Toaz - Info Special Design Provisions For Wind Amp Seismic With Commentary PR

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SDPWS
Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic
with Commentary
2015 EDITION
ANSI/AWC SDPWS-2015
Approval date September 8, 2014
Updates and Errata
While every precaution has been taken to
ensure the accuracy of this document, errors
may have occurred during development.
Updates or Errata are posted to the American
Wood Council website at www.awc.org.
Technical inquiries may be addressed to
info@awc.org.
The American Wood Council (AWC) is the voice of North American traditional and engineered wood
products. From a renewable resource that absorbs and sequesters carbon, the wood products industry
makes products that are essential to everyday life. AWC’s engineers, technologists, scientists, and
building code experts develop state-of-the-art engineering data, technology, and standards on structural
wood products for use by design professionals, building officials, and wood products manufacturers to
assure the safe and efficient design and use of wood structural components.
SDPWS
Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic
with Commentary
2015 EDITION
Dedicated to the memory of James E. Russell, who passed away on February 14, 2013.
As Chairman of AWC’s Wind & Seismic Task Committee since its inception in 2005,
Jim gave generously of his time, expertise, and leadership. He was a gifted Committee
Chair, advisor, and friend to all at AWC and will be missed immensely.
Copyright © 2015 ANSI/AWC SDPWS-2015

American Wood Council Approval date September 8, 2014
ii SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic with Commentary 2015 Edition
First Web Version: November 2014

Second Web Version: June 2015
Third Web Version: November 2015
Fourth Web Version: April 2018
First Print Version: July 2015

Second Print Version: November 2015
Third Print Version: February 2017
Fourth Print Version: April 2018
ISBN 978-1-940383-22-4
ISBN 978-1-940383-39-2 (3 volume set)
Copyright © 2015 by American Wood Council

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter/Title Page Chapter/Title Page
1 Designer Flowchart....................................................................1 4 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems.................... 13

1.1 Flowchart 4.1 General
4.2 Wood-Frame Diaphragms
2 General Design Requirements.................................... 3 4.3 Wood-Frame Shear Walls
2.1 General 4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed
2.2 Terminology to Resist Combined Shear and Uplift
2.3 Notation from Wind
3 Members and Connections.............................................. 7 Appendix A ..................................................................................................45
3.1 Framing
3.2 Sheathing References ................................................................................................. 47
3.3 Connections
3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems Commentary .............................................................................................49
LIST OF TABLES
3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member Factors............. 8 4.3A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Frame Shear Walls (Wood-based Panels) ...... 35
3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for
Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind 4.3B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Loads................................................................ 9 Frame Shear Walls (Wood Structural Panels
Applied over 1/2" or 5/8" Gypsum
3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf)
Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board) ...... 36
for Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads.................................................... 10 4.3C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Frame Shear Walls (Gypsum and Portland
4.2.4 Maximum Diaphragm Aspect Ratios
Cement Plaster) ............................................. 37
(Horizontal or Sloped Diaphragms) .............. 16
4.3D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
4.2A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Frame Shear Walls (Lumber Shear Walls) .... 38
Frame Diaphragms (Blocked Wood
Structural Panel Diaphragms) ....................... 21 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 7/16" (Nominal)
Minimum Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
4.2B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
or Siding When Used for Both Shear Walls
Frame Diaphragms (Blocked Wood
and Wind Uplift Simultaneously over
Structural Panel Diaphragms Utilizing
Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or
Multiple Rows of Fasteners (High Load
Greater............................................................ 43
Diaphragms)) ................................................. 22
4.4.1.6 Maximum Anchor Bolt Spacing (inches) for
4.2C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Combined Shear and Wind Uplift.................. 43
Frame Diaphragms (Unblocked Wood
Structural Panel Diaphragms) ....................... 23 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 3/8" (Nominal)
Minimum Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or
4.2D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Siding When Used for Wind Uplift Only over
Frame Diaphragms (Lumber Diaphragms) ... 24
Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or
4.3.3.2 Unblocked Shear Wall Adjustment Greater............................................................ 44
Factor, Cub....................................................... 26
A1 Standard, Common, Box, and Sinker Nails... 46
4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co........... 28
A2 Standard Cut Washers.................................... 46
4.3.4 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios.............. 28
iv SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
LIST OF FIGURES
4A Examples of Open Front Structures.................... 17 4F Panel Attachment................................................ 40
4B High Load Diaphragm........................................ 20 4G Panel Splice Occurring over Horizontal
Framing Member................................................. 41
4C Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width Ratio for
Perforated Shear Walls........................................ 29 4H Panel Splice Occurring across Studs................... 41
4D Typical Individual Full-Height Wall Segments 4I Sheathing Splice Plate (Alternate Detail) .......... 42
Height-to-Width Ratio......................................... 29
4E Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width Ratio
for Shear Walls Designed for Force Transfer
Around Openings................................................ 29
LIST OF COMMENTARY TABLES

C3.2A Wood Structural Panel Dry Design C4.2.2D Fastener Slip, en (in.).................................... 65
Bending Strength Capacities........................ 54
C4.2.2E Data Summary for Blocked and Unblocked
C3.2B Wood Structural Panel Dry Shear Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms............. 66
Capacities in the Plane................................. 54
C4.2.2F Data Summary for Horizontal Lumber and
C3.2C Cellulosic Fiberboard Sheathing Design Diagonal Lumber Sheathed Diaphragms..... 66
Bending Strength Capacities........................ 54
C4.3.2A Data Summary for Structural Fiberboard,
C4.2.2A Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Sheathing,
Wood Structural Panels.....................................64 and Lumber Sheathed Shear Walls............... 77
C4.3.3.1 Dimension of Galvanized Casing Nails in
C4.2.2B Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for
Accordance With ASTM F1667 (59)........... 79
Other Sheathing Materials............................ 65
C4.2.2C Relationship Between Span Rating and
Nominal Thickness....................................... 65
LIST OF COMMENTARY FIGURES

C3.4 Examples of Roof Uplift Connectors........... 57 C4.2.2B Diaphragm Chord, Double Top Plate
with Two Joints in Upper Plate.................... 68
C4.1.5A Illustration of Subdiaphragm and
Continuous Tie Concept (for west C4.2.5A Simple Cantilever Diaphragm Structure...... 72
wall only)..................................................... 61
C4.2.5B Components of Diaphragm Deflection
C4.1.5B Example Details of Appropriate and Contributing to Seismic Story Drift at
Inappropriate Concrete and Masonry Edges............................................................ 72
Wall Anchorage to Wood Diaphragms......... 61
C4.2.7 Staggering of Nails at Panel Edges of
C4.1.5C Example Details of Appropriate and Blocked Diaphragms.................................... 74
Inappropriate Continuity Tie Details............ 62
C4.3.2 Comparison of 4-Term and 3-Term
C4.2.2A Diaphragm Dimensions and Shear and Deflection Equations.................................... 76
Moment Diagram......................................... 68
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY v
C4.3.3 Detail for Adjoining Panel Edges where C4.4.1A Anchor Bolt Placement Requirements
Structural Panels are Applied to Both For Wood Structural Panels Designed
Faces of the Wall.......................................... 80 to Resist Combined Shear and Wind
Uplift............................................................ 91
C4.3.3A Shear Wall Line............................................ 82
C4.4.1B Panel Splice Over Common Horizontal
C4.3.3B Illustration of Equal Deflection
Framing Member.......................................... 92
Calculation Method...................................... 83
C4.4.1C Detail for Continuous Panel Between
C4.3.6A Distance for Plate Washer Edge to
Levels (Load Path for Shear Transfer
Sheathed Edge.............................................. 88
Into and Out of the Diaphragm Not
C4.3.6B Section and Elevation View of Plate Shown)......................................................... 92
Washer in Foundation Sill Plate
(Raised Floor) Application........................... 88
vi SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 1
DESIGNER
FLOWCHART
1.1 Flowchart 2
2 DESIGNER FLOWCHART
1.1 Flowchart
Special Design Provisions for

Wind and Seismic
Select a Trial Design
ASD Design Method LRFD
Design Category = ASD Design Category = LRFD

Allowable Stress Factored Resistance
(Sections 3.0 and 4.0) (Sections 3.0 and 4.0)
Design Capacity 
No
Applicable Load
Effect
Yes
Strength Criteria Satisfied
GENERAL 2
DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 General 4
2.2 Terminology 4
2.3 Notation 6
4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2.1 General
2.1.1 Scope struction (ANSI/AWC NDS) and provisions of this
document.
The provisions of this document cover materials, 2.1.2.2 Strength Design: Load and resistance factor
design and construction of wood members, fasteners, design (LRFD) of wood structures shall be in accord-
and assemblies to resist wind and seismic forces. ance with the National Design Specification (NDS) for
Wood Construction (ANSI/AWC NDS) and provisions
2.1.2 Design Methods of this document.
Engineered design of wood structures to resist wind 2.1.3 Sizes

and seismic forces shall be by one of the methods de-
scribed in 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.2. Wood product sizes are stated in terms of standard
nominal, standard net, or special sizes. For wood struc-
Exception: Wood structures shall be permit- tural panels produced in accordance with PS 1 or PS 2,
ted to be constructed in accordance with pre- use of the term “nominal panel thickness” in this stand-
scriptive provisions permitted by the authority ard refers to the “Performance Category” value for
having jurisdiction. these products.
2.1.2.1 Allowable Stress Design: Allowable stress

design (ASD) shall be in accordance with the Na-
tional Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Con-
2.2 Terminology
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN. A method of pro- based material bonded together with a waterproof adhe-
portioning structural members and their connections sive.
such that stresses do not exceed specified allowable
DIAPHRAGM. A roof, floor, or other membrane
stresses when the structure is subjected to appropriate
bracing system acting to transmit lateral forces to the
load combinations (also called working stress design).
vertical resisting elements. When the term “dia-
ASD REDUCTION FACTOR. A factor to reduce phragm” is used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.
nominal strength to an allowable stress design level.
DIAPHRAGM, BLOCKED. A diaphragm in which
BOUNDARY ELEMENT. Diaphragm and shear wall all adjacent panel edges are fastened to either common
boundary members to which sheathing transfers forces. framing members or common blocking.
Boundary elements include chords and collectors at
DIAPHRAGM BOUNDARY. A location where shear
diaphragm and shear wall perimeters, interior openings,
is transferred into or out of the diaphragm sheathing.
discontinuities, and re-entrant corners.
Transfer is either to a boundary element or to another
CHORD. A boundary element perpendicular to the force-resisting element.
applied load that resists axial stresses due to the in-
DIAPHRAGM, UNBLOCKED. A diaphragm that
duced moment.
has fasteners at boundaries and supporting members
COLLECTOR. A diaphragm or shear wall boundary only. Blocking between supporting structural members
element parallel to the applied load that collects and at panel edges is not included.
transfers diaphragm shear forces to the vertical force-
FIBERBOARD. A fibrous, homogeneous panel made
resisting elements or distributes forces within the dia-
from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) and
phragm or shear wall.
having a density of less than 31 pounds per cubic foot
COMPOSITE PANELS. A wood structural panel but more than 10 pounds per cubic foot.
comprised of wood veneer and reconstituted wood-
FORCE-TRANSFER SHEAR WALL. A shear wall PLYWOOD. A wood structural panel comprised of
with openings in the wall that has been specifically de- plies of wood veneer arranged in cross-aligned layers.
signed and detailed for force transfer around the open- The plies are bonded with an adhesive that cures on
ings. application of heat and pressure.
HARDBOARD. A fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel REQUIRED STRENGTH. Strength of a member, 2
made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under cross section, or connection required to resist factored
heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less loads or related internal moments and forces.
than 31 pounds per cubic foot.
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

RESISTANCE FACTOR. A factor that accounts for
LATERAL STIFFNESS. The inverse of the defor- deviations of the actual strength from the nominal
mation of shear walls under an applied unit load, or the strength and the manner and consequences of failure.
force required to deform a shear wall a unit distance.
SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY. A classification
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN assigned to a structure based on its Seismic Use Group
(LRFD). A method of proportioning structural mem- (see building code) and the severity of the design earth-
bers and their connections using load and resistance quake ground motion at the site.
factors such that no applicable limit state is reached
SHEAR WALL. A wall designed to resist lateral forc-
when the structure is subjected to appropriate load
es parallel to the plane of a wall.
combinations.
SHEAR WALL, BLOCKED. A shear wall in which
NOMINAL STRENGTH. Strength of a member,
all adjacent panel edges are fastened to either common
cross section, or connection before application of any
framing members or common blocking.
strength reduction factors.
SHEAR WALL, UNBLOCKED. A shear wall that
OPEN FRONT STRUCTURE. A structure in which
has fasteners at boundaries and vertical framing mem-
any diaphragm edge cantilevers beyond vertical ele-
bers only. Blocking between vertical framing members
ments of the lateral force-resisting system.
at adjacent panel edges is not included.
ORIENTED STRAND BOARD. A mat-formed wood
SHEAR WALL LINE. A series of shear walls in a
structural panel product composed of thin rectangular
line at a given story level.
wood strands or wafers arranged in oriented layers and
bonded with waterproof adhesive. SUBDIAPHRAGM. A portion of a diaphragm used to
transfer wall anchorage forces to diaphragm cross ties.
PARTICLEBOARD. A generic term for a panel pri-
marily composed of cellulosic materials (usually TIE-DOWN (HOLD-DOWN). A device used to re-
wood), generally in the form of discrete pieces or parti- sist uplift of the chords of shear walls.
cles, as distinguished from fibers. The cellulosic mate- WALL PIER. A section of wall adjacent to an open-
rial is combined with synthetic resin or other suitable ing and equal in height to the opening, which is de-
bonding system by a process in which the interparticle signed to resist lateral forces in the plane of the wall
bond is created by the bonding system under heat and according to the force-transfer method (4.3.5.2).
pressure.
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL. A panel manufac-
PERFORATED SHEAR WALL. A shear wall with tured from veneers; or wood strands or wafers; or a
openings in the wall that has not been specifically de- combination of veneer and wood strands or wafers;
signed and detailed for force transfer around wall open- bonded together with waterproof synthetic resins or
ings, and meets the requirements of 4.3.5.3. other suitable bonding systems. Examples of wood
PERFORATED SHEAR WALL SEGMENT. A structural panels are plywood, oriented strand board
section of a perforated shear wall with full height (OSB), or composite panels.
sheathing that meets the requirements for maximum
aspect ratio limits in 4.3.4.
6 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2.3 Notation
A = area, in.2 h = height of a shear wall or shear wall segment, ft,
measured as:
Ao = total area of openings in a perforated shear wall,
ft2 1. maximum clear height from top of founda-
tion to bottom of diaphragm framing above,
C = compression chord force, lbs
ft, or
Co = shear capacity adjustment factor
2. maximum clear height from top of dia-
E = modulus of elasticity, psi phragm below to bottom of diaphragm fram-
ing above, ft
G = specific gravity
r = sheathing area ratio
Ga = apparent shear stiffness from nail slip and panel
shear deformation, kips/in. t = uniform uplift force, lbs/ft
Gac = combined apparent shear wall shear stiffness of ν = induced unit shear, lbs/ft
two-sided shear wall, kips/in.
ν max = maximum induced unit shear force, lbs/ft
Ga1 = apparent shear wall shear stiffness for side 1,
ν s = nominal unit shear capacity for seismic design,
kips/in.
lbs/ft
Ga2 = apparent shear wall shear stiffness for side 2,
ν sc = combined nominal unit shear capacity of two-
kips/in.
sided shear wall for seismic design, lbs/ft
Kmin = minimum ratio of νs1/Ga1 or νs2/Ga2
ν s1 = nominal unit shear capacity for designated side
L = dimension of a diaphragm in the direction per- 1, lbs/ft
pendicular to the application of force, ft
ν s2 = nominal unit shear capacity for designated side
L′ = dimension of cantilevered diaphragm in the di- 2, lbs/ft
rection perpendicular to the application of force
ν w = nominal unit shear capacity for wind design,
and measured as the distance from the edge of
lbs/ft
the cantilevered diaphragm at the open front to
the nearest vertical resisting element of the ν wc = combined nominal unit shear capacity of two-
lateral-force resisting system, ft sided shear wall for wind design, lbs/ft
ΣLi = sum of perforated shear wall segment lengths, x = distance from chord splice to nearest support, ft
ft
 a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage sys-
Ltot = total length of a perforated shear wall, ft tem (including fastener slip, device elongation,
rod elongation, etc.), in., at the induced unit shear
R = response modification coefficient
in the shear wall
T = tension chord force, lbs
 c = diaphragm chord splice slip at the induced unit
V = induced shear force in perforated shear wall, lbs shear in diaphragm, in.
W = dimension of a diaphragm in the direction paral-  dia = maximum diaphragm deflection determined by
lel to the application of force and is measured elastic analysis, in.
as the distance between diaphragm chords, ft
 sw = maximum shear wall deflection determined by
W′ = dimension of a cantilevered diaphragm in the di- elastic analysis, in.
rection parallel to the application of force and is φb = sheathing resistance factor for out-of-plane
measured as the distance between outermost
bending
vertical lateral force resisting elements of the
diaphragm, ft φz = resistance factor for connections
b = length of a shear wall or shear wall segment φD = sheathing resistance factor for in-plane shear of
measured as the sheathed dimension of the shear walls and diaphragms
shear wall or segment, ft
 0 = system overstrength factor
bs = length of a shear wall or shear wall segment for
determining aspect ratio, ft. For perforated
shear walls, use the minimum shear wall seg-
ment length included in ΣLi. For force-transfer
shear walls, see 4.3.4.4.
MEMBERS AND
CONNECTIONS 3
3.1 Framing 8
3.2 Sheathing 8
3.3 Connections 10
3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems 11
Table 3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member Factors............... 8

Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for
Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads........................................................... 9
Table 3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for
Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads......................................................... 10
8 MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS
3.1 Framing
3.1.1 Wall Framing Table 3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member
Factors
In addition to gravity loads, wall framing shall be
designed to resist induced wind and seismic forces. Stud Size System Factor
The framing shall be designed using the methods refer- 2x4 1.50
enced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design (ASD) and 2x6 1.35
2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD). 2x8 1.25
2x10 1.20
3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness 2x12 1.15
Design Value Increase: The reference bending design
value, Fb, for sawn lumber wood studs resisting out-of-
3.1.2 Floor Framing
plane wind loads shall be permitted to be multiplied by
the repetitive member factors in Table 3.1.1.1, in lieu of
the NDS repetitive member factor, Cr=1.15. The bend- In addition to gravity loads, floor framing shall be
designed to resist induced wind and seismic forces. The
ing stiffness, EI, for sawn lumber studs shall be permit-
ted to be multiplied by the repetitive member factors in framing shall be designed using the methods referenced
in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design (ASD) and 2.1.2.2
Table 3.1.1.1 for the purposes of calculating out-of-
for strength design (LRFD).
plane deflection under wind load. The repetitive mem-
ber factors in Table 3.1.1.1 apply when studs are de-
signed for bending strength and stiffness, spaced no 3.1.3 Roof Framing
more than 24" on center, covered on the inside with a
minimum of 1/2" gypsum wallboard, attached in ac- In addition to gravity loads, roof framing shall be
cordance with minimum building code requirements designed to resist induced wind and seismic forces. The
and sheathed on the exterior with a minimum of 3/8" framing shall be designed using the methods referenced
(nominal) wood structural panel sheathing with all pan- in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design (ASD) and 2.1.2.2
el joints occurring over studs or blocking and attached for strength design (LRFD).
using a minimum of 8d common nails spaced a maxi-
mum of 6" on center at panel edges and 12" on center at
intermediate framing members.
3.2 Sheathing
3.2.1 Wall Sheathing factored uniform load capacities to be used for wind
design shall be determined by multiplying the nominal
Exterior wall sheathing and its fasteners shall be uniform load capacities in Table 3.2.1 by a resistance
capable of resisting and transferring wind loads to the factor,  b , of 0.85. Sheathing used in shear wall assem-
wall framing. Maximum spans and nominal uniform blies to resist lateral forces shall be designed in accord-
load capacities for wall sheathing materials are given in ance with 4.3. Walls sheathed with wood structural
Table 3.2.1. The ASD allowable uniform load capaci- panel sheathing or siding that are designed to resist up-
ties to be used for wind design shall be determined by lift from wind, or combined shear and uplift from wind
dividing the nominal uniform load capacities in Table shall be in accordance with 4.4.
3.2.1 by an ASD reduction factor of 1.6. The LRFD
Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads1
Strength Axis6
Perpendicular to Supports Parallel to Supports
Minimum Maximum Actual Stud Spacing Maximum Actual Stud Spacing
Sheathing Type4 Span Rating or Grade Thickness Stud (in.) Stud (in.)
(in.) Spacing 12 16 24 Spacing 12 16 24
(in.) (in.)
3
Nominal Uniform Nominal Uniform
Loads (psf) Loads (psf)
Wood Structural Panels 24/0 3/8 24 425 240 105 24 90 50 303
(Sheathing Grades, C-C, 24/16 7/16 24 540 305 135 24 110 60 353
C-D, C-C Plugged,
MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

32/16 15/32 24 625 355 155 24 155 90 453
OSB)2,5
40/20 19/32 24 955 595 265 24 255 145 753
48/24 23/32 24 11603 8403 3953 24 4553 255 3
1153
Particleboard Sheathing 3/8 16 (contact 16 (contact
(M-S Exterior Glue) 1/2 16 manufacturer) 16 manufacturer)
Particleboard Panel Sid- 5/8 16 (contact 16 (contact
ing 3/4 24 manufacturer) 24 manufacturer)
(M-S Exterior Glue)
Hardboard Siding Lap Siding 7/16 16 460 260 - - - - -
(Direct to Studs) Shiplap Edge Panel Siding 7/16 24 460 260 115 24 460 260 115
Square Edge Panel Siding 7/16 24 460 260 115 24 460 260 115
Cellulosic Fiberboard Regular 1/2 16 90 50 - 16 90 50 -
Sheathing
Structural 1/2 16 135 75 - 16 135 75 -
Structural 25/32 16 165 90 - 16 165 90 -
1. Nominal capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with Section 3.2.1 to determine ASD uniform load capacity and LRFD uniform resistances.
2. Unless otherwise noted, tabulated values are based on the lesser of nominal values for either OSB or plywood with 3 or more plies.
3. Tabulated values are based on the lesser of nominal values for either OSB or plywood with 4 or more plies.
4. Wood structural panels shall conform to the requirements for its type in DOC PS 1 or PS 2. Particleboard sheathing shall conform to ANSI A208.1. Hardboard
panel and siding shall conform to the requirements of ANSI/CPA A135.6. Cellulosic fiberboard sheathing shall conform to ASTM C 208.
5. Tabulated values are for maximum bending loads from wind. Loads are limited by bending or shear stress assuming a 2-span continuous condition. Where
panels are continuous over 3 or more spans the tabulated values shall be permitted to be increased in accordance with the ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered
Wood Construction.
6. Strength axis is defined as the axis parallel to the face and back orientation of the flakes or the grain (veneer), which is generally the long panel direction, unless
otherwise marked.
3.2.2 Floor Sheathing load capacities for roof sheathing materials are given in
Table 3.2.2. The ASD allowable uniform load capaci-
Floor sheathing shall be capable of resisting and ties to be used for wind design shall be determined by
transferring gravity loads to the floor framing. Sheath- dividing the nominal uniform load capacities in Table
ing used in diaphragm assemblies to resist lateral forces 3.2.2 by an ASD reduction factor of 1.6. The LRFD
shall be designed in accordance with 4.2. factored uniform load capacities to be used for wind
design shall be determined by multiplying the nominal
3.2.3 Roof Sheathing uniform load capacities in Table 3.2.2 by a resistance
factor,  b , of 0.85. Sheathing used in diaphragm as-
Roof sheathing and its fasteners shall be capable of semblies to resist lateral forces shall be designed in ac-
resisting and transferring wind and gravity loads to the cordance with 4.2.
roof framing. Maximum spans and nominal uniform
Table 3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads1,2,6
Sheathing Type5 Span Rating Minimum Strength Axis7 Applied Strength Axis7 Applied
or Grade Thickness Perpendicular to Supports Parallel to Supports
(in.)
Rafter/Truss Spacing (in.) Rafter/Truss Spacing (in.)
12 16 19.2 24 32 48 12 16 24
Nominal Uniform Loads (psf) Nominal Uniform Loads (psf)
Wood Structural Panels 24/0 3/8 425 240 165 105 - - 90 50 303
(Sheathing Grades, C-C, 24/16 7/16 540 305 210 135 - - 110 60 353
C-D, C-C Plugged, OSB) 32/16 15/32 625 355 245 155 90 - 155 90 453
40/20 19/32 955 595 415 265 150 - 255 145 753
48/24 23/32 11603 8403 6153 3953 2203 1003 4553 2553 1153
Wood Structural Panels 16 o.c. 19/32 705 395 275 175 100 - 170 95 503
(Single Floor Grades, 20 o.c. 19/32 815 455 320 205 115 - 235 135 703
Underlayment, C-C Plugged) 24 o.c. 23/32 11603 6703 4653 3003 1703 - 4403 2503 1103
32 o.c. 7/8 13954 10004 6954 4454 2504 1104 11604 6554 2904
48 o.c. 1-1/8 17904 12954 10604 8054 4554 2004 17904 11454 5104
1. Nominal capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with Section 3.2.3 to determine ASD uniform load capacity and LRFD uniform resistances.
2. Unless otherwise noted, tabulated values are based on the lesser of nominal values for either OSB or plywood with 3 or more plies.
5. Wood structural panels shall conform to the requirements for its type in DOC PS 1 or PS 2.
6. Tabulated values are for maximum bending loads from wind. Loads are limited by bending or shear stress assuming a 2-span continuous condition. Where
panels are continuous over 3 or more spans, the tabulated values shall be permitted to be increased in accordance with the ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered
Wood Construction.
7. Strength axis is defined as the axis parallel to the face and back orientation of the flakes or the grain (veneer), which is generally the long panel direction, unless
otherwise marked.
3.3 Connections
Connections resisting induced wind and seismic
forces shall be designed in accordance with the meth-
ods referenced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design
(ASD) and 2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD).
3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems

3.4.1. General
The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi-

neered wood systems, members, and connections resist-
ing wind uplift shall be in accordance with the refer-
ence documents in 2.1.2 and the provisions of 3.4.2. A 3
continuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength
and stiffness shall be provided to transfer all forces
from the point of application to the final point of re-
MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

sistance.
3.4.2 Design Requirements
Uplift force resisting systems shall comply with the

following:
1. Metal connectors, continuous tie rods, or oth-

er similar connection devices used in the wind
uplift load path shall be of adequate strength
and stiffness to transfer induced forces to
supporting elements.
2. The design strength and stiffness of wood
members and connections used in combina-
tion with metal connectors, continuous tie
rods, or other similar connection devices shall
be determined in accordance with 3.3.
3. Where wind uplift load path connections are
not aligned from point of load application to
point of resistance, additional forces and de-
flections resulting from such eccentricities
shall be accounted for in the design of sup-
porting load path elements.
Exception: Walls sheathed with wood structural panel

sheathing or siding that are designed to resist uplift
from wind, or combined shear and uplift from wind
shall be in accordance with 4.4.
This page left blank intentionally.
LATERAL
FORCE-
RESISTING 4
SYSTEMS
4.1 General 14
4.2 Wood-Frame Diaphragms 15
4.3 Wood-Frame Shear Walls 25
4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed
to Resist Combined Shear and Uplift
from Wind 39
Table 4.2.4 Maximum Diaphragm Aspect Ratios....................16
Tables 4.2A-D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Frame Diaphragms ........................................21 – 24
Table 4.3.3.2 Unblocked Shear Wall Adjustment Factor, Cub ...26
Table 4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co.................28
Table 4.3.4 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios.....................28
Tables 4.3A-D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-
Frame Shear Walls..........................................35 – 38
Table 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 7/16" Wood
Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding–Combined
Shear and Uplift......................................................43
Table 4.4.1.6 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios.....................43
Table 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 3/8" Wood Structural
Panel Sheathing or Siding–Uplift Only.................44
14 LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design Requirements 4.1.5 Wood Members and Systems
Resisting Seismic Forces Contributed by
The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi- Masonry and Concrete Walls
neered wood systems, members, and connections in
lateral force-resisting systems shall be in accordance Wood-frame shear walls, wood-frame diaphragms,
with the reference documents in 2.1.2 and provisions in trusses, and other wood members and systems shall not
this chapter. A continuous load path, or paths, with ad- be used to resist seismic forces contributed by masonry
equate strength and stiffness shall be provided to trans- or concrete walls in structures over one story in height.
fer all forces from the point of application to the final
point of resistance. Exceptions:
1. Wood floor and roof members shall be permit-
4.1.2 Shear Capacity ted to be used in diaphragms and horizontal
trusses to resist horizontal seismic forces con-
Nominal shear capacities of diaphragms and shear tributed by masonry or concrete walls provided
walls are provided for reference assemblies in Tables such forces do not result in torsional force dis-
4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D and Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, tribution through the diaphragm or truss.
4.3C, and 4.3D, respectively. Alternatively, shear ca- 2. Vertical wood structural panel sheathed shear
pacity of diaphragms and shear walls shall be permitted walls shall be permitted to be used to provide
to be calculated by principles of mechanics using val- resistance to seismic forces contributed by ma-
ues of fastener strength and sheathing shear capacity. sonry or concrete walls in two-story structures,
provided the following requirements are met:
4.1.3 Deformation Requirements a. Story-to-story wall heights shall not exceed
12'.
b. Diaphragms shall not be considered to
Deformation of connections within and between transmit lateral forces by torsional force
structural elements shall be considered in design such distribution or cantilever past the outermost
that the deformation of each element and connection supporting shear wall.
comprising the lateral force-resisting system is compat- c. Combined deflections of diaphragms and
ible with the deformations of the other lateral force- shear walls shall not permit design story drift
resisting elements and connections and with the overall of supported masonry or concrete walls to
system. exceed the allowable story drift in accord-
ance with Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7.
4.1.4 Boundary Elements d. Wood structural panel diaphragms shall be
blocked diaphragms.
Shear wall and diaphragm boundary elements shall e. Wood structural panel shear walls shall be
be provided to transfer the design tension and compres- blocked shear walls and, for the lower sto-
sion forces. Diaphragm and shear wall sheathing shall ry, the sheathing shall have a minimum
not be used to splice boundary elements. Diaphragm nominal panel thickness of 15/32".
chords and collectors shall be placed in, or in contact f. There shall be no out-of-plane horizontal
with, the plane of the diaphragm framing unless it can offsets between the first and second stories
be demonstrated that the moments, shears, and deflec- of wood structural panel shear walls.
tions, considering eccentricities resulting from other
configurations, can be tolerated without exceeding the 4.1.5.1 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Struc-
framing capacity and drift limits. tural Walls to Diaphragms: In Seismic Design Catego-
ries C, D, E, or F, diaphragms shall be provided with
continuous ties or struts between diaphragm chords to
distribute concrete or masonry structural wall anchor-
age forces in accordance with Section 12.11.2 of ASCE
7 into the diaphragms. Subdiaphragms shall be permit- 4.1.6 Wood Members and Systems
ted to be used to transmit the anchorage forces to the Resisting Seismic Forces from Other
main continuous cross-ties. The maximum length-to- Concrete or Masonry Construction
width ratio of the structural subdiaphragm shall be
2.5:1. Connections and anchorages capable of resisting Wood members and systems shall be permitted to
the prescribed forces shall be provided between the di- be used where designed to resist seismic forces from
aphragm and the attached components. concrete, or masonry components other than walls, in-
4.1.5.1.1 Anchorage shall not be accomplished by cluding but not limited to: chimneys, fireplaces, con-
use of nails subject to withdrawal or toe-nails nor shall crete or masonry veneers, and concrete floors.
wood ledgers or framing be used in cross-grain bending
or cross-grain tension.
4.1.5.1.2 The diaphragm sheathing shall not be
4.1.7 Toe-Nailed Connections
4
considered effective as providing the ties or struts re- In seismic design categories D, E, and F, the capac-
quired by this section. ity of toe-nailed connections shall not be used when
LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

calculating lateral load resistance to transfer seismic
lateral forces greater than 150 pounds per lineal foot for
ASD and 205 pounds per lineal foot for LRFD from
diaphragms to shear walls, collectors, or other ele-
ments, or from shear walls to other elements.
4.2 Wood-Frame Diaphragms

