COMBINED LOADINGS

! Thin-walled pressure vessels

! State of stress caused by combined loading
! Axial
! Shear
! Bending
! Torsion
! Thin-walled pressure vessels

1
Thin -Walled Pressure Vessels
dx
• Cylindrical Vessel
σ1
t
σ1 t
σ2 r p 2r

∆x σ1
P
t
- Hoop Stress
σ2

pr r
σ1 = t

- Longitudinal Stress

pr
σ2 = 2t

2
• Spherical Vessel

σ2 - Normal Stress
σ2
pr
σ2 = 2t

p
t
σ2
r

3
Example 1

A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m and a thickness of 12

mm. Determine its circumferential and its longitudinal stress component if the
internal pressure is 5 MPa and draw its state of stress.

1.2 m

12 mm

4
 250 MPa
σ1
σ2
1.2 m
125 MPa

12 mm

Solution

- circumferential stress - longitudinal stress

pr pr
σ1 = σ2 =
t 2t

(5 × 10 6 Pa )( 0 . 6 m ) (5 × 10 6 Pa )( 0 . 6 m )
= =
0 . 012 m 2 ( 0 . 012 m )

= 250 MPa = 125 MPa

5
State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings

σy • Normal Stress Component

P
τxy − Normal Force, σ=
σx A
+ σx My
− Bending Moment , σ=
I
pr pr
σy − Thin Walled Pr essure Vessels, σ 1 = , σ2 =
t 2t

• Shear Stress Component

VQ
− Shear Force, τ=
It
Tρ
− Torsional moment , τ=
J

6
 MD
• Combined Stress
D ND
TD
VD

NA y

P My
σ= σ=
A I
Pure Axial Pure Bending

NA

VQ Tρ
τ= τ=
It J
Pure Shear Pure Torque 7
Example 2

From the beam shown :

(a) Draw the stress distribution at point B-,B+ and point C.
(b) Draw the state of stress at point B-.

100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm

A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm

8
 • Internal loads • Section property
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
A C NA
B y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m

∑ yA 20 mm
V (N) y =
400 ∑ A
(50)(100× 20) + (110)(100× 20)
+ =
-
x 2(100× 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
y ' = 120 − 80 = 40 mm
M (N•m)
I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
800
= [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
x
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 9
• (a) Stress distribution
- Stress distribution at B- 600 N
200 N/m

A B- C
B
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
V (N)
400 VB- = +400
+
x
-200 -
M (N•m) -600
800

x
100 mm
800 N•m 6
0.045 0.225
20 mm
NA
100 mm B- 0.24
80 mm

400 N VQ 12
20 mm τ= ; ( MPa ) My
It σ= ; ( MPa )
I = 5.333x10-6 m4 I 10
 600 N
200 N/m

A B- B+ C - Stress distribution at point B-

400 N B
600 N 6
2m 2m 800 N•m 0.045 0.225
V (N)
400 VB- = +400 B- 0.24
+
x
-200 - 400 N τB-, MPa 12
M (N•m) VB+ = -200 σB-, MPa
-600
800
VC = -600 - Stress distribution at point B+
x
τB+ = (200/400)τB- , σB+ = σB-
- Stress distribution at point C 6
800 N•m 0.0225 0.113
τC = (600/200)τB+ , σC = 0
600 N 0.0675 0.338 B+ 0.12
0.36
C 200 N τB+, MPa 12
τC, MPa σB+, MPa
11
 800 N•m 1 6
0.045 0.225
2´ 3
NA 2´´
B- B- 3 0.24

400 N 12 VQ
4
Mc τ= ; ( MPa )
σ= ; ( MPa ) It
I

• (b) State of Stress at B-

6 MPa 1 6 MPa
3
0.24 MPa

3 MPa 2´ 3 MPa
0.045 MPa
12MPa 4 12MPa

3 MPa 2´´ 3 MPa

0.225 MPa 12
Example 4

The rectangular block of negligible weight is subjected to a vertical force 10 kN,

which is applied to its corner.
(a) Determine the normal stress distribution acting on
a section through ABCD.
(b) Determine the neutral axis of section which normal stress(σ) is zero.

10 kN y -z
35 mm

120 mm 80 mm x
D
C
A
B

13
 10 kN- z y
y
35 mm
10 kN
80 mm D -z

120 mm 80 mm x C
D A Mz Mx
C x
A B

B 120 mm

• Section Properties Mz = (10x103)(25x10-3) = 250 N.m.

A = (0.120x0.080) = 9.6x10-3 m2 Mx = (10x103)(40x10-3) = 400 N.m.

