CHUYÊN ĐỀ 6: NGỮ PHÁP – INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)

Trong một số trường hợp các phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó mà đảo lên đứng ở
đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ. Người ta gọi đó là câu đảo ngữ. Trong trường hợp đó
ngữ pháp sẽ thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu là trợ động từ rồi mới đến chủ ngữ và động từ chính:
Ví dụ:
Little did I know that he was a compulsive liar.
At no time (= never) did I say I would accept late homework.
1. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa trạng từ phủ định:
Nhìn chung, câu đảo ngữ thường được dùng để nhấn mạnh tính đặc biệt của một sự kiện nào đó và thường
được mở đầu bằng một phủ định từ.
 Nhóm từ: never (không bao giờ), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (hiếm khi).
Câu đảo ngữ chứa những trạng từ này thường được dùng với động từ ở dạng hoàn thành hay động từ khuyết
thiếu và có thể chứa so sánh hơn.
Ví dụ:
Never have I been more insulted!
Never in her life had she experienced this exhilarating emotion.
Seldom has he seen anything stranger.
Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable.
 Nhóm từ: hardly (hầu như không), barely (chỉ vừa đủ, vừa vặn), no sooner (vừa mới),
or scarcely (chỉ mới, vừa vặn).
Câu đảo ngữ chứa trạng ngữ này thường được dùng để diễn đạt một chuỗi các sự kiện xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.
No sooner had he finished dinner than she walked in the door. (Khi anh ấy vừa mới ăn tối xong thì chị ta
bước vào cửa).
2. Nhóm từ kết hợp sau “Only” như: only after, only when, only then…
Only after/only when/only then/only if + trợ động từ + S + V…
Only by + noun/V-ing + trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu + S + V….: chỉ bằng cách làm gì
Ví dụ:
Only then did I understand the problem.
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
Only by studying hard can you pass this exam.
Chú ý: nếu trong câu có hai mệnh đề, chúng ta dùng đảo ngữ ở mệnh đề thứ hai:
Only when you grow up, can you understand it.
Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you.
Only after the film started did I realise that I'd seen it before.
3. Nhóm từ: So, Such
Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “So” mang cấu trúc như sau:
So + tính từ + to be + Danh từ …
Ví dụ:
So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.
So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
Câu đảo ngữ có chứa “Such” mang cấu trúc như sau:
“Such + to be + Danh từ +…”
Ví dụ:
Such is the moment that all greats traverse.
Such is the stuff of dreams.
4. Not only...but also…
Not only + trợ động từ + S +V + but also + S + V…
Ví dụ:
Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.
5. Một số cấu trúc khác
• In/ Under no circumstances: Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không.
Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
• On no account: Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không

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On no accout must this switch be touched.
• Only in this way: Chỉ bằng cách này
Only in this way could the problem be solved
• In no way: Không sao có thể
In no way could I agree with you.
• By no means: Hoàn toàn không
By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.
• Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V
He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
Note:
• Khi một mệnh đề mở đầu bằng các thành ngữ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc trật tự thì động từ chính có thể đảo lên chủ
ngữ nhưng tuyệt đối không được sử dụng trợ động từ trong trường hợp này.
Adverbs of Place + main verb + S (no auxiliary)
In front of the museum is a statue.
First came the ambulance, then came the police.
Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
On the grass sat an enormous frog.
Along the road came a strange procession.
• Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh cũng có thể đảo lên đầu câu:
Not a single word did he say.
• Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up... có thể theo sau là một động từ chuyển động
và sau đó là một danh từ làm chủ ngữ:
– Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up...+ motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject.
Away went the runners.
Down fell a dozen of apples...
– Nhưng nếu một đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ:
Away they went.
Round and round it flew.
– Trong tiếng Anh viết (written English) các ngữ giới từ mở đầu bằng các giới từ down, from, in, on, over,
out of, round, up... có thể được theo sau ngay bởi động từ chỉ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand...) hoặc các
dạng động từ chỉ chuyển động, các động từ như be born/ die/ live và một số dạng động từ khác.
From the rafters hung strings of onions.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
Over the wall came a shower of stones.
*Chú ý: các ví dụ trên có thể diễn đạt bằng một V-ing mở đầu cho câu và động từ to be đảo lên trên chủ ngữ:
Hanging from the rafters were strings of onion.
Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.
Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.