4.2.1 Application Requirements
5 L3 0.25 L x c
dia (4.2-1)
Wood-frame diaphragms shall be permitted to be 8EAW 1000Ga 2W
used to resist lateral forces provided the deflection in
the plane of the diaphragm, as determined by calcula- where:
tions, tests, or analogies drawn therefrom, does not ex- E = modulus of elasticity of diaphragm chords,
ceed the maximum permissible deflection limit of at- psi
tached load distributing or resisting elements. Permis-
sible deflection shall be that deflection that will permit A = area of chord cross-section, in.2
the diaphragm and any attached elements to maintain Ga = apparent diaphragm shear stiffness from nail
their structural integrity and continue to support their slip and panel shear deformation, kips/in.
prescribed loads as determined by the applicable build-
(from Column A, Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, or
ing code or standard. Framing members, blocking, and
4.2D)
connections shall extend into the diaphragm a sufficient
distance to develop the force transferred into the dia- L = diaphragm length, ft
phragm.
= induced unit shear in diaphragm, lbs/ft
4.2.2 Deflection W = diaphragm width, ft
x = distance from chord splice to nearest sup-

Calculations of diaphragm deflection shall account
port, ft
for bending and shear deflections, fastener deformation,
chord splice slip, and other contributing sources of de- c = diaphragm chord splice slip, in., at the in-
flection. duced unit shear in diaphragm
The diaphragm deflection, dia, shall be permitted to
be calculated by use of the following equation: dia = maximum mid-span diaphragm deflection
determined by elastic analysis, in.
Alternatively, for wood structural panel dia- ments of the story below. It shall be permitted to ideal-
phragms, deflection shall be permitted to be calculated ize a diaphragm as rigid when the computed maximum
using a rational analysis where apparent shear stiffness in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral
accounts for panel shear deformation and non-linear load is less than or equal to two times the average de-
nail slip in the sheathing-to-framing connection. flection of adjoining vertical elements of the lateral
force-resisting system of the associated story under
4.2.3 Unit Shear Capacities equivalent tributary lateral load.
When a diaphragm is not idealized as rigid or flexi-
Tabulated nominal unit shear capacities for seismic ble, the diaphragm shear forces shall be distributed to
design are provided in Column A of Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, the vertical resisting elements using a semi-rigid dia-
4.2C, and 4.2D; and for wind design in Column B of phragm analysis based on the relative stiffnesses of the
Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D. The ASD allowable diaphragm and the vertical resisting elements account-
unit shear capacity shall be determined by dividing the ing for both shear and flexural deformations. In lieu of
tabulated nominal unit shear capacity, modified by ap- using a semi-rigid diaphragm analysis for distribution
plicable footnotes, by the ASD reduction factor of 2.0. of story shear forces, it shall be permitted to use an en-
The LRFD factored unit resistance shall be determined veloped analysis whereby distribution of horizontal
by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit shear capacity, diaphragm shear to each vertical resisting element is the
modified by applicable footnotes, by a resistance factor, larger of the shear forces resulting from analyses where
D, of 0.80. No further increases shall be permitted.
the diaphragm is idealized as flexible and the dia-
phragm is idealized as rigid.
4.2.4 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios 4.2.5.1 Torsional Irregularity: Structures with
wood-frame diaphragms modeled as semi-rigid or ide-
Size and shape of diaphragms shall be limited to alized as rigid shall be considered as torsionally irregu-
the aspect ratios in Table 4.2.4. lar under seismic load when the maximum story drift,
computed from seismic design forces including acci-
dental torsion, at one end of the structure is more than
Table 4.2.4 Maximum Diaphragm Aspect
1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends
Ratios of the structure. Where a torsional irregularity exists in
(Horizontal or Sloped structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B, C,
Diaphragms) D, E, or F, diaphragms shall meet all of the following
requirements:
Diaphragm Maximum
1. The diaphragm conforms to 4.2.7.1, 4.2.7.2, or
Sheathing Type L/W Ratio 4.2.7.3.
Wood structural panel, unblocked 3:1 2. The L/W ratio is not greater than 1.5:1 when
Wood structural panel, blocked 4:1 sheathed in conformance with 4.2.7.1 or not
Single-layer straight lumber sheathing 2:1 greater than 1:1 when sheathed in conformance
Single-layer diagonal lumber sheathing 3:1 with 4.2.7.2 or 4.2.7.3.
Double-layer diagonal lumber sheathing 4:1 3. The maximum story drift at each edge of the
structure shall not exceed the ASCE 7 allowa-
4.2.5 Horizontal Distribution of Shear ble story drift when subject to seismic design
forces including torsion, and accidental torsion.
The distribution of shear to vertical resisting ele-
ments shall be based on an analysis where the dia- 4.2.5.2 Open Front Structures: For resistance to
phragm is modeled as semi-rigid, idealized as flexible, seismic loads, wood-frame diaphragms in open front
or idealized as rigid. When a diaphragm is idealized as structures shall comply with all of the following re-
flexible, the diaphragm shear forces shall be distributed quirements:
to the vertical resisting elements based on tributary ar- 1. The diaphragm conforms to 4.2.7.1, 4.2.7.2, or
ea. When a diaphragm is idealized as rigid, the dia- 4.2.7.3.
phragm shear forces shall be distributed based on the 2. The L′/W′ ratio (as shown in Figure 4A (a
relative lateral stiffnesses of the vertical-resisting ele- through d)) is not greater than 1.5:1 when
sheathed in conformance with 4.2.7.1 or not Figure 4A Examples of Open Front

greater than 1:1 when sheathed in conformance Structures
with 4.2.7.2 or 4.2.7.3. For open front struc-
tures that are also torsionally irregular as de-
fined in 4.2.5.1, the L′/W′ ratio shall not exceed
0.67:1 for structures over one story in height,
and 1:1 for structures one story in height.
3. For loading parallel to the open side, dia-
phragms shall be modeled as semi-rigid or ide-
alized as rigid, and the maximum story drift at
each edge of the structure shall not exceed the (a)
ASCE 7 allowable story drift when subject to 4
seismic design forces including torsion and ac-
cidental torsion and shall include shear and
bending deformations of the diaphragm.

4. The cantilevered diaphragm length, L′, (normal
to the open side) shall not exceed 35 feet.
Exception: Wood frame diaphragms in open front

structures in which the diaphragm edge cantilevers no
more than six feet beyond the nearest line of vertical
elements of the lateral force-resisting system need not (b)
comply with Section 4.2.5.2.
4.2.5.2.1 For open front structures one story in

height, where L′ is not more than 25′ and L′/W′ is less
than or equal to 1:1, the cantilevered diaphragm defined
by L′ x W′ (as shown in Figure 4A) shall be permitted
to be idealized as rigid for purposes of distribution of
shear forces through torsion.
4.2.6 Construction Requirements

(c)
4.2.6.1 Framing Requirements: Diaphragm bounda-
ry elements shall be provided to transmit the design
tension, compression, and shear forces. Diaphragm
sheathing shall not be used to splice boundary ele-
ments. Diaphragm chords and collectors shall be placed
in, or in contact with, the plane of the diaphragm fram-
ing unless it can be demonstrated that the moments,
shears, and deflections, considering eccentricities re-
sulting from other configurations, can be tolerated
without exceeding the framing capacity and drift limits.
4.2.6.2 Sheathing: Diaphragms shall be sheathed
with approved materials. Details on sheathing types and
thicknesses for commonly used floor, roof, and ceiling
diaphragm assemblies are provided in 4.2.7 and Tables (d)
4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D.
4.2.6.3 Fasteners: Sheathing shall be attached to el edges shall be 6" on center. Nails along in-
framing members using nails or other approved fasten- termediate framing members and blocking for
ers alone, or in combination with adhesives. Nails shall panels shall be the same size as installed at the
be driven with the head of the nail flush with the sur- panel edges. Maximum nail spacing shall be 6"
face of the sheathing. Other approved fasteners shall be on center when support spacing of 48" on cen-
driven as required for proper installation of that fasten- ter is specified and 12" on center for closer
er. support spacings.
3. The width of the nailed face of framing mem-
4.2.7 Diaphragm Assemblies bers and blocking shall be 2" nominal or great-
er at adjoining panel edges except that a 3"
nominal or greater width at adjoining panel
4.2.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms: Dia-
edges and staggered nailing at all panel edges
phragms sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing
are required where:
shall be permitted to be used to resist seismic and wind
a. Nail spacing of 2-1/2" on center or less at
forces. Wood structural panel sheathing used for dia-
adjoining panel edges is specified, or
phragms that are part of the lateral force-resisting sys-
b. 10d common nails having penetration in-
tem shall be applied directly to the framing members to framing members and blocking of
and blocking. more than 1-1/2" are specified at 3" on
Exception: Wood structural panel sheathing in a center or less at adjoining panel edges.
diaphragm is permitted to be fastened over solid 4. Wood structural panels shall conform to the
lumber planking or laminated decking provided requirements for their type in DOC PS1 or PS2.
the following requirements are met:
1. Panel edges do not coincide with joints in the 4.2.7.1.2 High Load Blocked Diaphragms: All
lumber planking or laminated decking. joints in sheathing shall occur over and be fastened to
2. Adjacent panel edges parallel to the planks or common framing members or common blocking. The
decking are fastened to a common member. size and spacing of fasteners at wood-frame diaphragm
3. The planking or decking shall be of sufficient boundaries and panel edges shall be as prescribed in
thickness to satisfy minimum fastener penetra- Table 4.2B and Figure 4B. The diaphragms shall be
tion in framing members and blocking as re- constructed as follows:
quired in Table 4.2A. 1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8' except at
4. Diaphragm aspect ratio (L/W) does not exceed boundaries and changes in framing where min-
that for a blocked wood structural panel dia- imum panel dimension shall be 24" unless all
phragm (4:1). edges of the undersized panels are supported by
5. Diaphragm forces are transferred from wood and fastened to framing members or blocking.
structural panel sheathing to diaphragm bound- 2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from panel
ary elements through planking or decking or by edges but not less than distances shown in Fig-
other methods. ure 4B. Maximum nail spacing at panel edges
shall be 6" on center. Nails along intermediate
4.2.7.1.1 Blocked Diaphragms: Where diaphragms framing members for panels shall be the same
are designated as blocked, all joints in sheathing shall size as installed at the panel edges. Maximum
occur over and be fastened to common framing mem- nail spacing shall be 6" on center when support
bers or common blocking. The size and spacing of fas- spacing of greater than 32" on center is speci-
teners at wood-frame diaphragm boundaries and panel fied. Maximum nail spacing shall be 12" on
edges shall be as prescribed in Table 4.2A. The dia- center for specified support spacing of 32" on
phragm shall be constructed as follows: center or less.
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8' except at 3. In diaphragm boundary members, lines of fas-
boundaries and changes in framing where min- teners shall be equally spaced and fasteners
imum panel dimension shall be 24" unless all within each line shall be staggered where spac-
edges of the undersized panels are supported by ing is 3" on center or less.
and fastened to framing members or blocking. 4. The depth of framing members and blocking
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the into which the nail penetrates shall be 3" nomi-
edges of panels. Maximum nail spacing at pan- nal or greater.
5. The width of the nailed face of framing mem- ports are not less than 3" nominal (2-½" thick) in width
bers and blocking at boundaries and adjoining or 4" nominal (3-½" deep) in depth.
panel edges shall be 3" nominal or greater. The 4.2.7.3 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with
width of the nailed face not located at bounda- Double-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed
ries or adjoining panel edges shall be 2" nomi- lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to re-
nal or greater. sist seismic and wind forces. Double diagonally
6. Wood structural panels shall conform to the re- sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be constructed of
quirements for their type in DOC PS1 or PS2. two layers of diagonal sheathing boards laid perpendic-
ular to each other on the same face of the supporting
4.2.7.1.3 Unblocked Diaphragms: Where dia- members. Each chord shall be considered as a beam
phragms are designated as unblocked, the diaphragms with uniform load per foot equal to 50% of the unit
shall be constructed as specified in 4.2.7.1.1, except shear due to diaphragm action. The load shall be as- 4
that blocking between supporting structural members at sumed as acting normal to the chord in the plane of the
panel edges shall not be required. The size and spacing diaphragm in either direction. Nailing of diagonally
of fasteners at wood-frame diaphragm boundaries and

sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be in accordance
panel edges shall be as prescribed in Table 4.2C. with Table 4.2D.
4.2.7.2 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with Sin- 4.2.7.4 Diaphragms Horizontally Sheathed with
gle-Layer of Lumber: Single diagonally sheathed lum- Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lumber
ber diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to resist diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to resist seis-
seismic and wind forces. Single diagonally sheathed mic and wind forces. Horizontally sheathed lumber di-
lumber diaphragms shall be constructed of minimum 1" aphragms shall be constructed of minimum 1" thick
thick nominal sheathing boards or 2" thick nominal nominal sheathing boards or minimum 2" thick nominal
lumber laid at an angle of approximately 45 to the lumber laid perpendicular to the supports. End joints in
supports. End joints in adjacent boards shall be separat- adjacent boards shall be separated by at least one joist
ed by at least one joist space and there shall be at least space and there shall be at least two boards between
two boards between joints on the same support. Nail- joints on the same support. Nailing of horizontally
ing of diagonally sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be in accordance
in accordance with Table 4.2D. Single diagonally with Table 4.2D.
sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to con-
sist of 2" nominal lumber (1-½" thick) where the sup-
Figure 4B High Load Diaphragm
Table 4.2A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms
Blocked Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms1,2,3,4,5
A B
SEISMIC WIND
Nail Spacing (in.) at diaphragm
boundaries (all cases), at continuous
Nail Spacing (in.) at diaphragm boundaries (all cases), at continuous panel edges parallel to load panel edges parallel to load (Cases 3 &
(Cases 3 & 4), and at all panel edges (Cases 5 & 6) 4), and at all panel edges (Cases 5 & 6)
Minimum 6 4 2-1/2 2 6 4 2-1/2 2
Minimum
Nominal Width Nail Spacing (in.) at other panel edges
Fastener Minimum
of Nailed Face Nail Spacing (in.) at other panel edges (Cases 1, 2, 3, & 4) (Cases 1, 2, 3, & 4)
Penetration in Nominal
Sheathing Common at Adjoining 6 6 4 3 6 6 4 3
Framing Panel
Grade Nail Size Panel Edges vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vw vw vw vw
Member or Thickness
and (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (plf)
Blocking (in.)
Boundaries
(in.)
(in.) OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY
2 370 15 12 500 8.5 7.5 750 12 10 840 20 15 520 700 1050 1175
6d 1-1/4 5/16
3 420 12 9.5 560 7.0 6.0 840 9.5 8.5 950 17 13 590 785 1175 1330
2 540 14 11 720 9.0 7.5 1060 13 10 1200 21 15 755 1010 1485 1680
Structural I 8d 1-3/8 3/8
3 600 12 10 800 7.5 6.5 1200 10 9.0 1350 18 13 840 1120 1680 1890
2 640 24 17 850 15 12 1280 20 15 1460 31 21 895 1190 1790 2045
10d 1-1/2 15/32
3 720 20 15 960 12 9.5 1440 16 13 1640 26 18 1010 1345 2015 2295
2 340 15 10 450 9.0 7.0 670 13 9.5 760 21 13 475 630 940 1065
5/16
3 380 12 9.0 500 7.0 6.0 760 10 8.0 860 17 12 530 700 1065 1205
6d 1-1/4
2 370 13 9.5 500 7.0 6.0 750 10 8.0 840 18 12 520 700 1050 1175
3/8
3 420 10 8.0 560 5.5 5.0 840 8.5 7.0 950 14 10 590 785 1175 1330
2 480 15 11 640 9.5 7.5 960 13 9.5 1090 21 13 670 895 1345 1525
3/8
3 540 12 9.5 720 7.5 6.0 1080 11 8.5 1220 18 12 755 1010 1510 1710
Sheathing
2 510 14 10 680 8.5 7.0 1010 12 9.5 1150 20 13 715 950 1415 1610
and 8d 1-3/8 7/16
3 570 11 9.0 760 7.0 6.0 1140 10 8.0 1290 17 12 800 1065 1595 1805
Single-Floor
2 540 13 9.5 720 7.5 6.5 1060 11 8.5 1200 19 13 755 1010 1485 1680
15/32
3 600 10 8.5 800 6.0 5.5 1200 9.0 7.5 1350 15 11 840 1120 1680 1890
2 580 25 15 770 15 11 1150 21 14 1310 33 18 810 1080 1610 1835
15/32
3 650 21 14 860 12 9.5 1300 17 12 1470 28 16 910 1205 1820 2060
10d 1-1/2
2 640 21 14 850 13 9.5 1280 18 12 1460 28 17 895 1190 1790 2045
19/32

3 720 17 12 960 10 8.0 1440 14 11 1640 24 15 1010 1345 2015 2295
1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.2.3 to determine Cases 1&3:Continuous Cases 2&4: Continuous Cases 5&6: Continuous
ASD allowable unit shear capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. For general Panel Joints Perpendicular Panel Joints Parallel to Panel Joints Perpen-
construction requirements see 4.2.6. For specific requirements, see 4.2.7.1 for wood to Framing Framing dicular and Parallel to
structural panel diaphragms. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions. Framing
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine,
reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the Long Panel Direction
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC
tabulated nominal unit shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = Perpendicular to Supports
[1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table
12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture
content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values
for diaphragms constructed with either OSB or 3-ply plywood panels. When 4-ply
or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted Long Panel Direction
to be multiplied by 1.2. Parallel to Supportsa
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication,
Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.
5. Diaphragm resistance depends on the direction of continuous panel joints with respect
to the loading direction and direction of framing members, and is independent of
the panel orientation.
(a) Panel span rating for out-of-plane loads may be lower than the span rating with the long panel direction perpendicular to supports
(See Section 3.2.2 and Section 3.2.3)
21

22
Table 4.2B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms

Table 4.2B
Blocked Unit Shear
NominalWood Capacities
Structural PanelforDiaphragms Diaphragms
Wood-Frame Utilizing Multiple Rows of Fasteners (High Load Diaphragms)1,2,3,4,5
Blocked Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms Utilizing Multiple Rows of Fasteners (High Load Diaphragms) 1,2,3,4
A B
SEISMIC WIND
Nail Spacing (in.) at diaphragm
boundaries (all cases), at continuous
Nail Spacing (in.) at diaphragm boundaries (all cases), at continuous panel edges panel edges parallel to load (Cases 3 & 4),
parallel to load (Cases 3 & 4), and at all panel edges (Cases 5 & 6) and at all panel edges (Cases 5 & 6)
Minimum 4 4 2-1/2 2-1/2 4 4 2-1/2 2-1/2
Minimum
Fastener Minimum Nail Spacing (in.) at other panel edges
Nominal
Common Penetration in Nominal Width Lines of Nail Spacing (in.) at other panel edges (Cases 1, 2, 3, & 4) (Cases 1, 2, 3, & 4)
Sheathing Grade Panel of Nailed Face
Nail Size Framing Fasteners 6 4 4 3 6 4 4 3
Thickness at Adjoining
Member or Panel Edges
vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vw vw vw vw
(in.)
Blocking (in.) and Boundaries (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (plf)
(in.)
OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY

3 2 1210 40 24 1630 53 28 1750 50 27 2300 56 29 1695 2280 2450 3220
15/32 4 2 1400 33 21 1830 48 27 2010 44 25 2580 51 28 1960 2560 2815 3610
4 3 1750 50 27 2440 61 30 2570 59 30 2790 70 32 2450 3415 3600 3905
3 2 1340 36 23 1760 52 29 1930 47 27 2510 54 29 1875 2465 2700 3515
Structural I 10d 1-1/2 19/32 4 2 1560 29 20 1980 46 27 2220 40 25 2880 48 27 2185 2770 3110 4030
4 3 1930 47 27 2640 60 31 2810 57 30 3580 64 32 2700 3695 3935 5010
3 2 1460 33 22 1910 50 29 2100 45 27 2730 53 30 2045 2675 2940 3820
23/32 4 2 1710 26 19 2140 43 27 2420 37 24 3130 45 27 2395 2995 3390 4380
4 3 2100 45 27 2860 59 32 3050 56 31 3600 68 34 2940 4005 4270 5040
3 2 1050 43 21 1450 55 23 1530 53 23 2020 58 24 1470 2030 2140 2830
15/32 4 2 1210 36 19 1630 50 22 1750 46 21 2210 55 23 1695 2280 2450 3095
4 3 1530 53 23 2170 62 24 2260 61 24 2390 72 26 2140 3040 3165 3345
Sheathing and 3 2 1300 34 19 1720 49 23 1870 45 22 2450 52 23 1820 2410 2620 3430
10d 1-1/2 19/32 4 2 1510 27 16 1930 43 21 2160 37 20 2740 46 22 2115 2700 3025 3835
Single-Floor
4 3 1870 45 22 2580 57 24 2730 55 24 2970 68 26 2620 3610 3820 4160
3 2 1420 30 18 1870 46 23 2040 42 22 2670 50 24 1990 2620 2855 3740
23/32 4 2 1650 24 16 2100 40 21 2350 34 20 2890 45 23 2310 2940 3290 4045
4 3 2040 42 22 2800 56 25 2960 53 25 3130 71 28 2855 3920 4145 4380
1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.2.3 to determine ASD allowable unit shear capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. For general construction requirements see 4.2.6. For specific requirements, see 4.2.7.1 for wood structural panel
diaphragms. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.

1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.2.3 to determine
2. For framing grades other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal Cases shear capacity by A3the Specific
unit1&3:Continuous Cases Gravity
2&4:Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)],
Continuous Caseswhere
5&6: Specific Gravity of the
G =Continuous
framing
ASDlumber
allowable
from theunit
NDS shear 11.3.2A). The
(Table capacity andSpecific
LRFD Gravity Adjustment
factored unit Factor
resistance. be greater
shall not For than 1.
general
Apparent shear stiffness values, G , are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness
Panel
values
Joints
for
Perpendicular
diaphragms constructed
Panel
with either
Joints
OSB or
Parallel
3-ply plywood
to panels.Panel
When
Joints
4-ply,
Perpen-
5-ply or COM-PLY plywood
3. construction requirements see a 4.2.6. For specific requirements, see 4.2.7.1 for wood
panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted to be increased by 1.2. to Framing Framing dicular and Parallel to
structural panel diaphragms. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication, G a values shall be multiplied by 0.5. Framing
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine,
reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the Long Panel Direction
tabulated nominal unit shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = Perpendicular to Supports
[1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table
12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture
content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values
for diaphragms constructed with either OSB or 3-ply plywood panels. When 4-ply
or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted
Long Panel Direction
to be multiplied by 1.2.
Parallel to Supportsa
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication,
Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.
5. Diaphragm resistance depends on the direction of continuous panel joints with respect
to the loading direction and direction of framing members, and is independent of
the panel orientation.
(a) Panel span rating for out-of-plane loads may be lower than the span rating with the long panel direction perpendicular to supports
(See Section 3.2.2 and Section 3.2.3)
Table 4.2C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms
Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms1,2,3,4,5
A B
SEISMIC WIND
Minimum 6 in. Nail Spacing at
Minimum Minimum Nominal Width 6 in. Nail Spacing at diaphragm boundaries diaphragm boundaries and
Fastener Nominal of Nailed Face at and supported panel edges supported panel edges
Common
Sheathing Grade Penetration Panel Supported Cases
Nail Size Edges and Case 1 Cases 2,3,4,5,6 Case 1
in Framing Thickness 2,3,4,5,6
(in.) (in.) Boundaries
(in.) vs Ga vs Ga vw vw
(plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (plf)
OSB PLY OSB PLY
2 330 9.0 7.0 250 6.0 4.5 460 350
6d 1-1/4 5/16
3 370 7.0 6.0 280 4.5 4.0 520 390
2 480 8.5 7.0 360 6.0 4.5 670 505
Structural I 8d 1-3/8 3/8
3 530 7.5 6.0 400 5.0 4.0 740 560
2 570 14 10 430 9.5 7.0 800 600
10d 1-1/2 15/32
3 640 12 9.0 480 8.0 6.0 895 670
2 300 9.0 6.5 220 6.0 4.0 420 310
5/16
3 340 7.0 5.5 250 5.0 3.5 475 350
6d 1-1/4
2 330 7.5 5.5 250 5.0 4.0 460 350
3/8
3 370 6.0 4.5 280 4.0 3.0 520 390
2 430 9.0 6.5 320 6.0 4.5 600 450
3/8
3 480 7.5 5.5 360 5.0 3.5 670 505
Sheathing and 2 460 8.5 6.0 340 5.5 4.0 645 475
8d 1-3/8 7/16
Single-Floor 3 510 7.0 5.5 380 4.5 3.5 715 530
2 480 7.5 5.5 360 5.0 4.0 670 505
15/32
3 530 6.5 5.0 400 4.0 3.5 740 560
2 510 15 9.0 380 10 6.0 715 530
15/32
3 580 12 8.0 430 8.0 5.5 810 600

10d 1-1/2
2 570 13 8.5 430 8.5 5.5 800 600
19/32
3 640 10 7.5 480 7.0 5.0 895 670
1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.2.3 to de- Cases 1&3:Continuous Cases 2&4: Continuous Cases 5&6: Continuous
termine ASD allowable unit shear capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. Panel Joints Perpendicular Panel Joints Parallel to Panel Joints Perpen-
For general construction requirements see 4.2.6. For specific requirements, to Framing Framing dicular and Parallel to
see 4.2.7.1 for wood structural panel diaphragms. See Appendix A for common Framing
nail dimensions.
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Long Panel Direction
Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying Perpendicular to Supports
the tabulated nominal unit shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment
Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from
the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor shall not
be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with
moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel Long Panel Direction
stiffness values for diaphragms constructed with either OSB or 3-ply plywood Parallel to Supportsa
panels. When 4-ply or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga
values shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.2.
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrica-
tion, Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.
5. Diaphragm resistance depends on the direction of continuous panel joints
with respect to the loading direction and direction of framing members, and is (a) Panel span rating for out-of-plane loads may be lower than the span rating with the long panel direction perpendicular to supports
23
independent of the panel orientation. (See Section 3.2.2 and Section 3.2.3)
4

24
Table 4.2D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms

Lumber Diaphragms1
A B
Sheathing Type, Size, and Number of Nails per Board SEISMIC WIND
Sheathing Material Nominal Nailing at Intermediate and End Bearing Supports Nailing at Boundary Members vs Ga vw
Dimensions (Nails/board/support) (Nails/board/end) (plf) (kips/in) (plf)
Horizontal 1x6 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
Lumber 1x8 3-8d common nails (4-8d box nails) 4-8d common nails (6-8d box nails)
100 1.5 140
Sheathing 2x6 2-16d common nails (3-16d box nails) 3-16d common nails (5-16d box nails)
2x8 3-16d common nails (4-16d box nails) 4-16d common nails (6-16d box nails)
Diagonal 1x6 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
600 6.0 840
2x8 3-16d common nails (4-16d box nails) 4-16d common nails (6-16d box nails)
Double 1x6 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
Diagonal 1x8 3-8d common nails (4-8d box nails) 4-8d common nails (6-8d box nails)
1200 9.5 1680
1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.2.3 to determine ASD allowable unit shear capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. For general construction requirements see 4.2.6. For
specific requirements, see 4.2.7.2 for diaphragms diagonally sheathed with a single-layer of lumber, see 4.2.7.3 for diaphragms diagonally sheathed with a double-layer of lumber, and see 4.2.7.4 for diaphragms
horizontally sheathed with a single-layer of lumber. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.