Ix = ( 0.120 )(0.0803) = 5.12x10-6 m4

12

Iz= ( 0.080
12
)(0.1203) = 11.52x10-6 m4

14
 A = 9.6x10-3 m2 • Stress
y
Ix = 5.12x10-6 m4
P 10 kN
σ0 = = −3
= 1.042 MPa
10 kN Iz= 11.52x10-6 m4 A 9.6 × 10 m 2

80 mm D -z
M x c x ( 400 N • m)(0.04 m)
σx = = −6
= 3.125 MPa
C Ix 5.12 × 10 m 4

A 400 N·m
x M z c z ( 250 N • m)(0.06 m)
B σz = = = 1.302 MPa
250 N·m Iz 11.5 × 10 −6 m 4
120 mm
• Stress at corners
(5.47)80 400 N.m.
= 70.00 mm
(5.47+0.78) 10 kN 250 N.m.
0.78
D 3.39 σA = -1.040 - 3.125 - 1.302 = -5.47 MPa (C)

C (2.86)80 σB = -1.040 - 3.125 + 1.302 = -2.86 MPa (C)

= 36.61 mm
A (2.86+3.39)
σC = -1.040 + 3.125 + 1.302 = 3.39 MPa (T)
5.47 B
2.86 σD = -1.040 + 3.125 - 1.302 = 0.78 MPa (T)
15
 A = 9.6x10-3 m2 Comment :
y
Ix = 5.12x10-6 m4
P 10 kN
σ0 = = −3
= 1.042 MPa
10 kN Iz= 11.52x10-6 m4 A 9.6 × 10 m 2

80 mm D -z
M x c x ( 400 N • m)(0.04 m)
σx = = −6
= 3.125 MPa
C Ix 5.12 × 10 m 4

A 400 N·m
x M z c z ( 250 N • m)(0.06 m)
B σz = = = 1.302 MPa
250 N·m Iz 11.5 × 10 −6 m 4
120 mm

0.78
D 1.042 MPa D 3.125 MPa D 1.302 MPa D 3.39

C C C C
A A A A
B B 1.302 MPa B 5.47 B
2.86

3.125 MPa
16
 0.78
D 3.39
3.39
C a
A B C

5.47 B 2.86
2.86 a 80 mm
a 80
=
2.86 (2.86+3.39)

80(2.86) = 36.61 mm
a =
(2.86+3.39)

17
 0.78
D 3.39
3.39
C a
A B C

5.47 B 2.86
2.86 a 80 mm

a 80
=
2 . 86 ( 2 . 86 + 3 . 39 )

80 ( 2 . 86 )
a = = 36 . 61 mm
( 2 . 86 + 3 . 39 )

18
Example 5

Three force are applied to the bar shown. Draw the state of stress at the five
points indicated.

225 kN
9 kN
50 mm
C
27 kN

270 mm

e
a b cd 22.5 mm
22.5 mm

30 mm
120 mm
19
• Internal Loads and Section Properties

225 kN
9 kN
50 mm y
C
27 kN 60 mm
225 kN
220 mm 9 kN
270 mm Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m)
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m)z 27 kN x
e
de
a b cd 22.5 mm a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm 22.5 mm

30 mm z 30 mm
120 mm 120 mm

1
Ix = (0.12 m)(0.045 m) 3 = 0.9113 × 10 −6 m 4
12
1
Iz = (0.045 m)(0.12 m) 3 = 6.48 × 10 −6 m 4
12
20
• Normal Stress y 60 mm
225 kN +σ
+σ P My Mz
σ =± ± ± 9 kN
A I Iσ Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) +τ
+τ 9x0.27
27 kN d,e
x
a,b,c de
a b c 22.5 mm
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) 22.5 mm
I x = 0.9113 ×10 −6 m 4
30 mm I = 6.48 ×10 −6 m 4
σ27x0.22 z
z
225 kN Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m)
225 × 10 3
[(9 ×10 ) × 0.27)](0.0225)
3
σa = − + +0 = 18.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 )
225 × 103 [(9 ×10 3 ) × 0.27)](0.0225) [(27 ×103 ) × 0.22)](0.03)
σb = − + −6 + = 45.8 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 ) (6.48 × 10 −6 )
225 × 103 (9 × 10 3 × 0.27)(0.0225) ( 27 × 103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σc = − + + = 73.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 ) (6.48 ×10 −6 )
225 ×103 [(9 ×103 ) × 0.27)](0.0225) ( 27 × 103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σd = − + + = 73.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 ) (6.48 ×10 −6 )
225 × 103 (27 ×103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σe = − +0 + = 13.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (6.48 ×10 −6 ) 21
• Shear Stress y 60 mm
9 kN +σ
225 kN
+σ Qe = Qmax 9 kN
Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) +τ
+τ 27 kN d,e
x
a,b,c Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) de τ9 kN
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm
I x = 0.9113 ×10 −6 m 4
z 30 mm −6
27 kN I z = 6 .48 × 10 m 4

