Aim-:

1) To calibrate electromagnet.
2) To study the dependency of Hall Voltage on
magnetic field and current.
Theory-:
If a current carrying conductor is placed in a
perpendicular magnetic field, a potential difference will
generate in the conductor which is perpendicular to
both magnetic field and current. This phenomenon is
called Hall Effect and the generated voltage is called
Hall Voltage.
Hall Voltage can be denoted by VH , and an expression
for it is given as-:
VH = (RH*IH*H)/t
where,
VH = Hall Voltage
IH = Hall Current
RH = Hall Coefficient
t = Sample Thickness
Hall Coefficient Calculation-:The Hall coefficient is
determined by measuring the slope (m) of VH vs IH
graph.
RH = (m*t)/H

Apparatus-:
i) Two solenoids
ii) Constant current supply
iii) Four probes
iv) Digital gauss meter
v) Hall effect apparatus
Procedure-:
Connect constant current source to solenoids. Connect
four probes to the Gauss meter and place at the middle
of the two solenoids. Turn ON the connection and vary
the current through solenoid and vary the current from
1A to 5A and note the readings. Switch OFF the current
and Gauss meter. After that, fix the Hall probe on a
wooden stand. Connect some wires to the constant
current generator and milli voltmeter in the Hall Effect
apparatus. Replace the four probe with a hall probe
and place it perpendicular between the two solenoids.
Switch ON the current source and CCG. Carefully
increase the current from CCG and measure the hall
voltage. Repeat the step for a different magnetic field.
Thickness of sample to be measured using screw
gauge.

Observation Table, Calculation and Graph-:

1)B (Gauss) Magnetic field Vs I (A) Current
I(A) Current B(Gauss) Magnetic Field
1A 0.1482
1.5A 0.2223
2A 0.2964
2.5A 0.3706
3A 0.4447
3.5A 0.5188
4A 0.5929
4.5A 0.6670
5A 0.7411
I in Ampere and Magnetic Field in Gauss
0.8
Magnetic Field VS Current 0.7411
0.7
0.667
0.6 0.5923
Magnetic Field

0.5 0.5188
0.4447
0.4
0.3706
0.3 0.2964

0.2 0.2223
0.1482
0.1

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Electromagnet Current

We have, Magnetic field(B) = µoNI

Where, µo = 4π*10-7 N = no. of turns per unit length
Using this formula we can calculate the magnetic
field.
Hence, Slope = 0.2223 – 0.1482/1.5-1 = 0.1482
2)Hall Effect-:
a) Hall current through solenoid is constant but
electromagnetic current is varying -:
Electromagnet Current(in Ampere) VS
Hall Voltage(VH)(in mV)
6
Electromagnet Current in Ampere

5
4
3
2
1
0

Hall Voltage in Volt

Electromagnet Electromagnet Hall

Current in A Field (in Gauss) Voltage(VH)
in mV
1mA 0.1482 207.515
1.5mA 0.2223 311.272
2mA 0.2964 415.030
2.5mA 0.3706 518.787
3mA 0.4447 622.545
3.5mA 0.5188 726.302
4mA 0.5929 830.060
4.5mA 0.6670 933.817
5mA 0.7411 1037.575
b) Electromagnetic current through solenoid is
constant but hall current is varying-:
Hall Voltage(in mV) VS Hall Current(in mA)
6

4
Hall Current

0
207.515 311.272 415.03 518.787 622.545 726.302 830.06 933.817 1037.57
Hall Voltage(VH)

Hall Current(I) in mA Hall Voltage(VH) in mV

1mA 207.515
1.5mA 311.272
2mA 415.030
2.5mA 518.787
3mA 622.545
3.5mA 726.302
4mA 830.060
4.5mA 933.817
5mA 1037.570

Slope (m) = (311.272-207.515)/0.5 = 207.514

t=0.0005m
H=0.1482 Gauss
 RH = (m*t)/H = (207.514*0.0005)/0.1482 = 0.7001 m3
/C (calculated value)
RH Value as calculated by simulator = 0.5 m3 /C
B)Hall current is constant but electromagnetic current
through solenoid is varying:
Observation:
Here,material is gold

Result and Discussion-:

i)The graph b/w magnetic field and current is linear
which was expected
. ii)Hall Coefficient of the material (copper) as on
simulator = 0.7 m3 /C
iii)Hall Coefficient experimentally calculated= 0.7001
m3 /C
iv) Carrier concentration of the material as on
simulator = 8.92857e+18m-3
v) The Hall coefficient RH for a sample material
depends on following factors:
a)Number density of charge carriers
b)Temperature
c)Nature of material But is independent of dimensions
of material
vi)Hence,Hall Coefficient shown by simulator is equal
to the calculated value which is 0.7m3 /C
vii)The graph b/w Hall voltage and Hall current is linear
and b/w Hall voltage and current through solenoid is
also linear as expected.