4.3 Wood-Frame Shear Walls

4.3.1 Application Requirements Alternatively, for wood structural panel shear
walls, deflection shall be permitted to be calculated
Wood-frame shear walls shall be permitted to re- using a rational analysis where apparent shear stiffness
sist lateral forces provided the deflection of the shear accounts for panel shear deformation and non-linear
wall, as determined by calculations, tests, or analogies nail slip in the sheathing to framing connection.
drawn therefrom, does not exceed the maximum per- 4.3.2.1 Deflection of Perforated Shear Walls: The
missible deflection limit. Permissible deflection shall deflection of a perforated shear wall shall be calculat-
be that deflection that permits the shear wall and any ed in accordance with 4.3.2, where  in equation 4.3-1
attached elements to maintain their structural integrity is equal to max obtained in equation 4.3-9 and b is tak- 4
and continue to support their prescribed loads as de- en as Li.
termined by the applicable building code or standard. 4.3.2.2 Deflection of Unblocked Wood Structural
Framing members, blocking, and connections shall Panel Shear Walls: The deflection of an unblocked

extend into the shear wall a sufficient distance to de- wood structural panel shear wall shall be permitted to
velop the force transferred into the shear wall. be calculated in accordance with 4.3.2 using a Ga for
24" stud spacing and nails spaced at 6" on center at
4.3.2 Deflection panel edges and 12" on center at intermediate framing
members. The induced unit shear, , in pounds per
Calculations of shear wall deflection shall account for foot used in Equation 4.3-1 shall be divided by Cub,
bending and shear deflections, fastener deformation, an- from Table 4.3.3.2.
chorage slip, and other contributing sources of deflection. 4.3.2.3 Deflection of Structural Fiberboard Shear
The shear wall deflection, sw, shall be permitted Walls: For a structural fiberboard shear wall with an
to be calculated by use of the following equation: aspect ratio (h/bs) greater than 1.0, the deflection ob-
tained from equation 4.3-1 shall be multiplied by
(h/bs)1/2.
8h3 h h

sw   a (4.3-1)
EAb 1000Ga b 4.3.3 Unit Shear Capacities
where: The ASD allowable unit shear capacity shall be
b = shear wall length, ft determined by dividing the tabulated nominal unit
shear capacity, modified by applicable footnotes, by
 a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage
the ASD reduction factor of 2.0. The LRFD factored
system (including fastener slip, device elon- unit resistance shall be determined by multiplying the
gation, rod elongation, etc.) at the induced tabulated nominal unit shear capacity, modified by
unit shear in the shear wall, in. applicable footnotes, by a resistance factor, D, of
E = modulus of elasticity of end posts, psi 0.80. No further increases shall be permitted.
4.3.3.1 Tabulated Nominal Unit Shear Capacities:
A = area of end post cross-section, in.2 Tabulated nominal unit shear capacities for seismic
design are provided in Column A of Tables 4.3A,
Ga = apparent shear wall shear stiffness from nail
4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D; and for wind design in Column
slip and panel shear deformation, kips/in.
B of Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D.
4.3.3.2 Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear
4.3D) Walls: Wood structural panel shear walls shall be
h = shear wall height, ft permitted to be unblocked provided nails are installed
into framing in accordance with Table 4.3.3.2 and the
 = induced unit shear, lbs/ft strength is calculated in accordance with Equation 4.3-
 sw = maximum shear wall deflection determined 2. Unblocked shear wall height shall not exceed 16
by elastic analysis, in.
feet. Design coefficients and factors for blocked shear where:

walls as specified in 4.3.3 shall be used.
Gac = combined apparent shear wall shear stiff-
The nominal unit shear capacity of an unblocked
ness of two-sided shear wall, kips/in.
wood structural panel shear wall, ub, shall be calculat-
ed using the following equation: Ga1 = apparent shear wall shear stiffness for side
ub = b Cub (4.3-2) 1, kips/in. (from Column A, Tables 4.3A,
4.3B, 4.3C, or 4.3D)
where: Ga2 = apparent shear wall shear stiffness for side
Cub = Unblocked shear wall adjustment factor 2, kips/in. (from Column A, Tables 4.3A,
from Table 4.3.3.2 4.3B, 4.3C, or 4.3D)
b = Nominal unit shear capacity (lbs/ft) from Kmin = minimum ratio of s1/Ga1 or s2/Ga2
Table 4.3A for wood structural panel blocked
 s1 = nominal unit shear capacity for side 1, lbs/ft
shear walls with 24" stud spacing and nails
spaced at 6" on center at panel edges
4.3D)
ub = Nominal unit shear capacity (lbs/ft) for
s2 = nominal unit shear capacity for side 2, lbs/ft
unblocked shear wall
4.3D)
Table 4.3.3.2 Unblocked Shear Wall sc = Combined nominal unit shear capacity of
Adjustment Factor, Cub two-sided shear wall for seismic design,
lbs/ft
4.3.3.3.2 Nominal unit shear capacities for shear
Nail Spacing (in.) walls sheathed with dissimilar materials on the same
Stud Spacing (in.)
side of the wall are not cumulative. For shear walls
Supported Intermediate sheathed with dissimilar materials on opposite sides,
Edges Framing 12 16 20 24 the combined nominal unit shear capacity, sc or wc,
6 6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 shall be either two times the smaller nominal unit
shear capacity or the larger nominal unit shear capaci-
6 12 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 ty, whichever is greater.
4.3.3.3 Summing Shear Capacities: For shear Exception: For wind design, the combined
walls sheathed with the same construction and materi- nominal unit shear capacity, wc, of shear
als on opposite sides of the same wall, the combined walls sheathed with a combination of wood
nominal unit shear capacity, sc or wc, shall be permit- structural panels, hardboard panel siding, or
ted to be taken as twice the nominal unit shear capaci- structural fiberboard on one side and gypsum
ty for an equivalent shear wall sheathed on one side. wallboard on the opposite side shall equal the
4.3.3.3.1 For seismic design of shear walls sum of the sheathing capacities of each side.
sheathed with the same construction and materials on
opposite sides of a shear wall, the shear wall deflection 4.3.3.4 Shear Walls in a Line: The provisions of
shall be calculated using the combined apparent shear this section are limited to shear distribution to individ-
wall shear stiffness, Gac and the combined nominal ual shear walls in a shear wall line where the individu-
unit shear capacity, sc, using the following equations: al shear walls have the same materials and construc-
tion.
G
ac Ga1  Ga2 (4.3-3)
 sc 
KminGac (4.3-4)
4.3.3.4.1 Shear distribution to individual shear Ltot = total length of a perforated shear wall in-
walls in a shear wall line shall provide the same calcu- cluding the lengths of perforated shear wall
lated deflection, sw, in each shear wall. segments and the lengths of segments con-
taining openings, ft
Exceptions:
1. Where nominal shear capacities of all Ao = total area of openings in the perforated
wood structural panel shear walls with aspect shear wall where individual opening areas
ratios (h/bs) greater than 2:1 are multiplied by are calculated as the opening width times
2bs/h for design, shear distribution to individ- the clear opening height, ft2. Where sheath-
ual full-height wall segments shall be permit- ing is not applied to framing above or below
ted to be taken as proportional to the shear
capacities of individual full height wall seg-
the opening, these areas shall be included
in the total area of openings. Where the
4
ments used in design. Where multiplied by opening height is less than h/3, an opening
2bs/h, the nominal shear capacities need not height of h/3 shall be used

be reduced by the adjustment in 4.3.4.2.
h = height of the perforated shear wall, ft
2. Where nominal shear capacities of all
ΣLi = sum of perforated shear wall segment
structural fiberboard shear walls with aspect
lengths Li , ft. Lengths of perforated shear
ratios (h/bs) greater than 1:1 are multiplied by
0.1 + 0.9bs/h for design, shear distribution to wall segments with aspect ratios greater
individual full-height wall segments shall be than 2:1 shall be adjusted in accordance
permitted to be taken as proportional to the with 4.3.4.3
shear capacities of individual full height wall
segments used in design. Where multiplied 4.3.4 Shear Wall Aspect Ratios and
by 0.1 + 0.9bs/h, the nominal shear capacities Capacity Adjustments
need not be reduced by the adjustment in
4.3.4.2. 4.3.4.1 The size and shape of shear walls shall be
limited to the aspect ratios in Table 4.3.4.
4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity of Perforated Shear Walls: 4.3.4.2 For wood structural panel shear walls with
The nominal shear capacity of a perforated shear wall aspect ratios (h/bs) greater than 2:1, the nominal shear
shall be taken as the tabulated nominal unit shear ca- capacity shall be multiplied by the Aspect Ratio Factor
pacity multiplied by the sum of the shear wall segment (WSP) = 1.25 - 0.125h/bs. For structural fiberboard
lengths, Li, and the appropriate shear capacity ad- shear walls with aspect ratios (h/bs) greater than 1:1,
justment factor, Co, from Table 4.3.3.5 or calculated the nominal shear capacity shall be multiplied by the
using the following equation: Aspect Ratio Factor (fiberboard) = 1.09 - 0.09 h/bs.
4.3.4.3 Aspect Ratio of Perforated Shear Wall
 r  L tot Segments: The aspect ratio limitations of Table 4.3.4
CO    (4.3-5)
 3  2r   Li shall apply to perforated shear wall segments within a
perforated shear wall as illustrated in Figure 4C. Por-
1 tions of walls with aspect ratios exceeding 3.5:1 shall
r (4.3-6)
Ao not be considered in the sum of shear wall segments.
1
h Li In the design of perforated shear walls, the length of
each perforated shear wall segment with an aspect ra-
tio greater than 2:1 shall be multiplied by 2bs/h for the
where: purposes of determining Li and Li. The provisions of
Section 4.3.4.2 and the exceptions to Section 4.3.3.4.1
r = sheathing area ratio
shall not apply to perforated shear wall segments.
Table 4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co

Maximum Opening Height 1
Wall Height, h
h/3 h/2 2h/3 5h/6 h
8' Wall 2'-8" 4'-0" 5'-4" 6'-8" 8'-0"
10' Wall 3'-4" 5'-0" 6'-8" 8'-4" 10'-0"
Percent Full-Height Sheathing 2 Effective Shear Capacity Ratio
10% 1.00 0.69 0.53 0.43 0.36
20% 1.00 0.71 0.56 0.45 0.38
30% 1.00 0.74 0.59 0.49 0.42
40% 1.00 0.77 0.63 0.53 0.45
50% 1.00 0.80 0.67 0.57 0.50
60% 1.00 0.83 0.71 0.63 0.56
70% 1.00 0.87 0.77 0.69 0.63
80% 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77 0.71
90% 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.83
100% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1. The maximum opening height shall be taken as the maximum opening clear height in a perforated shear wall. Where areas above and/or
below an opening remain unsheathed, the height of each opening shall be defined as the clear height of the opening plus the unsheathed
areas.
2. The sum of the perforated shear wall segment lengths, Li, divided by the total length of the perforated shear wall, Ltot. Lengths of
perforated shear wall segments with aspect ratios greater than 2:1 shall be adjusted in accordance with Section 4.3.4.3.
4.3.4.4 Aspect Ratio of Force-transfer Shear 4.3.5 Shear Wall Types

Walls: The aspect ratio limitations of Table 4.3.4 shall
apply to the overall shear wall including openings and Where individual full-height wall segments are
to each wall pier at the sides of openings. The height designed as shear walls, the provisions of 4.3.5.1 shall
of a wall pier with an opening on one side shall be de- apply. For shear walls with openings, where framing
fined as the clear height of the pier at the side of the members, blocking, and connections around the open-
opening. The height of a wall pier with an opening on ings are designed for force transfer around the open-
each side shall be defined as the larger of the clear ings (force-transfer shear walls) the provisions of
heights of the pier at the sides of the openings. The 4.3.5.2 shall apply. For shear walls with openings,
length of a wall pier shall be defined as the sheathed where framing members, blocking, and connections
length of the pier. Wall piers with aspect ratios ex- around the opening are not designed for force transfer
ceeding 3.5:1 shall not be considered as portions of around the openings (perforated shear walls) the pro-
force-transfer shear walls. visions of 4.3.5.3 shall apply or individual full-height
wall segments shall be designed per 4.3.5.1
Table 4.3.4 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect 4.3.5.1 Individual Full-Height Wall Segments:
Ratios Where individual full-height wall segments are de-
signed as shear walls without openings, the aspect ra-
Shear Wall Maximum tio limitations of 4.3.4 shall apply to each full-height
Sheathing Type h/bs Ratio wall segment as illustrated in Figure 4D. The follow-
Wood structural panels, unblocked 2:1 ing limitations shall apply:
Wood structural panels, blocked 3.5:1 1. Openings shall be permitted to occur beyond
Particleboard, blocked 2:1 the ends of a shear wall. The length of such
Diagonal sheathing, conventional 2:1 openings shall not be included in the length of
Gypsum wallboard 2:11 the shear walls.
Portland cement plaster 2:11 2. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of
Structural Fiberboard 3.5:1 the wall on each side of the offset shall be
1 Walls having aspect ratios exceeding 1.5:1 shall be blocked shear walls. considered as separate shear walls.
3. Collectors for shear transfer to individual full-
height wall segments shall be provided.
Figure 4C Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width 4.3.5.2 Force-transfer Shear Walls: Where shear
Ratio for Perforated Shear Walls walls with openings are designed for force transfer
around the openings, the aspect ratio limitations of
4.3.4.4 shall apply as illustrated in Figure 4E. Design
for force transfer shall be based on a rational analysis.
The following limitations shall apply:
1. The length of each wall pier shall not be less
than 2'.
2. A full-height wall segment shall be located at
each end of a force-transfer shear wall.
3. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of
the wall on each side of the offset shall be 4
considered as separate force-transfer shear
walls.
4. Collectors for shear transfer shall be provided

through the full length of the force-transfer
shear wall.
Figure 4E Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width
Ratio for Shear Walls Designed for
Force Transfer Around Openings
Note: bs is the minimum shear wall segment length, b,

in the perforated shear wall.
Figure 4D Typical Individual Full-Height Wall

Segments Height-to-Width Ratio
4.3.5.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Where shear walls

with openings are not designed for force transfer
around the openings, they shall be designed as perfo-
rated shear walls. Perforated shear walls shall be
sheathed on one or both sides with wood structural
panel sheathing. The combined nominal unit shear
capacity of perforated shear walls sheathed with wood between members. When fasteners connecting the two
structural panel sheathing on one side and gypsum framing members are spaced less than 4" in center,
wallboard on the opposite side shall be permitted to be they shall be staggered.
determined in accordance with Section 4.3.3.3.2. The 4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Chords: Ten-
following limitations shall apply: sion force, T, and a compression force, C, resulting
1. A perforated shear wall segment shall be lo- from shear wall overturning forces at each story level
cated at each end of a perforated shear wall. shall be calculated in accordance with the following:
Openings shall be permitted to occur beyond
the ends of the perforated shear wall, provided T C h (4.3-7)
the lengths of such openings are not included where:
in the length of the perforated shear wall.
2. The aspect ratio limitations of Section 4.3.4.3 C = compression force, lbs
shall apply. h = shear wall height, ft
3. The nominal unit shear capacity for a single-
sided wall shall not exceed 1,740 plf for seis- T = tension force, lbs
mic or 2,435 plf for wind as given in Table  = induced unit shear, lbs/ft
4.3A. The nominal unit shear capacity for a
double-sided wall shall not exceed 2,435 plf 4.3.6.1.3 Tension and Compression Chords of Per-
for wind. forated Shear Walls: Each end of each perforated shear
4. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of wall shall be designed for a tension force, T, and a
the wall on each side of the offset shall be
compression force, C. Each end of each perforated
considered as separate perforated shear walls.
shear wall segment shall be designed for a compres-
5. Collectors for shear transfer shall be provided
sion force, C, in each segment. For perforated shear
through the full length of the perforated shear
walls, the values for T and C resulting from shear wall
wall.
overturning at each story level shall be calculated in
6. A perforated shear wall shall have uniform
top-of-wall and bottom-of-wall elevations. accordance with the following:
Perforated shear walls not having uniform ele- Vh
vations shall be designed by other methods. T C (4.3-8)
C o  Li
7. Perforated shear wall height, h, shall not ex-
ceed 20'.
where:
4.3.6 Construction Requirements
Co = shear capacity adjustment factor from Table
4.3.6.1 Framing Requirements: All framing mem- 4.3.3.5
bers and blocking used for shear wall construction V = induced shear force in perforated shear
shall be 2" nominal or greater. Where shear walls are wall, lbs
designed as blocked, all joints in sheathing shall occur
over and be fastened to common framing members or  Li = sum of perforated shear wall segment
common blocking. Shear wall boundary elements, lengths Li , ft. Lengths of perforated shear
such as end posts, shall be provided to transmit the wall segments with aspect ratios greater
design tension and compression forces. Shear wall than 2:1 shall be adjusted in accordance
sheathing shall not be used to splice boundary ele- with 4.3.4.3.
ments. End posts (studs or columns) shall be framed to
provide full end bearing. 4.3.6.2 Sheathing: Shear walls shall be sheathed
4.3.6.1.1 Common Framing Member: Where a with approved materials attached directly to the fram-
common framing member is required at adjoining ing members, and blocking where required, except as
panel edges, two framing members that are at least 2" permitted in 4.3.7.2. Details on sheathing types and
in nominal thickness shall be permitted provided they thicknesses for commonly used shear wall assemblies
are fastened together with fasteners designed in ac- are provided in 4.3.7 and Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and
cordance with the NDS to transfer the induced shear 4.3D.
4.3.6.3 Fasteners: Sheathing shall be attached to slot length not to exceed 1-3/4", provided a standard
framing members using nails or other approved fas- cut washer (see Appendix A) is placed between the
teners. Nails shall be driven with the head of the nail plate washer and the nut. The plate washer shall ex-
flush with the surface of the sheathing. Other approved tend to within 1/2" of the edge of the bottom plate on
fasteners shall be driven as required for proper instal- the side(s) with sheathing or other material with nomi-
lation of that fastener. See Appendix A for common, nal unit shear capacity greater than 400 plf for wind or
box, and sinker nail dimensions. seismic.
4.3.6.3.1 Adhesives: Adhesive attachment of shear
wall sheathing shall not be used alone, or in combina- Exception: Standard cut washers shall be
tion with mechanical fasteners. permitted to be used where anchor bolts are
designed to resist shear only and the follow-
Exception: Approved adhesive attachment ing requirements are met: 4
systems shall be permitted for wind and a. The shear wall is designed in accordance with
seismic design in Seismic Design Categories provisions of 4.3.5.1 with required uplift an-

A, B, and C where R = 1.5 and 0 = 2.5, un- chorage at shear wall ends sized to resist over-
less other values are approved. turning neglecting dead load stabilizing mo-
ment.
4.3.6.4 Shear Wall Anchorage and Load Path De- b. Shear wall aspect ratio, h:b, does not exceed
sign of shear wall anchorage and load path shall con- 2:1.
form to the requirements of this section, or shall be c. The nominal unit shear capacity of the shear
calculated using principles of mechanics. wall does not exceed 980 plf for seismic or
4.3.6.4.1 Anchorage for In-plane Shear: Connec- 1370 plf for wind.
tions shall be provided to transfer the induced unit
shear force, , into and out of each shear wall. 4.3.6.4.4 Load Path: A load path to the foundation
4.3.6.4.1.1 In-plane Shear Anchorage for Perforat- shall be provided for uplift, shear, and compression
ed Shear Walls: The maximum induced unit shear forces. Elements resisting shear wall forces contribut-
force, max, transmitted into the top of a perforated ed by multiple stories shall be designed for the sum of
shear wall, out of the base of the perforated shear wall forces contributed by each story.
at full height sheathing, and into collectors connecting
shear wall segments, shall be calculated in accordance 4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems
with the following:
4.3.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls: Shear
V (4.3-9) walls sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing
max 
C o  Li shall be permitted to be used to resist seismic and wind
forces. The size and spacing of fasteners at shear wall
4.3.6.4.2 Uplift Anchorage at Shear Wall Ends:
boundaries and panel edges shall be as provided in
Where the dead load stabilizing moment is not suffi-
Table 4.3A. The shear wall shall be constructed as fol-
cient to prevent uplift due to overturning moments on
lows:
the wall (from 4.3.6.1.2 or 4.3.6.1.3), an anchoring
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at
device shall be provided at the end of each shear wall. boundaries and changes in framing. All edges
4.3.6.4.2.1 Uplift Anchorage for Perforated Shear of all panels shall be supported by and fas-
Walls: In addition to the requirements of 4.3.6.4.2, tened to framing members or blocking.
perforated shear wall bottom plates at full height
sheathing shall be anchored for a uniform uplift force, Exception: Horizontal blocking shall be
t, equal to the unit shear force, max, determined in permitted to be omitted, provided that the
4.3.6.4.1.1, or calculated by rational analysis. shear wall is designed in accordance with
4.3.6.4.3 Anchor Bolts: Foundation anchor bolts all of the following:
shall have a steel plate washer under each nut not less a. The deflection of the unblocked wood
than 0.229"x3"x3" in size. The hole in the plate wash- structural panel shear wall shall be permit-
er shall be permitted to be diagonally slotted with a
width of up to 3/16" larger than the bolt diameter and a
ted to be calculated in accordance with Shear walls sheathed with wood structural panel
Section 4.3.2.2. sheathing over gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheath-
b. The strength of the unblocked wood struc- ing board shall be permitted to be used to resist seis-
tural panel shear wall is determined in ac- mic and wind forces. The size and spacing of fasteners
cordance with Section 4.3.3.2, and at shear wall boundaries and panel edges shall be as
c. Specified nail spacing at supported edges provided in Table 4.3B. The shear wall shall be con-
is no closer than 6" o.c. structed in accordance with Section 4.3.7.1.
4.3.7.3 Particleboard Shear Walls: Shear walls
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the sheathed with particleboard sheathing shall be permit-
panel edges. Maximum nail spacing at panel ted to be used to resist wind forces and seismic forces
edges shall be 6" on center. in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C. The size
3. Nails along intermediate framing members and spacing of fasteners at shear wall boundaries and
shall be the same size as nails specified for panel edges shall be as provided in Table 4.3A. The
panel edge nailing. At intermediate framing shear wall shall be constructed as follows:
members, the maximum nail spacing shall be 1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at
6" on center. boundaries and changes in framing. All edges
of all panels shall be supported by and fas-
Exception: Where panels are thicker tened to framing members or blocking.
than 7/16" (nominal) or studs are spaced 2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the
less than 24" on center, the maximum panel edges. Maximum nail spacing at panel
nail spacing shall be 12" on center. edges shall be 6" on center.
3. Nails along intermediate framing members
4. The width of the nailed face of framing mem- shall be the same size as nails specified for
bers and blocking shall be 2" nominal or panel edge nailing. At intermediate framing
greater. members, the maximum nail spacing shall be
5. Where any of the following conditions occur, 6" on center.
the width of the nailed face of a common
framing member or blocking at adjoining pan- Exception: Where panels are thicker
el edges shall be 3" nominal or greater and than 3/8" (nominal) or studs are spaced
nailing shall be staggered at all panel edges:
less than 24" on center, the maximum
a. Nail spacing of 2" on center at adjoining
nail spacing shall be 12" on center.
panel edges is specified, or
b. 10d common nails having penetration into
framing members and blocking of more
bers and blocking shall be 2" nominal or
than 1-1/2" are specified at 3" on center,
greater.
or less at adjoining panel edges, or
5. Where any of the following conditions occur,
c. The nominal unit shear capacity on either
the width of the nailed face of a common
side of the shear wall exceeds 700 plf in
framing member or blocking at adjoining pan-
Seismic Design Category D, E, or F.
el edges shall be 3" nominal or greater and
nailing shall be staggered at all panel edges:
In lieu of a single common framing member,
a. Nail spacing of 2" on center at adjoining
two framing members that are at least 2" in panel edges is specified, or
nominal thickness shall be permitted where b. 10d common nails having penetration into
designed in accordance with 4.3.6.1.1. framing members and blocking of more
than 1-1/2" are specified at 3" on center,
6. Maximum stud spacing shall be 24" on center. or less at adjoining panel edges.
7. Wood structural panels shall conform to the
requirements for its type in DOC PS 1 or PS 2. In lieu of a single common framing member,
two framing members that are at least 2" in
4.3.7.2 Shear Walls using Wood Structural Panels
nominal thickness shall be permitted where
over Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board: designed in accordance with 4.3.6.1.1.
6. Maximum stud spacing shall be 24" on center. be applied parallel or perpendicular to studs. Gypsum
7. Particleboard shall conform to ANSI A208.1. wallboard shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be
4.3.7.4 Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls: Shear installed in accordance with ASTM C 840. Gypsum
walls sheathed with fiberboard sheathing shall be per- base for veneer plaster shall conform to ASTM C 1396
mitted to be used to resist wind forces and seismic and shall be installed in accordance with ASTM C
forces in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C. The 844. Water-resistant gypsum backing board shall con-
size and spacing of fasteners at shear wall boundaries form to ASTM C 1396 and shall be installed in ac-
and panel edges shall be as provided in Table 4.3A. cordance with ASTM C 840.
The shear wall shall be constructed as follows: 4.3.7.5.2 Gypsum Sheathing Board: Four-foot-
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at wide pieces of gypsum sheathing board shall be ap-
boundaries and changes in framing. All edges plied parallel or perpendicular to studs. Two-foot-wide
of all panels shall be supported by and fas- pieces of gypsum sheathing board shall be applied 4
tened to framing members or blocking. perpendicular to the studs. Gypsum sheathing board
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/4" from edges shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be installed
of panels at top and bottom plates and at least

in accordance with ASTM C 1280.
3/8" from all other edges of panels. Maximum 4.3.7.5.3 Gypsum Lath and Plaster: Gypsum lath
nail spacing at panel edges shall be 4" on cen- shall be applied perpendicular to the studs. Gypsum
ter. lath shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be in-
3. Nails along intermediate framing members stalled in accordance with ASTM C 841. Gypsum
and blocking shall be the same size as in- plaster shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C
stalled at the panel edges. Maximum nail spac- 28.
ing shall be 6" on center. 4.3.7.5.4 Expanded Metal or Woven Wire Lath
and Portland Cement: Expanded metal or woven wire
bers and blocking shall be 2" nominal or
lath and portland cement shall conform to ASTM C
greater at adjoining panel edges.
847, ASTM C 1032, and ASTM C 150 and shall be
5. Maximum stud spacing shall be 16" on center.
installed in accordance with ASTM C 926 and ASTM
6. Fiberboard sheathing shall conform to ASTM
C 208. C 1063. Metal lath and lath attachments shall be of
corrosion-resistant material.
4.3.7.5 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Base for Ve- 4.3.7.6 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with
neer Plaster, Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Board, Single-Layer of Lumber: Single diagonally sheathed
Gypsum Sheathing Board, Gypsum Lath and Plaster, lumber shear walls shall be permitted to be used to
or Portland Cement Plaster Shear Walls: Shear walls resist wind forces and seismic forces in Seismic De-
sheathed with gypsum wallboard, gypsum base for sign Categories A, B, C, and D. Single diagonally
veneer plaster, water-resistant gypsum backing board, sheathed lumber shear walls shall be constructed of
gypsum sheathing board, gypsum lath and plaster, or minimum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards laid at an
portland cement plaster shall be permitted to be used angle of approximately 45 to the supports. End joints
to resist wind forces and seismic forces in Seismic De- in adjacent boards shall be separated by at least one
sign Categories A, B, C, and D. End joints of adjacent stud space and there shall be at least two boards be-
courses of gypsum wallboard or sheathing shall not tween joints on the same support. Nailing of diagonal-
occur over the same stud. The size and spacing of fas- ly sheathed lumber shear walls shall be in accordance
teners at shear wall boundaries, panel edges, and in- with Table 4.3D.
termediate supports shall be as provided in Table 4.3C. 4.3.7.7 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with
Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the edges and Double-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed
ends of panels. The width of the nailed face of fram- lumber shear walls shall be permitted to be used to
ing members and blocking shall be 2" nominal or resist wind forces and seismic forces in Seismic De-
greater. sign Categories A, B, C, and D. Double diagonally
4.3.7.5.1 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Base for sheathed lumber shear walls shall be constructed of
Veneer Plaster, Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing two layers of 1" thick nominal diagonal sheathing
Board: Gypsum wallboard, gypsum base for veneer boards laid perpendicular to each other on the same
plaster, or water resistant gypsum backing board shall face of the supporting members. Nailing of diagonally
sheathed lumber shear walls shall be in accordance Nailing of horizontally sheathed lumber shear walls
with Table 4.3D. shall be in accordance with Table 4.3D.
4.3.7.8 Shear Walls Horizontally Sheathed with 4.3.7.9 Shear Walls Sheathed with Vertical Board
Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lum- Siding: Vertical board siding shear walls shall be per-
ber shear walls shall be permitted to be used to resist mitted to be used to resist wind forces and seismic
wind forces and seismic forces in Seismic Design Cat- forces in Seismic Design Categories A, B, and C. Ver-
egories A, B, and C. Horizontally sheathed lumber tical board siding shear walls shall be constructed of
shear walls shall be constructed of minimum 1" thick minimum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards applied
nominal sheathing boards applied perpendicular to the directly to studs and blocking. Nailing of vertical
supports. End joints in adjacent boards shall be sepa- board siding shear walls shall be in accordance with
rated by at least one stud space and there shall be at Table 4.3D.
least two boards between joints on the same support.
Table 4.3A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Shear Walls1,3,6,7
Wood-based Panels4
A B
Minimun SEISMIC WIND
Minimum Fastener Panel Edge Fastener
Nominal Penetration Fastener Panel Edge Fastener Spacing (in.)
Sheathing Spacing (in.)
Panel in Framing Type & Size
Material 6 4 3 2 6 4 3 2
Thickness Member or
(in.) vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vw vw vw vw
Blocking
(in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (plf)
Nail (common or
galvanized box)
Wood 5/16 1-1/4 6d 400 13 10 600 18 13 780 23 16 1020 35 22 560 840 1090 1430
Structural
3/82 460 19 14 720 24 17 920 30 20 1220 43 24 645 1010 1290 1710
Panels -
Structural I4,5 7/162 1-3/8 8d 510 16 13 790 21 16 1010 27 19 1340 40 24 715 1105 1415 1875
15/32 560 14 11 860 18 14 1100 24 17 1460 37 23 785 1205 1540 2045
15/32 1-1/2 10d 680 22 16 1020 29 20 1330 36 22 1740 51 28 950 1430 1860 2435
5/16 360 13 9.5 540 18 12 700 24 14 900 37 18 505 755 980 1260
1-1/4 6d
3/8 400 11 8.5 600 15 11 780 20 13 1020 32 17 560 840 1090 1430
Wood 3/82 440 17 12 640 25 15 820 31 17 1060 45 20 615 895 1150 1485
Structural
7/162 1-3/8 8d 480 15 11 700 22 14 900 28 17 1170 42 21 670 980 1260 1640
Panels –
Sheathing4,5 15/32 520 13 10 760 19 13 980 25 15 1280 39 20 730 1065 1370 1790
15/32 620 22 14 920 30 17 1200 37 19 1540 52 23 870 1290 1680 2155
1-1/2 10d
19/32 680 19 13 1020 26 16 1330 33 18 1740 48 22 950 1430 1860 2435
Nail (galvanized casing)
Plywood
Siding 5/16 1-1/4 6d 280 13 420 16 550 17 720 21 390 590 770 1010
3/8 1-3/8 8d 320 16 480 18 620 20 820 22 450 670 870 1150
Nail (common or
Particleboard galvanized box)
Sheathing - 3/8 6d 240 15 360 17 460 19 600 22 335 505 645 840

(M-S "Exterior
3/8 8d 260 18 380 20 480 21 630 23 365 530 670 880
Glue" and
M-2 "Exterior 1/2 280 18 420 20 540 22 700 24 390 590 755 980
Glue") 1/2 10d 370 21 550 23 720 24 920 25 520 770 1010 1290
5/8 400 21 610 23 790 24 1040 26 560 855 1105 1455
Nail (galvanized roofing)
Structural 1/2 11 ga. galv. roofing nail (0.120" 340 4.0 460 5.0 520 5.5 475 645 730
Fiberboard x 1-1/2" long x 7/16" head)
Sheathing 11 ga. galv. roofing nail (0.120"
25/32 340 4.0 460 5.0 520 5.5 475 645 730
x 1-3/4" long x 3/8” head)
specific requirements, see 4.3.7.1 for wood structural panel shear walls, 4.3.7.2 for particleboard shear walls, and 4.3.7.3 for fiberboard shear walls. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.
2. Shears are permitted to be increased to values shown for 15/32 inch (nominal) sheathing with same nailing provided (a) studs are spaced a maximum of 16 inches on center, or (b) panels are applied with long
dimension across studs.
3. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit shear capacity by the
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
4. Apparent shear stiffness values Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values for shear walls constructed with either OSB
or 3-ply plywood panels. When 4-ply or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.2.
5. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication, Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.
6. Where panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall and nail spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, panel joints shall be offset to fall on different framing members. Alternatively, the width of the
nailed face of framing members shall be 3" nominal or greater at adjoining panel edges and nails at all panel edges shall be staggered.
7. Galvanized nails shall be hot-dipped or tumbled.
35

36
Table 4.3B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Shear Walls1,2,5,6
Wood Structural Panels Applied over 1/2" or 5/8" Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board
A B
Minimum SEISMIC WIND
Minimum Panel Edge Fastener Spacing
Fastener Panel Edge Fastener Spacing (in.)
Nominal (in.)
Sheathing Penetration in
Panel Fastener Type & Size 6 4 3 2 6 4 3 2
Material Framing
Thickness vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vs Ga vw vw vw vw
Member or
(in.)
Blocking (in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf) (plf) (plf) (plf)
Nail (common or
galvanized box)
Wood Structural
Panels - 5/16 1-1/4 8d 400 13 10 600 18 13 780 23 16 1020 35 22 560 840 1090 1430
Structural I3,4
3/8, 7/16,
1-3/8 10d 560 14 11 860 18 14 1100 24 17 1460 37 23 785 1205 1540 2045
15/32
5/16 360 13 9.5 540 18 12 700 24 14 900 37 18 505 755 980 1260
Wood Structural 1-1/4 8d
3/8 400 11 8.5 600 15 11 780 20 13 1020 32 17 560 840 1090 1430
Panels -
3/8, 7/16,
Sheathing3,4 1-3/8 10d 520 13 10 760 19 13 980 25 15 1280 39 20 730 1065 1370 1790
15/32
Nail (galvanized casing)
Plywood Siding 5/16 1-1/4 8d (2-1/2" x0.113") 280 13 420 16 550 17 720 21 390 590 770 1010
3/8 1-3/8 10d (3"x0.128") 320 16 480 18 620 20 820 22 450 670 870 1150
specific requirements, see 4.3.7.1 for wood structural panel shear walls. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit shear capacity by the
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values for shear walls constructed with either OSB
or 3 ply plywood panels. When 4-ply or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values for plywood shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.2.
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication, Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.

