Inversion (Đảo Ngữ)

I. Định nghĩa đảo ngữ

- Đảo ngữ là hình thức đảo ngược vị trí thông thường của chủ ngữ và động từ trong câu.
- Đảo ngữ được dùng để nhấn mạnh một thành phần nào đó hoặc một ý nào đó trong câu.
- Trong câu đảo ngữ, các thứ tự thông thường của các thành phần của câu được thay đổi. Đa số các trường hợp là
từ cấu trúc thông thường S + V + O trở thành [Một thành phần phụ trong câu] + Trợ động từ chia ngôi + S + V
nguyên thể.
Ví dụ:
I met him only once. → Only once did I meet him.
I have never seen such a beautiful cat. → Never have I seen such a beautiful cat.

II. Các trường hợp dùng đảo ngữ

1. Đảo ngữ với ‘No’ và ‘Not any’
Cấu trúc
No + N + Trợ động từ + S + V
Not any + N + Trợ động từ + S + V

Ví dụ:
- No more money will I lend you. (Tôi sẽ không cho bạn vay thêm ít tiền nào đâu.)
- Not any money will I lend you. (Tôi sẽ không cho bạn vay ít tiền nào đâu.)

2. Đảo với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất (thường là với trạng từ mang ý nghĩa phủ định):
- Các trạng từ phủ định như: never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, hardly ever, little,….
Cấu trúc
Never/ Rarely/ Seldom/ Hardly ever/... + Trợ động từ+ S + V

Ví dụ:
- Seldom does she receive good marks. (Cô ấy hiếm khi đạt được điểm cao.)
- Hardly did they go to the school late. (Hiếm khi họ đi học muộn.)

3. Đảo trong các cụm từ so sánh về thời gian:

Cấu trúc
No sooner + had + S+ PII + than + S + V-ed
Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely + had + S + PII + when + S + V-ed
(Vừa mới ….. thì đã…….)

Ví dụ:
- No sooner had they come than it rained heavily. (Họ vừa mới đến thì trời đã mưa.)
- Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had the train left when it exploded. (Con tàu vừa mới rời đi thì đã nổ.)

4. Đảo trong các cụm từ bắt đầu bằng ‘Only’:

Cấu trúc:
Only … + Trợ động từ + S + V
Chỉ … thì S mới …
Ví dụ:
- Only after + N/V-ing : Chỉ sau khi
Only after reading the lesson again did I understand it. (Chỉ sau khi đọc lại bài tôi mới hiểu nó.)
- Only later: Chỉ sau này
Only later did I trust her. (Chỉ sau này tôi mới tin cô ấy.)
- Only once: Chỉ một lần
Only once did I do that work. (Chỉ một lần tôi làm việc đó.)

- Only then: Chỉ đến lúc đó

Only then did he let her know. (Chỉ đến lúc đó anh ấy mới cho cô ta biết.)

- Only when + S+ V: Chỉ đến khi

Only when the teacher explained the lesson again did I understand it.
(Chỉ đến khi cô giáo giảng lại bài tôi mới hiểu.)

- Only if + S + V: Chỉ trong trường hợp/ Chỉ nếu

Only if you have a ticket do they let you come in. (Chỉ nếu bạn có vé họ mới cho bạn vào.)

- Only by + N/V-ing : Chỉ bằng cách

Only by practicing everyday can you speak English well.
(Chỉ bằng cách luyện tập hàng ngày bạn mới có thể nói Tiếng Anh tốt.)

- Only with + N/V-ing: Chỉ với

Only with a knife can you cut this apple. (Chỉ với một con dao bạn đã có thể cắt quả táo này rồi.)

- Only in this/that way: Chỉ bằng cách này

Only in this way has he been successful. (Chỉ bằng cách này anh ấy đã thành công.)

5. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có “No”

- At no time: chưa từng bao giờ
At no time did she know that her boyfriend is a rich man.
(Chưa từng bao giờ cô ấy biết rằng bạn trai cô ấy là một người đàn ông giàu có.)
- On no condition: tuyệt đối không
On no condition must you tell him what happened.
(Bạn tuyệt đối không được nói với anh ấy những gì đã xảy ra.)
- On no account: không vì bất cứ lí do gì
On no account do you let my dog leave. (Không vì bất cứ lí do gì bạn được để chú chó chạy mất.)
- Under/ in no circumstances: trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
Under/In no circumstances do you steal things from other people.
(Trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào bạn cũng không được lấy cắp đồ của người khác.)
- For no reason: Không vì bất kì lí do gì
For no reason can you leave this job. (Không vì bất cứ lí do nào mà bạn có thể bỏ công việc này.)
- In no way: Không còn cách nào
In no way can this problem be solved. (Không còn cách nào để giải quyết vấn đề này.)

6. Đảo với câu ‘Not only ….but also’

Cấu trúc:
Not only + Trợ động từ + S + V but S also + V
(Không chỉ … mà còn…)

Ví dụ: Not only did he talk in the class but he also copied from his friend.
(Anh ấy không chỉ nói chuyện trong lớp mà còn chép bài của bạn.)

7. Đảo ngữ với Not until/till (then/later)

Cấu trúc
Not until/till (+ Mệnh đề/ trạng ngữ thời gian) + Trợ động từ + S + V
(Mãi đến khi …)

Ví dụ:
- Not until I asked her did I know where I was. (Mãi cho đến tận khi tôi hỏi cô ấy tôi mới biết mình ở đâu.)
- Not until later did I recognize him. (Mãi cho đến sau này tôi mới nhận ra anh ta.)

8. Đảo ngữ trong các câu điều kiện

- Câu điều kiện loại 1: Should + S + V, S will V.
Should she come late, she will miss the train. (Nếu cô ấy đến muộn, cô ấy sẽ bị lỡ chuyến tàu.)

- Câu điều kiện loại 2: Were S + to V/ Were S + N (Were I you,) + S would V.

Were I you, I would love him. (Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ yêu anh ấy.)
Were I to know her, I would invite her to the party. (Nếu tôi biết cô ấy, tôi sẽ mời cô ấy đến bữa tiệc.)

- Câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S+ PII, S would have PII.

Had she told me, I would have come to the party. (Nếu cô ấy nói với tôi, tôi sẽ đến bữa tiệc.)

9. Đảo trong câu ‘so…that’ và ‘such…that’

Cấu trúc
So + Adj/ Adv + V + S + THAT + mệnh đề
Such + V to be (is/ are/ was/ were) + N + THAT + mệnh đề
Ví dụ:
- The rain was so heavy that we stayed at home. → So heavy was the rain that we stayed at home. (Trời
mưa to tới nỗi mà chúng tôi phải ở nhà.)
- It was such a heavy box that he could not lift it. → Such was the heavy box that he could not lift it.
(Cái hộp nặng tới nỗi mà anh ta không thể nhấc nó.)

Lưu ý: Với “so much/ so great” thì khi đảo ngữ lại dùng Such → “Such + V to be + N”
- The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted. → Such was the force of the storm that
trees were uprooted. (Cơn bão mạnh tới mức mà nó làm cho nhiều cây bị bật rễ.)

10. Đảo ngữ với So/ Neither: thường dùng ở vế sau của câu ghép
- So: dùng trong câu khẳng định, đứng đầu câu và đảo ngữ
I like banana and so does he. (Tôi thích chuối và anh ấy cũng thế.)
- Neither: dùng trong câu phủ định, đứng đầu câu và đảo ngữ
She isn’t beautiful and neither am I. (Cô ấy không xinh và tôi cũng thế.)

11. Đảo ngữ trong các trạng ngữ chỉ địa điểm
- Khi câu có một từ hoặc một cụm trạng từ chỉ phương hướng hoặc vị trí thì ta đưa trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn đó
lên đầu câu, sau đó chuyển động từ chính ra trước chủ ngữ, không cần mượn trợ động từ (chỉ áp dụng khi chủ
ngữ là danh từ).
Cấu trúc:

Trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn + V (đã chia) + S

Ví dụ:
- On the table stood a man.
- Here comes the winter.
- Up into the air went the balloons
- On the wall is a photo of my family.

