G12 RESEARCH 2 MODULE 4

GRADE

San Fabian National High School

San Fabian, Pangasinan
12
MODULE
in
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
QUARTER
For queries, 2, WEEK
please contact us:1-3

MODULE 4

Contact Messenger
Name of Teacher
Number
ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ 09494620209
Region I Arlyn Estacio Rivo-Fernandez
Pangasinan II
SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GERALD M. SAMBRANO San Fabian,
09275006812 Gerald Mariano Sambrano
Pangasinan

SHIELA MARIE S. QUIAMSON 09461547755 Shiela Marie Baltazar Sibayan-Quiamson

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G12 RESEARCH 2 MODULE 4

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan II
SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL
San Fabian, Pangasinan

ACTIVITY SHEETS IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

QUARTER 2, MODULE 4

MELC: Learning Competencies

The Learner:
1. Chooses appropriate quantitative research design
2. Describes sampling procedure and sample
3. Constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and
reliability
4. Describes intervention (if applicable)
5. Plans data collection procedure
6. Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if
appropriate)
7. Presents written research methodology
K to 12 BEC CG: CS_RS12-IIa-c-1, CS_RS12-IIa-c-,
CS_RS12-IIa-c-3, CS_RS12-IIa-c-4, CS_RS12-IIa-c-5,
CS_RS12-IIa-c-6, CS_RS12-IIa-c-7

Objective:

The learner is able to:

1. choose appropriate quantitative research design;

2. describe sampling procedure and the sample;

3. describe an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability; 4. plan

data collection procedure; and present written research methodology.

Prepared by:

ARLYN R. FERNANDEZ
SHS Teacher III

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G12 RESEARCH 2 MODULE 4

UNIT 4: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Introduction

The information is compiled, resources gathered from an extensive literature review;

much of the information is verbatim from the various web sites. The objective is to
familiarize the readers in terms of the data collection tools, methodology, and sampling. It
is necessary to notice that whereas quantitative and qualitative information assortment
ways area unit different (cost, time, sample size, etc.), each has value. Most often uses
deductive logic, during which researchers begin with hypotheses and so collect information
which may be wont to confirm whether or not empirical proof to support that hypothesis
exists.
LESSON 1: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Quantitative research is a type of empirical investigation. That means the analysis

focuses on verifiable observation as against theory or logic. Most often this sort of analysis
is expressed in numbers. A research worker can represent and manipulate bound
observation that they’re learning. They will attempt to explain what it is they are seeing
and what affect it has on the subject. They will additionally verify and what the changes
might mirror. The overall goal is to convey numerically what’s being seen within the
analysis and to hit specific and noticeable conclusions. (Klazema, 2014)

There are 2 types of Quantitative Research Design, the non-experimental research

and experimental research.

1. Non-Experimental Research Design

According to Kowalczyk (2015) he emphasized that non-experimental research

means that there is a predictor variable or group of subjects that cannot be manipulated
by the experimenter. Typically, this suggests that different routes should be
accustomed draw conclusions, like correlation, survey or case study.

> Survey Research - Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling
polls to urge away of behavior with intense precision. It allows researchers to review
behavior and then present the findings in an accurate way. This is usually expressed in
a percentage. Survey research can be conducted around one group specifically or used
to compare several groups.

> Correlational Research - Correlational research tests for the relationships between
two variables. Performing correlational research is completed to determine what the
effect of one on the opposite could be and the way that affects the relationship.

> Descriptive Research - As stated by Good and Scates as cied by Sevilla (1998), the
descriptive method is oftentimes as a survey or a normative approach to study
prevailing conditions.

> Comparative - Comparative researchers examine patterns of similarities and

differences across a moderate number of cases. The typical comparative study has
anywhere from a few to fifty or more cases. The number of cases is limited because
one of the concerns of comparative research is to establish familiarity with each case
included in a study (Ragin, Charles 2015).