5. Where panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall and nail spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, panel joints shall be offset to fall on different framing members. Alternatively, the width of the
nailed face of framing members shall be 3" nominal or greater at adjoining panel edges and nails at all panel edges shall be staggered.
6. Galvanized nails shall be hot-dipped or tumbled.
1
Table 4.3C
Table 4.3CNominal Unit Shear
Nominal UnitCapacities for Wood-Frame
Shear Capacities Shear
for Walls
Wood-Frame Shear Walls1
Gypsum
Gypsumand Portland Cement
andPortland CementPlaster
Plaster
A B
Max. SEISMIC WIND
Max. Fastener
Sheathing Material 2 Stud
Fastener Type & Size Edge Spacing vs Ga vw
Material Thickness Spacing
(in)3 (plf) (kips/in) (plf)
(in.)
7 24 unblocked 150 4.0 150
4 24 unblocked 220 6.0 220
5d cooler (0.086" x 1-5/8" long, 15/64" head) or 7 16 unblocked 200 5.5 200
wallboard nail (0.086" x 1-5/8" long, 9/32" head) or
0.120" nail x 1-1/2" long, min 3/8" head 4 16 unblocked 250 6.5 250
7 16 blocked 250 6.5 250
1/2" 4 16 blocked 300 7.5 300
8/12 16 unblocked 120 3.5 120
4/16 16 blocked 320 8.0 320
No. 6 Type S or W drywall screws 1-1/4" long 4/12 24 blocked 310 8.0 310
Gypsum wallboard, 8/12 16 blocked 140 4.0 140
gypsum base for
veneer plaster, or 6/12 16 blocked 180 5.0 180
water-resistant
7 24 unblocked 230 6.0 230
gypsum backing board
6d cooler (0.092" x 1-7/8" long, 1/4" head) or 4 24 unblocked 290 7.5 290
wallboard nail (0.0915" x 1-7/8" long, 19/64" head) or
0.120" nail x 1-3/4" long, min 3/8" head 7 16 blocked 290 7.5 290
5/8"
4 16 blocked 350 8.5 350
8/12 16 unblocked 140 4.0 140

No. 6 Type S or W drywall screws 1-1/4" long
8/12 16 blocked 180 5.0 180
Base ply--6d cooler (0.092" x 1-7/8" long, 1/4" head) or wallboard nail (0.0915"
5/8" Base: 9
x 1-7/8" long, 19/64" head) or 0.120"nail x 1-3/4" long, min 3/8" head

16 blocked 500 11 500
Face ply--8d cooler (0.113" x 2-3/8" long, 0.281" head) or wallboard nail
(Two-Ply) Face: 7
(0.113" x 2-3/8" long, 3/8" head) or 0.120" nail x 2-3/8" long, min 3/8" head
1/2" x 2' x 8' 4 16 unblocked 150 4.0 150

0.120" nail x 1-3/4" long, 7/16" head, diamond-point, galvanized
4 24 blocked 350 8.5 350
Gypsum sheathing 1/2" x 4'
7 16 unblocked 200 5.5 200
board
6d galvanized cooler (0.092" x 1-7/8" long, 1/4" head) or wallboard nail 4/7
5/8" x 4' 16 blocked 400 9.5 400
(0.0915" x 1-7/8" long, 19/64" head) or 0.120" nail x 1-3/4" long, min 3/8" head
Gypsum lath, plain or

perforated with vertical 3/8” lath and 0.092"x 1-1/8" long, 19/64" head, gypsum wallboard blued nail or 0.120" nail
5 16 unblocked 360 9.0 360
joints staggered ½” plaster x1-1/4" long, min 3/8" head
Gypsum lath, plain or 3/8" lath and 0.092"x 1-1/8" long, 19/64" head, gypsum wallboard blued nail or 0.120" nail
5 16 unblocked 200 5.5 200
perforated 1/2" plaster x1-1/4" long, min 3/8" head
Expanded metal or
woven wire lath and
7/8" 0.120" nail x 1-½” long, 7/16" head 6 16 unblocked 360 9.0 360
Portland cement
plaster
specific requirements, see 4.3.7.4.
2. Type S or W drywall screws shall conform to requirements of ASTM C 1002.
3. Where two numbers are given for maximum fastener edge spacing, the first number denotes fastener spacing at the edges and the second number denotes fastener spacing along intermediate framing mem-
37
bers.
4

38
Table 4.3D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Shear Walls1
Lumber Shear Walls

A B
Sheathing Type, Size, and Number of Nails per Board SEISMIC WIND
Sheathing Material Nominal Nailing at Intermediate Studs Nailing at Shear Wall Boundary Members vs Ga vw
Dimensions (nails/board/support) (nails/board/end) (plf) (kips/in.) (plf)
Horizontal Lumber 1x6 & smaller 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
100 1.5 140
Sheathing 1x8 & larger 3-8d common nails (4-8d box nails) 4-8d common nails (6-8d box nails)
Diagonal Lumber 1x6 & smaller 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
600 6.0 840
Double Diagonal Lumber 1x6 & smaller 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
1200 10 1680
1x6 & smaller 2-8d common nails (3-8d box nails) 3-8d common nails (5-8d box nails)
Vertical Lumber Siding 90 1.0 125
1x8 & larger 3-8d common nails (4-8d box nails) 4-8d common nails (6-8d box nails)
specific requirements, see 4.3.7.5 through 4.3.7.8. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.

4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed to Resist Combined Shear and

Uplift from Wind
4.4.1 Application 2. Anchorage of bottom plates or sill plates to the
foundation shall be designed to resist the
Walls sheathed with wood structural panel sheath- combined uplift and shear forces developed in
ing or siding shall be permitted to be designed for the wall. Anchors shall be spaced in accord-
simultaneously resisting shear and uplift from wind ance with Table 4.4.1.6.
forces. The ASD allowable unit uplift capacity shall a. Where anchor bolts are used, a minimum
be determined by dividing the tabulated nominal uplift 0.229" x 3" x 3" steel plate washer shall
capacity in Table 4.4.1, modified by applicable foot- be used at each anchor bolt location. The 4
notes, by the ASD reduction factor of 2.0. The LRFD edge of the plate washer shall extend to
factored unit uplift resistance shall be determined by within 1/2" of the edge of the bottom plate
on the sheathed side.

multiplying the tabulated nominal uplift capacity in
Table 4.4.1 modified by applicable footnotes, by a re- b. Where other anchoring devices are used to
anchor the wall to the foundation, they
sistance factor, z, of 0.65. Uplift anchorage at shear
shall be installed on the same side of the
wall ends shall be designed in accordance with
wall as the sheathing unless other ap-
4.3.6.4.2.
proved methods are used.
4.4.1.1 Nails: Nails in any single row shall not be 3. An anchor bolt shall be provided at each end
spaced closer than 3" on center. of each plate. Anchor bolts at the end of the
4.4.1.2 Panels: Panels shall have a minimum nom- plate shall be at least 7 times the anchor bolt
inal panel thickness of 7/16" and shall be installed diameter from the end, but not more than ½
with the strength axis parallel or perpendicular to the the tabulated anchor bolt spacing in accord-
studs. ance with Table 4.4.1.6 or 12", whichever is
4.4.1.3 Horizontal Joints: All horizontal joints less.
shall occur over common framing members or com-
mon blocking and shall meet all other requirements of Exception: Where a hold-down anchor is used
Section 4.3. at the end of the plate, the end distance shall
4.4.1.4 Openings: Where windows and doors in- be permitted to be measured from the anchor
terrupt wood structural panel sheathing or siding, bolt to the center of the hold-down anchor.
framing anchors or connectors shall be provided to
resist and transfer the appropriate uplift loads around 4.4.1.7 Sheathing Splices:
1. In multi-story applications where the upper
the opening and into the foundation.
story and lower story sheathing adjoin over a
4.4.1.5 Sheathing Extending to Top Plate: The
common horizontal framing member, the nail
following requirements shall apply:
spacing shall not be less than 3" o.c. for a sin-
1. The top edge of the wood structural panel
gle row nor 6" o.c. for a double row in Table
shall be attached to the upper top plate. Nail
4.4.1 (see Figure 4G).
row, end spacing, and edge spacing shall be as
2. In single or multi-story applications where
shown in Figure 4F.
horizontal joints in the sheathing occur over
2. Roof or upper level uplift connectors shall be
blocking between studs, nailing of the sheath-
on the same side of the wall as the sheathing
ing to the studs above and below the joint
unless other methods are used to prevent
shall be designed to transfer the uplift across
twisting of the top plate due to eccentric load-
the joint (see Figure 4H). The uplift capacity
ing.
shall not exceed the capacity in Table
4.4.1.6 Sheathing Extending to Bottom Plate or 4.4.1. Blocking shall be designed in accord-
Sill Plate: The following requirements shall apply: ance with Section 4.4.1.3 for shear transfer.
1. The bottom edge of the wood structural panel
shall extend to and be attached to the bottom Exception: Horizontal blocking and sheath-
plate or sill plate as shown in Figure 4F. ing tension splices placed between studs and
backing the horizontal joint shall be permit- from wind forces, they shall be in accordance with
ted to be used to resist both uplift and shear at Section 4.4.1, except that panels with a minimum
sheathing splices over studs provided the fol- nominal panel thickness of 3/8" shall be permitted
lowing conditions are met (see Figure 4I): when installed with the strength axis parallel to the
a. Sheathing tension splices shall be made studs. The ASD allowable unit uplift shall be deter-
from the same thickness and grade as the mined by dividing the tabulated nominal uplift capaci-
shear wall sheathing. ty in Table 4.4.2, modified by applicable footnotes, by
b. Edges of sheathing shall be nailed to the ASD reduction factor of 2.0. The LRFD factored
sheathing tension splices using the same uplift resistance shall be determined by multiplying
nail size and spacing as the sheathing or the tabulated nominal unit uplift capacity in Table
siding nails at the bottom plate. 4.4.2, modified by applicable footnotes, by a re-
sistance factor, Z, of 0.65.
4.4.2 Wood Structural Panels Designed to
Resist Only Uplift from Wind
Where walls sheathed with wood structural panel

sheathing or siding are designed to resist only uplift
Figure 4F Panel Attachment
Figure 4G Panel Splice Occurring over Horizontal Framing Member

Figure 4H Panel Splice Occurring across Studs
Figure 4I Sheathing Splice Plate (Alternate Detail)
Table 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 7/16" (Nominal) Minimum Wood Structural Panel
Sheathing or Siding When Used for Both Shear Walls and Wind Uplift Simultaneously
over Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or Greater 1
Nail Spacing Required for Shear Wall Design

6d Common Nail 8d Common Nail 8d Common Nail 10d Common Nail
6" panel edge spacing 6" panel edge spacing 4" panel edge spacing 6" panel edge spacing
12" field spacing 12" field spacing 12" field spacing 12" field spacing
Alternate Nail Spacing at Top and Bottom Plate Edges
6" 4" 3" 6" 4" 3" 6" 4" 3" 6" 4" 3"
Uplift Capacity (plf) of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding 2,3
4
Nails-
Single 0 168 336 0 216 432 NA 0 216 0 262 524
Row 4
Nails-
Double 336 672 1008 432 864 1296 216 648 1080 524 1048 1572
Row 5

1. Nominal unit uplift capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.4.1 to determine ASD allowable unit uplift capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance.
Anchors shall be installed in accordance with this section. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
2. Where framing has a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater, uplift values in table 4.4.1 shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.08.
3. Where nail size is 6d common or 8d common, the tabulated uplift values are applicable to 7/16" (nominal) minimum OSB panels or 15/32" (nominal) mini-
mum plywood with species of plies having a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater. Where nail size is 10d common, the tabulated uplift values are applicable to
15/32" (nominal) minimum OSB or plywood with a species of plies having a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater. For plywood with other species, multiply the
tabulated uplift values by 0.90.
4. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2" and a single row of fasteners shall be placed ¾" from
the panel edge.
5. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2". Rows of fasteners shall be ½" apart with a minimum
edge distance of ½". Each row shall have nails at the specified spacing.
Table 4.4.1.6 Maximum Anchor Bolt Spacing (inches) for Combined Shear and Wind Uplift1,2
Nominal Unit
Shear Capacity
Nail (plf) Nominal Uplift Capacity (plf)
Size G=0.50 0 216 432 648 864 1080 1296 1458 1728 1944 2160
G=0.42 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1350 1600 1800 2000
8d 0 0 483 42 36 36 32 24 24 19.2 16 - -
common
(0.131" x 400 368 48 42 36 36 32 24 24 19.2 16 - -
2-1/2") 670 616 36 32 24 24 24 24 19.2 19.2 16 - -
980 902 24 24 19.2 19.2 19.2 16 16 - - - -
10d 0 0 483 42 36 36 32 24 24 19.2 16 16 16
common
(0.148" x 400 368 48 42 36 36 32 24 24 19.2 16 - -
3") 870 800 24 24 24 19.2 19.2 19.2 16 16 - - -
G = Specific Gravity of framing members

- Not Permitted
1. The minimum nominal panel thickness of wall sheathing shall be in accordance with Section 4.4.1.2.
2. Tabulated anchor bolt spacings are for minimum ½" diameter “full-body diameter” bolts (see NDS Appendix Table L1)
3. This anchor bolt spacing is provided for interpolation purposes.
Table 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of 3/8" (Nominal) Minimum Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
or Siding When Used for Wind Uplift Only over Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42
or Greater 1
6d Common Nail 8d Common Nail 10d Common Nail

6" panel edge spacing 6" panel edge spacing 6" panel edge spacing
12" field spacing 12" field spacing 12" field spacing
Alternate Nail Spacing at Top and Bottom Panel Edges
6" 4" 3" 6" 4" 3" 6" 4" 3"
2,3
Uplift Capacity (plf) of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding
Nails-
Single 320 480 640 416 624 832 500 750 1000
Row 4
Nails-
Double 640 960 1280 832 1248 1664 1000 1500 2000
Row 5
1. Nominal unit uplift capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.4.2 to determine ASD allowable unit uplift capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance.
Anchors shall be installed in accordance with this section. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
2. Where framing has a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater, uplift values in table 4.4.2 shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.08.
3. The tabulated uplift values are applicable to 3/8" (nominal) minimum OSB panels or plywood with species of plies having a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater.
For plywood with other species, multiply the tabulated uplift values by 0.90.
4. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2" and a single row of fasteners shall be placed ¾" from
the panel edge.
5. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2". Rows of fasteners shall be ½" apart with a minimum
edge distance of ½". Each row shall have nails at the specified spacing.
APPENDIX A
Table A1 Standard Common, Box, and Sinker Nails........... 46

Table A2 Standard Cut Washers........................................... 46 A
46 APPENDIX A
Table Table
A1 Standard
A1 Common,
Standard Box,
Common, and
Box, andSinker Nails
Sinker Nails 1
1
L
L
D = diameter
H H
L = length
D D H = head diameter
Common or Box Sinker
Pennyweight
Type 6d 7d 8d 10d 12d 16d 20d 30d 40d 50d 60d
L 2" 2-1/4" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/4" 3-1/2" 4" 4-1/2" 5" 5-1/2" 6"
Common D 0.113" 0.113" 0.131" 0.148" 0.148" 0.162" 0.192" 0.207" 0.225" 0.244" 0.263"
H 0.266" 0.266" 0.281" 0.312" 0.312" 0.344" 0.406" 0.438" 0.469" 0.5" 0.531"
L 2" 2-1/4" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/4" 3-1/2" 4" 4-1/2" 5" - -
Box D 0.099" 0.099" 0.113" 0.128" 0.128" 0.135" 0.148" 0.148" 0.162" - -
H 0.266" 0.266" 0.297" 0.312" 0.312" 0.344" 0.375" 0.375" 0.406" - -
L 1-7/8" 2-1/8" 2-3/8" 2-7/8" 3-1/8" 3-1/4" 3-3/4" 4-1/4" 4-3/4" - 5-3/4"
Sinker D 0.092" 0.099" 0.113" 0.12" 0.135" 0.148" 0.177" 0.192" 0.207" - 0.244"
H 0.234" 0.250" 0.266" 0.281" 0.312" 0.344" 0.375" 0.406" 0.438" - 0.5"
1. Tolerances specified in ASTM F 1667. Typical shape of common, box, and sinker nails shown. See ASTM F1667 for other nail types.
1.
Table A2 Standard Cut Washers

Table A2 Standard Cut Washers
1
Dimensions of Standard Cut Washers
A B C
Nominal
Washer Size Inside Diameter (in.) Outside Diameter (in.) Thickness (in.)
(in.) Basic Basic Basic
3/8 0.438 1.000 0.083
1/2 0.562 1.375 0.109
5/8 0.688 1.750 0.134
3/4 0.812 2.000 0.148
7/8 0.938 2.250 0.165
1 1.062 2.500 0.165
1. For other standard cut washers, see ANSI/ASME B18.21.1. Tolerances are provided in ANSI/ASME
B18.21.1.
REFERENCES
48 REFERENCES
References
1. ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construc- 13. ASTM C 844-04 (2010), Standard Specification for
tion, American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA, 2012 Application of Gypsum Base to Receive Gypsum Ve-
neer Plaster, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
2. ANSI/ASME B18.21.1-2009, Washers: Helical
Spring-Lock, Tooth Lock, and Plain Washers (Inch 14. ASTM C 847-12, Standard Specification for Metal
Series), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Lath, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
New York, NY, 2009.
15. ASTM C 926-13a, Standard Specification for Ap-
3. ANSI/AWC NDS-2015, National Design Specifica- plication of Portland Cement-Based Plaster, ASTM,
tion (NDS) for Wood Construction, American Wood West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
Council, Leesburg, VA, 2014.
16. ASTM C 1002-07 (2013) Standard Specification
4. ANSI A208.1-2009, Particleboard Standard, ANSI, for Steel Self-Piercing Tapping Screws for the Ap-
New York, NY, 2009. plication of Gypsum Panel Products or Metal Plaster
Bases to Wood Studs or Steel Studs, ASTM, West
5. ANSI/CPA A135.6 Engineered Wood Siding, Com-
Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
posite Panel Association, Gaithersburg, MD, 2012.
17. ASTM C 1032-06 (2011), Standard Specification
6. ASTM C1396/C1396M-13, Standard Specification
for Woven Wire Plaster Base, ASTM, West Con-
for Gypsum Board, ASTM, West Conshohocken,
shohocken, PA, 2011.
PA, 2013.
18. ASTM C 1063-13, Standard Specification for Instal-
7. ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for
lation of Lathing and Furring to Receive Interior and
Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of
Exterior Portland Cement-Based Plaster, ASTM, West
Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2010.
8. ASTM C 28/C 28M-10, Standard Specification for
19. ASTM C 1280-13a, Standard Specification for Ap-
Gypsum Plasters, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA,
plication of Exterior Gypsum Panel Products for Use
2010.
as Sheathing, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
9. ASTM C 150-12, Standard Specification for Portland
20. ASTM F 1667-13, Standard Specification for Driven
Cement, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples, ASTM, West
10. ASTM C 208-12, Standard Specification for Cel- Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
lulosic Fiber Insulating Board, ASTM, West Con-
21. PS 1-09 (Structural Plywood), United States Depart-
shohocken, PA, 2012.
ment of Commerce, National Institute of Standards
11. ASTM C 840-13, Standard Specification for Applica- and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2009.
tion and Finishing of Gypsum Board, ASTM, West
22. PS 2-10 Performance Standard for Wood-Based
Structural Use Panels, United States Department
12. ASTM C 841-03 (2013), Standard Specification for of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and
Installation of Interior Lathing and Furring, ASTM, Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2011.
West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
SDPWS
COMMENTARY
C2 General Design Requirements 51

C3 Members and Connections 53
C4 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems 59
C
Commentary References 95
50 SDPWS COMMENTARY
FOREWORD
The Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic In developing the provisions of the SDPWS, data and
(SDPWS) document was first issued in 2002. It contains experience with structures in-service has been carefully
provisions for materials, design, and construction of wood evaluated by the AWC Wood Design Standards Committee
members, fasteners, and assemblies to resist wind and for the purpose of providing a standard of practice. It is
seismic forces. The 2015 edition is the fourth edition of intended that this document be used in conjunction with
this publication. competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and
The Commentary to the SDPWS is provided herein and adequate supervision of construction. Therefore AWC does
includes background information for most sections as well not assume any responsibility for errors or omissions in
as sample calculations for each of the design value tables. the SDPWS and SDPWS Commentary, nor for engineering
The Commentary follows the same subject matter designs and plans prepared from it.
organization as the SDPWS. Discussion of a particular Inquiries, comments and suggestions from the readers
provision in the SDPWS is identified in the Commentary of this document are invited.
by the same section or subsection. When available, refer- American Wood Council
ences to more detailed information on specific subjects
are included.
C2 GENERAL DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
C2.1 General
C2.1.1 Scope C2.1.3 Sizes
Allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance Sizes of wood products vary by both product type and
factor design (LRFD) provisions are applicable for the end use conditions. Actual wood product dimensions are
design of wood members and systems to resist wind and typically a function of moisture content at the time that
seismic loads. For other than short-term wind and seismic measurements are taken. For this reason, dimensions are
loads (10-minute basis), adjustment of design capacities reported in terms of reference environmental conditions.
for load duration or time effect shall be in accordance Products such as lumber, timbers, and wood structural
with the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood panels have been historically reported in terms of “nomi-
Construction (6). nal” dimension nomenclature. These product names are
associated with minimum dimensions at reference en-
C2.1.2 Design Methods vironmental conditions or a reference moisture content
specification for the manufacturing process as described in C
Both ASD and LRFD (also referred to as strength the product standards. For example, the minimum dressed
design) formats are addressed by reference to the National dry dimensions of a “2x4” are 1.5 inches x 3.5 inches for
COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction (6) for the moisture content specification that permits the lumber
design of wood members and connections. The design of to be marked as “S Dry”.
elements throughout a structure will generally utilize either Similarly, wood structural panels are described in
the ASD or LRFD format; however, specific requirements terms of “Performance Category” descriptors which are
to use a single design format for all elements within a struc- related to the panel thickness range at reference environ-
ture are not included. The suitability of mixing formats mental conditions described as “nominal panel thickness”
within a structure is the responsibility of the designer in in this standard. Use of the term “nominal panel thickness”
compliance with requirements of the authority having ju- is consistent with terminology used in previous versions of
risdiction. ASCE 7 – Minimum Design Loads for Buildings this standard and the U.S. model building codes. Common
and Other Structures (5) limits mixing of design formats Performance Categories and Span Ratings are provided in
to cases where there are changes in materials. Table C4.2.2C.
C2.2 Terminology
ASD Reduction Factor: This term denotes the spe- shear walls and diaphragms in seismic applications. The
cific adjustment factor used to convert nominal design nominal unit shear capacity for seismic, νs, was derived
values to ASD reference design values. by dividing the nominal unit shear capacity for wind by
Nominal Strength: Nominal strength (or nominal 1.4. This was done to be consistent with the ratio of wind
capacity) is used to provide a common reference point and seismic design capacities for wood structural panel
from which to derive ASD or LRFD reference design shear walls and diaphragms in model building codes (2)
values. For wood structural panels, tabulated nominal and allow for a single ASD Reduction Factor of 2.0 to be
unit shear capacities for wind, νw, (nominal strength) were used for both wind and seismic applications. For fiberboard
derived using ASD tabulated seismic values from industry and lumber shear walls and lumber diaphragms, similar
design documents and model building codes (2, 18, 19, assumptions were used.
20) times a factor of 2.8. The factor of 2.8, based on mini- For shear walls utilizing other materials, ASD unit
mum performance requirements (8), has commonly been shear capacity values from model building codes (2) and
considered the target minimum safety factor associated industry design documents (20) were multiplied by 2.0 to
with ASD unit shear capacity for wood structural panel
52 SDPWS COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
develop nominal unit shear capacity values for both wind is due to the fact that typical reference design values are
and seismic. based on a statistical estimate of a near-minimum value
While varying approaches are used across the variety (5th percentile).
of products (e.g. wood structural panels, lumber sheathing, The following resistance factors are used in SDPWS:
structural fiberboard, gypsum wallboard) and applications a) sheathing in-plane shear, fD = 0.80, b) sheathing out-
(e.g. shear walls, diaphragms, wall sheathing, and roof of-plane bending fb = 0.85, and c) connections, fz = 0.65.
sheathing) covered by SDPWS, the most common basis LRFD resistance factors have been determined by an
of nominal strength is the factoring up of historic ASD ASTM consensus standard committee (16). Examination
design values such that when nominal strength is divided of fD=0.80 is addressed in ASTM D 5457 (16) where
by the specified ASD reduction factor, the identical design calibration is used to reduce differences between ASD and
value to that specified in prior codes will result. Under LRFD for in-plane shear. For seismic design of shear walls
such an approach, conservatisms inherent in the original and diaphragms, the specified fD = 0.80 is applied to the
ASD design value determination and the product standards nominal unit shear capacity for seismic which is a reduced
are maintained. Importantly, nominal strength values and nominal unit shear capacity derived by dividing the nomi-
methods of adjusting values for use as part of engineered nal unit shear capacity for wind by 1.4 (see C2.2 Nominal
design using either ASD or LRFD (e.g. ASD reduction Strength). Use of the reduced seismic nominal unit shear
factors or LRFD resistance factors) are based upon the capacity times fD = 0.80 is algebraically equivalent to use
premise that the structural products fully comply with the of an “effective fD = 0.57” times the unreduced nominal
applicable product standards referenced in this Specifica- unit shear capacity (i.e. nominal unit shear capacity for
tion. For example, wood structural panels used in shear wind, Rwind) for calculation of the LRFD design unit shear
wall and diaphragm applications or as wall and roof sheath- capacity for seismic:
ing must conform to the requirements found in DOC PS
1 (58) or PS 2 (8) as applicable. These product standards 0.8 RWind
include minimum performance requirements, applicable vSeismic
= − LRFD 0.8
= RSeismic = 0.57 RWind (C2.2-1)
1.4
test methods, and quality assurance for which design meth-
ods in this specification are considered suitable. Examples where:
of such baseline criteria include requirements for strength,
0.80 = φD; sheathing resistance factor for in-plane
stiffness, and fastener performance in product standards shear of shear walls and diaphragms for
for sheathing and panel products used in shear walls and/ both wind and seismic
or diaphragms.
Resistance Factor: For LRFD, resistance factors are Rwind = nominal unit shear capacity for wind
assigned to various wood properties with only one factor Rseismic = nominal unit shear capacity for seismic
for each stress mode (i.e. bending, shear, compression,
tension, and stability). Theoretically, the magnitude of a 0.57 = “effective φD” where reference strength is
associated with the unreduced nominal unit
resistance factor is considered to, in part, reflect relative
shear capacity (i.e. Rwind)
variability of wood product properties. However, for wood
design provisions, actual differences in product variability
are already embedded in the reference design values. This
C3 MEMBERS AND
CONNECTIONS
C3.1 Framing
C3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness For design purposes, a slightly more conservative
Design Value Increase: Wall studs sheathed on both sides value of 1.5 was chosen to represent a modified 2x4 stud
are stronger and stiffer in flexure (i.e., wind loads applied wall system as follows:
perpendicular to the wall plane) than those in similar,
unsheathed wall assemblies. The enhanced performance 2x4 Stud grade Douglas fir studs
of these wood stud wall assemblies is recognized in wood Framing
at 24" o.c.
design with the wall stud repetitive member factor, Cr, for
1/2" gypsum wallboard attached
bending strength and stiffness, which accounts for effects
with 5d cooler nails at 7" o.c.
of partial composite action and load-sharing (1). This is in Interior Sheathing
edge and 10" o.c. field (applied
contrast to the repetitive member factor, Cr, in the NDS (6)
vertically).
which applies to a much broader range of repetitive mem-
ber assembly applications and is limited to bending stress 3/8" wood structural panels at-
increases of no more than 15%. Increases in the assembly
stiffness are directly proportional to partial composite
Exterior Sheath- tached with 8d common nails
ing at 6" o.c. edge and 12" o.c. field
C
action and load-sharing; the effect can conservatively be (blocked).
approximated with the wall stud repetitive member fac-
COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

tor. Wall stud repetitive member factors in SDPWS Table For other stud depths, the wall stud repetitive member
3.1.1.1 are applicable for out-of-plane wind loads and were factor is taken as a function of the relative stiffness (EI) of
derived based on wall tests (9). Factors in Table 3.1.1.1 the stud material. A repetitive member factor of 1.15 was
increase the calculated strength and stiffness of pinned- assumed for a 2x12 stud in a wall system and Equation
end, bare studs when used in sheathed wall assemblies in C3.1.1-1 was used to interpolate repetitive member factors
accordance with 3.1.1.1. A factor of 1.56 was determined for 2x6, 2x8, and 2x10 studs:
for a wall configured as follows: 0.076
178in4  (C3.1.1-1)
Framing
2x4 Stud grade Douglas fir studs Cr = 1.15  
at 16" o.c.  I stud 
1/2" gypsum wallboard attached Slight differences between calculated Cr values and
with 4d cooler nails at 7" o.c. those appearing in SDPWS Table 3.1.1.1 are due to round-
Interior Sheathing
edge and 10" o.c. field (applied ing.
vertically).
3/8" rough sanded 303 siding at-
Exterior Sheath- tached with 6d box nails at 6" o.c.
ing edge and 12" o.c. field (applied
vertically).
C3.2 Sheathing
Nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Tables results in higher capacity, the more conservative two-span
3.2.1 and 3.2.2 assume a two-span continuous condition. continuous condition was selected because this condition
Out-of-plane sheathing capacities are often tabulated in frequently exists at building end zones where the largest
other documents on the basis of a three-span continuous wind forces occur.
condition. Although the three-span continuous condition
54 SDPWS COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS
Table C3.2A provides out-of-plane bending strength