III. Bài tập:

Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
Question 1. _______, you would have succeeded in your business.
A. If you listened to my advice B. Were you to listen to my advice
C. Had you listened to my advice D. As long as you listened to my advice
Question 2. . Little ________ what he has caused to others.
A. does he know B. he knows C. he can know D. he will know
Question 3. _______ had he entered the office than he realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. Hardly B. Scarcely C. No sooner D. Not only
Question 4. ________ a week go by without some road accidents.
A. Hardly does B. Seldom do C. Never is D. Infrequently do
Question 5. It was not until she had arrived home _______ her appointment with the doctor.
A. when she remembered B. that she remembered
C. and she remembered D. did she remember
Question 6. _______, he would have been able to pass the exam.
A. If he studied harder last year B. Provided he studied hard last year
C. Studying harder last year D. Had he studied harder last year
Question 7. . ______ will Mr. Dennis be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work B. Despite his hard work
C. Only if he works hardly D. Only by working hard
Question 8. ________ had I arrived home than it began to rain.
A. No sooner B. Hardly C. Scarcely D. Rarely
Question 9. My father paid my fees. _______that, I wouldn’t be here now.
A. If there were not B. But for
C. Had it not been for D. B and C are correct
Question 10. Only after food has been dried or canned __________.
A. it should be stored for future use. B. that it should be stored for future use.
C. should it be stored for future use. D. should it store for future use
Question 11. No sooner had we arrived at the station ______ the announcement started
A. than B. when C. then D. last
Question 12. ______ he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came.
A. Hardly had B. No sooner had C. No longer has D. Not until had
Question 13. No sooner ______ than the class started
A. had Max arrived B. does Max arrive C. Max arrives D. Max does arrive
Question 14. Scarcely had Jake ______ the book report when Alan came in.
A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. to finished
Question 15. Had they arrived at the fair earlier, they _______ what they wanted
A. had found B. have found C. found D. would have found
Question 16. Only by working hard _______ your final exam.
A. will you pass B. you will pass C. did you passed D. you passed
Question 17. Only when I have free time _______ television.
A. I watch B. does I watch C. do I watch D. I watched
Question 18. Rarely ________ she made mistake since she was a manager.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
Question 19. _________ the truth, she wouldn’t have given Mark the money.
A. She had known B. She has know C. Had she known D. Has she known
Question 20. So beautiful _____ that the Queen is envious with her.
A. Snow White is B. Snow White are C. is Snow White D. are Snow White
Question 21. Never _____ in such a strange situation.
A. has I been B. have I been C. am I been D. I have been
Question 22. Seldom _____ dinner together.
A. do Mark and Juliet have B. does Mark and Juliet have
C. is Mark and Juliet have D. are Mark and Juliet have
Question 23. Hardly _____ his wife presents on her birthday.
A. did James given B. does James give C. had James given D. do James give
Question 24. Scarcely _____when the rain became much more heavier.
A. have I come in B. had I come in C. I have come in D. I came in
Question 25. Only then ____ the letter from my son.
A. do I receive B. did I receive C. have I received D. has I received
Question 26. No sooner _______ than Mary came over.
A. have John gone out B. had John gone out
C. has John gone out D. John has gone out
Question 27. So frightened ________ the film that I couldn’t sleep yesterday.
A. is B. are C. was D. have
Question 28. Not only ______ well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly
A. does he sing B. he sings C. he does sing D. sings he
Question 29. Seldom___________ a newspaper.
A. buys Anna B. does Anna buy C. bought Anna D. Anna does buy
Question 30. Not only__________ at the post office. ___________ at the grocery store.
A. does Mary work/but she also works B. works Mary/but she also works
C. does Mary work/but does she also work D. Mary work/but also she works
Question 31. No sooner___________ the house than the phone started to ring.
A. had she entered B. she had entered C. entered she D. had entered she
Question 32. Only by saving money___________ a house.
A. he buys B. he can buy C. can he buy D. buy he
Question 33. Not even once___________ the truth
A. he tells B. does he tell C. tells he D. has he tell
Question 34. Choose the correct sentence.
A. Into the room came the teachers
B. Not only lazy she is but she is naughty
C. No sooner had he drunk a cup of coffee than he asked another.
D. A and C are correct E. B and C are correct
F. A and B are correct G. All three are correct
Question 35. Not only___________ beautiful but she is graceful as well.
A. did she B. she was C. is she D. she is
Question 36. Seldom___________ treated like that.
A. I have been B. am I C. I am D. I had been
Question 37. Over there___________ the shop that sells souvenirs.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
Question 38. Never before___________ such a disaster.
A. they suffer B. they have suffered C. had they suffered D. they had suffered
Question 39. Only if I had known the difference___________ the more expensive car.
A. would I bought B. I would have bought C. would I buy D. would I have bought
Question 40. Neither Mary nor her friends___________ going to the party.
A. is B. are C. was D. A or B
Question 41. Only by working three jobs _____ able to support his large family.
 A. he was B. he is C. he's being D. was he
Question 42. Not until Andrew stopped smoking ____ healthy again.
A. did he feel B. that he started to feel C. then he felt D. that he did feel
Question 43. _______ you see Frank at the conference, give him my regards.
A. Should B. Would C. Might D. Could
Question 44. So ________ that she licked the plate clean.
A. being hungry B. great her hunger C. hungry was she D. had she hunger
Question 45. ________ the medicine than she began to feel better.
A. Not until she swallowed B. Hardly did she swallow
C. No sooner had she swallowed D. Having swallowed
Question 46. Only by speaking more _______ improve your fluency in English.
A. you are able to B. is it possible to C. does D. will it
Question 47. Never ________ to such a fantastic restaurant.
A. John had been B. were John C. did John be D. has John been
Question 48. In no way _______ to be associated with this project
A. was I to want B. am I want C. do I want D. I want
Question 49. No sooner ___ dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining table.
A. did they ate B. had they ate C. has they eaten D. had they eaten
Question 50. _____ had I finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam.
A. No sooner B. Scarcely C. Only D. Never