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> Ex-Post Facto - According to Devin Kowalczyk (2015), that Ex post facto design is
a quasi-experimental study examining how an independent variable, present prior to
the study, affects a dependent variable. This independent variable is causing changes
in a dependent variable. This is the idea of any experiment - one variable is
hypothesized to be influencing another. This is done by having an experimental group
and a control group. So, if you’re testing a replacement sort of medication, the
experimental group gets the new medication, while the control group gets the old
medication. This allows you to test the efficacy of the new medication. (Kowalczyk
2015)

2. Experimental Research

Though questions could also be posed within the other sorts of research,
experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental
research can have several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or
disproved. Once that statement is formed experiments are begun to seek out whether
the statement is true or not.

> Quasi-experimental Research - Design involves selecting groups, upon which a

variable is tested without any random pre-selection process. For example, to perform
an academic experiment, a category could be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical
selection or by seating arrangement. The division is usually convenient especially in
an academic situation cause a touch disruption as possible.

> True Experimental Design - According to Yolanda Williams (2015) that a true
experiment is a type of experimental design and is thought to be the most accurate type
of experimental research. This is because a real or true experiment supports or refutes
a hypothesis using statistical analysis. A true experiment is additionally thought to be
the sole experimental design which will establish cause and effect relationships. So,
what makes a true experiment? There are three criteria that must be met in a true
experiment.

1. Control group and experimental group

2. Researcher-manipulated variable; and random assignment.

Sampling

Sampling in research is a word that refers to the method or procedure of choosing

respondents to answer the question. According to Paris (2013) he stated that the bigger
group from where you choose the sample is called population, and sampling frame is the
term used to mean the list of the members of such population from where you will get the
sample.

Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling

Probability Sampling in this kind of sampling you are required to have a list of your
target respondents focused on your study. An equal chance of participation is the sampling
or selection process given to every member listed in the sampling frame. As a researcher
you remember that the smaller the sample is, the higher chance of sampling error.
Therefore, the bigger number of respondents will avoid sample errors. Hence, sample error
yields if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned by the researcher.

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G12 RESEARCH 2 MODULE 4

Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling - this type of probability sampling use a pure chance
selection process. Have a list of all members of the respondents, write each name on the
card, the researcher chooses cards through a pure chance selection.

2. Systematic Sampling - Instead of using a list of random numbers, researcher calculates

a sampling interval, and the interval becomes his or her own quasi random selection
method. In order for you to solve the interval, you can think of the sample interval as the
inverse of the sampling ration. The sampling ratio for 150 names out of 1,500 will be
150/1,500 = 0.1 x 100 - 10 %. The sampling interval is 1,500/150 = 10

3. Stratified Random Sampling - the group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that
such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage. A study needing group-
by-group analysis finds stratified sampling is the right probability sampling to be used.

4. Cluster Sampling - The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while

retaining the characteristics of a probability sampling. For example, if the researcher
tends to have a sample of 150 out of 1,000 students in their school, the researcher can
randomly select at least three sections with 50 students to represent the sample.

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

This non-probability sampling disregards random selection of respondents. According

to Edmond (21013) that, the subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose
of the study, in some cases it is the discretion of the researcher.

1. Quota Sampling - in this type of sampling, you chose quota sampling when the
researcher knows the characteristics of the target population. In this quota sampling a
specific set of persons whom the researcher believes to have the characteristics of the
target population involved in the study.

2. Voluntary Sampling - Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample is
election are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to
do any selection process.

3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling - You chose people whom you are sure could
correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or
interest in your subject.

4. Availability Sampling - The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you
counts a lot in this non-probability sampling method. These people show willingness to
respond to your questions, then you automatically consider them as your respondents.

5. Snowball Sampling - Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling
method, does not give a specific set of samples and this is true for a study involving
unspecified group of people.