VQ 120 mm
τ= a 7.5 MPa
It τ27 kN Qa = Qmax
( 27 × 103 )[(0.03)(0.045x0.06)] a
τa = − +0 = -7.5 MPa a
−6
(6.48 × 10 )(0.045)
(27 × 103 ) [(0.045)(0.03x0.045)]
τb = − +0 = -5.63 MPa b 5.63 MPa
(6.48 ×10 −6 )(0.045)
b
τc = 0 +0
τd = 0 +0
2.5 MPa
0.0225
(9 ×103 )[( )(0.0225 × 0.12)]
2 e
τe = 0− = -2.50 MPa e
(0.9113 ×10 −6 )(0.12) 22
 y
• State of Stress 60 mm
225 kN
9 kN σa= 18.33 MPa (T) τa = -7.5 MPa
(9 kN)(0.27 m)
27 kN σb= 45.8 MPa (T) τb = -5.63 MPa
x
(27 kN)(0.22 m) de σc= 73.33 MPa (T) τc = 0
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm σd = 73.33 MPa (T) τd = 0
z σe = 13.33 MPa (T) τe = -2.50 MPa
30 mm +σ
+σ
120 mm
+τ
a,b,c +τ
d,e

18.33 MPa 45.8 MPa 73.33 MPa 73.33 MPa 13.33 MPa

7.5 MPa 5.63 MPa 2.5 MPa

a b c d e

23
 Comment y
60 mm
225 kN
9 kN
Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m)
27 kN x
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) d e
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm

z 30 mm
τ27 kN τ9 kN
120 mm τ9 kN

d d
a
d

τ27 kN
a
a

24
 y A y
60 mm Qe = Qmax = (0.12x0.0225)(0.0225/2)
225 kN
9 kN
9 kN 9Q
(9 kN)(0.27 m) τ=
I xt
27 kN de
x a b c
(27 kN)(0.22 m) de 22.5 mm
a b c
22.5 mm
A y
z 30 mm Qa = Qmax = (0.06x0.045)(0.06/2)
120 mm 27Q 27 kN
τ=
I zt de
a b c

225 kN 225 (9 × 0.27) z (27 × 0.22) x

σ= σ= σ=
A I x (9 kN)(0.27 m) Iz

de de de
a b c a b c a b c

(27 kN)(0.22 m) 25
Example 6

The solid rod shown has a diameter of 50 mm. If it is subjected to the

loading shown, determine the state of stress at point H and point K.

y
x

A y
200 mm H z
K
z
1.5 kN
100 mm 50 mm
2 kN
1 kN

26
 y
y
x My2=150 N•m

My1=400 N•m
1.5 kN
A H x
200 mm z
2 kN
Px=1.5 kN K
1 kN
1.5 kN Vz=2 kN
Mz=200 N•m
100 mm Vy=1 kN
2 kN Tx=100 N•m z
1 kN

Tx = (1 kN)(0.1 m) = 100 N•m

Mz = (1 kN)(0.2 m) = 200 N•m

My1 = (2 kN)(0.2 m) = 400 N•m

My2 = (1.5 kN)(0.1 m) = 150 N•m

27
 φ = 50 mm
+σ
τ2 kN
y
My=250 N•m H +τ

H x
Px=1.5 kN K P My
Vz=2 kN • σ =± ± :
A I 4V
Mz=200 N•m τmax =
3A
Tx=100 N•m Vy=1 kN z • τ =±
Tc VQ
± :
J It
• State of Stress at H
1.5 kN 200 N•m 250 N•m τ1 kN
(1.5x103) (200)(0.025)
σH = +
π(0.0252) (π/4)(0.0254) + 0 = 17.06 MPa (T)
100 N•m 2 kN 1 kN
(100)(0.025) 4(2x103)
τH = - - + 0 = -5.43 MPa
(π/2)(0.025 ) 3π(0.025 )
4 2

+τ H H

+σ 17.06 MPa
5.43 MPa 28
 φ = 50 mm +τ
+σ
τ2 kN
y K
My=250 N•m
H x
Px=1.5 kN K P My
Vz=2 kN • σ =± ± :
A I 4V
Mz=200 N•m τmax =
3A
Tx=100 N•m Vy=1 kN z • τ =±
Tc VQ
± :
J It
• State of Stress at K
1.5 kN 200 N•m 250 N•m τ1 kN
(1.5x103) (250)(0.025)
σK = +0 - = -19.61 MPa (C)
π(0.0252) (π/4)(0.0254)
100 N•m 1 kN 2 kN
(100)(0.025) 4(1x103) 4.75 MPa
τK = + + 0 = 4.75 MPa
(π/2)(0.025 )
4 3π(0.025 )
2

+τ K
K
19.61 MPa
+σ
29
Comment

z
Tx=100 N•m
y

τ2 kN
y
H H
4 V
τ max = ( )
3 A K K
x x Vz=2 kN
z 4 V 4 2 z
τ max = ( )= ( 2)
3 A 3 πr
Vy=1 kN
30