Table C3.2B Wood Structural Panel
capacities for wood structural panels based on bending
Sheathing Dry Shear
design values and section properties from AWC’s 2012
Capacities in the Plane
ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construction
(Section M9: Wood Structural Panels) (60). As noted in Span Shear in the Plane, FS
footnotes 1 and 2 to Table C3.2A, the bending capacities Rating: [lb/Q] (lb/ft width)
are based on the lesser of the calculated bending capacities Sheathing Strength Axis Either Perpendicu-
for OSB or plywood for the given span rating.
lar or Parallel to Supports
Table C3.2B provides out-of-plane shear strength ca-
pacities for wood structural panels based on shear design 24/0 130
values and section properties from AWC’s 2012 ASD/ 24/16 150
LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construction (Sec- 32/16 165
tion M9: Wood Structural Panels). The shear capacities 40/20 205
are based on the lesser of the calculated shear capacities
48/24 250
for OSB or plywood for the given span rating.
Examples C3.2.1-1 and C3.2.1-2 illustrate how values
in SDPWS Table 3.2.1 were generated using wood struc- Table C3.2C Cellulosic Fiberboard
tural panel out-of-plane bending and shear values given Sheathing Design
in Tables C3.2A and C3.2B. Although the following two Bending Strength
examples are for SDPWS Table 3.2.1, the same procedure can Capacities
be used to generate values shown in SDPWS Table 3.2.2.
Table C3.2C provides out-of-plane bending strength Span Rating: Bending Strength, FbS
capacities for cellulosic fiberboard sheathing based on Sheathing (lb-in./ft width)
minimum modulus of rupture criteria in ASTM C 208. Strength Axis Either Perpendicu-
Nominal uniform load capacities for cellulosic fiberboard lar or Parallel to Supports
sheathing in SDPWS Table 3.2.1 can be derived using the
same procedure as described in Example C3.2.1-1. Regular 1/2" 55
Structural 1/2" 80
Table C3.2A Wood Structural Panel Structural 25/32" 97
Sheathing Dry Design
Bending Strength
Capacities
Span Bending Strength, FbS

Rating: (lb-in./ft width)
Sheathing Strength Strength Axis Parallel to
Axis Supports
Perpen-
dicular to
Supports
12"&16" spac- 24" spacing
ing of framing of framing
members members
24/0 250 1
54 1
652
24/16 3201 641 772
32/16 3701 921 1102
40/20 6251 1501 1802
48/24 930 2
270 2
2702
1. Tabulated bending strength capacities are based on the lesser of OSB or
plywood with 3 plies for the given span ratings.
2. Tabulated bending strength capacities are based on the lesser of OSB or
plywood with 4 plies for the given span ratings.
EXAMPLE C3.2.1-1 Determine the Nominal Uniform Load Capacity in SDPWS

Table 3.2.1
Determine the nominal uniform load capacity in Maximum uniform load based on shear strength for a
SDPWS Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities two-span condition:
(psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads for the following conditions: 19.2 Fs Ib / Q 19.2 × 130
ws = = = 238 psf
lclearspan (12 − 1.5)
Sheathing type = wood structural panels
Span rating or grade = 24/0 Maximum uniform load based on bending governs.
Min. nominal thickness = 3/8 in. Converting to the nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Strength axis = perpendicular to supports Table 3.2.1:
Actual stud spacing = 12 in.
 2.16 
wnominal =   × ASD10 -yr
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) bending capacity:  fb 
Fb S = 250 lb-in./ft width from Table C3.2A SDPWS Table 3.2.1
2.16
= ×167 = 424 psf
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) shear capacity: 0.85
Fs I b/Q = 130 lb/ft width from Table C3.2B ≈ 425 psf
where:
Maximum uniform load based on bending strength for a
two-span condition:
C
2.16/0.85 = conversion from a normal load du-
96 Fb S 96 × 250 ration (i.e., 10-yr ASD basis) to the short-term
wb = = = 167 psf

l2 122 (10-min) nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Table 3.2.1.
EXAMPLE C3.2.1-2 Determine the Nominal Uniform Load Capacity in SDPWS

Table 3.2.1
Determine the nominal uniform load capacity in Maximum uniform load based on shear strength for a
SDPWS Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities two-span condition:
(psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads for the following conditions: 19.2 Fs Ib / Q 19.2 × 205
ws = = = 375 psf
lclearspan (12 − 1.5)
Sheathing type = wood structural panels
Span rating or grade = 40/20 Maximum uniform load based on shear governs. Con-
Min. nominal thickness = 19/32 in. verting to the nominal capacity basis of SDPWS Table
Strength axis = perpendicular to supports 3.2.1:
Actual stud spacing = 12 in.  2.16 
wnominal =   × ASD10− yr
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) bending capacity:  φb  SDPWS Table 3.2.1
Fb S = 625 lb-in./ft width from Table C3.2A 2.16
= × 375 = 953 psf
0.85
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) shear capacity:
Fs I b/Q = 205 lb/ft width from Table C3.2B ≈ 955 psf
Maximum uniform load based on bending strength for a where:

two-span condition:
2.16/0.85 = conversion from a normal load du-
96 Fb S 96 × 625 ration (i.e., 10-yr ASD basis) to the short-term
wb = = = 417 psf
l2 122 (10-min) nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Table 3.2.1.
C3.2.1 Wall Sheathing
Where wood structural panel wall sheathing is used

to provide the load path for wind uplift loads, the walls
must be designed in accordance with 4.4. All other uplift
force resisting systems must comply with 3.4.2.
C3.3 Connections
Section 3.3 refers the user to the NDS (6) when design- the connection) rather than out-of-plane bending or shear
ing connections to resist wind or seismic forces. In many capacity of the panel.
cases, resistance to out-of-plane forces due to wind may
be limited by connection capacity (withdrawal capacity of
C3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems

Section 3.4 applies to all uplift force resisting systems. rod tie-downs consisting of threaded rods or cables, must
Where wood structural panels are used to provide load path comply with Section 3.4.2. The design of such systems
for wind uplift loads, the provisions of 4.4 apply in lieu must be in accordance with accepted engineering prac-
of 3.4.2. All other uplift force resisting systems, including tice and, for systems utilizing proprietary components,
systems that utilize metal connectors and/or continuous the manufacturer’s literature and code evaluation report,
where applicable. The design must account for stresses within the system; cross-grain bending and/or tension
induced into framing members and all other components perpendicular-to-the-grain of wood members within the
and hardware within the system, as well as resulting de- system.
flections thereof. Eccentricities resulting in cross-grain bending or
When detailing uplift force resisting systems, ec- tension perpendicular-to-the-grain stresses within wood
centricities in the uplift load path should be minimized or members should be avoided. Other factors that must be
eliminated wherever possible (see Figure C3.4). In loca- considered include deflection compatibility of the uplift
tions where this is not possible, the effect of eccentricities force resisting system with the wall(s) in which it is used
in the uplift load path must be considered. Such effects and dimensional changes in the wood elements due to
may include, but are not limited to: moments induced moisture content fluctuations.
into elements of the uplift force resisting system; torsion
within, and rotation of, the top plate and/or other elements
Figure C3.4 Examples of Roof Uplift Connectors

Appropriate uplift load path with uplift connector Inappropriate uplift load path prone to top plate rota-
aligned with the wood structural panel sheathing pro- tion due to eccentric placement of uplift connector
viding wind uplift resistance. relative to the wood structural panel sheathing providing
wind uplift resistance.
C4 LATERAL FORCE-
RESISTING SYSTEMS
C4.1 General
C4.1.1 Design Requirements seismic forces from concrete or masonry walls are given to
address deformation compatibility and are largely based on
General design requirements for lateral force-resisting field observations following major seismic events. Wood
systems are described in this section and are applicable to diaphragms and horizontal trusses are specifically permit-
engineered structures. ted to resist horizontal seismic forces from masonry or
concrete walls. For construction over one story in height,
C4.1.2 Shear Capacity wood diaphragms and horizontal trusses are permitted to
resist horizontal seismic forces from masonry or concrete
Nominal unit shear capacities (see C2.2) for wind and walls provided that the design of the diaphragm does not
seismic require adjustment in accordance with SDPWS rely on torsional force distribution through the diaphragm.
4.2.3 for diaphragms and SDPWS 4.3.3 for shear walls to Primary considerations for this limitation are the flexibility
derive an appropriate design value. of the wood diaphragm relative to masonry or concrete C
walls and the limited ability of masonry or concrete walls
C4.1.3 Deformation Requirements to tolerate out-of-plane wall displacements without failure.
The term “horizontal trusses” refers to trusses that are
COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Consideration of deformations (such as deformation oriented such that their top and bottom chords and web
of the overall structure, elements, connections, and sys- members are in a horizontal or near horizontal plane. A
tems within the structure) that can occur is necessary to horizontal truss transmits lateral loads to shear walls in
maintain load path and ensure proper detailing. Special a manner similar to a floor or roof diaphragm. In this
requirements are provided for wood members resisting context, a horizontal truss is a bracing system capable of
forces from concrete and masonry (see C4.1.5) due to po- resisting horizontal seismic forces contributed by masonry
tentially large differences in stiffness and deflection limits or concrete walls.
for wood and concrete systems. Special requirements are Where wood structural panel shear walls are used to
also provided for open front buildings (C4.2.5.2) where provide resistance to seismic forces contributed by ma-
forces are distributed by diaphragm rotation. sonry and concrete walls, deflections are limited to 0.7%
of the story height in accordance with deflection limits
C4.1.4 Boundary Elements (5) for masonry and concrete construction. Strength level
forces and appropriate deflection amplification factors, Cd,
Boundary elements must be sized to transfer design in accordance with ASCE 7 should be used when calcu-
tension and compression forces. Good construction lating design story drift, ∆. The intent of the design story
practice and efficient design and detailing for boundary drift limit is to limit failure of the masonry or concrete
elements utilize framing members in the plane or tangent portions of the structure due to excessive deflection. For
to the plane of the diaphragm or shear wall. example, inadequate diaphragm stiffness may lead to ex-
cessive out-of-plane deformation of the attached masonry
C4.1.5 Wood Members and or concrete wall.
Systems Resisting Seismic Forces C4.1.5.1 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Struc-
Contributed by Masonry and tural Walls to Diaphragms: For seismic design, the use of
Concrete Walls subdiaphragms as an analytical tool for transfer of wall
anchorage forces was first introduced into the building
The use of wood diaphragms with masonry or con- code in the 1976 Uniform Building Code (UBC) (50) along
crete walls is common practice. Story height and other with special detailing requirements to address observations
limitations for wood members and wood systems resisting of earthquake damage to buildings having plywood dia-
60 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
phragms and walls of structural concrete or masonry (46, span taken as the distance between continuous cross-ties
47, 48, and 49). The changes were introduced to prohibit of the main diaphragm, or use of a subdiaphragm that
designs that induced cross grain bending in wood members spans the full distance between side walls. In either case,
and relied on plywood sheathing in lieu of tension ties. subdiaphragms must meet all requirements for diaphragms
The requirement for continuous ties, the subdiaphragm and additionally are limited to a maximum aspect ratio of
concept, and special detailing requirements in SDPWS are 2.5:1 consistent with the ASCE 7 limitation and intended
consistent with those found in ASCE 7 and prior editions to limit bending deformation and address deformation
of the building code where they originally appeared. compatibility with the rest of the diaphragm. The 2.5:1
Continuous ties spanning the full width of the aspect ratio limit first appeared in the 1997 UBC. Although
diaphragm are required to be provided at wall anchorage some designs have successfully used aspect ratios as high
points to the diaphragm so that the entire diaphragm width as 4, which is the limiting aspect ratio for blocked wood
is engaged in resisting wall anchorage forces. Because wall structural panel diaphragms, the aspect ratio limit of 2.5:1
anchors are often spaced as close as 4 feet on center, and is the maximum permitted and considered more suitable
because it is inefficient to provide continuous ties across for a broad range of applications.
the full diaphragm width at this close spacing, the subdia- C4.1.5.1.1 While direct loading of wood framing in
phragm concept has been developed. This analytical tool cross grain bending or cross grain tension is not associated
enables a designer to detail connections along the continu- with an allowable design stress and should therefore be
ous tie load paths within the diaphragm, without resorting avoided as part of a designed load path, transfer of anchor-
to complex analysis which would be needed given the high age forces through wood framing subject to cross grain
level of redundancy within a wood framed diaphragm. bending and cross grain tension are specifically prohibited.
The subdiaphragm is a smaller diaphragm within the main Details commonly employed for transfer of anchorage
diaphragm (Figure C4.1.5A) designed to ensure the local forces into the diaphragm use mechanical attachment
wall anchorage forces can be safely transferred through between the wall anchor and wood framing oriented per-
the connections and members to the main diaphragm. Wall pendicular to the wall (Figure C4.1.5B) avoiding direct
anchor forces are developed into the subdiaphragm, and loading of wood framing in cross grain bending. Figure
continuous ties across the diaphragm are provided at each C4.1.5B illustrates a typical wall anchor attached to a
end of each subdiaphragm rather than at each wall anchor. sub-diaphragm roof purlin. Sheathing edge nailing into the
Figure C4.1.5A illustrates subdiaphragms that anchor the purlin is provided as part of the load path between sheets
west wall for seismic loading in the east-west direction. of panel sheathing, but the sheathing is not considered
Similar subdiaphragms would be provided along the north part of the connection between the purlin and the ledger.
and south walls for loading in the north-south direction Detailing of cross ties for tension relies on mechanical
and along the east wall. attachment of framing members (Figure C4.1.5C) avoid-
Use of subdiaphragms for purposes of distributing ing direct loading of wood framing in cross grain tension.
concrete or masonry structural wall anchorage forces
may entail multiple subdiaphragms with subdiaphragm
Figure C4.1.5A Illustration of Subdiaphragm and Continuous Tie Concept (for

west wall only)
(Note: For east west loading, subdiaphragm span is 40' between continuous ties and width
is 40'. The ratio of L/W = 40'/40' = 1.00 is less than the 2.5:1 aspect ratio limit of 4.1.5.1).
Wood Structural
Panel Sheathing
Subdiaphragm for
east-west loads
Continuous ties extend Develop beam as

to subdiaphragm chord. continuous tie
Wall anchor into
subdiaphragm (See
Figure C4.1.5B)
C
See Figure C4.1.5C for ties
between framing members Subdiaphragm chord Concrete or Masonry Wall

Figure C4.1.5B Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Concrete and
Masonry Wall Anchorage to Wood Diaphragms
Tie Force
Tie Force Tie Force Tie Force
Potential cross-grain
bending failure
a) Appropriate wall anchor detail where anchor b) Inappropriate wall anchor detail where
forces are transferred directly into diaphragm anchor forces induce cross-grain bending in
framing the wood ledger (not permitted)
Figure C4.1.5C Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Continuity

Tie Details
Tie Force Tie Force
Tie Force Tie Force
Potential for splitting due to tension

perpendicular-to-grain stresses
a) Appropriate continuity tie detail where b) Inappropriate continuity tie detail where
continuity of wall anchor forces is maintained sheathing is used to maintain continuity of
by ties between framing members tension where tension perpendicular to grain
stresses are induced in the wood beam
(not permitted)
C4.1.5.1.2 Reliance on diaphragm sheathing to pro- shall be designed to account for seismic forces generated
vide continuity between framing members is specifically by the additional mass of such elements.
prohibited. The intended design approach is to preserve Design of wood members to support the additional
sheathing and sheathing nailing for in-plane shear loading mass of concrete and masonry elements shall be in ac-
and to reduce potential for concentration of deformation cordance with the NDS and required deflection limits as
at sheathing joints between chords. The limitation is also specified in concrete or masonry standards or model build-
intended to prohibit the design of wood sheathing to pro- ing codes (2). Masonry is defined as a built-up construction
vide tension continuity for wall anchorage forces (Figure or combination of building units or materials of clay, shale,
C4.1.5C). concrete, glass, gypsum, stone, or other approved units
bonded together with or without mortar or grout or other
C4.1.6 Wood Members and accepted methods of joining.
Systems Resisting Seismic Forces
from Other Concrete or Masonry C4.1.7 Toe-Nailed Connections
Construction
Limits on use of toe-nailed connections in seismic
Seismic forces from other concrete or masonry con- design categories D, E, and F for transfer of seismic forces
struction (i.e. other than walls) are permitted and should is consistent with building code requirements (2). Test
be accounted for in design. SDPWS 4.1.6 is not intended to data (12) suggests that the toe-nailed connection limit on
restrict the use of concrete floors – including wood floors a bandjoist to wall plate connection may be too restrictive;
with concrete toppings as well as reinforced concrete however, an appropriate alternative limit requires further
slabs – or similar such elements in floor construction. It study. Where blocking is used to transfer high seismic
is intended to clarify that, where such elements are pres- forces, toe-nailed connections can sometimes split the
ent in combination with a wood system, the wood system block or provide a weakened plane for splitting.
C4.2 Wood Diaphragms
C4.2.1 Application Requirements C4.2.2 Deflection
General requirements for wood diaphragms include The total mid-span deflection of a blocked, uniformly
consideration of diaphragm strength and deflection. nailed (e.g. same panel edge naling) wood structural panel
diaphragm can be calculated by summing the effects of
four sources of deflection: framing bending deflection,
panel shear deflection, deflection from nail slip, and de- E = modulus of elasticity of diaphragm chords,
flection due to chord splice slip: psi
(bending, chord (shear, panel (shear, panel (bending, chord A = area of chord cross-section, in.2
deformation deformation) nail slip) splice slip)
excluding slip)
W = width of diaphragm in direction of applied
δ dia =
5vL
+
3
vL
+ 0.188 Len +
∑ ( x∆ c ) (C4.2.2-1)
force, ft
8 EAW 4Gv tv 2W Ga = apparent diaphragm shear stiffness, kips/

in.
where: x = distance from chord splice to nearest
ν = induced unit shear, plf support, ft
L = diaphragm dimension perpendicular to the ∆c = diaphragm chord splice slip at the induced
direction of the applied force, ft unit shear, in.
E = modulus of elasticity of diaphragm chords, Distribution of shear forces among shear panels in a
psi diaphragm is a function of the layup and nailing pattern
A = area of chord cross-section, in.2 of panels to framing. For this reason, shear deflection in
a wood diaphragm is related to panel shear, panel layout,
W = width of diaphragm in direction of applied
nailing pattern, and nail load-slip relationship. In Equa-
force, ft
tion C4.2.2-2, panel shear and nail slip are assumed to be
inter-related and have been combined into a single term to
Gνtν = shear stiffness, lb/in. of panel depth. See
Table C4.2.2A or C4.2.2B. account for shear deformations. Equation C4.2.2-3 equates C
apparent shear stiffness, Ga, to nail slip and panel shear
x = distance from chord splice to nearest stiffness terms used in the four-term equation:

support, ft. For example, a shear wall aligned
parallel to the loaded direction of the 1.4vs ( ASD )
diaphragm would typically be considered a Ga = (C4.2.2-3)
1.4vs ( ASD )
support. + 0.75en
Gv tv
∆c = diaphragm chord splice slip at the induced
unit shear, in. where:
en = nail slip, in. See Table C4.2.2D. 1.4 vs(ASD) = 1.4 times the ASD unit shear capacity for
seismic. The value of 1.4 converts ASD level
forces to strength level forces.
Note: the 5/8 constant incorporates background
Calculated deflection, using either the 4-term (Equa-
derivations that cancel out the units of feet in the
tion C4.2.2-1) or 3-term equation (SDPWS Equation
first term of the equation.
4.2-1), is identical at the critical strength design level
SDPWS Equation 4.2-1 is a simplification of Equation — 1.4 times the allowable shear value for seismic (see
C4.2.2-1, using only three terms for calculation of the total Figure C4.3.2).
mid-span diaphragm deflection: For unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms,
tabulated values of Ga are based on limited test data for
(bending, chord (shear, panel (bending, chord
deformation shear and splice slip) blocked and unblocked diaphragms (3, 4, and 11). For dia-
excluding slip) nail slip) phragms of Case 1, reduced shear stiffness equal to 0.6Ga
was used to derive tabulated Ga values. For unblocked
5vL3 0.25vL ∑ ( x∆ c ) (C4.2.2-2)
δ dia = + + diaphragms of Case 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, reduced shear stiff-
8 EAW 1000Ga 2W ness equal to 0.4Ga was used to derive tabulated Ga values.
where:
Examples C4.2.2-1 and C4.2.2-2 show derivations of Ga
in SDPWS Tables 4.2A and 4.2B, respectively.
ν = induced unit shear, plf A factor of 0.5 is provided in the diaphragm table
L = diaphragm dimension perpendicular to the
footnotes to adjust tabulated Ga values (based on fabricated
direction of the applied force, ft dry condition) to approximate Ga where “green” fram-
ing is used. This factor is based on analysis of apparent
shear stiffness for wood structural panel shear wall and Diaphragm length, L = 24 ft
diaphragm construction where: Diaphragm width, W = 24 ft
Panel edge nail spacing = 6 in.
1) framing moisture content is greater than 19% Boundary nail spacing = 6 in. o.c. at boundary
at time of fabrication (green), and parallel to load (4 in. o.c. at boundary perpen-
2) framing moisture content is less than or equal dicular to load for walls A and B)
to 19% in-service (dry).
Calculated deflections at 1.4 x ns(ASD) closely match
The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across test data for blocked and unblocked diaphragms.
shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximately In Table C4.2.2F, calculated deflections using SDPWS
0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly Equation 4.2-1 are compared to deflections from two tests
greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram- of 20 ft x 60 ft (W = 20 ft, L = 60 ft) diaphragms (26) at
ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflection 1.4 times the allowable seismic design value for a hori-
equations. Although based on nail slip relationships zontally sheathed and single diagonally sheathed lumber
applicable to wood structural panel shear walls, this reduc- diaphragm. Calculated deflections include estimates of
tion can also be extended to lumber sheathed diaphragm deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip. For both
construction. diaphragms, calculated shear deformation accounted for
nearly 85% of the total calculated mid-span deflection.
Comparison with Diaphragm Test Data Tested deflection for Diaphragm 4 is slightly greater than
Tests of blocked and unblocked diaphragms (4) are estimated by calculation and may be attributed to limited
compared in Table C4.2.2E for diaphragms constructed effectiveness of the diaphragm chord construction which
as follows: utilized blocking to transfer forces to the double 2x6 top
plate chord. For Diaphragm 2, chord construction utilized
Sheathing material = Sheathing Grade, 3/8" mini- 2-2x10 band joists.
mum nominal panel thickness
Nail size = 8d common (0.131" diameter, 2½"
length)
Table C4.2.2A Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for Wood Structural Panels
Minimum Structural Sheathing Structural I

Span Nominal Panel Plywood Plywood
Rating4 Thickness (in.) OSB OSB
3-ply 4-ply 5-ply 3
3-ply 4-ply 5-ply3
Sheathing Grades1
24/0 3/82 25,000 32,500 37,500 77,500 32,500 42,500 41,500 77,500
24/16 7/16 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
32/16 15/32 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
40/20 19/32 28,500 37,000 43,000 88,500 37,000 48,000 47,500 88,500
48/24 23/32 31,000 40,500 46,500 96,000 40,500 52,500 51,000 96,000
Single Floor Grades
16 oc 19/32 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
20 oc 19/32 28,000 36,500 42,000 87,000 36,500 47,500 46,000 87,000
24 oc 23/32 30,000 39,000 45,000 93,000 39,000 50,500 49,500 93,000
32 oc 7/8 36,000 47,000 54,000 110,000 47,000 61,000 59,500 110,000
48 oc 1-1/8 50,500 65,500 76,000 155,000 65,500 85,000 83,500 155,000
1. Sheathing grades used for calculating Ga values for diaphragm and shear wall tables.
2. Gntn values for 3/8" panels with span rating of 24/0 used to estimate Ga values for 5/16" panels.
3. 5-ply applies to plywood with five or more layers. For 5-ply plywood with three layers, use Gntn values for 4-ply panels.
4. See Table 4.2.2C for relationship between span rating and nominal panel thickness.
Table C4.2.2B Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for Other Sheathing
Materials
Minimum Nominal
Sheathing Material Gvtv
Panel Thickness (in.)
Plywood Siding 5/16 & 3/8 25,000
3/8 25,000
Particleboard 1/2 28,000
5/8 28,500
Structural Fiberboard 1/2 & 25/32 25,000
Gypsum board 1/2 & 5/8 40,000
Lumber All 25,000
Table C4.2.2C Relationship Between Span Rating and Nominal Thickness
Span Nominal Thickness (in.)

Rating 3/8 7/16 15/32 1/2 19/32 5/8 23/32 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8
24/0 P A A A
Sheathing
C
24/16 P A A
32/16 P A A A

40/20 P A A A
48/24 P A A
Single Floor Grade
16 oc P A
20 oc P A
24 oc P A
32 oc P A
48 oc P
P = Predominant nominal thickness for each span rating.
A = Alternative nominal thickness that may be available for each span rating. Check with suppliers regarding availability.
Table C4.2.2D Fastener Slip, en (in.)
Maximum Fastener Fastener Slip, en (in.)

