWmZnIfpsS

Ne\¯n AXnsâ hnh£ HXp§p¶nÃ. icoc¯nsâ cq]þNe\

hntij§fneqsS kmwkvImcnIamb AÀ°Xe§sf Dev]mZn¸ns¨

Sp¡p¶Xns\bmWv ChnsS kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. A[nImc¯nsâbpw A[oiXz

¯ntâXpamb hnh£IÄ {]ISam¡p¶ imcocnI CSs]SemWXv. C¯cw

kqN\ItfmsS icocs¯ a\Ênem¡p¶ Hcp Nn´mkmlNcyw kaIme

kmwkvImcnI]T\cwKw apt¶m«psh¨n«p−v. icocw Hcp Xmt¡m ]Zambn

amdnbXv Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv. icoc`mjsbs´¶v tUm. tPmkv sI.

am\ph hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv {i²n¡pI: “icoc¯nsâ \nbXamb `mjbpw

icocw krjvSn¡p¶ `mjbpw ka\zbn¨mWv icoc`mjbp−mhp¶Xv. Cu

icoc`mj Fs´¶v kmam\yambn ]dªmÂ, Bibhn\nab¯n\mbn

t_m[]qÀÆtam AÃmsXtbm icoc¯nse GsX¦nepsamcp Ahb

hs¯tbm H¶ne[nIw Ahbh§sftbm hn\ntbmKn¡p¶ icocNe\

§fptStbm CXc {]hÀ¯\§fpsStbm BsI¯pIbnÂ\n¶pw DÛhn

¡p¶ AÀ°w AYhm AÀ°§fpsS XpSÀ¨bmWv icoc`mj.”20 kmwkv

130
ImcnI]TnXm¡Ä {i²n¡p¶ A[nImc]camb Xe§Ä Cu hnhcW¯nÂ

tNmÀ¶pt]mIp¶p−v.

icoc`mj A[nImchpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. taÂt¡mbvabpÅ

CS§fnse hyànbpsS icoc`mjbpw AÃm¯ CS§fnse icoc`mjbpw

hyXykvXamWv. kv{XobptSbpw ]pcpjtâbpw icoc`mjIÄ kµÀ`§Ä

¡\pkcn¨v hyXykvXambncn¡pw. kn\namZriy§fn CXv {]ISambn

ImWmw.

‘Hcp s]®nsâ IY’ (1971) F¶ kn\na DZmlcWambn ]cntim

[n¡mw. [\nI\mb Hcp FtÌäpSambmWv am[h³X¼n(kXy³). FtÌänse

Hcp sXmgnemfnbpsS aIfmWv kmhn{Xn(joe). kmhn{XnbpsS sXmgnemfn

t\Xmhpw hn¹hImcnbpamb ImapI³ cmP³(D½À) kmhn{XnbpsS ho«nÂ

Hfnhn Xmakn¡p¶Xv am[h³X¼n ImWm\nSbmhp¶p. cmPs\

Xncn¨dnª am[h³X¼n t]meokn hnhcadnbn¡psa¶v `b¶v ip]mÀi

bpambn X¼nbpsS ho«nse¯nb kmhn{Xnsb AbmÄ _emÕwKw

sN¿p¶p. KÀ`nWnbmb kmhn{Xntbbpw Iq«n ]nXmhv, aIsf hnhmlw Ign¡

Wsa¶ Bhiyhpambn am[h³X¼nsb kao]n¡p¶ cwKw {i²n¡pI.

apXemfnbmb X¼n Xsâ ho«nse tImWn¸Snbn apIfn \nev¡p¶

kµÀ`¯nemWv Xmsg kmhn{Xnbpw ]nXmhpw ISs¶¯p¶Xv. Cu tjm«nÂ

A[nImcapÅ am[h³X¼n DbÀ¶ \nebnepw At]£bpamsb¯p¶

kmhn{Xnbpw ]nXmhpw Xmsg \nebnepw \nev¡p¶Xmbn Nn{XoIcn¨n

cn¡p¶Xv t_m[]qÀÆamWv. Cu IYm]m{X§fpsS `mjbnepw icoc`mj

bnepw A[nImc¯nsâ Gä¡pd¨nepIÄ {]ISamWv.

