Soil Mechanics (ECIV 3451)

Chapter 8: In situ stresses

 
Total stresses   = Effective stress  ' + Pore water pressure u  .

h1
h2

 A  0.00
For B :
 B  h1 dry .
u B  0.
 B'  h1 dry  0  h1 dry .
For C :
 B  h1 dry  h2  sat
u B  h2  w .
 B'  h1 dry  h2  sat  h2  w  h1 dry  h2  sat   w   h1 dry  h2  '
 ' : Submerged unit weight or effective unit weight.
  Stresses with upward seepage:

Head difference
i .
height of soil layer

At specific time, the soil stability is lost   '  0.00    u.

'
i  icr  At boiling.
w
  Stresses with upward seepage:

 Seepage force:
Force exerted as a result of water flow through the soil.
 Seepage force = i w
'
 FS 
iav w
 ‫‪ Effective stresses in zone of capillary rise:‬‬

‫‪ S ‬‬
‫‪u  ‬‬ ‫‪ w h‬‬
‫‪ 100 ‬‬
‫‪S :Degree of saturation.‬‬
‫‪ ).‬ارتفاع النقطة المراد حساب اإلجهاد عندها عن الجدول المائً‪h: (water table‬‬

‫فً هذه الحالة عندما نصل إلى الطبقة التً تحتوي على ‪ٌ Capillary rise‬جب حساب اإلجهاد عند نقطة ‪just before‬‬
‫هذه المنطقة و نقطة ‪.just after‬‬
 Problem 1) A layer of Sand 5 meter deep overlies a thick bed of clay. Draw diagrams
indicating the total and effective stresses and pore water pressure on horizontal plane to
depth of 9 meters below the ground surface for the following cases:
a) If water table at the ground level.
b) If the water table is 2m below ground level and the sand above remains saturated
with capillary moisture.
c) If the water table is at the top of the clay and the sand is dry.
Given that:
For sand:  sat  20.9kN / m 3 and  dry  17.4kN / m .
3

For clay:  sat  17.8kN / m 3 .

******************************* Solution*************************************
GWT
Case a)

5m
Depth  (Kpa) u(Kpa)  ' ( Kpa) Sand
(m)
0 0 0 0
5 5x20.9=104.5 5x9.81=49.05 104.5-49.05=55.45
9 5x20.9+4x17.8=175.7 9x9.81=88.29 175.7-88.29=87.41
4m
Clay

Case a
 Case b)
 sat  20.9kN / m3

2m
Saturated sand

3m
 sat  20.9kN / m3

Saturated clay

4m
 sat  17.8kN / m 3

Depth  (Kpa) u(Kpa)  ' ( Kpa)

(m)
0 0 Just before Just before
u = 0.00 0–0=0
Just after Just after
 100  0 – ( -19.6 ) = 19.6
   9.81  2  19.6
 100 

2 2 x 20.9 = 41.8 0 41.8

5 5x20.9=104.5 3x9.81=29.43 104.5-29.43=75.07
9 5x20.9+4x17.8=175.7 7x9.81=68.67 175.7-68.67=107.03
‫‪Problem 2) 8.15 text book‬‬
‫‪Determine the factor of safety against heave.‬‬

‫'‪‬‬
‫‪FS against‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪heave‬‬
‫‪iav w‬‬
‫‪ '  17.7  9.81  7.89kN / m 3‬‬
‫‪hav‬‬
‫‪iav ‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫'‪h '  hb‬‬
‫‪hav  a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ha' : Driving head at point a,‬‬

‫ٌقصد بال ‪ Driving head‬مقدار ارتفاع الماء عند النقطة و الذي ٌوفر إمكانٌة استمرار تدفق الماء خالل التربة‪ ،‬فمن‬
‫المالحظ أنه فً البداٌة ٌكون فارق المنسوب بٌن المنطقتٌن على ٌسار وٌمٌن السد هو )‪ )10 – 1.5 = 8.5m‬و هذا الفارق‬
‫فً االرتفاع هو الذي ٌسمح باستمرارٌة تدفق الماء خالل التربة‪ ،‬و نحن نسعى لمعرفة ‪ Driving head‬عند النقاط ‪a,b‬‬
‫على األطراف السفلٌة للتربة فً منطقة ‪ heave‬أي نقوم بتحدٌد ما تبقى من فارق منسوب فً الماء ٌسمح باستمرارٌة‬
‫تدفق الماء‪.‬‬

‫‪ 8.5 ‬‬

‫‪ha'  8.5  3‬‬ ‫‪  4.25m‬‬
‫‪ 6 ‬‬
‫‪ 8.5 ‬‬
‫‪hb'  8.5  4.4‬‬ ‫‪  2.4083m‬‬
‫‪ 6 ‬‬
‫‪4.25  2.4083‬‬
‫‪hav ‬‬ ‫‪ 3.33m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3.33‬‬
‫‪iav ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.554m / m‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7.89‬‬
‫‪FS ‬‬ ‫‪ 1.453‬‬
‫‪0.554  9.81‬‬