Load ( Vn) Fabricated w/green Fabricated w/dry
Sheathing Fastener Size
(lb/fastener) (>19% m.c.) lumber (≤ 19% m.c.) lumber
Wood Structural 6d common 180 (Vn/434)2.314 (Vn/456)3.144
Panel (WSP) or 8d common 220 (Vn/857)1.869 (Vn/616)3.018
Particleboard1
10d common 260 (Vn/977)1.894 (Vn/769)3.276
Structural Fiberboard All - - 0.07
Gypsum Board All - - 0.03
Lumber All - - 0.07
1. Slip values are based on plywood and OSB fastened to lumber with a specific gravity of 0.50 or greater. The slip shall be increased by 20 percent when plywood
or OSB is not Structural I. Nail slip for common nails have been extended to galvanized box or galvanized casing nails of equivalent penny weight for purposes
of calculating Ga.
Table C4.2.2E Data Summary for Blocked and Unblocked Wood Structural
Panel Diaphragms
Blocked/ 1.4vs(ASD) Actual Apparent Stiffness1, Calculated Diaphragm

Wall Unblocked (plf) Deflection, (in.) Ga, (kips/in.) Deflection, (in.) Layout
A Blocked 378 0.22 14.4 0.18 Case 1
D Unblocked 336 0.26 (0.60 x 14.4) = 8.6 0.26 Case 1
B Blocked 378 0.15 14.4 0.18 Case 3
E Unblocked 252 0.23 (0.40 x 14.4) = 5.8 0.29 Case 3
1. Values of Ga for the blocked diaphragm case were taken from SDPWS Table 4.2A and multiplied by 1.2 (see footnote 3) because sheathing material was assumed
to be comparable to 4/5-ply construction.
Table C4.2.2F Data Summary for Horizontal Lumber and Diagonal Lumber
Sheathed Diaphragms
Calculated Actual
Diaphragm Description 1.4vs(ASD) Ga δ 1
δ
(plf) (kips/in.) (in.) (in.)
Horizontal Lumber Sheathing
Diaphragm 4
– Dry Lumber Sheathing 70 1.5 0.81 0.93
– 2 x 6 chord (double top plates), 5 splices
Diagonal Lumber Sheathing
Diaphragm 2 – Green Lumber Sheathing
420 6.0 1.23 1.05
– 2 x 10 chord, 3 splices
– Exposed outdoors for 1 month
1. Calculated deflection equal to 0.81" includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.036" + 0.7" + 0.07" = 0.81"). Calculated deflection
equal to 1.23" includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.13" + 1.05" + 0.05" = 1.23").
EXAMPLE C4.2.2-1 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2A
Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2A for a blocked wood Panel shear stiffness:
structural panel diaphragm constructed as follows: Gntn = 77,500 lb/in. of panel depth Table C4.2.2A
Sheathing grade = Structural I Nail load/slip at 1.4 νs(ASD):

(OSB) Vn = fastener load (lb/nail)
Sheathing layup = Case 1 = 1.4 νs(ASD) (6 in.)/(12 in.)
Nail size = 6d common
(0.113" = 129.5 lb/nail
diameter, 2" en = (Vn/456)3.144 Table C4.2.2D
length) = (129.5/456)3.144 = 0.0191 in.
Minimum nominal panel thickness = 5/16 in.
Boundary and panel edge nail spacing = 6 in. Calculate Ga:
Minimum width of nailed face = 2x nominal
Nominal unit shear capacity for 1.4vs ( ASD ) (C4.2.2-3)
Ga =
seismic, νs = 370 plf 1.4vs ( ASD )
SDPWS Table 4.2A + 0.75en
Gv tv
Allowable unit shear capacity for seismic: Ga = 14,660 lb/in. ≈ 15 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2A
νs(ASD) = 370 plf/2 = 185 plf C

EXAMPLE C4.2.2-2 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2B
Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2B for an unblocked Ga = 15 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2A
wood structural panel diaphragm constructed as follows:
Case 1 - unblocked
Sheathing grade = Structural I Ga = 0.6 Ga (blocked)
(OSB) = 0.6 (15.0) = 9.0 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2B
(0.113" Cases 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 - unblocked
diameter, 2" Ga = 0.4 Ga (blocked)
length) = 0.4 (15.0) = 6.0 kips/in. S DPWS Table 4.2B
Minimum width of nailed face = 2x nominal
Boundary and panel edge nail spacing = 6 in.
EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection
Figure C4.2.2A Diaphragm allowable design value for a single 16d common nail in
Dimensions a face-nailed connection is: Z′ASD = 226 lb.
and Shear and
Moment Diagram The axial force (T or C) at each joint:
L = 48'
16' 16'
M x 65, 280 ft − lb
(T or C ) =
A B
C ase 1 blo cked = = 2, 720 lb
D ia p h ra gm
d iaphra grm , W 24 ft
chord joint 7 /16" O S B
she ath ing , 8d
W = 24' com m on nail a t The number of 16d common nails, n, is:
6 " o.c. a t a ll
p a n el edges
2, 720 lb
n= = 12 nails
226 lb / nail
A llow ab le stress design load, ω = 2 5 5 plf
Use twelve 16d common nails on each side of joint
vm ax = 2 55 plf A and joint B to transfer chord axial forces. Designers
should consider whether a single maximum chord force
Vx = ω(L/2 - x)
at mid-span of the diaphragm should be used to determine
the number of fasteners in each splice joint since the
x M m ax = 7 3,44 0 ft-lb
M = 6 5,28 0 ft-lb M = 6 5,28 0 ft-lb actual location of joints may not be known. The number
of 16d common nails based on the maximum chord force
Mx = ω x (L - x)
2
at mid-span of the diaphragm is:
Calculate mid-span deflection for the blocked wood 73, 440 ft − lb / 24 ft

structural panel diaphragm shown in Figure C4.2.2A. n= = 14 nails
226 lb / nail
The diaphragm chord splice is sized using allowable
stress design loads from seismic while deflection due to
seismic is based on strength design loads in accordance Figure C4.2.2B Diaphragm Chord,
with ASCE 7. Double Top Plate
with Two Joints in
Diaphragm apparent shear stiffness, Ga: Upper Plate
Ga = 14 kips/in. (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
U p p e r p la te d e sig ned as S p lice
contin uous chord p la tes
Diaphragm allowable unit shear capacity for seismic, Jo in t A Jo in t B
vs (ASD):
vs (ASD) = 255 plf (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
1 6' 1 6'
Diaphragm chord: 4 8'
Two 2x6 No. 2 Douglas Fir-Larch, E = 1,600,000

psi, and G = 0.50
W id e fa ce o f u p p e r top p la te . T w e lve n a ils o n e a c h side of each joint.
Part 1 - Calculate the number of 16d common nails
in the chord splice
Part 2 - Calculated mid-span deflection
For each chord, one top plate is designed to resist
induced axial force (tension or compression) while the ASCE 7 requires that seismic story drift be determined
second top plate is designed as a splice plate (see Figure using strength level design loads; therefore, induced unit
C4.2.2B). The connection at the chord splice consists of shears and chord forces used in terms 1, 2, and 3 of the
16d common nails (0.162" diameter x 3-1/2" length). The deflection equation are calculated using strength level
(continued)
EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)
design loads. Strength level design loads can be estimated The second top plate is designed as a splice plate.
by multiplying the allowable stress design seismic loads,
shown in Figure C4.2.2A, by 1.4. Term 2. Deflection due to shear, panel shear, and
A spliced chord member has an “effective” stiffness nail slip:
(EA) due to the splice slip that occurs throughout the 0.25vL
chord. In this example, and for typical applications of δ dia ( panel shear + nail slip ) =
1000Ga
Equation C4.2.2-2, the effect of the spliced chord on mid-
span deflection is addressed by independently considering 0.25(1.4 x 255 plf )( 48 ft )
=
deflection from: a) chord deformation due to elongation 1000(14 kips / in.)
or shortening assuming a continuous chord member per = 0.306 in.
deflection equation Term 1, and b) deformations due to
chord splice slip at chord joints per deflection equation where:
Term 3. Ga = 14 kips/in., apparent shear stiffness
Diaphragm deflection is calculated in accordance with (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
the following:
Term 3. Deflection due to bending and chord splice
5vL3 0.25vL
slip:
C
δ dia = +
8 EAW 1000Ga δ dia ( chord splice slip ) =
∑ ( x∆ )
c
2W
∑ ( x∆ )

c
+ (SDPWS C4.2.2-2)
2W where:
x = 16 ft, distance from the joint to the nearest
Term 1. Deflection due to bending and chord deforma-
tion (excluding chord splice slip): support (see Figure C4.2.2A). Each joint
is located 16 ft from the nearest support.
5vL3 Δc = Joint deformation (in.) due to chord splice
δ dia ( bending , chords ) =
8 EAW slip in each joint. The chord force, T or C,
5(1.4 x 255 plf )(48 ft )3 at each joint is:
=
8(1, 600, 000 psi )(8.25 in.2 )(24 ft )
(1.4 x 65, 280 ft − lb)
= 0.078 in. (T or C ) = = 3, 808 lb
24 ft
where:
v = 1.4 x 255 plf, induced unit shear due to The slip, Δ, associated with each joint:
strength level seismic load
L = 48 ft, diaphragm length 2 (T or C )
W = 24 ft, diaphragm width ∆c =
γn
E = 1,600,000 psi, modulus of elasticity of
2 (3, 808 lb)
the 2x6 chord member ignoring effects =
11, 737 lb / in./ nail (12 nails )
of chord splice slip. The effect of chord
splice slip on chord deformation is = 0.054 in.
addressed in deflection equation Term 3.
A = 8.25 in.2, cross sectional area of one 2x6
top plate designed to resist axial forces.
(continued)
EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)
where: δ dia ( compression chord splice slip ) = 0.036 in.

γ = 11,737 lb/in./nail, load slip modulus
for dowel type fasteners determined Total deflection due to chord splice slip is:
in accordance with National Design
δ dia ( chord splice slip ) = 0.036 in. + 0.036 in. = 0.072 in.
Specification for Wood Construction
(NDS) Section 11.3.6, γ =180,000 D1.5.
Total mid-span deflection:
(Note: A constant of 2 is used in the numerator to account
for slip in nailed splices on each side of the joint.) Summing deflection components from deflection
equation Term 1, Term 2, and Term 3 results in the fol-
Deflection due to tension chord splice slip is: lowing total diaphragm mid-span deflection:
∑ (16 ft × 0.054 in.) + (16 ft × 0.054 in.) δ dia = 0.078 in. + 0.306 in. + 0.072 in. = 0.456 in.
δ dia (tension chord splice slip ) =
2(24 ft )
= 0.036 in.
Assuming butt joints in the compression chord are

not tight and have a gap that exceeds the splice slip, the
tension chord slip calculation is also applicable to the
compression chord:
C4.2.3 Unit Shear Capacities where:

0.8 = resistance factor, fD, for shear walls and
ASD and LRFD unit shear capacities for wind and diaphragms
seismic are calculated as follows from nominal values for
wind, νw, and seismic, νs. C4.2.4 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios
ASD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(ASD): Maximum aspect ratios for floor and roof diaphragms
v (SDPWS Table 4.2.4) using wood structural panel or
vw ( ASD ) = w (C4.2.3-1)
2.0 diagonal board sheathing are based on building code re-
quirements (See SDPWS 4.2.5.1 for aspect ratio limits for
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νs(ASD): cases where a torsional irregularity exists, for open front
vs buildings, and cantilevered diaphragms).
vs ( ASD ) = (C4.2.3-2)
2.0
where: C4.2.5 Horizontal Distribution of
2.0 = ASD reduction factor Shear
Seismic design requirements of ASCE 7 (5) clas-

LRFD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(LRFD):
sify diaphragms as semi-rigid, idealized as flexible, and
vw ( LRFD ) = 0.8vw (C4.2.3-3) idealized as rigid. The significance of “idealized” is to
recognize that wood diaphragms always have some rigid-
LRFD unit shear capacity for seismic, νs(LRFD): ity and are neither truly flexible nor truly rigid but can be
vs ( LRFD ) = 0.8vs (C4.2.3-4) idealized as such where certain conditions are met. An
idealization is employed to simplify structural analysis
for distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear loads. For ASCE 7 and applicable for diaphragms idealized as rigid or
diaphragms idealized as flexible, loads are distributed to modeled as semi-rigid. For diaphragms idealized as flex-
vertical resisting elements (e.g. shear walls) according to ible, where distribution is by tributary area, requirements of
tributary area, whereas for diaphragms idealized as rigid, this section are not applicable because such structures are
loads are distributed according to the relative stiffnesses of not considered to be torsionally irregular under ASCE 7.
the vertical resisting elements. For diaphragms modeled as C4.2.5.2 Open Front Structures: While 4.2.5.2 in-
semi-rigid, the distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear troduces requirements specific to wood diaphragms in
loads to shear wall lines employs a more complex analysis open front structures, these are in addition to and not a
dependent on the relative stiffness of the diaphragm and replacement of general seismic design criteria of ASCE 7.
vertical resisting elements. A defining characteristic of an open front structure is the
The use of semi-rigid diaphragm modeling for presence of a cantilevered diaphragm for transfer of forces
purposes of distribution of horizontal force is always to vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.
permissible under ASCE 7. It is the method considered to A structure with shear walls on three sides only (open
most rationally account for actual distribution of horizontal front) is one simple form of an open front structure. Open
diaphragm shear loads to vertical resisting elements; how- front structures rely on diaphragm rigidity for transfer of
ever, a semi-rigid diaphragm analysis requires significant forces through diaphragm rotation and are considered to be
calculation effort for all but the simplest box structures. more vulnerable to torsional response than other box type
An acceptable alternative to semi-rigid diaphragm analysis structure configurations due to reliance on the diaphragm
is the envelope analysis where distribution of horizontal for torsional force distribution to elements that are not
diaphragm shear to each vertical resisting element is the optimally located at diaphragm edges. As a result, open
larger of the shear forces resulting from analyses where
the diaphragm is idealized as flexible and the diaphragm
front structure provisions require limitations on seismic
drift and building configuration similar to provisions for C
is idealized as rigid. While two separate analyses must torsionally irregular structures that are not open front for
be performed, one for the diaphragm idealized as flexible the purpose of reducing the likelihood of an unacceptable

and one for the diaphragm idealized as rigid, the envelope torsional response of such structures.
analysis avoids calculation effort associated with distribu- For loading parallel to the open side, the requirement
tion of horizontal diaphragm shear loads based on relative to check drift at building edges applies regardless of the
stiffness of the diaphragm and vertical resisting elements. analysis method used (e.g. diaphragm idealized as rigid,
Consistent with prior editions of SDPWS, the ideal- semi-rigid analysis, or envelope analysis) and regardless
ized as rigid diaphragm condition is permitted only where of whether the test for torsional irregularity indicates pres-
computed maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm ence of a torsional irregularity. The required use of either
itself under lateral load is less than or equal to two times idealized as rigid or semi-rigid analysis for loading parallel
the average deflection of adjoining vertical elements of to the open front is due to the reliance on diaphragm rigid-
the lateral force-resisting system of the associated story ity for transfer of torsional forces. Required use of these
under equivalent tributary lateral load. This requirement analysis methods is also intended to ensure that torsional
is considered an appropriate corollary to the calculation- irregularity and associated requirements for torsion in
based “idealized as flexible diaphragm” condition of ASCE 7 are invoked as applicable for this structure type.
ASCE 7. Wood diaphragms used with wood frame shear There are no specific requirements for diaphragm rigidity
walls will often calculate as meeting the idealized as for loading perpendicular to the open front. For example, it
rigid condition; however, in most cases wood diaphragms is not required for diaphragms to be modeled as semi-rigid
are idealized as flexible in accordance with the ASCE 7 or idealized as rigid for loading perpendicular to the open
prescriptive conditions allowing the idealized as flexible front. Open front building plans often have regular place-
analysis assumption. Importantly, the ASCE 7 prescrip- ment of walls aligned perpendicular to the open front that
tive condition for light frame construction requires that the is conducive to the idealized as flexible analysis method
allowable story drift be satisfied for each line of vertical for loading perpendicular to the open side.
resisting elements. Example C4.2.5.2 illustrates components of deflection
C4.2.5.1 Torsional Irregularity: Excessive torsional contributing seismic drift at edges for a simple cantilevered
response of a structure can be a potential cause of failure. diaphragm structure. The cantilevered diaphragm struc-
For structures identified as torsionally irregular, special ture depicted in Figure C4.2.5A consists of a cantilevered
requirements must be met to improve diaphragm rigidity, diaphragm of length Lʹ, transverse resisting shear walls
including limits on diaphragm materials, diaphragm aspect of length Lʹ, and longitudinal shear wall of length Wʹ.
ratio, and drift. The test for torsional irregularity is from The seismic force is uniformly distributed over cantilever
diaphragm length, Lʹ. Center of rigidity, CR, is located at The exception in SDPWS 4.2.5.2 excludes relatively
the mid-point of the longitudinal shear wall and center of small diaphragm cantilevers from open front criteria. Small
mass, CM, is located at the geometric center of diaphragm diaphragm cantilevers, with Lʹ of six feet or less, are often
dimensions LʹxWʹ. Components of diaphragm deflection present and the complexity and limitations associated with
contributing to seismic drift at edges consist of translation, open front criteria was not judged to be warranted. While
rotation, and diaphragm shear including flexural deforma- such small diaphragm cantilevers are exempt from open
tions as depicted in Figure C4.2.5B. An important aspect of front requirements of 4.2.5.2, general seismic design cri-
the example is that flexural and shear deformations of the teria of ASCE 7 remain applicable as well as provisions of
diaphragm are to be included in the required check of drift 4.2.5.1 for cases where a torsional irregularity is present.
at diaphragm edges. This deformation of the diaphragm is
to be included whether the diaphragm is idealized as rigid
or modeled as semi-rigid.
Example C4.2.5.2 Illustrate Components of Deflection Contributing to Seismic

Story Drift at Edges for a Simple Cantilever Diaphragm
Structure
Figure C4.2.5A Simple Cantilever

Diaphragm Structure
W'
CR
V L'
CM
Figure C4.2.5B Components of Diaphragm Deflection Contributing to Seismic

Story Drift at Edges
∆ Translation ∆ Rotation ∆ Diaphragm shear ∆ Total

and flexure
Discussion: Components of diaphragm deflection assumed distributed shear loading and includes in-
contributing to story drift consists of translation, rota- plane shear and flexural deflection of the diaphragm.
tion, and diaphragm shear and flexural deformations as
depicted in Figure C4.2.5B. Consistent with ASCE 7 requirements, when check-
• The translation component of deflection is from ing design story drift at edges against ASCE 7 allowable
deflection of the longitudinal shear wall Wʹ under story drift limits, it is necessary to multiply deflection
the applied shear loading. determined using strength level forces by the applicable
• The rotation component of deflection is from deflec- deflection amplification factor (i.e. ∆ Total calculated at
tion of transverse shear walls, Lʹ, under torsional strength level forces is multiplied by Cd to estimate de-
moment caused by eccentric loading. sign story drift). Where vertical elements of the seismic
• The diaphragm shear and flexure component of force resisting system are wood frame wood structural
deflection is from the diaphragm itself under the panel shear walls in a bearing wall system, the applicable
deflection amplification factor, Cd, is equal to 4.
C4.2.5.2.1 Simplification of open front criteria was tabulating Ga values for 3-ply, 4-ply, 5-ply, and composite
judged appropriate for relatively small one story structures panels separately.
where Lʹ is not more than 25 feet and Lʹ/Wʹ is less than or C4.2.6.3 Fasteners: Adhesive attachment in dia-
equal to 1:1. In such structures, the diaphragm is permit- phragms can only be used in combination with fasteners.
ted to be idealized as rigid for distribution of horizontal Details on type, size, and spacing of mechanical fasteners
shear forces regardless of whether the diaphragm meets used for typical floor, roof, and ceiling diaphragm assem-
the calculation based definition of idealized as rigid in SD- blies are provided in Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D
PWS 4.2.5. Other requirements for cantilever diaphragms and in SDPWS 4.2.7 Diaphragm Assemblies.
remain applicable including provisions of 4.2.5.1 for cases
where a torsional irregularity is present as well as general C4.2.7 Diaphragm Assemblies
seismic design criteria of ASCE 7.
C4.2.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms: Where
C4.2.6 Construction Requirements wood structural panel sheathing is applied to solid
lumber planking or laminated decking – such as in a
C4.2.6.1 Framing Requirements: The transfer of forces retrofit or new construction where wood structural panel
into and out of diaphragms is required for a continuous load diaphragm capacities are desired – additional fastening,
path. Boundary elements must be sized and connected to aspect ratio limits, and other requirements are prescribed
the diaphragm to ensure force transfer. This section pro- to develop diaphragm capacity and transfer forces to
vides basic framing requirements for boundary elements boundary elements.
in diaphragms. Good construction practice and efficient C4.2.7.1.1 Blocked Diaphragms: Standard construc-
design and detailing for boundary elements utilize framing
members in the plane of the diaphragm or tangent to the
tion of wood structural panel diaphragms requires use of
full size sheets, not less than 4'x8' except at changes in C
plane of the diaphragm (See C4.1.4). Where splices occur framing where smaller pieces may be needed to cover the
in boundary elements, transfer of force between boundary roof or floor. Panel edges must be supported by and fas-

elements should be through the addition of framing mem- tened to framing members or blocking. The 24" width limit
bers or metal connectors. The use of diaphragm sheathing coincides with the minimum width where panel strength
to splice boundary elements is not permitted. capacities for bending and axial tension are applicable (6).
C4.2.6.2 Sheathing: Sheathing types for diaphragms For widths less than 24", capacities for bending and axial
included in SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are catego- tension should be reduced in accordance with applicable
rized in terms of the following structural use panel grades: panel size adjustment factors (panel width adjustment
Structural I, Sheathing, and Single-Floor. Sheathing grades factors are described in the Commentary to the National
rated for subfloor, roof, and wall use are usually unsanded Design Specification for Wood Construction (6)). Apparent
and are manufactured with exterior glue. The Structural I shear stiffness values provided in SDPWS Table 4.2A are
sheathing grade is used where the greatest available shear based on standard assumptions for panel shear stiffness
and cross-panel strength properties are required. Structural for oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, and nail load
I is made with exterior glue only. The Single-Floor sheath- slip (see C4.2.2).
ing grade is rated for use as a combination of subfloor and In accordance with SDPWS Table 4.2A, nail spacing
underlayment, usually with tongue and groove edges, and requirements for a given unit shear capacity vary by the
has sanded or touch sanded faces. direction of continuous panel joints with respect to a) the
SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are applicable to loading direction and b)direction of framing members. The
both oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood. While six possible cases are depicted in SDPWS Table 4.2A and
strength properties between equivalent grades and thick- are grouped as Cases 1 and 3, Cases 2 and 4, and Cases
ness of OSB and plywood are the same, shear stiffness of 5 and 6 to show that diaphragm resistance is independent
OSB is greater than that of plywood of equivalent grade of panel orientation.
and thickness. C4.2.7.1.1(3) For closely spaced or larger diameter
Tabulated plywood Ga values are based on 3-ply ply- nails, staggered nail placement at each panel edge is
wood. Separate values of Ga for 4-ply, 5-ply, and composite intended to prevent splitting in the framing member (see
panels were calculated and ratios of these values to Ga Figure C4.2.7).
based on 3-ply were shown to be in the order of 1.09 to
1.22 for shear walls and 1.04 to 1.16 for diaphragms. A
single Ga multiplier of 1.2 was chosen for 4-ply, and 5-ply
in table footnotes. This option was considered preferable to
Figure C4.2.7 Staggering of Nails at Panel Edges of Blocked Diaphragms
P an el e dge
P an el e d g e
P an el e dge
P an el e dge P an el e dge
n ail sp acing n ail sp acing
P an el e dge
n ail sp acing
2 x fram ing 3 x fram ing

(m inim u m ) (m inim u m )
S ta g g ered ro w o f fasteners A d jo in in g P an el E d g e
a t p an e l e d g e (stag g e re d ro w o f fas te n e rs
a t each p an el e d g e )
C4.2.7.1.2 High Load Blocked Diaphragms: Provi- in-use relative to moisture content immediately following
sions for wood structural panel blocked diaphragms with manufacture. In some cases, due to exposure conditions
multiple rows of fasteners, also known as “high load following manufacture, the expected increase in panel
diaphragms” are consistent with provisions in the 2006 dimensions is smaller than anticipated by the 1/8" mini-
International Building Code (IBC) and the 2003 Na- mum gap and therefore the gap at time of installation may
tional Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) be less than 1/8" minimum. Dimensional change and
Provisions. Tests of nailed plywood-lumber joints (32) recommendations for installation can vary by product
closely match recommended nailing patterns and verify and manufacturer, therefore recommendations of the
calculations of unit shear associated with multiple rows manufacturer for the specific product should be followed.
of 10d common wire nails in Table 4.2B. The high load C4.2.7.1.3 Unblocked Diaphragms: Standard con-
diaphragm table specifies use of framing with a minimum struction of unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms
3" or 4" nominal width for the nailed face and a minimum requires use of full size sheets, not less than 4′x8′ except at
3" nominal depth at adjoining panel edges and boundaries changes in framing where smaller sections may be needed
to provide adequate edge distance and penetration depth for to cover the roof or floor. Unblocked panel widths are
multiple rows of 10d common wire nails at these locations limited to 24" or wider. Where smaller widths are used,
(see SDPWS Figure 4B). These requirements are important panel edges must be supported by and fastened to framing
to limit splitting associated with the specified nailing re- members or blocking. The 24" width limit coincides with
quired for high load blocked diaphragms. Fastener spacing the minimum width where panel strength capacities for
per line is listed in Table 4.2B as well as number of lines of bending and axial tension are applicable (6). For widths
fasteners. Nails should not be located closer than 3/8" from less than 24", capacities for bending and axial tension
panel edges. Where the nominal width of nailed face and should be reduced in accordance with applicable panel size
nail schedule permits greater panel edge distance, a 1/2" factors, Cs, in the National Design Specification (NDS) for
minimum distance from adjoining panel edges is speci- Wood Construction (6). Apparent shear stiffness values
fied. Apparent shear stiffness values are tabulated for each provided in SDPWS Table 4.2C are based on standard
combination of nailing and sheathing thickness consistent assumptions for panel shear stiffness for oriented strand
with the format of tabulating apparent shear stiffness, Ga, board (OSB), plywood, and nail load slip (see C4.2.2).
for typical blocked and unblocked diaphragms. C4.2.7.2 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with Single
SDPWS Figure 4B depicts a 1/8" minimum gap be- Layer of Lumber: Single diagonally sheathed lumber dia-
tween adjoining panel edges to allow for dimensional phragms have comparable strength and stiffness to many
change of the panel. In general, 4′x8′ panels will increase wood structural panel diaphragm systems. Apparent shear
slightly in dimension due to increased moisture content
stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on assumptions aphragms have low strength and stiffness when compared
of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2). to those provided by wood structural panel diaphragms
C4.2.7.3 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with and diagonally sheathed lumber diaphragms of the same
Double-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed overall dimensions. In new and existing construction,
lumber diaphragms have comparable strength and stiff- added strength and stiffness can be developed through
ness to many wood structural panel diaphragm systems. attachment of wood structural panels over horizontally
Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on sheathed lumber diaphragms (see SDPWS 4.2.7.1). Ap-
assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2). parent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on
C4.2.7.4 Diaphragms Horizontally Sheathed with assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2).
Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lumber di-
C4.3 Wood Shear Walls
C4.3.1 Application Requirements E = modulus of elasticity of end posts, psi
A = area of end posts cross-section, in.2

General requirements for wood shear walls include
consideration of shear wall deflection (discussed in 4.3.2) b = shear wall length, ft
and strength (discussed in 4.3.3), and are predicated on
using products that are in compliance with the product
Gntn = shear stiffness, lb/in. of panel depth. See
Table C4.2.2A or C4.2.2B. C
standards referenced in this Specification.
Shear wall performance has been evaluated by mono- ∆a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage
system (including fastener slip, device

tonic and cyclic testing and references to test reports are
elongation, rod elongation, etc.) at the
provided throughout the Commentary. Cyclic testing in
induced unit shear in the shear wall, in.
accordance with ASTM E 2126 (34) Method C is com-
monly used to study seismic performance of wood frame en = nail slip, in. See Table C4.2.2D.
shear wall behavior (14, 22, 25, 29, and 33). The cyclic
loading protocol associated with ASTM E 2126 Method Note: the constant 8 in the first term and the con-
C is also known as the “CUREE” protocol (37). Reports stant 0.75 in the third term incorporate background
containing results (15, 28, and 36) from other cyclic derivations that cancel out the units of feet in
protocol, such as ASTM E 2126 Method A and Method each term.
B, commonly referred to as the “SEAoSC” and “ISO”
protocols respectively, are also included as references for SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 is a simplification of Equation
seismic design provisions of the SDPWS. C4.3.2-1, using only three terms for calculation of shear
wall deflection:
C4.3.2 Deflection
(bending) (shear) (wall anchorage slip)
The deflection of a shear wall can be calculated by 8vh3 vh h
summing the effects of four sources of deflection: fram- δ sw = + + ∆ a (C4.3.2-2)
ing bending deflection, panel shear deflection, deflection EAb 1000Ga b
from nail slip, and deflection due to wall anchorage slip: where:
(bending) (shear) (nail slip) (wall anchorage slip) ν = induced unit shear, plf
8vh3
vh h
δ SW = + + 0.75hen + ∆ a (C4.3.2-1) h = shear wall height, ft
EAb Gv tv b
E = modulus of elasticity of end posts, psi
where:
A = area of end post cross-section, in.2
ν = induced unit shear, plf
b = shear wall length, ft
h = shear wall height, ft
Ga = apparent shear wall shear stiffness,
kips/in.
∆a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage rods in the standard test set-up. The relative contribution
system (including fastener slip, device of each of the deflection components will vary by aspect
elongation, rod elongation, etc.) at the ratio of the shear wall. For other than narrow shear walls,
induced unit shear in the shear wall, in. deformation due to shear deformation (combined effect
In SDPWS Equation 4.3-1, deflection due to panel of nail slip and panel shear deformation) is the largest
shear and nail slip are accounted for by a single appar- component of overall shear wall deflection.
ent shear stiffness term, Ga. Calculated deflection, using Effect of wall anchorage slip becomes more signifi-
either the 4-term (Equation C4.3.2-1) or 3-term equation cant as the aspect ratio increases. The SDPWS requires an
(SDPWS Equation 4.3-1), are identical at 1.4 times the al- anchoring device (see SDPWS 4.3.6.4.2) at each end of
lowable shear value for seismic (see Figure C4.3.2). Below the shear wall where dead load stabilizing moment is not
1.4 times the allowable shear value for seismic, calculation sufficient to prevent uplift due to overturning. For standard
using the 3-term equation overestimates deflection rela- anchoring devices (tie-downs), manufacturers’ literature
tive to the 4-term equation but are generally negligible for typically includes ASD capacity (based on short-term
design purposes. These small differences, however, can load duration for wind and seismic), and corresponding
influence load distribution assumptions based on relative deflection of the device at ASD levels. Deflection of the
stiffness if both deflection calculation methods are used device at strength level forces may also be obtained from
in a design. For consistency and to minimize calculation- manufacturers’ literature. Reported deflection may or may
based differences, either the 4-term equation or 3-term not include total deflection of the device relative to a wood
equation should be used. post and elongation of the tie-down bolt or strap in ten-
Each term of the 3-term deflection equation accounts sion. All sources of vertical elongation of the anchoring
for independent deflection components that contribute to device, such as slip in the connection of the device to the
overall shear wall deflection. For example, apparent shear wood post, elongation of the tie-down rod, and slack in
stiffness is intended to represent only the shear component the anchorage strap, should be considered when estimating
of deflection and does not also attempt to account for the Δa term in SDPWS Equation 4.3-1. Estimates of Δa at
bending or wall anchorage slip. In many cases, such as strength level forces are needed when evaluating drift in
for gypsum wallboard shear walls and fiberboard shear accordance with ASCE 7 is required.
walls, results from prior testing (17 and 23) used to verify In shear wall table footnotes (SDPWS Table 4.3A),
apparent shear stiffness estimates were based on ASTM a factor of 0.5 is provided to adjust tabulated Ga values
E 72 (41) where effect of bending and wall anchorage (based on fabricated dry condition) to approximate Ga
slip are minimized due to the presence of metal tie-down where “green” framing is used. This factor is based on
analysis of apparent shear stiffness for wood structural
Figure C4.3.2 Comparison of 4-Term panel shear wall and diaphragm construction where:
and 3-Term Deflection
Equations 1) framing moisture content is greater than 19% at
time of fabrication (green), and
SDPWS, Linear 3-term equation 2) framing moisture content is less than or equal to
Non-linear, 4-term equation
19% in-service (dry).
The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across

Identical at 1.4 ASD shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximately
0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly
Load, plf
greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram-

ASD unit shear
ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflection
equations. Although based on nail slip relationships appli-
cable to wood structural panel shear walls, this reduction
is also extended to other shear wall types.
In Table C4.3.2A, calculated deflections using SDPWS
Equation 4.3-1 are compared to deflections from tests at
1.4 times the allowable design value of the assembly for
shear walls with fiberboard, gypsum sheathing, and lumber
sheathing. For lumber sheathing, calculated stiffness is
Displacement, inches
underestimated when compared to test-based stiffness val-
Table C4.3.2A Data Summary for Structural Fiberboard, Gypsum Wallboard,