KÀ`nWnbmb Xsâ aIsf AXn\p¯chmZnbmb am[h³X¼n kzoI

cn¡nsöv t_m[yambt¸mÄ kmhn{XnbpsS ]nXmhv BßlXysN¿p¶p.

\ncmew_bmb kmhn{Xn \mSphnSpIbpw thiymhr¯nbnteÀs¸«v [\nI

131
bmbn Kmb{XntZhn F¶ t]cn X¼ntbmSv {]XnImcw sN¿m³ Xncns¨

¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Imew amdnbt¸mtg¡pw am[h³X¼nbpsS k¼s¯Ãmw

£bn¨p. At±l¯nsâ FtÌäv Kmb{XntZhn hnes¡Sp¡p¶p. _m¦nÂ

\n¶v P]vXn t\m«okv In«pIbpw aIfpsS hnhml¯n\p ap¼pXs¶

hoSphn«nd§Wsa¶ AhØhcnIbpw sNbvXtXmsS X¼nbpsS `mcy

Kmb{XnbpsS AcnIn At]£bpamsb¯p¶p. AhtcmSv Kmb{Xn Xm³

kmhn{Xnbmbncp¶ Ime¯v am[h³X¼n sNbvX {IqcXIsf¡pdn¨v Xpd¶p

]dbp¶p. Kmb{XntZhn kmhn{XnbmsW¶dnªv am[h³X¼n Ahsc ImWm

s\¯p¶ cwKhpw {it²bamWv. k¼¯pw A[nImchpapÅ Kmb{XntZhn

ho«n\pÅn tImWn¸Snbn DbÀ¶ Øm\¯pw am[h³X¼n apdnbnÂ

XmsgØm\¯pw \nev¡p¶XmbmWv Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv (Nn{Xw 5

ImWpI).

Kmb{XntZhnbpsS `mjbnepw icoc`mjbnepw A[nImc¯nsâ AS

bmf§Ä {]ISamWv. kmhn{Xntbbpw Kmb{XntZhntbbpw kn\nabnÂ

AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv joe F¶ \SnbmWv. AhØm´c§Ä¡\pkrXamb

`mjbpw icoc`mjbpamWv joe {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv. \ncmew_bmb

kmhn{Xnsb \{aapJnbpw anX`mjnbpambpw Kmb{Xnsb t\Àhn]coX

bmbpamWv Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv.

]pcpj³/kv{Xo F¶pÅ ]cnKW\bn Ft¸mgpw A[oiØm\w

(domination) ]pcpj\msW¶Xn\m am[h³X¼nbpsS thj¯n kyq«pw

tIm«pw hm¡nwKvÌn¡psaÃmw A[nImckqN\tbmsS ImgvNs¸Sp¶p−v.

km¼¯nIambn XIÀ¶ AhØbnepw ]pcpjs\¶ \nebnepÅ

A[nImcw X¼nbpsS hm¡pIfn {]ISamWv. Xt¶mSv {]XnImcw sN¿m

\mWv Kmb{XntZhnsb¯nbsX¶v tI«t¸mÄ ‘AXn\v \n\¡v Cu P·w

132
XnIbpIbnÃ’ F¶pw ‘\o Hcp s]®mWv’ F¶pw A[nImc[mÀjvTyt¯msS

X¼n ]dbp¶Xv ImWmw.

kv{Xo = hnImc]cw (emotional) = A[o\Xzw (subordination) F¶pw

]pcpj³ = bpànklw (rational) = A[oiXzw (domination ) F¶papÅ

Xc¯n ImWp¶ kmaqlycoXn kn\nabnepw A\phÀ¯n¡p¶Xmbn

ImWmw.

‘\mS³s]®v’ F¶ Nn{X¯n A]cnNnXamb Hcp \m«n Ibdp

ev]mZ\tI{µ¯n sk{I«dnbmbn tPmenbn {]thin¡p¶Xn\v F¯nb

_m_p hgnbt\zjn¡m³ ap¶n \S¶pt]mIp¶ kv{XobpsS kao]t¯¡v

thK¯n t]mIpt¼mÄ AhÄ `bNInXbmbn HmSnt¸mIp¶XmWv

ImWp¶Xv. Xs¶ HcmÄ ]n´pScp¶XpI−v A¨m½ `bt¶mSp¶Xv

F´psIm−mWv? kv{Xo kpc£nXbsöpw GXp kab¯pw B{Ian¡

s¸Smsa¶papÅ t_m[amWv AhfpsS k©mc¯n\v KXnthKw Iq«nbXv.