PRACTICE ON INVERSION
I. Rewrite these sentences without changing the meaning
1. Rita doesn’t realize how serious her husband’s operation going to be. => Little …………………………..
2. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child.
=> Only when …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The only way you can become a good athlete is to train hard everyday. => Only by ……………………...
4. The council rarely allows appeals against its decision. => Hardly …………………………………………
5. The journalists only heard about the changes to the wedding plans when they arrived at the venue. => Not
until …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. He forgot about the gun until he got home. => Not until …………………………………………………..
7. We didn’t understand the lesson until the teacher explained it again. => Not until ………………………..
8. She didn’t practise enough exercise, so she got bad mark in the exam. => Only if ………………………...
9. The forth time he asked her to marry him, she accepted. => Only on his forth …………………………...
10. I have never seen such a mess in my life. => Never ……………………………………………………….

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11. The last thing you should do is to phone the police. => Under ……………………………………………
12. He never suspected that the money had been stolen. => At ……………………………………………….
13. Thanks to Lan’s support, I was able to finish the project. => Had ………………………………………...
14. The novel is so popular that people are ready to buy it. => Such ………………………………………….
15. Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong. => No sooner ………………………………………….
16. Long didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing. => Not until ………………….
17. His failure went beyond his expectation. => Never ……………………………………………………….
18. Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made. => No sooner ………………...
19. If his lawyer hadn’t advised him, he would have made a serious mistake. => Had it not ………………...
20. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. Jones. => Nowhere ………………………
21. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended. => Had it not …………..
22. Alice lost all her hope; she decided to stop her business. => Such was her ………………………………
23. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister. => Had ……..
24. Thanks to his aunt’s legacy of $10,000 he was able to buy the house he wanted. => Had ……………..
25. The worker only came out of the office when the manager promised to do this. => Only ………………..
26. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted. => So ……………………………………………………...
27. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk. => No sooner …………………..
28. If you want to save your eyesight, we must operate immediately. => Only ………………………………
29. Cheques should only be accepted with proof of identity. => Never………………………………………
30. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her. => Hardly ………………………..
31. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later. => Only ……………………………..
32. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. John => No where ……………………….
33. The outcome of the election was never in doubt. => At no time …………………………………...
34. The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united nation. => Only ………………………………...
35. I only recognized him when he put off the hat. => Not until ……………………………………………...
36.He was able to make himself heard only by shouting. Only by..................................................................
37. He didn't realize that he had lost the wallet till he got home. Not till .......................................................
38. My mother no longer spends 14 hours a day doing the housework. No longer ........................................
39. We've never seen such a clean and tidy house. Never ...............................................................................
40. He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away land.Hardly ........................................
41. We'll be able to accomplish this great task only by hard-working. Only by .............................................
42. I realized what was happening only then. Only then ................................................................................
43. Tuberculosis and pneumonia are no longer incurable diseases. No longer ...............................................
44. Tom hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life Hardly .......................................................
45. You will meet such an interesting person nowhere else.Nowhere ............................................................
46. When I received his letter I knew that he was still alive. Only when........................................................
47. After you have learnt English for a year, you can master most of the basic grammar. Only after ............
48. They not only robbed him but they also smashed everything. Not only....................................................
49. My parents no longer work on Saturdays and Sundays. No longer............................................................
50. My brother no longer learns English in an evening class.  No longer........................................................
51. I had hardly started speaking when he interrupted me. Hardly..................................................................
52. She had no sooner begun her performance than the light went out.No sooner..........................................
53. He not only spends all the money but he also borrowed from his friends. Not only ................................
54. I didn't know that I had lost my key until I got home. Not until ...............................................................
55. He shouldn't leave the hotel on any account. On no account.....................................................................
56. You mustn't cheat in the exam.On no account...........................................................................................
57. The air is fresh in the morning.Fresh .........................................................................................................
58. I seldom go out in the evening.  Seldom....................................................................................................
59. He hardly plays truant. Hardly....................................................................................................................
60. I hardly go out without asking my parents for permission. Hardly............................................................
61. She became so suspicious that she didn't believe what her husband said. So ...........................................
62. It is so hot that we can fry an egg on the pavement. So .............................................................................
63. He ran so quickly that I couldn't catch up with him.So .............................................................................
64. We can only eradicate illiteracy in our country if we force people all ages to attend free-evening class.
Only by ...........................................................................................................................................................
65. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night.So...................................................