Exercise 2: Rewrite sentences:

1. He had left the office when the phone rang.
No sooner ………………………………………………………….
2. He didn’t give up until the competition finished.
Not until ………………………………………………………….
3. I won’t give you any money.
Not ………………………………………………………….
4. He not only stole a bike but also hit the police.
Not ………………………………………………………….
5. He only thought about buying a new car when he won the lottery.
Only………………………………………………………….
6. The door couldn’t open without a key.
Only………………………………………………………….
7. If the salary is high, I will take over the job.
Should ………………………………………………………….
8. If she had said sorry, he wouldn’t have been angry.
Had ………………………………………………………….
9. He is such a humorous person that everyone likes him.
Such ………………………………………………………….
10. If the bike didn’t break down, I would ride it.
 Were ………………………………………………………….
11. The movie is so interesting that I can’t take my eyes off it.
So ………………………………………………………….
12. As soon as he had breakfast, he went to school.
No sooner ………………………………………………………….
13. My brother rarely reads books.
Rarely ………………………………………………………….
14. The only way you can become a famous singer is by training harder.
Only ………………………………………………………….
15. As soon as we came back home, it started to rain.
No sooner ………………………………………………………….
16. She not only sings but also dances.
Not ………………………………………………………….
17. I won’t agree until Tom apologizes.
Not ………………………………………………………….
18. If they ran out of tickets, we would go to another theater.
Were ………………………………………………………….
19. The children should on no account go on their own.
On no account ………………………………………………………….
20. The test is so difficult that no student can do it.
So ………………………………………………………….
21. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.
Only ………………………………………………………….
22. He is not only talented but also active.
Not ………………………………………………………….
23. I could drive a car only when I am over 18 years old.
Only ………………………………………………………….
24. He no longer drinks alcohol.
No ………………………………………………………….
25. I have never seen someone who drinks as much as you.
Never ………………………………………………………….
26. If I hadn’t lacked money, I wouldn’t have bought my house.
Had ………………………………………………………….
27. She bought so many books that she didn’t know where to put them.
So ………………………………………………………….
28. He understands little about the conversation.
Little ………………………………………………………….
29. If the leader comes, let me know immediately.
Should ………………………………………………………….
30. I will never forget you.
Never ………………………………………………………….