Gypsum Sheathing, and Lumber Sheathed Shear Walls
Calculated1 Actual
Reference Description 1.4ns(ASD) Ga d d Ga
(plf) (kips/in.) (in.) (in.) (kips/in.)
Structural Fiberboard Sheathing
1/2" structural fiberboard, roofing nail (11 gage x
1-3/4"), 2" edge spacing, 6" field spacing, 16" stud 364 5.5 0.53 0.46 6.3
spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests).
Ref. 17
25/32" structural fiberboard, roofing nail (11 gage x
1-3/4"), 2" edge spacing, 6" field spacing, 16" stud 378 5.5 0.55 0.53 5.7
spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests).
Gypsum Wallboard (GWB) and Gypsum Sheathing
1/2" GWB interior applied vertically and joint
finished. GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all framing
Ref. 572 92 3.5 0.21 0.16 4.6
members. 24" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
controls).
1/2" GWB interior applied horizontally and joint
finished and 1/2" gypsum sheathing exterior ap- C
plied vertically. GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all
framing members. Gypsum sheathing nail (1-1/2" 315 12.0 0.21 0.23 11.0

galvanized roofing) at 4" o.c. at panel edges and 8"
o.c. in field. 24" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
configuration 8).
Ref. 232,3
1/2" GWB interior applied horizontally and joint
finished and 1/2" gypsum sheathing exterior ap-
plied vertically.GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all
framing members. Gypsum sheathing nail (1-1/2" 338 13.3 0.20 0.22 12.3
galvanized roofing) at 4" o.c. at panel edges and 8"
o.c. in field. 16" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
configuration 10).
Lumber Sheathing
Horizontal lumber sheathing, 8' x 12' wall. 1x8
Ref. 21 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. Stud spac- 70 1.5 0.37 0.34 1.7
ing 16" o.c. (13 tests - controls).
Horizontal lumber sheathing. 9' x 14' wall. 1x6 and
1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. Stud 70 1.5 0.42 0.25 2.5
spacing 16" o.c. (3 tests - panel 2A, 33, 27).
Diagonal lumber sheathing (in tension), 9' x 14'
Ref. 24 wall. 1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. 420 6.0 0.63 0.50 7.6
Stud spacing 16" o.c. (test panel 5).
Diagonal lumber sheathing (in tension), 7.33' x
12.1' wall. 1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud 420 6.0 0.51 0.36 8.6
crossing. Stud spacing 16" o.c. (test panel 26).
1. Calculated deflection based on shear component only. For walls tested, small aspect ratio and use of tie-down rods (ASTM E 72) or use of hold-downs (ASTM E
546) in testing of gypsum wall board shear walls (57) is assumed to keep bending and tie-down slip components of deflection small relative to the shear component
of deflection.
2. Unit shear and apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3B for 1/2" GWB with 7" fastener spacing multiplied by 7/8 to approximate unit shear and stiffness for
GWB tested assemblies using 8" fastener spacing.
3. Calculated unit shear and Ga for the two-sided test assembly based on 4.3.3.3.1.
EXAMPLE C4.3.2-1 Calculate the Apparent Shear Stiffness, Ga, in SDPWS

Table 4.3A
Calculate the apparent shear stiffness, Ga, in SDPWS Nail load/slip at 1.4 νs(ASD):
Table 4.3A for a wood structural panel shear wall con- Vn = fastener load (lb/nail)
structed as follows:
= 1.4 vs(ASD) (6 in.)/(12 in.)
Sheathing grade = Structural I = 140 lb/nail
(OSB) en = (Vn/456)3.144 Table C4.2.2D
Nail size = 6d common = (140/456) 3.144
= 0.0244 in.
(0.113" diameter,
2" length) Calculate Ga:
Panel edge fastener spacing = 6 in. 1.4vs ( ASD )
Nominal unit shear capacity for Ga =
1.4vs ( ASD )
seismic, νs = 400 plf + 0.75en Equation C4.2.2-3
SDPWS Table 4.3A Gv tv
Allowable unit shear capacity for seismic: Ga = 12,772 lb/in. ≈ 13 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.3A
νs(ASD) = 400 plf/2 = 200 plf
Panel shear stiffness:

Gntn = 77,500 lb/in. of panel depth
Table C4.2.2A
ues. However, the lower stated stiffness for horizontal and edge nail spacing of 6" o.c. is the reference condition for
diagonal lumber sheathing is considered to better reflect determination of unblocked shear wall nominal unit shear
stiffness after lumber sheathing dries in service. Early stud- capacity (e.g. ν ub = ν b Cub). Blocked shear wall nominal
ies (24) suggest that stiffness after drying in service may unit shear capacity is not to be adjusted by Table 4.3A foot-
be 1/2 of that during tests where friction between boards note 2 even if unblocked shear wall construction consists
in lumber sheathed assemblies is a significant factor. of studs spaced a maximum of 16" o.c. or panels applied
C4.3.2.1 Deflection of Perforated Shear Walls: The with the long dimension across studs.
deflection of a perforated shear wall can be calculated using To account for the reduction in unblocked shear wall
SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 using substitution rules as follows stiffness, which is proportional to reduction in strength,
to account for reduced stiffness of full-height perforated SDPWS 4.3.2.2 specifies that deflection of unblocked shear
shear wall segments: walls is to be calculated from standard deflection equations
ν = maximum induced unit shear force (plf) in a using an amplified value of induced unit shear equal to ν
perforated shear wall per SDPWS Equation 4.3- / Cub. Substituting ν / Cub for ν in Equation 4.3-1 results in
9 the following equation for unblocked shear wall deflection:
b = sum of perforated shear wall segment lengths
(full-height), ft (bending) (shear) (wall anchorage slip)
C4.3.2.2 Deflection of Unblocked Wood Structural

 v  3  v 
8 h  h
Panel Shear Walls: Unblocked shear walls exhibit load  Cub   Cub  h
deflection behavior similar to that of a blocked shear wall
δ sw = + + ∆ a (C4.3.2.2-1)
EAb 1000Ga b
but with reduced values of strength and stiffness. The
unblocked shear wall adjustment factor, Cub, accounts for Where values of Cub are less than 1.0, induced unit
the effect of unblocked joints on strength and stiffness. shear is amplified by 1/Cub resulting in larger deflection for
Nominal unit shear capacity of a blocked wood structural the less stiff unblocked shear wall relative to the blocked
panel shear wall with stud spacing of 24" o.c. and panel shear wall reference condition. The Cub factor can also
be viewed as a stiffness reduction factor. For example, shear resistance, as compared with other panel types and
simplification of the shear term in Eq. C4.3.2.2-1 yields: fastener options. Except for Plywood Siding of Group 5
species (e.g. Basswood and Balsam Poplar) as defined in
vh PS 1, nominal unit shear capacities associated with the
(C4.3.2.2-2)
1000 ( Cub Ga ) “Sheathing” designation are applicable for Plywood Siding
when nailed with the larger galvanized box or common
where: nails and the nominal panel thickness is determined at the
(Cub Ga) = Apparent shear stiffness of an unblocked point of nailing along panel edges.
shear wall, Ga unblocked
Table C.4.3.3.1 Dimension of
C4.3.2.3 Deflection of Structural Fiberboard Shear Galvanized Casing
Walls: The calculated deflection of shear walls sheathed Nails in Accordance
with structural fiberboard having an aspect ratio greater With ASTM F1667 (59)
than 1.0 is underestimated when compared to results from
cyclic testing (29). An adjustment factor equal to (h/bs)1/2 Shank
is therefore used to account for the increased deflection Penny- Length Head Diameter
Diameter
of structural fiberboard shear walls having aspect ratios weight (in) (in)
(in)
greater than 1.0.
6d 2 0.099 0.142
C4.3.3 Unit Shear Capacities 8d 2-1/2 0.113 0.155
See C4.2.3 for calculation of ASD unit shear capacity

C4.3.3.2 Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear
C
and LRFD factored unit shear resistance. Shear capacity
of perforated shear walls is discussed further in section Walls: Monotonic and cyclic tests of unblocked wood
C4.3.3.5. structural panel shear walls (18, 27, and 28) are the basis

C4.3.3.1 Tabulated Nominal Unit Shear Capacities: of the unblocked shear wall factor, Cub, which accounts for
SDPWS Table 4.3A provides nominal unit shear capaci- reduced strength and stiffness of unblocked shear walls
ties for seismic, νs, and for wind, νw, (see C2.2) for OSB, when compared to similarly constructed blocked shear
plywood, plywood siding, particleboard, and structural walls. Test results show comparable displacement capac-
fiberboard sheathing. SDPWS Table 4.3B provides nominal ity characteristics to similarly constructed blocked wood
unit shear capacities for wood structural panels applied structural panel shear walls over a range of unblocked
over 1/2" or 5/8" gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheathing panel configurations. Tests included a range of panel edge
board. SDPWS Table 4.3C provides nominal unit shear and field nail spacing, stud spacing, wall height, gap dis-
capacities for gypsum wallboard, gypsum sheathing, plas- tance at adjacent unblocked panel edges, and simultaneous
ter, gypsum lath and plaster, and portland cement plaster application of gravity load. The maximum unblocked shear
(stucco). Nominal unit strength capacities are based on wall height tested was 16′ and the maximum gap distance
adjustment of allowable values in building codes and between adjacent unblocked panel edges was 1/2". Maxi-
industry reference documents (See C2.2). mum unit shear capacities are limited to values applicable
Table 4.3A lists nominal unit shear capacities for Wood for 6" o.c. panel edge nail spacing regardless of actual
Structural Panels in three distinct groupings: Structural I, panel edge nail spacing used. The limit on maximum unit
Sheathing, and Plywood Siding. Structural I and Sheath- shear is to address limited observations of stud splitting
ing are applicable for Sheathing and Single-Floor wood in walls tested to higher shear capacities associated with
structural panel grades in conformance with requirements panel edge nail spacing of 4" o.c.
of PS1 and PS2 (58, 8). The Structural I designation is C4.3.3.3 Summing Shear Capacities: A wall sheathed
associated with panels that meet additional requirements on two-sides (e.g., a two-sided wall) has twice the ca-
including those for cross-panel strength and stiffness pacity of a wall sheathed on one-side (e.g., a one-sided
and for racking load performance. For Plywood Siding, wall) where sheathing material and fastener attachment
tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are associated schedules on each side are identical. Where sheathing
with reduced thickness at ornamental grooves and panel materials are the same on both sides, but different fasten-
shiplap joints. The combination of a small head galvanized ing schedules are used, provisions of SDPWS 4.3.3.3.1 are
casing nail (see Table C.4.3.3.1) and nailing through the applicable. Although not common for new construction,
reduced thickness portion of the siding panel reduces the use of different fastening schedules is more likely to occur
in retrofit of existing construction.
C4.3.3.3.1 For two-sided walls with the same sheath- when panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall, nail
ing material on each side (e.g., wood structural panel) and spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, and the
same fastener type, SDPWS Equation 4.3-3 and SDPWS framing member nailed face width is less than 3x framing.
Equation 4.3-4 provide for determination of combined C4.3.3.4 Shear Walls in a Line: The provisions for
stiffness and unit shear capacity based on relative stiffness distribution of shear force to shear walls in a line are lim-
of each side. ited to shear walls of similar materials and construction;
C4.3.3.3.2 For seismic design of two-sided walls with however, materials and construction are not required to
different materials on each side (e.g., gypsum on side one be identical. The intended purpose of the requirement is
and wood structural panels on side two), the combined unit to limit applicability of provisions to various assemblies
shear capacity is taken as twice the smaller nominal unit of the same material (e.g. nailed wood structural panels,
shear capacity or the larger nominal unit shear capacity, or nailed structural fiberboard) that also exhibit similar
whichever is greater. Due to lateral system combination load/deformation behavior up to failure. Nailed wood
rules for seismic design (5), the two-sided unit shear structural panel shear walls, regardless of sheathing grade
capacity based on different materials on each side of the or thickness and nailing schedule are considered to exhibit
wall will require use of the least seismic response modi- compatible behavior. For example, combination of a shear
fication coefficient, R, for calculation of seismic loads. wall with 2" nail spacing in line with a shear wall with
For a two-sided shear wall consisting of wood-structural 6" nail spacing does not violate the similar materials and
panel exterior and gypsum wallboard interior, R = 2 is construction type requirement. Provisions for distribution
applicable where shear wall design is based on two times force apply whether force is from wind or seismic and for
the capacity of the gypsum wallboard because R = 2 (as- shear walls of any length.
sociated with gypsum wallboard shear walls in a bearing C4.3.3.4.1 The distribution of shear force to shear
wall system) is the least R contributing to the two-sided walls in a line is in proportion to the stiffness of each shear
shear wall design capacity. For the same wall condition, wall. In design, at a given deflection the force in each wall
when design is based on wood structural panel shear wall is determined by multiplying the wall stiffness times the
capacity alone, R = 6.5 (associated with wood structural deflection (e.g. commonly referred to as distribution based
panel shear walls in a bearing wall system) is applicable on relative stiffness or the equal deflection approach). For
and commonly employed for design of WSP shear walls all but the case where a wall line is comprised entirely of
as the seismic force resisting system. equal stiffness shear walls, this approach results in a design
For wind design, direct summing of the contribution capacity of the shear wall line that is less than would result
of gypsum wallboard with the unit shear capacity of wood from the sum of shear wall lengths times the full design
structural panel, structural fiberboard, or hardboard panel unit shear capacity, because for a given deflection, full unit
siding is permitted based on tests (10 and 15). shear forces are not developed simultaneously in all walls
Figure C4.3.3 illustrates the provisions in Footnote 6 (see Example C4.3.3.4.1-1). The design capacity of the
of Table 4.3A and Footnote 5 of Table 4.3B requiring panel shear wall line will be the sum of the forces in each shear
joints to be offset to fall on different framing members wall at a given deflection. The limiting value of deflection
Figure C4.3.3 Detail for Adjoining Panel Edges where Structural Panels are
Applied to Both Faces of the Wall
Adjoining panel edge 3x framing Adjoining

or blocking panel edge
Adjoining panel Adjoining

edge staggered panel edge
a. Adjoining panel edges staggered b. Adjoining panel edges not staggered

may be associated with the shear wall in the line whose is permitted provided that shear walls with aspect ratio
design strength occurs at the smallest deflection of any greater than 2:1 have strength adjusted by the 2bs/h fac-
shear wall in the wall line or may be associated with drift tor. For structural fiberboard, distribution in proportion
or deflection limits. to shear strength of each shear wall is permitted provided
Drift limits for resistance to seismic forces are pro- that shear walls with aspect ratio greater than 1:1 have
vided in ASCE 7 and vary by building risk category, story strength multiplied by the 0.1+0.9bs/h factor. Both fac-
height, and construction material. For wood frame shear tors are based on reduced stiffness observed from testing
wall structures, allowable story drift limits for seismic (29, 35, and 36) and provide roughly similar results to
design range from 1% to 2.5% of the story height. While equal deflection for a reference wall line configuration
there is no prescribed deflection limit for wind design, con- comprised of 1:1 to 3.5:1 aspect ratio walls (see Example
sideration should be given to limiting deflections to avoid C4.3.3.4.1-2). It was judged suitable for design purposes
serviceability problems associated with finish materials for any combination of shear wall lengths.
and operability of doors and windows. Compliance with Where distribution of shear is based on the simplified
construction and materials requirements and associated alternative adjustment factor methods (e.g. 2bs/h for wood
design unit shear capacities in SDPWS for wind design structural panels and 0.1+0.9bs/h for structural fiberboard)
have been considered to provide acceptable serviceability further reduction of shear strength by the aspect ratio
performance for resistance to wind loads. factors in 4.3.4.2 is not required because the strength re-
A simplified approach is also permitted. In lieu of dis- ductions to provide for deflection compatibility represent
tribution of shear based on the equal deflection calculation the more conservative of the adjustments to account for
method, it is permitted to distribute shear in proportion to reduced stiffness and reduced strength of high aspect ratio
the strength of the shear wall provided that certain require-
ments are met. For wood structural panels, distribution of
shear walls.
C
shear in proportion to shear strength of each shear wall
Example C4.3.3.4.1-1. Calculate the ASD Shear Capacity of Shear Walls in a

Line Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach
Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall Shear Wall 2 (SW2):
line as shown in Figure C4.3.3A using the equal deflec- Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
tion calculation approach. The individual blocked wood (SDPWS Table 4.3A)
structural panel shear walls are constructed with 15/32 SW2 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 3.5
in. thick wood structural panel sheathing attached to No.2 Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength =
Douglas fir 2x4 framing with 8d nails (common or galva- 1.25 – 0.125h/bs = 0.81 (SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
nized box) spaced at 6 in. and have a reference nominal ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW2 =
unit shear value for seismic of 520 plf and apparent shear 520 plf/2 x 0.81 = 210 plf
stiffness, Ga, of 13 kips/in. The end posts for both walls
Ga = 13.0 kips/in
are double 2x4’s. Vertical elongation of wall anchorage
is 1/8" at 3500 lb load. EA = 16,800,000 lb
The solution approach is to determine the proportion
of load in each shear wall at a given deflection by use Recognizing that the ASD unit shear capacity of SW1
of the SDPWS shear wall deflection equations and then is associated with the smaller deflection, the problem can
summing the shears to arrive at an ASD shear capacity be simplified to finding the reduced design unit shear in
for the shear wall line (Figure C4.3.3B). the less stiff SW2 that produces the same deflection as
SW1.
Figure C4.3.3A Shear Wall Line
Part 1 – Determine the deflection of SW1 at its ASD
unit shear capacity
V δ δ
Deflection associated with the ASD unit shear
capacity is calculated in accordance with the following
equation
8vSW 1h 3 ν SW 1h h∆
8' SW1 SW2 δ SW 1 = + + a
EAbSW 1 1000Ga bSW 1
δ SW 1 = 0.008 + 0.16 + 0.074 = 0.242 in

where:
8' 2.3' vSW1 = 260 plf
h = 8 ft
Shear Wall 1 (SW1):
EA = 16,800,000 lb
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf bSW1 = 8 ft
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) Ga = 13 kips/in
∆a,SW1 = 0.074 in.
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 1.0
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 1.0 (SDPWS Note: Vertical elongation of wall anchorage is as-
4.3.4.2) sumed to vary linearly with overturning anchorage
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW1 = 520 plf/2 x force calculated as 2080 lb (i.e. 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb).
1.0 = 260 plf Under this linear elastic assumption, the stiffness of the
Ga = 13.0 kips/in anchorage is: k = 3500 lb/0.125 in = 28,000 lb/in. Vertical
EA = 16,800,000 lb elongation of the anchorage in SW1 is: 2080 lb/3500 lb
x 0.125in. = 0.074 in. For purposes of this example, over-
turning resistance contributed by dead load is ignored.
(continued)

Line Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach
(continued)
Part 2 – Determine the unit shear in SW2 that pro- Part 3 – Sum design strengths associated with
duces the same deflection as SW1 distribution of shear based on the equal deflection
Using equation 4.3-1, solve for unit shear that pro- calculation approach
duces equal deflection to SW1: VSW1 = 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb
δ VSW2 = 141 plf x 2.3 ft = 324 lb
ν SW 2 = 141 plf
8h 3 h h2 VShear wall line = 2080 lb + 324 lb = 2404 lb
+ +
EAbSW 2 1000Ga kbSW 2 This example illustrates calculation of the ASD
shear capacity for the shear wall line (i.e. VShear wall line =
where: 2404 lb). Distribution of shear by the equal deflection
δ = 0.242 in. calculation method is equally applicable to a more typical
h = 8 ft design problem where a design load is associated with a
given shear wall line and the shear wall line is designed
EA = 16,800,000 lb to provide resistance in excess of the design load. This
= 2.3 ft calculation example includes a check of the induced unit
shear in each shear wall (i.e. SW1 and SW2) to ensure
Ga = 13 kips/in.
k = 28,000 lb/in. that unit shear does not exceed the unit shear capacity C
determined from aspect ratio strength reductions in ac-
Note: For SW2, the overturning anchorage force is cordance with 4.3.4.2.

1128 lb (i.e. 141 plf x 8 ft = 1128 lb). The correspond-
ing vertical elongation of the anchorage is: ∆a,SW2 = Figure C4.3.3B Illustration of
1128 lb/28,000 lb/in = 0.040 in. For purposes of this Equal Deflection
example, overturning resistance contributed by dead Calculation Method
3000
load is ignored.
ASD strength and deflection
of shear wall line
vSW2 =141 plf ≤ 210 plf ; OK - 141plf controls (VShear wall line = 2404 lb)
2500
ASD strength and
Note: The induced unit shear of 141 plf does not deflection of SW1
exceed the unit shear capacity of 210 plf determined (VSW1 = 2080 lb)
from aspect ratio strength reductions in accordance with 2000
4.3.4.2.
Deflection associated with this unit shear is confirmed

Load, lb
1500
to equal 0.242 in. calculated in accordance with the fol- ASD strength of SW2
lowing equation: at SW1 deflection limit
(VSW2 = 324 lb)
1000
8vSW 2 h3 v h h∆
δ SW 2 = + SW 2 + a , SW 2 ASD strength of
SW2 per SDPWS
EAbSW 2 1000Ga bSW 2 4.3.4.2
500
δ SW 2 = 0.015 + 0.087 + 0.140 = 0.242 in
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Deflection, in. SW1

SW2
SW1 + SW2

Line Using the Exception to 4.3.3.4.1
Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall SW2 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 3.5
line from Example C4.3.3.4.1-1. In lieu of the equal Aspect ratio adjustment = 2bs/h = 0.57
deflection calculation approach of 4.3.3.4.1, the solution
approach is based on the Exception to 4.3.3.4.1 which (SDPWS 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1)
permits distribution of shear in proportion to strength Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 0.81
where strength of wood structural panel shear walls is (SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
adjusted by the 2bs/h factor.
Shear wall 1 (SW1): ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW2 = 520 plf/2 x
0.57 = 148 plf
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
Unit shear capacity from 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1 does
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) not exceed the unit shear capacity determined from aspect
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 1.0 ratio strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.4.2.
Aspect ratio adjustment = 2bs/h = 1.0
Sum design strengths associated with distribution
(SDPWS 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1) of shear based on the aspect ratio factor adjustment
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength =1.0 approach (e.g. 4.3.3.4.1 Exception)
(SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
VSW1 = 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb
VSW2 = 148 plf x 2.3 ft = 340 lb
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW1 = 520 plf/2 x VShear wall line = 2080 lb + 340 lb = 2420 lb
1.0 = 260 plf
Note: This example illustrates the calculation ap-
Unit shear capacity from 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1 does proach in accordance with 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1. The
not exceed the unit shear capacity determined from aspect aspect ratio adjustment, 2bs/h is not applied cumulatively
ratio strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.4.2. with the Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength reduc-
tion of 4.3.4.2. Both are evaluated as separate checks on
Shear wall 2 (SW2): design shear strength.
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
(SDPWS Table 4.3A)
C4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity of Perforated Shear Walls: sheathed on two sides, and perforated shear walls with
The shear capacity adjustment factor, Co, for perforated high aspect ratio shear wall segments (15, 42, 43, and 44).
shear walls accounts for reduced shear wall capacity due
to presence of openings and is derived from empirical C4.3.4 Shear Wall Aspect Ratios
Equations C4.3.3.5-1 and C4.3.3.5-2 (13): and Capacity Adjustments
F = r/(3 – 2r) (C4.3.3.5-1) C4.3.4.2 The aspect ratio factor, 1.25 - 0.125h/bs, is
applicable to blocked wood structural panel shear walls
r = 1/(1+Ao/(h∑Li)) (C4.3.3.5-2) designed to resist either wind or seismic forces. The factor
ranges in value from 1.0 for 2:1 aspect ratio shear walls
The opening adjustment factor, Co, and the shear ca- to 0.81 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio shear walls and accounts for
pacity ratio, F, are related as follows: reduced unit shear capacity of high aspect ratio shear walls
relative to lower aspect ratio shear walls observed from
Co(ΣLi) = F(Ltot) (C4.3.3.5-3) monotonic and cyclic tests (35, 36). The aspect ratio fac-
tor, 1.09 - 0.09 h/bs, is applicable to structural fiberboard
shear walls designed to resist either wind or seismic forces.
SDPWS Equation 4.3-5 can be obtained by simplifica-
The factor accounts for observed reduction in peak unit
tion of C4.3.3.5-1, C4.3.3.5-2, and C4.3.3.5-3. Values of shear capacity from testing (29) and varies from 1.0 for
the shear capacity adjustment factors in Table 4.3.3.5 can 1:1 aspect ratio shear walls to 0.78 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio
be determined by assuming a constant maximum opening shear walls.
height, ho-max, such that Ao = ho‑max(Ltot‑ΣLi). Substituting Reductions in shear wall unit shear capacity are ad-
this value of Ao into Equation C4.3.3.5-2 and simplifying: dressed with aspect ratio factors in 4.3.4.2; however, the
  −1

loss of stiffness as aspect ratio increases can be large and C
ho − max  Ltot  affect usable design unit shear capacity. For example, due
 1 +  − 1  
 Ltot    h  ∑ Li    to reduced stiffness, a high aspect ratio shear wall may
Co =   −1  (C4.3.3.5-4) reach a deflection limit or drift limit prior to developing

∑ i
L  h  Ltot  
 3 − 2 1 +
o − max
x
 − 1   even the reduced unit shear capacity associated with the
  h  ∑ Li    high aspect ratio shear wall based on unit shear capacity
reductions of 4.3.4.2. In addition, where a high aspect ra-
where:
tio shear wall is in line with a low aspect ratio shear wall,
development of the full design unit shear capacity of the
Co = shear capacity adjustment factor (for low aspect ratio shear wall is likely to occur at relatively
perforated shear wall segments) small deflections where only a fraction of the full design
F = shear capacity ratio based on total length unit shear capacity of the high aspect ratio shear wall is
of the perforated shear wall developed.
Requirements of 4.3.4.2 address the shear wall strength
r = sheathing area ratio limit state while those in 4.3.3.4 address deflection com-
patibility between shear walls in a line. Both strength and
Ao = total area of openings, ft2
deflection compatibility criteria must be addressed as part
h = wall height, ft of a design. For example, unit shear capacity associated
with each shear wall must satisfy deflection compatibility
ho-max = maximum opening height, ft criteria as well as criteria of 4.3.4.2 establishing unit shear
Ltot = total length of a perforated shear wall capacity based on shear wall aspect ratio. The smaller of
including lengths of perforated shear the design unit shear capacities associated with require-
wall segments and segments containing ments of 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.3.4 is used as the controlling
openings, ft design unit shear capacity for each shear wall (see Example
C4.3.3.4.1-1 and C4.3.3.4.1-2).
∑Li = sum of perforated shear wall segment
lengths, Li, ft. Lengths of perforated shear C4.3.5 Shear Wall Types
wall segments with aspect ratios greater
than 2:1 shall be adjusted in accordance
SDPWS identifies shear walls as one of the following
with 4.3.4.3.
“types”:
Full-scale perforated shear wall tests include mono- 1. Individual Full-Height Wall Segment Shear Walls
tonic and cyclic loads, long perforated shear walls with (i.e., no openings within an individual full-height
asymmetrically placed openings, perforated shear walls segment);
2. Force-transfer Shear Walls (i.e., with openings, but consistency with the judgment to limit maximum nominal
framing members, blocking, and connections around unit shear capacity for wind based on tests.
openings are designed for force-transfer);
3. Perforated Shear Walls (i.e., with openings, but C4.3.6 Construction Requirements
rather than design for force-transfer around open-
ings, reduced shear strength is used based on size C4.3.6.1 Framing Requirements: Framing require-
of openings). ments are intended to ensure that boundary members and
other framing are adequately sized to resist induced loads.
C4.3.5.1 Individual Full-Height Wall Segments: Shear C4.3.6.1.1 General framing requirements for shear
wall design provisions for individual full-height wall walls permits the use of two 2x members in lieu of a
segments, designed as shear walls without openings, are single member provided they are adequately connected
applicable to walls with wood structural panel sheathing, for transfer of induced shear forces. Cyclic tests of shear
designed and constructed in accordance with provisions walls confirms that use of two 2x members nailed (22,
as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.5.1. 25, and 30) or screwed (33) together results in shear wall
C4.3.5.2 Force-transfer Shear Walls: Force-transfer performance that is comparable to that obtained by use
shear wall design provisions are applicable to walls of a single 3x member at the adjoining panel edge. While
with wood structural panel sheathing, designed and introduced as a substitute for a 3x member at adjoining
constructed in accordance with provisions as outlined in panel edges in shear wall construction, it is also permis-
SDPWS 4.3.5.2. Design of shear walls with openings as sible to use two 2x members to substitute for a single 2x
force-transfer shear walls, also known as design for force member (e.g. for blocking, and top plates). Attachment
transfer around openings (FTAO), is required to be in ac- of the two 2x members to each other is required to equal
cordance with a rational analysis as described in SDPWS or exceed design unit shear forces in the shear wall. As
4.3.5.2. Under this approach, it is the responsibility of the an alternative, a capacity-based design approach can be
designer to establish detailing to ensure appropriateness of used where the connection between the two 2x members
the assumptions in the analysis. Limited testing has been equals or exceeds the capacity of the sheathing to framing
conducted to evaluate several rational analysis methods attachment. Where fastener spacing used in the intercon-
commonly referred to as the drag strut, cantilever beam nection of the two 2x stud members is closer than 4" on
and Diekmann methods (53). The mathematical develop- center, staggered placement is required to limit potential
ment of the drag strut method and cantilever beam method for wood splitting.
(54) are based on assumptions for shear transfer above C4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Chords: SDPWS
and below the openings and development of the Diek- Equation 4.3-7 provides for calculation of tension and
mann method (55) is based on resolving internal forces compression chord force due to induced unit shear acting
assuming rigid body behavior. Another rational analysis at the top of the wall (e.g., tension and compression due
method, referred to as the SEAOC-Thompson method (56) to wall overturning moment). To provide an adequate load
is commonly employed for the design of shear walls with path per SDPWS 4.3.6.4.4, design of elements and connec-
openings for FTAO. Limited evaluation of the SEAOC- tions must consider forces contributed by each story (i.e.,
Thompson method has shown that the results for strap force shear and overturning moment must be accumulated and
predictions are similar to those of the Diekman method accounted for in the design).
for several tested wall configurations (46). C4.3.6.1.3 Tension and Compression Chords of Per-
C4.3.5.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Perforated shear forated Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-8 provides for
wall design provisions are applicable to walls with wood calculation of tension force and compression force at each
structural panel sheathing, designed and constructed in end of a perforated shear wall, due to shear in the wall,
accordance with provisions as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.5.3. and includes the term 1/Co to account for the non-uniform
The single side limits for seismic and wind, 1,740 plf nomi- distribution of shear in a perforated shear wall. For ex-
nal and 2,435 plf nominal respectively, are based on tests ample, a perforated shear wall segment with tension end
utilizing 10d common nails at 2" o.c. at panel edges on one restraint at the end of the perforated shear wall can develop
side (45). The single side limits on maximum nominal unit the same shear capacity as an individual full-height wall
shear capacity are also applicable for double-sided walls segment (7).
(walls sheathed on two sides) because the tested walls C4.3.6.3 Fasteners: Details on type, size, and spacing
represent the maximum unit shear strength for which tests of mechanical fasteners used for typical shear wall assem-
are available. The maximum nominal unit shear capacity blies in Table 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D are provided in
for seismic design of a double-sided wall, is 1,740 plf for SDPWS 4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems.
C4.3.6.3.1 Adhesives: Adhesive attachment of shear The washer need not extend to within 1/2" of the
wall sheathing is generally prohibited unless approved sheathed edge where sheathing material nominal unit shear
by the authority having jurisdiction. Because of limited capacity for seismic is less than or equal to 400 plf nominal.
ductility and brittle failure modes of rigid adhesive shear This allowance is based on observations from tests and
wall systems (38) such systems are limited to seismic field performance of gypsum products where sheathing
design categories A, B, and C and the values of R and fastener tear-out or sheathing slotting at fastener locations
Ω0 are limited (R =1.5 and Ω0 = 2.5 unless other values were the dominant failure modes. Other sheathing materi-
are approved). If adhesives are used to attach shear wall als with nominal unit shear capacity for seismic less than
sheathing, the effects of increased stiffness (see C4.1.3 400 plf nominal are included in this provision based on
and C4.2.5), increased strength, and potential for brittle the judgment that the magnitude of unit uplift force versus
failure modes corresponding to adhesive or wood failure, sheathing type is the significant factor leading to potential
should be addressed. for bottom plate splitting.
Tabulated values of apparent shear stiffness, Ga, are Cyclic testing of wood structural panel shear walls
based on assumed nail slip behavior (see Table C4.2.2D) (25 and 30) forms the basis of the exception to the 1/2"
and are therefore not applicable for adhesive shear wall distance requirement. In these tests, edge distance was not
systems where shear wall sheathing is rigidly bonded to a significant factor for shear walls having full-overturning
shear wall boundary members. restraint provided at end posts. Overturning restraint of
C4.3.6.4.1.1 In-plane Shear Anchorage for Perforated wall segments coupled with the nominal capacity of walls
Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-9 for in-plane shear tested were viewed as primary factors in determining wall
anchorage includes the term 1/Co to account for non- performance and failure limit states.
uniform distribution of shear in a perforated shear wall.
For example, a perforated shear wall segment with tension
Bottom plate anchor straps can also be effective in
mitigating cross-grain bending failure in the bottom plate C
end restraint at the end of the perforated shear wall can provided they have been properly tested, load rated, and
develop the same shear capacity as an individual full- installed on the sheathed side of the bottom plate.