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II. Choose the best answer
1. I write to her almost every day.
A. Not a day goes by unless my writing to her.
B. Hardly does a day go by without my writing to her.
C. No day go by without my writing to her.
D. Almost every day goes by without my writing for her.
2. The noise next door didn’t stop until midnight.
A. It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
B. Not until midnight did the noise next door stopped.
C. Only when midnight did the noise next door stopped.
D. Hardly did the noise next door stopped when it was midnight.
3. He started computer programming as soon as he left school.
A. No sooner had he started computer programming than he left school.
B. Hardly had he started computer programming when he left school.
C. No sooner had he left school than he started computer programming.
D. After he left school, he had started computer programming.
4. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
A. As soon as he borrowed some money from me, he spent it all.
B. Hardly had he borrowed some money from me when he spent it all.
C. Not only did he spent all his money but also he borrowed some from me.
D. Not only did he spend all his money but he borrowed some from me as well.
5. She only felt relaxed after a few months working for him.
A. She used to feel relaxed working for him a few months.
B. A few months ago, she didn’t find it relaxed working for him.
C. Only after a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
D. It was not until a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
6. Right after his appointment to the post, he fell ill.
A. No sooner did he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
B. No sooner had he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
C. Hardly had he appointed to the post when he fell ill.
D. Hardly had he been appointed to the post when he fell ill.
7. Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another.
A. Scarcely had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
B. Hardly had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
C. No sooner had I solved one problem than I was faced with another.
D. All are correct.
8. A country cannot be prosperous if it is not quite independent.
A. Unless a country is quite independent, it can be prosperous.
B. Without complete independence, a country can be prosperous.
C. Only when a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
D. It is not until a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
9. I only recognized him when he came into the light.
A. Only when I recognized him, he came into the light.
B. It wasn’t until he came into the light that I recognized him
C. Not until he came into the light I did recognize him
D. I did not recognize him even when he came into the light.
10. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had left.
A. Not until all the guests had left could we relax.
B. It wasn’t until all the guests had left that we could relax.
C. It wasn’t until all the guests had left could we relax.
D. A and B are correct
11. The phone stopped ringing the moment I got downstairs.
A. No sooner had the phone stopped ringing than I got downstairs.
B. After the phone had stopped ringing, I got downstairs.
C. Hardly had the phone stopped ringing when I got downstairs.
D. No sooner had I got downstairs than the phone stopped ringing.

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12. The light failed the moment they began work.
A. But for the light failed, they would have begun work.
B. Hardly did they begin work when the light failed.
C. Hardly had they begun work when the light failed.
D. As soon as the light failed, they began work.
13. She didn’t shed a tear as the play ended in tragedy.
A. The tragedy play wasn’t good for her to shed tear.
B. Without her tear, the play didn’t end tragically.
C. So tragic was the play that she didn’t shed a tear.
D. Not a tear did she shed when the play ended in tragedy.
14. No sooner had we arrived at the station ______ the announcement started.
A. than B. when C. then D. last
15. ______ he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came.
A. Hardly had B. No sooner had C. No longer has D. Not until had
16. No sooner ______ than the class starts.
A. do Max arrive B. does Max arrive C. Max arrives D. Max does arrive
17. Scarcely had Jake ______ the book report when Alan came in.
A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. to finished
18. No sooner ______ the feast will start tomorrow.
A. will the bell ring than B. the bell will ring than
C. the bell will ring when D. will the bell ring when
19. As soon as I entered the room, I noticed her.
A. No sooner had I entered the room than I noticed her.
B. Hardly had I entered the room when I noticed her.
C. No sooner I had entered the room than I noticed her.
D. Both A and B are right
20. As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him.
A. No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him.
B. Hardly had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him.
C. No sooner had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him.
D. Hardly he had approached the house when the policeman stopped him.
21. I have seldom heard such a talented singer.
A. Seldom have I heard such a talented singer. B. Seldom I have heard such a talented singer.
C. Seldom has I heard such a talented singer. D. All are correct.
22. _______ circumstances should you call the police.
A. In B. Under C. Under no D. In no
23. Only after you obtain a driving license, _______ a car.
A. you are able to drive B. can you drive C. you will be able to drive D. did you drive
24. Hardly ever _______ far from home.
A. she traveled B. she has traveled C. did she travel D. she did travel
25. Hardly _______ the phone down when the boss rang back.
A. did I put B. have I put C. had I put D. I had put
26. No sooner _______ the soldiers leaped into the water.
A. had the ship touched the shore than B. had the ship touched the shore when
C. the ship had touched the shore then D. the ship touched the shore than
27. Had they arrived at the fair earlier, they _______ what they wanted.
A. had found B. have found C. found D. would have found
28. Only by working hard _______ your final exam.
A. will you pass B. you will pass C. did you pass D. you passed
29. Only when I have free time _______ television.
A. I watch B. will I watch C. do I watch D. I watched
30. It was not until she had arrived home ___________________ her appointment with the doctor.
A. when she remembered B. that she remembered
C. and she remembered D. did she remember

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