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G12 RESEARCH 2 MODULE 4

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________

Grade/Section: ___________________________________ Score: ____________

MODULE 4 in Practical Research 2

Activity 1

Let’s do it in 45 minutes

Directions: Using your pre-approved topic, you are now ready to construct a
methodological framework for your survey, by responding to the tasks below. Points (listed
by each question) are assigned based on accuracy and thoroughness of your response.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

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G12 Research2 Module 4
Sampling

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Research Instrument

______________________________________________________________________
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Treatment of data

______________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 2: Instrument Development

Developing a research instrument

Before the researchers collect any data from the respondents, the young researchers
will need to design or devise new research instruments or they may adopt it into the
other researches (the tools they will use to collect the data).

If the researcher/s is planning to carry out interview or focus groups, the young
researchers will need to plan an interview schedule or topic guide. This is a list of
questions or topic areas that all the interviewers will use.

Asking everyone the same questions means that the data you collect will be much
more focused and easier to analyze. If the group wants to carry out a survey, the young
researchers will need to design a questionnaire. This could be on paper or online (using
free software such as Survey Monkey).

Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. If the group collecting data
from more than one type of person (such as young people and teachers, for example), it
may well need to design more than one interview schedule or questionnaire.

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G12 Research2 Module 4
When designing the research instruments ensure that:

1. They start with a statement about.

2. The focus and aims of the research project.

3. How the person’s data will be used (to feed into a report?)
4. Confidentiality

5. How long the interview or survey will take to complete.

6. Usage of appropriate language

7. Every question must be brief and concise.

8. Any questionnaires use appropriate scales. For young people smiley face scales can
work well.

TAKE NOTE!

Any questionnaires raise individuals for any relevant info regarding themselves,
like their gender or age, if relevant. Don’t ask for so much detail that it would be possible
to identify individuals through, if you have said that the survey will be anonymous.

The Instrument

Instrument is that the generic term that researchers use for a mensuration device
survey, test, form, etc.). To help distinguish between instrument and instrumentation. ,
contemplate to that the instrument is that the device and instrumentation is that the
course of action (the method of developing, testing, and victimization the device).

Method of Data Collection

Data collection is of the most important feature of any kind of research study.
Inaccurate data collection can affect the results of a study and eventually lead to
unacceptable results. Data collection method for effect evaluation vary along a range.
At the one end of this range are quantitative methods and at the other end of the range
are Qualitative methods for data collections.

In this case, Quantitative research or survey research, interviews are more organized
than in Qualitative research. In support to this idea, according to Leedy & Ormrod (2001)
that in structure interview, the young researcher asks a standard set of questions and
nevertheless.

Types of Data and its Method of Data Collection

A. Primary Data - those data are collected fresh and for the first time and thus happen
to be original in character and known as Primary data.

B. Secondary Data - those data are collected by someone else and which already
passed through the statistical process is known as Secondary data.

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G12 Research2 Module 4
Survey Questionnaire

A survey is a questionnaire method whereby a researcher poses some set of

predetermined questions to an entire group, or sample, of individuals. This
methodology may additionally be used as the simplest way of quickly gaining some
general details regarding one’s population of interest to assist harden an individual
centered, in-depth study using time-intensive ways like in-depth interviews or field
analysis. In this case, a survey might facilitate a man of science determine specific
people or locations from that to gather extra knowledge.

Benefits of survey research

1. Cost -effective 3. Reliable

2. Generalization 4. Versatile

Interview

In the field of research study, interview is a way of gathering data that makes the
researcher verbally ask the subject or the respondent’s question to give answer to what
the researcher is trying to look for.
In a traditional way, the data gathering technique is between you and the
respondents in a face to face manner or in situation, you may speak directly to your
target respondent, individually or cooperatively.

Another technique is using the electronic and technological communication devices

like the mobile phones, internet or even electronic mail, etc. in these kinds of interview
considered as modern tool of research. To summing-up, Traditional or in a modern way
of interview, as emphasized by (Babbie, 2014), 137; Rubin, 2011). “It is a conversation
with a purpose” that gives direction to the question-answer activity between the
interviewer and the interviewee.

Kinds of Interview

1. Face-to face interviews - These interviews yield highest response rates in survey
research. They also allow the researcher to clarify ambiguous answers and when
appropriate, seek follow-up information (Leedy & Ormrod 2001).