height wall segment (7). The extension of plate washer requirements to founda-
C4.3.6.4.2.1 Uplift Anchorage for Perforated Shear tion sill plate applications is depicted in Figure C4.3.6B.
Walls: Attachment of the perforated shear wall bottom Locating the washer’s edge within 1/2" of the sheathed
plate to elements below is intended to ensure that the wall edge is accomplished by placement of cuts, notches or
capacity is governed by sheathing to framing attachment holes in the rim board or blocking. The extent of such
(shear wall nailing) and not bottom plate attachment for alterations to the rim board or blocking for placement of
shear (see C4.3.6.4.1.1) and uplift. An example design (7) the washer should be kept to a practical minimum and be
provides typical details for transfer of uplift forces. in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
C4.3.6.4.3 Anchor Bolts: Plate washer size and loca- or be specifically addressed in the design of the member.
tion are specified for anchoring of wall bottom plates Anchor bolt connections designed per SDPWS
to minimize potential for cross-grain bending failure 4.3.6.4.3 are designed for the shear load in the sill plate.
in the bottom plate (see Figure C4.3.6A). For a 3" x 3" If the shear capacity of a double-sided shear wall is twice
plate washer centered on the wide face of a 2x4 bottom that of a single-sided shear wall, the anchor bolt spac-
plate, edges of the plate washer are always within 1/2" of ing derived based on the anchor bolt shear capacity for
the sheathed side of the bottom plate. For wider bottom a double-sided shear wall would be half the spacing of a
plates, such as 2x6, a larger plate washer may be used so single-sided shear wall. Staggering the anchor bolts 1/2"
that the edge of the plate washer extends to within 1/2" from the plate edge for a double-sided shear wall provides
of the sheathed side, or alternatively, the anchor bolt can uplift resistance on each edge of the sill plate equivalent
be located such that the 3" x 3" plate washer extends to to a single row of anchor bolts located 1/2" from the plate
within 1/2" of the sheathed side of the wall. edge on a single-sided shear wall.
Figure C4.3.6A Distance for Plate Washer Edge to Sheathed Edge
Figure C4.3.6B Section and Elevation View of Plate Washer in Foundation Sill
Plate (Raised Floor) Application
RIM JOIST OR BLOCKING
RIM JOIST
OR BLOCKING
C4.3.6.4.4 Load Path: Specified requirements for or length is not in increments of 4′, shear wall height is less
shear, tension, and compression in SDPWS 4.3.6 are to than a full 8′, or shear wall length is less than 4′). Racking
address the effect of induced unit shear on individual wall tests conducted on 4.5′ x 8.5′ blocked shear walls showed
elements. Overall design of an element must consider similar performance whether sheathed length and height
forces contributed from multiple stories (i.e., shear and consisted of: one 4′x8′ panel and two 6" wide sheathing
moment must be accumulated and accounted for in the pieces to make up the height and length, or one 2.5′ x 6.5′
design). In some cases, the presence of load from stories panel and two 2′ wide sheathing pieces to make up the
above may increase forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads on height and length (14).
compression end posts) while in other cases it may reduce C4.3.7.1(5): A single 3x framing member is specified
forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads reduces net tension on at adjoining panel edges for cases prone to splitting and
end posts). where nominal unit shear capacity exceeds 700 plf in
Consistent with a continuous load path for individual seismic design categories (SDC) D, E, and F. An alterna-
full-height wall segments and force transfer shear walls, tive to single 3x framing, included in SDPWS, and based
a continuous load path to the foundation must also be on principles of mechanics, is the use of 2-2x “stitched”
provided for perforated shear walls. Consideration of or interconnected two 2x members adequately fastened
accumulated forces (for example, from stories above) is together (See C4.3.6.1.1 for additional information). For
required. Accumulation of forces will affect tie-downs at sheathing attachment to framing with closely spaced or
each end of the perforated shear wall, compression resis- larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
tance at each end of each perforated shear wall segment, panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
and distributed forces, ν and t, at each perforated shear wall member (Figure C4.2.7).
segment. Where ends of perforated shear wall segments
occur over beams or headers, the beam or header will need
C4.3.7.2 Shear Walls using Wood Structural Panels
over Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board: C
to be checked for vertical tension and compression forces Shear walls using wood structural panels applied over gyp-
in addition to gravity forces. Where adequate collectors sum wallboard or gypsum sheathing are commonly used

are provided to distribute shear, the average shear in the for exterior walls of buildings that are fire-resistance-rated
perforated shear wall above (e.g., equivalent to design for both interior and exterior fire exposure. For example,
shear loads), and not the increased shear for anchorage a one hour fire resistance rating can be achieved with 5/8"
of upper story wall bottom plates to elements below (7), Type X gypsum wallboard. Nominal unit shear capacities
needs to be considered. and apparent shear stiffness values in Table 4.3B for 8d
and 10d nails (common or galvanized box) are based on
C4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems nominal unit shear capacities and apparent shear stiffness
values in Table 4.3A for 6d and 8d nails (common or
Requirements for shear wall sheathing materials, galvanized box), respectively, to account for the effect of
framing, and nailing are consistent with industry recom- gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheathing between wood
mendations and building code requirements. The minimum framing and wood structural panel sheathing. Tests of 3/8"
width of the nailed face of framing members and block- wood structural panels over 1/2" and 5/8" gypsum wall-
ing for all shear wall types is 2" nominal with maximum board support using lower nominal unit shear capacities
spacing between framing of 24". Edges of wood-based associated with smaller nails (18).
panels (wood structural panel, particleboard, and structural C4.3.7.3 Particleboard Shear Walls: Panel size re-
fiberboard) are required to be backed by blocking or fram- quirements are consistent with those for wood structural
ing except as specified in 4.3.3.2. In addition, fasteners are panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS
to be placed at least 3/8" from edges and ends of panels Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative stiffness
but not less than distances specified by the manufacturer and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). For closely spaced
in the manufacturers’ literature or code evaluation report. or larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
C4.3.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls: For wood panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
structural panel shear walls, framing members or block- member (Figure C4.2.7).
ing is required at edges of all panels except as specified C4.3.7.4 Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls: Panel size
in 4.3.3.2 and a minimum panel dimension of 4′ x 8′ is requirements are consistent with those for wood structural
specified except at boundaries and changes in framing. panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS
Shear wall construction is intended to consist primarily of Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative stiffness
full-size sheets except where wall dimensions require use and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). Minimum panel
of smaller sheathing pieces (e.g. where shear wall height edge distance for nailing at top and bottom plates is 3/4" to
match edge distances present in cyclic tests of high aspect wood structural panel shear wall systems. Apparent shear
ratio structural fiberboard shear walls (29). stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on assumptions
C4.3.7.5 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Veneer Base, of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2).
Water-Resistant Backing Board, Gypsum Sheathing, Gyp- Early reports (24) indicated that diagonally sheathed
sum Lath and Plaster, or Portland Cement Plaster Shear lumber shear walls averaged four times the rigidity of
Walls: The variety of gypsum-based sheathing materials horizontally sheathed lumber walls when boards were
reflects systems addressed in the model building code loaded primarily in tension. Where load was primarily in
(2). Appropriate use of these systems requires adherence compression, a single test showed about seven times the
to referenced standards for proper materials and instal- rigidity of a horizontally sheathed lumber wall.
lation. Where gypsum wallboard is used as a shear wall, C4.3.7.7 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with Dou-
edge fastening (e.g. nails or screws) in accordance with ble-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed lumber
SDPWS Table 4.3C requirements should be specified and shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness to many
overturning restraint provided where applicable (see SDPWS wood structural panel shear wall systems. Apparent shear
4.3.6.4.2). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3C stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on assumptions
is based on assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2).
(see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). The nominal unit shear capacity C4.3.7.8 Shear Walls Horizontally Sheathed with
and apparent shear stiffness values for plain or perforated Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lumber
gypsum lath with staggered vertical joints are based on shear walls have limited unit shear capacity and stiffness
results from cyclic tests (31). Unit shear capacity and when compared to those provided by wood structural panel
apparent shear stiffness values are larger than those for shear walls of the same overall dimensions. Early reports
plain or perforated gypsum lath where vertical joints are (21 and 24) attributed strength and stiffness of lumber
not staggered. sheathed walls to nail couples at stud crossings and veri-
C4.3.7.6 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with fied low unit shear capacity and stiffness when compared
Single-Layer of Lumber: Diagonally sheathed lumber to other bracing methods.
shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness to many
C4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed to Resist

Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind
C4.4.1 Application ASD unit shear capacity for wind, nw(ASD):

vw
Panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16" and strength vw ( ASD ) = (C4.4.1-2)
axis oriented parallel to studs are permitted to be used in 2.0
combined uplift and shear applications for resistance to
where:
wind forces. Tabulated values of nominal uplift capacity
(see SDPWS Table 4.4.1) for various combinations of 2.0 = ASD reduction factor
nailing schedules and panel type and thickness are based
on calculations in accordance with the National Design LRFD unit uplift capacity for wind, uw(LRFD):
Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction and verified
by full scale testing (39 and 40). uw ( LRFD ) = 0.65uw (C4.4.1-3)

ASD and LRFD unit uplift and shear capacities are
calculated as follows from nominal unit uplift and shear LRFD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(LRFD):
values.
vw ( LRFD ) = 0.8vw (C4.4.1-4)

ASD unit uplift capacity for wind, uw(ASD):
where:
u 0.65 = resistance factor, fz, for connections
uw ( ASD ) = w (C4.4.1-1)
2.0
0.8 = resistance factor, fD, for shear walls and
diaphragms
Examples C4.4.1-1 and C4.4.2-1 illustrate how the panels to resist uplift and shear closely match construc-
values in SDPWS Tables 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, respectively, tion present in verification tests. For example, testing of
were generated. Tabulated values of nominal uplift capac- shear walls resisting uplift and combined uplift and shear
ity in Table 4.4.1 and Table 4.4.2 are based on assumed used 16" o.c. and up to 48" anchor bolt spacing, 3"x3"
use of framing with specific gravity, G, equal to 0.42. An plate washers, and nails with minimum 1/2" to 3/4" panel
increase factor is provided in table footnotes to adjust edge distance depending on the number of rows of nails.
values for effect of higher specific gravity framing on the Anchor bolt spacing and size and location of plate washers
strength of the nailed connection between sheathing and were found to be important factors enabling strength of
framing. Where lower specific gravity framing is used, the sheathing to bottom plate connection to develop prior
reduced values of nominal uplift capacity are applicable to onset of bottom plate failure. Required anchor bolt
based on the effect of lower specific gravity framing on spacings as shown in Table 4.4.1.6 are a function of the
the strength of the nailed connection between sheathing combined uplift and shear forces on the bottom plate and
and framing – for example, the reduction factor is 0.92 for are based on a combination of full-scale tests and numerical
framing with G = 0.35. Adjustment factors over a range analysis (51, 52). Where other anchoring devices are used,
of framing specific gravity can be determined as follows: it is intended that spacing not exceed the values provided
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)]/0.92 for in Table 4.4.1.6 and in addition that such devices enable
0.35 ≤ G ≤ 0.49. performance of walls to be comparable to those tested with
C4.4.1.2 Panels: Full-scale testing (see C4.4.1) required anchor bolts and plate washers.
utilized panels with strength axis oriented parallel and Figure C4.4.1A illustrates the anchor bolt spacing pro-
perpendicular to studs. NDS nail connection capacities are visions in 4.4.1.6 and depicts the requirements of 4.4.6(3)
independent of panel strength axis orientation.
C4.4.1.6. Sheathing Extending to Bottom Plate or Sill
regarding placement of anchor bolts at ends of plates.
C
Plate: Construction requirements for use of wood structural

Figure C4.4.1A Anchor Bolt Placement Requirements For Wood Structural
Panels Designed to Resist Combined Shear and Wind Uplift
splice
spacing per Table 4.4.1.6

distance distance
distance from end from end of
from end of of plate per hold-down
hold-down 4.4.1.6(3) anchor per
anchor per Exception to
Exception to 4.4.1.6(3)
4.4.1.6(3)
C4.4.1.7 Sheathing Splices: In multi-story applica- C4.4.1.7(2) The panel splice across studs detail in
tions where the upper story and lower story sheathing Figure 4I relies on increased nailing between vertical
adjoin over a common horizontal framing member, the framing (e.g. studs) and sheathing to transfer tension forces
connection of the sheathing to the framing member can while shear is transferred through nailed connections to
be designed to maintain a load path for tension and shear. horizontal framing such as horizontal blocking. This detail
It is recognized that wood is directly stressed in tension assumes no direct loading of framing members in tension
perpendicular to grain in some details; however, those perpendicular to grain for development of the tension load
cases are prescriptively permitted and also limited to nail path. Additional nailing between sheathing and vertical
size and spacing verified by testing. Splice panel orienta- framing on each side of the panel splice maintains load
tion does not affect capacity of the sheathed tension splice path for tension. Where the panel is continuous between
joint and therefore panel orientation can be either parallel stories, as shown in Figure 4I, one option to maintain load
or perpendicular to studs. path for shear utilizes attachment of sheathing to wall plate
C4.4.1.7(1) Where sheathing edges from the upper framing as shown in Figure C4.4.1C .
and lower story meet over a common horizontal framing
member, wood stressed in tension perpendicular to grain Figure C4.4.1C Detail for Continuous
is relied upon directly to maintain load path for tension Panel Between Levels
(Figure C4.4.1B ). The location of sheathing splices (Load Path for Shear
need not occur at mid-height of the horizontal framing. Transfer Into and Out
Wall height, floor depth, available panel lengths, and of the Diaphragm Not
maintaining minimum edge distances between sheathing Shown)
nails and framing will influence the practical location of
the sheathing splice in the horizontal framing member.
Wood member stresses in this application are limited to
S pacing for shear
that which can be developed with nail spacing to 3" o.c. in upper level
(minimum) for a single-row and 6" o.c. (minimum) for a
double-row at each panel edge based on results from test-
ing. Limiting tension stresses perpendicular to grain in F asteners for shear load
horizontal framing members is accomplished by limiting path in fram ing above and
S pacing for shea r
nail spacing to 3" o.c. (minimum) for a single-row and in low er level below the diaphragm
6" o.c. (minimum) for a double-row. This limitation does
not preclude use of more closely spaced nails where the
horizontal framing member is an engineered rim board
or similar product that can resist higher induced tension
stresses perpendicular to grain. Follow manufacturers'
recommendations for minimum nail spacing permitted
for this application.
C ontinous panel betw een levels
Figure C4.4.1B Panel Splice Over
Common Horizontal C4.4.2 Wood Structural Panels
Framing Member Designed to Resist Only Uplift
from Wind
Panels with a minimum thickness of 3/8" are permitted

to be used in this application to resist uplift from wind only
P a n e l sp lice need not when panels are installed with the strength axis parallel
o ccu r a t m id -height of
h o rizonta l fram ing to studs (see SDPWS 4.4.1 for provisions on resistance to
combined shear and uplift from wind). Tabulated unit uplift
capacities are applicable for wood structural panels with
3/8" and greater thickness. For applications where panel
strength axis is oriented perpendicular to studs, manufac-
F or e n g in e e re d rim board
p ro d u ct, se e m a nu fa cturer's turer recommendations should be followed.
re co m m e n dations
EXAMPLE C4.4.1-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Combined Uplift and
Shear Case
Calculate the nominal uplift capacity in SDPWS Table Z = 82 lb NDS Table 12Q (Main member:
4.4.1 for a wood structural panel shear wall constructed G = 0.42 (SPF), Side member: 15/32" OSB)
as follows:
CD = 1.6 (NDS Table 2.3.2)
Sheathing grade = Structural I (OSB) Z′ = 82 lb x 1.6 = 131 lb
(0.148" diameter, 3" Allowable uplift capacity = 131 lb x 2 nails/foot = 262
plf
length)
Minimum nominal panel Nominal uplift capacity = 262 plf x ASD reduction
thickness = 15/32" factor
Nailing for shear = 6" panel edge spacing
(2 nails per foot), 12" Nominal uplift capacity = 262 plf x 2 = 524 plf
field spacing (SDPWS Table 4.4.1)
Alternate nail spacing at top
and bottom plate edges = 3" (single row, 4 nails When subjected to combined shear and wind uplift
per foot) forces, the calculation for nominal uplift capacity is based
Nails available for uplift = Nails from alternate on the assumption that nails resist either shear or wind
nail spacing − Nails uplift forces. C
available for shear
only
= 4 nails per foot − 2

nails per foot = 2 nails
per foot
EXAMPLE C4.4.2-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Wind Uplift Only Case
Calculate nominal uplift capacity, in SDPWS Table Z = 78 lb NDS Table 12Q (Main member:
4.4.2 for wood structural panel sheathing over framing G = 0.42 (SPF), Side member: 3/8" OSB)
constructed as follows:
CD = 1.6 (NDS Table 2.3.2)
Sheathing grade = Structural I (OSB) Z′ = 78 x 1.6 = 125 lb
(0.148" diameter, 3" Allowable uplift capacity = 125 lb x 4 nails/ft = 500 plf
length)
Nominal uplift capacity = 500 plf x ASD reduction
Minimum nominal panel factor
thickness = 3/8"
Alternate nail spacing at Nominal uplift capacity = 500 plf x 2 = 1,000 plf
top and bottom plate (SDPWS Table 4.4.2)
edges = 3" (single row, 4 nails
per foot)
Nails available for uplift = Nails from alternate
nail spacing
= 4 nails per foot
COMMENTARY REFERENCES
1. ASTM Standard D 6555-03, Standard Guide for Eval- 12. Ryan, T. J., K. J. Fridley, D. G. Pollock, and R. Y.
uating System Effects in Repetitive-Member Wood Itani, Inter-Story Shear Transfer in Woodframe Build-
Assemblies, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014. ings: Final Report, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA, 2001.
2. International Building Code (IBC), International
Code Council, Washington, DC, 2015. 13. Sugiyama, Hideo, 1981, The Evaluation of Shear
Strength of Plywood-Sheathed Walls with Openings,
3. Laboratory Report 55, Lateral Tests on Plywood Mokuzai Kogyo (Wood Industry) 36-7, 1981.
Sheathed Diaphragms (out of print), Douglas Fir
Plywood Association (now APA-The Engineered 14. Using Narrow Pieces of Wood Structural Panel
Wood Association), Tacoma, WA, 1952. Sheathing in Wood Shear Walls, APA T2005-08,
APA- The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma,
4. Laboratory Report 63a, 1954 Horizontal Plywood WA, 2005.
Diaphragm Tests (out of print), Douglas Fir Plywood
Association (now APA-The Engineered Wood As- 15. Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls with Gypsum
sociation), Tacoma, WA, 1955. Wallboard and Window/Door Openings, APA 157,
APA- The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma,
5. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other WA, 1996. C
Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers,
ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10. Reston, VA, 2010. 16. ASTM Standard D 5457-12, Standard Specification
COMMENTARY: REFERENCES
for Computing the Reference Resistance of Wood-
6. National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Con- Based Materials and Structural Connections for
struction, ANSI/AWC NDS 2015, American Wood Load and Resistance Factor Design, ASTM, West
Council, Leesburg, VA, 2014. Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
7. NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic 17. Racking Load Tests for the American Fiberboard
Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures Association, PFS Test Report #96-60, Madison, WI,
and Commentary, FEMA Report 450-1 and 2, 2003 1996.
Edition, Washington, DC, 2004.
18. Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls, Research Re-
8. Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural port 154, APA-The Engineered Wood Association,
Use Panels, DOC PS 2-10. United States Department Tacoma, WA, 1999.
of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2011. 19. Plywood Diaphragms, Research Report 138, APA The
Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, WA, 1990.
9. Polensek, Anton. Rational Design Procedure for
Wood-Stud Walls Under Bending and Compression, 20. ANSI/AWC WFCM-2015, Wood-Frame Construc-
Wood Science, July 1976. tion Manual (WFCM) for One- and Two-Family
Dwellings, American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA,
10. Racking Load Tests for the American Fiberboard As- 2015.
sociation and the American Hardboard Association,
PFS Test Report #01-25, Madison, WI, 2001. 21. Luxford, R. F. and W. E. Bonser, Adequacy of Light
Frame Wall Construction, No. 2137, Madison, WI:
11. Report 106, 1966 Horizontal Plywood Diaphragm U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, For-
Tests (out of print), Douglas Fir Plywood Association est Products Laboratory, 1958.
(now APA-The Engineered Wood Association), APA,
Tacoma, WA, 1966.
96 SDPWS COMMENTARY: REFERENCES
22. Shear Wall Lumber Framing: 2x’s vs. Single 3x’s 33. Line, P., N. Waltz, and T. Skaggs, Seismic Equiva-
at Adjoining Panel Edges, APA Report T2003-22, lence Parameters for Engineered Wood-frame Wood
APA-The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, Structural Panel Shear Walls, Wood Design Focus,
WA, 2003. July 2008.
23. Racking Strengths and Stiffnesses of Exterior and 34. ASTM E 2126-11, Standard Test Methods for
Interior Frame Wall Constructions for Department Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance
of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, of Walls for Buildings. ASTM International, West
D.C., NAHB Research Foundation, Inc., May, 1971. Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
24. The Rigidity and Strength of Frame Walls, No. 896, 35. Salenikovich, A. J. and J. D. Dolan, Racking Perfor-
Madison, WI, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest mance of Shear Walls with Various Aspect Ratios:
Service, Forest Products Laboratory, March 1956. Part I - Monotonic Tests of Fully Anchored Walls.
Forest Products Journal, 53(10): 65-73, Forest Prod-
25. Rosowsky, D., L. Elkins, and C. Carroll, Cyclic ucts Society, Madison, WI, 2003.
Tests of Engineered Shear Walls Considering Dif-
ferent Plate Washer Sizes, Oregon State University, 36. Salenikovich, A. J. and J. D. Dolan, Racking Perfor-
Corvallis, OR, 2004. mance of Shear Walls with Various Aspect Ratios:
Part II - Cyclic Tests of Fully Anchored Walls. Forest
26. Stillinger, J.R., Lateral Tests on Full-scale Lumber- Products Journal, 53(10), Forest Products Society,
sheathed Roof Diaphragms, Report No.T-6, Oregon Madison, WI, 2003.
State University, Corvallis, OR, 1953.
37. Krawinkler, H., F. Parisi, L. Ibarra, A. Ayoub, and
27. Ni, C. and E. Karacabeyli, Effect of Blocking in R. Medina, Development of a Testing Protocol for
Horizontally Sheathed Shear Walls, Wood Design Wood Frame Structures, CUREE Publication No.
Focus, Forest Products Society, Volume 12, Number W-02, 2000.
2, Summer, 2002.
38. Filiatrault, A. and R. O. Foschi, Static and Dynamic
28. Mi, H., C. Ni, Y. H. Chui, and E. Karacabeyli, Rack- Tests of Timber Shear Walls Fastened with Nails and
ing Performance of Tall Unblocked Shear Walls, Wood Adhesive. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineer-
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Volume ing 18: 749-755. 1991.
132, Number 1, 145-152, 2006.
39. Combined Shear and Wind Uplift Tests on 7/16-inch
29. Cyclic Testing of Fiberboard Shear Walls with Vary- Oriented Strand Board Panels, APA-The Engineered
ing Aspect Ratios, NAHB Research Center, Upper Wood Association, Tacoma, WA, May, 2007.
Marlboro, MD, 2006.
40. Combined Shear and Wind Uplift Tests with 10d
30. Gupta, R., H. Redler, and M. Clauson, Cyclic Tests of Common Nails, APA-The Engineered Wood Associa-
Engineered Shear Walls Considering Different Plate tion, Tacoma, WA, March, 2008.
Washer Sizes (Phase II), Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR, 2007. 41. ASTM E 72-15 Standard Test Methods of Conducting
Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction.
31. Schmid, B. Proposal S98. International Code Council ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
Proposed Changes to the 2006 International Building
Code, Volume I, Country Club Hills, IL, June 2006 42. Preliminary Perforated Shear Wall Testing. APA
Report T2005-83. APA-The Engineered Wood As-
32. Shear Capacity of Continuous Joints in High-Load sociation, Tacoma, WA, 2005.
Diaphragms, APA Report T2001L-72, Tacoma, WA,
2001. 43. Dolan, J. D. and A. C. Johnson, Monotonic Tests of
Long Shear Walls with Openings, Report No. TE-
1996-001, Virginia Tech, Brooks Forest Products
Research Center, Blacksburg, VA, 1997.
44. Dolan, J. D. and A. C. Johnson, Monotonic Tests of 56. SEAOC. 2012. 2009 IBC Structural/Seismic Design
Long Shear Walls with Openings, Report No. TE- Manual, Volume 2: Building Design Examples for
1996-002, Virginia Tech, Brooks Forest Products Light-frame, Tilt-up Masonry. Structural Engineers
Research Center, Blacksburg, VA, 1997. Association of California, Sacramento, CA.
45. Preliminary Perforated Shear Wall Testing, Report 57. Contribution of Gypsum Wallboard to Racking Resis-
T2005-83, APA-The Engineered Wood Association, tance of Light-Frame Walls, Research Paper FPL 439,
Tacoma, WA, December, 2005. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Forest Products Laboratory, December 1993.
46. Nosse, John. Technical Activities. Building Stan-
dards, November/December 1975. 58. PS 1-09 (Structural Plywood), United States Depart-
ment of Commerce, National Institute of Standards
47. Sheedy, Paul. Anchorage of Concrete and Masonry and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2009.
Walls. Building Standards, September/October 1983.
59. ASTM F 1667-13, Standard Specification for Driven
48. Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples, ASTM, West
of Tilt-Up Buildings and Other Rigid Wall/Flexible Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
Diaphragm Structures, Structural Engineers Associa-
tion of Northern California, 2001. 60. ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construc-
tion, American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA, 2012.
49. NIST GCR 14-917-32. NEHRP Seismic Design
Technical Brief No. 10 – Seismic Design of Wood C
Light-Frame Structural Diaphragm Systems, A Guide
for Practicing Engineers. September 2014.
COMMENTARY: REFERENCES
50. Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1976, International
Conference of Building Officials now International
Code Council, Washington, DC, 1976.
51. Yeh, Borjen and Keith, Ed, Using Wood Structural

Panels for Shear and Wind Uplift Applications, 2010
World Conference on Timber Engineering.
52. APA – The Engineered Wood Association. Design for

Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind, APA System
Report SR-101. Tacoma, WA, 2010.
53. Evaluation of Force Transfer Around Openings –

Experimental and Analytical Studies, APA M410,
APA-The Engineered Wood Association, 2011.
54. Martin, Z.A. 2005. Design of Wood Structural Panel

Shear Walls with Openings. A Comparison of Meth-
ods. Wood Design Focus. 15(1):18-20.
55. Breyer, D.E., K.J. Fridley, K.E. Cobeen and D.G. Pol-
lock. 2015. Design of Wood Structures ASD/LRFD,
7th ed, McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
98 SDPWS COMMENTARY: REFERENCES
AWC Mission Statement
To increase the use of wood by assuring the broad
regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing
design tools and guidelines for wood construction,
and influencing the development of public policies
affecting the use and manufacture of wood products.
ISBN 978-1-940383-22-4

222 Catoctin Circle, SE, Suite 201
Leesburg, VA 20175
www.awc.org
info@awc.org 9 781940 383224 04-18

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Copyright © 2015 ANSI/AWC SDPWS-2015

First Web Version: November 2014

First Print Version: July 2015

Copyright © 2015 by American Wood Council

1 Designer Flowchart....................................................................1 4 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems.................... 13

LIST OF COMMENTARY TABLES

LIST OF COMMENTARY FIGURES

Special Design Provisions for

Select a Trial Design

ASD Design Method LRFD

Design Category = ASD Design Category = LRFD

Strength Criteria Satisfied

Engineered design of wood structures to resist wind 2.1.3 Sizes

2.1.2.1 Allowable Stress Design: Allowable stress

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Table 3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member Factors............... 8

MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems

The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi-

MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

3.4.2 Design Requirements

Uplift force resisting systems shall comply with the

1. Metal connectors, continuous tie rods, or oth-

Exception: Walls sheathed with wood structural panel

This page left blank intentionally.

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

4.2 Wood-Frame Diaphragms

x = distance from chord splice to nearest sup-

sheathed in conformance with 4.2.7.1 or not Figure 4A Examples of Open Front

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Exception: Wood frame diaphragms in open front

4.2.5.2.1 For open front structures one story in

4.2.6 Construction Requirements

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Figure 4B High Load Diaphragm

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Table 4.2B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms

OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY OSB PLY

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Table 4.2D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Wood-Frame Diaphragms

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

4.3 Wood-Frame Shear Walls

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

feet. Design coefficients and factors for blocked shear where:

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Table 4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co

4.3.4.4 Aspect Ratio of Force-transfer Shear 4.3.5 Shear Wall Types

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Note: bs is the minimum shear wall segment length, b,

Figure 4D Typical Individual Full-Height Wall

4.3.5.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Where shear walls

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

8/12 16 unblocked 140 4.0 140

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

1/2" x 2' x 8' 4 16 unblocked 150 4.0 150