]cnNnXamb CS§fnÂt]mepw A]cnNnX\mb ]pcpj\pap¶nÂ

\nev¡pt¼mÄ kv{XobpsS kzm`mhnIamb k©mcw amdpIbpw AhfpsS

icoc `mjXs¶ amdpIbpw sN¿p¶Xv {i²n¡pI. ‘Ipeo\’bmb kv{Xo

AS¡hpsamXp¡hpapÅhfmIWsa¶ Nn´ AhfpsS k©mc¯nepw

\nev]nepw HcpXcw hnt[bXzw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶p−v.

HmtcmImeL«¯nepw \ne\nev¡p¶ kmaqlycmjv{SobmhØ¡v

A\ptbmPyambXpw AXnsâ LS\sb tNmZywsN¿m¯Xpamb Hcp hyhØ

Xs¶bmWv kn\nabnepw hn\ykn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. \·bpsS {]Xncq]amb

\mbI\pw Xn·bpsS {]Xncq]amb {]Xn\mbI\pw X½nepÅ kwLÀjhpw

BXy´nIambn \·bpsS hnPbhpamWv BZyImes¯ kn\naIfpsS coXn.

C¯cw t^mÀapeIÄ kn\nabn BhÀ¯n¡p¶Xp ImWmw. F¶mÂ

F¬]XpIÄ¡ptijw Cu coXnbn amäw hcp¶p−v. \mbIk¦ev]wXs¶

133
amdnadnbpIbpw {]Xn\mbIkz`mhw \mbI\n BtZiwsN¿pIbpw

sN¿p¶XmWv hÀ¯am\Ime{]hWX. {Inan\ kz`mhapÅ Hcp]mSv

BW¯\mbI·mÀ¡v F¬]XpIÄ¡ptijw aebmfkn\na Poh³

\evInbn«p−v. Pb³, taml³em XpS§nb Xmc§sf {]tbmP\

s¸Sp¯ns¡m−pÅ IYm]m{X§sf HmÀ½n¡pI. \mbIicocs¯bpw

icoc`mjsbbpw khntijamb hgnIfn {IaoI cn¨psIm−pIqSnbmWv

Cu BW¯\nÀ½nXnIÄ km²yamIp¶sX¶p ImWmw. akn ]hÀ

Bbpw htcWyamb AwKNe\coXnIfmbpw icocw A[nImcamhmln¡p¶

kµÀ`§Ä \nch[nbmWv. ChnsS \·/Xn· F¶n§s\bpÅ

]c¼cmKXZzµz§ÄXs¶ A{]kàambn¯ocp¶p. BW[nImc¯n\p

ap¶n shÃphnfnbpbÀ¯m³ {ian¨p ]cmPnXbmbn Nqfnt¸mhpItbm

hgns¸SpItbm sN¿p¶ kv{XoIYm]m{X§fmWv A¯cw kn\naIfnÂ

\mbnImkzcq]ambn¯ocp¶sX¶pw ImWmw.

Ipdn¸pIÄ

1. GwKÂkv, s{^UdnIv 2010 IpSpw_w, kzImcykz¯v, `cWIqSw

F¶nhbpsS DÛhwþ]cn`mj: ]n.F³.ZmtamZc³ ]nÅ, Nn´

]»ntjgvkv. ]pdw 15.

2. AtX ]pkvXIw. ]pdw 42,43.

3. tZhnI, sP. 2015 ‘Ipekv{Xo’bpw‘N´s¸®pw’ D−mbsX§s\?,

tIcfimkv{XkmlnXy]cnj¯v, ]pdw 30,31.

4. F^v. ^mkäv (F.Fawcett) 1901 Nayars of Malabar. (sP.tZhnI

‘N´s¸®pw’‘Ipekv{Xo’bpwD−mbsX§s\? F¶ IrXnbnÂ

D²cn¨XnÂ\n¶v)

5. Pillai, Meena.T. (Dr) 2010 Becoming women Unwrapping

Femininityin Malayalam Cinema ’ in Women in Malayalam Cinema

134
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