2. Telephone Interviews - are less time consuming and less expensive and the
researcher has ready access to anyone that has a telephone.

3. Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) - This method saves time

involved in processing the data, as well as saving the interviewer from carrying
around hundreds of questionnaires.

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G12 Research2 Module 4
Observation

Observation is a systematic data collection approach use by a researcher. In this

case, the researcher uses all of their senses to examine people in natural setting or
naturally occurring situations. It is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally
watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research. The researcher
records what people exactly do and say in their everyday life on Earth.

Types of Observation

1. Participant Observation - This type of observation, whereby the observer, who

is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the individual or group being
observed. In order for the researcher record his findings through this type of
observation, the researcher must use a diary method or logbook. The preliminary
part of the diary is called descriptive observation. This preliminary part of the
record or in the diary or logbook describes the persons, places, events, discussion,
and other things involved in the activity or object focused on by the research. The
secondary part of the diary is called the narrative account that gives your
interpretations or reflections about everything you observed.

2. Non-participant or Structured Observation - this kind of observation, there is

no participation of the observer in the activities of the group takes place and also
there is no relationship between the researcher and the group. Therefore, the
researcher will record only the activities of the respondents during the
observation time.

Writing Research Methodology

Methodology is the organized, theoretical investigation of the methods applied to a

field of research. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the different methods and
principles associated with a branch of knowledge. One part of a research manuscript is
the Methodology section. This part is the core of your research paper as it is a proof that
you use the scientific method. Through this section, your study’s validity is judged. So,
it is very important. Your methodology answers with main question:

Guided question to start writing a research methodology:

1. How did you collect or generate the data?

2. How did you analyze the data?

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Guidelines in writing the research methodology

1. Describing the samples/participants

2. Describing the materials you used in the

study.

3. Explaining how you prepared he materials.

4. Describing the research design.

5. Explaining how you made measurements and what calculations you performed.

6. Starting which statistical test you did to analyze the data.

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Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _____________

Grade/Section: _________________________________ Score: ____________

MODULE 4 in Practical Research 2

ACTIVITY 2

Directions: In connection to your statement of the problem in module 2, you are now
required to construct a questionnaire based on your statement of the problem. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Note: Stick to your chosen title.

Questionnaire

Title:

__________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

_______________________________

Dear Respondents,

The researcher is in the processof completing a

basic research entitled:
“___________________________________________________________________”.

This study aims to assess______________________________________________.

The data to be obtained serve as a basis in crafting an ___________________________.

In connection with this, the researcher, adopted and revised a questionnaire to

gather information hence, participation in this study by the way of answering the
questionnaire is very important. Please feel assured that your anonymity and the
information you will give be treated with UTMOST CONFIDENTIALITY.

Thank you very much for your kind response in this matter.

Respectfully yours,

_________________

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PART I: PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Directions: Please fill out the given space that corresponds to your answer.

Name: ___________________________________ (Optional)

Gender: ___ Male ___ Female Age: _____

PART II: THE ______________________________________________________.

Directions: Please read the statements carefully. Please put a check mark (/) on the
column provided that corresponds to your answer. Please answer it honestly.

Weight Descriptive Equivalent

3 Always (A)

2 Sometimes (S)

1 Never (N)

3 2 1
(Never)
(Always) (Sometimes)
Statement

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G12 Research2 Module 4

Grade Practical Research 2

Quarter 2 - Module 4
12 Module Title: Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data
Subject Teacher:
2
Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________________Strand: ________________
Barangay: ____________________________________________________
ANSWER SHEET
MODULE 4
SUMMATIVE TEST
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. ENCIRCLE THE LETTER OF YOUR
ANSWER.

