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Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Illustrating a Random Variable
(Discrete and Continuous)
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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Illustrating a Random Variable
(Discrete and Continuous)
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lesson is
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
The module consists of only one lesson entitled illustrating random variables
(discrete and continuous).
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
5. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is
A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Qualitative variable
D. Quantitative variable
13. You decided to conduct a survey of families with five children. You are
interested in counting the number of girls (out of five children) in each family.
Is this a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable.
B. No, it is not a random variable.
C. Maybe, it is a random variable.
D. It cannot be determined.
This module will assist you with understanding the way toward illustrating random
variables (discrete and continuous). Let’s proceed and appreciate learning.
What’s In
In the study of basic probability, you have discovered that an experiment is any
movement that should be possible more than once under comparative condition. The
arrangement of every possible outcome of an experiment is what we called a sample
space. You have additionally figured out how to mathematically list down the
conceivable outcome of a given experiment. In tossing a coin, for example, the
potential results are turning up heads or tails.
For you to begin, let us all understand that probability distributions can be
illustrated or classified as discrete probability distributions or as continuous
probability distributions, depending on whether they define probabilities associated
with discrete variables and continuous variables.
Tossing a coin
As you can see in a one- peso coin, it has Dr. Jose P. Rizal on one side, which we will
call it as heads (H), and the other side is the tails (T). Toss your one-peso coin three
times and record in your notebook the results of the three tosses. In order to write
the result easily, use letter H for the heads and letter T for the tails.
If the results of your three tosses are heads, tails, heads, then you will write HTH on
your notebook.
Example 1: How many heads appeared when we tossed the one-peso coin three
times?
Continue tossing your coin and record the time. If possible, use mobile phone timer
and record up to the last minute.
Let say in a minute, how many times the heads and tails appeared? Then, record all
the possible answers in your notebook.
Write all eight possible outcomes. You can do this systematically so that you do not
get confused later on.
In this instance, there might be 0 heads, 1 heads, 2 heads or 3 heads.
Thus, the sample space is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3.
Then this time, the results or outcomes are NOT entirely equally likely.
The three coins could land in eight possible ways:
X = Number of Heads
X X
TTT 0 THH 2
TTH 1 HTH 2
THT 1 HHT 2
HTT 1 HHH 3
• P(X=3) = 1/8
• P(X=2) = 3/8
• P(X=1) = 3/8
• P(X=0) = 1/8
In graphical form:
3/8
1/2
2/8
PROBABLITY
Probability
1/4 1/4
1/8
0 1 2
VALUE
1 3 3 7
= + + =
8 8 8 8
= 1 – 1/8 = 7/8
The probability of each of the possible values for number of heads can be
tabulated for a fair coin tosses twice, as shown:
HH 2
HT 1
TH
TT 0
Number of Heads 0 1 2
2/4
Probability 1/4 1/4
or 1/2
Let x be equal to the number of heads observed. x is what we called random variable.
• P( X=2) = 1/4
• P( X=1) = 2/4
• P( X=0) = 1/4
2/4
2/4
Probability
PROBABLITY
0 1 2
VALUE
1 2 3
= + =
4 4 4
= 1 – 1/4 = 3/4
A Random Variable is a capacity that connects a real number with every component
in the sample space. It is a variable whose qualities are controlled by chance. In this
manner, a random variable is a numerical amount that is derived from the results of
an arbitrary trial or experiment. The word “random” is used often in everyday life.
For you to better understand the previous activities, another illustration and
examples are shown below.
3 coins are tossed HHH, HHT, THH, THT HTH, HTT, TTH, TTT
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.
Things to do:
Answer the following.
Classify whether the given experiment implies a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is:
A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative variable
15. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe a continuous random
variable?
A. Height of students in a certain class.
B. The average weight of chicken each day.
C. The number of streets at barangay Tahimik.
D. The distance travelled by a delivery van in an hour.
Hondagua National High School-Senior High School would like to conduct election
for the Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) officers. Complete the table
for the possible outcomes from a sample of four voters and identify also the value of
random variable of the number of “yes” votes.
Value of Random
Event Voter # 1 Voter #2 Voter #3 Voter #4 Variables
(Number of Yes votes)
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Malate, Jose S. (2017) Statistics and Probability for Senior High School. Vicarish
Publications and Trading Inc.
Lim, Yvette F., Nocon, R., Nocon, E., Ruivivar, L. (2016) Math for Engaged Learning
Statistics and Probability. Sibs Publishing House Inc.