1. It is the most important feature of any kind of research study.

A. Data Instrument C. Data Collection
B. Primary Data D. Secondary data
2. Why survey research is useful in your study?
A. Those data are collected fresh and the first time and thus happen to be original
in character.
B. The simplest way of quickly gaining some general details regarding one’s
population of interest.
C. Is a way of gathering data that makes the researcher verbally ask the subjects or
the respondent’s question to give answer to what the researcher is trying to look.
D. All of these
3. Which of the following are benefits of a survey research? SELECT ALL THAT
APPLY
I. Cost-effective IV. Measurable
II. Generalization V. Reliable
III. Specific VI. Versatile
A. Only I, II, III, & IV C. Only I, II, V, & VI
B. Only III, IV, V, & VI D. Only II, IV, V, & VI
4. Which of the following is the best way of doing an interview?
A. Face-to-face interview C. Telephone Interview
B. Computer Assisted Personal Interview D. Observation

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5. As a researcher how are you going to record information in a participant
observation? Your BEST response will be?
A. The preliminary part of the record or in the diary or logbook describes the
persons places, events, discussions, and other things involved in the activity or
object focused on by the research.
B. The secondary part of the diary is called the narrative account that gives your
interpretation or reflections about everything you gather.
C. Both A and B only
D. Only A
6. It is a word that refers to the method or procedure of choosing respondents to
answer the question.
A. Research B. Sampling frame C. Sampling D. Population
7. Why probability sampling is the best type of sampling to use in your study?
A. An equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process given to
every member listed in the sampling frame.
B. This kind of sampling you are required to have a list of your target respondents
focused on your study.
C. The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study,
in some cases it is the discretion of the researcher.
D. Both A and B only
8. Which of the following is the type of probability sampling that use a pure chance
selection process?
A. Systematic sampling C. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified sampling D. Cluster sampling
9. As a researcher, how can you use non-probability sampling in your study?
A. Retaining the characteristics of a probability sampling.
B. The subjects are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study,
in some cases it is the discretion of the researcher.
C. The subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones
volunteering to constitute the sample.
D. All of these
10. It is an organized theoretical investigation of the methods applied to a field of
research.
A. Methodology B. Research C. Sampling D. Inquiry
11. Which of the following is a guided question in writing a research methodology? A.
How did you collect or generate the data?
B. How did you see or generate the data?
C. How did you analyze the data?
D. Both A and C only

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G12 Research2 Module 4
12. Which of the following are the guidelines in writing the research methodology?
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY
I. Describing he samples/participants
II. Describing the materials used in the study
III. Explaining how you prepared the materials
IV. Reviewing Related Literature
V. Describing the research design
VI. Measurable of the study
A. Only I, II, III, & IV C. Only II, III, IV & V
B. Only I, II, III & V D. Only III, IV, V, & VI
13. This type of non-experimental research where the researcher uses interviews,
questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision.
A. Comparative B. Descriptive C. Correlational D. Survey
14. This research designs test the relationship between two variables.
A. Correlation B. Comparative C. Survey D. Descriptive
15. Why correlational research is use to test between two variables?
A. It is oftentimes as a survey or a normative approach to study prevailing
conditions.
B. It is done to establish what the effect of one on the other might be and how that
affects the relationship.
C. It examines pattern of similarities and differences across a moderate number of
cases.
D. All of these
16. Which of the following non-experimental research use to examine the patterns of
similarities and differences across a moderate number of cases?
A. Ex-Post Facto B. Comparative C. Descriptive D. Correlational
17. Which of the following research design that involves selection of groups, upon
which a variable is tested without any random pre-selection process?
A. Quasi-experimental Research C. True-Experimental Design
B. Quasi-non-experimental Research D. True Non-Experimental Research
18. It is a generic term that researchers use for a mensuration device (survey, test, form,
etc.).
A. Test paper B. Instrument C. Questionnaire D. Interview
19. Why instrument is important in gathering data? Your BEST response will be:
A. In order to analyze the data and serve as the base line data in creating conclusion.
B. It is important to gather information in order to have a clear understanding of
the research methodology.
C. Shows the relationship between two variables.
D. All of these
20. Which of the following statements are considered in designing a research
instrument?
A. They start with a statement about.
B. The focus and aims of the research project.
C. How the person’s data will be used (to feed into a report?)
D. All of these

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