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dimensioning
© Siemens AG 2006
CT dimensioning
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer
i1 (primary current)
w2
i1
w2
R (burden)
i1
i1* = w L0
2 R
iron losses
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer Saturation
L0
knee point
voltage
High L0 for normal operation
U=R*i1*
i1 i1
i1*= w i1*= w
2 2
L0=very
high value R U L0=0 R
Normal operation - the current flows through Saturation - the relay measures
the current transformer of no current
the relay
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Equivalent current transformer circuit
N1
I1 I2 I1
jX1 R1 N2 jX2 R2 I2
P1 Im S1
N1 N2 U2 Zm Zb
P2 S2
Ideal CT
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer, simplified replica circuit
1 : N2 jX2 R2
i1 i2
ZB
N2
i'1 = i1 i2
1 L2<< LW R2
LW im
RB
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()
N1
I1 .
N2
I1
N1
I2
N2
I2
Zb
Im
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer saturation
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT saturation
Currents and magnetising
IP
saturation flux
IS
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer
magnetising and de-magnetising
P
t
BMax
t
B BR BMax. BR e TS
BMax BR
B
BR
m
t m
Siemens AG 2006
©
BMax
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer
magnetising curve and point of remanence
I II III
B
up to 80%
< 10%
negligible
H = im w
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformers TPX und TPY
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
BR
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 13 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current transformer with linearised core (TPZ),
Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure
P
S
B
m
t
tF1 tSP tF2 t
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 14 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Example for a weak CT saturation
Siemens AG 2006
©
10 P 20; 15VA
Transformer Nominal Power
Fault limits in % at n x IN
Attention!
M or n<5 means measurement-core
Not suitable for protection application!
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 16 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Standard Accuracy Classes 5P and 10P
5P +/- 1 +/- 60 5
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 17 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Accuracy limiting factor with various burdens
Lm im Um RN / Rb
I2max,N (Ri RN ) I2max,b (Ri Rb )
(Ri RN )
I2max,b I2max,N
(Ri Rb )
I2max,b I2max,N (Ri RN )
IN I N (Ri Rb )
(R i R N ) (R i R N ) (R i R N )
k ALF k ALF , N K 'SSC K SSC n' n N
(R i R b ) (R i R b ) (R i R b )
Siemens AG 2006
©
VK
R b R i I sn K ssc
1.3
IEC PX or BS cl. X: VK
15 4 110 V 146 V, R ct 4 Ω
1.3
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 19 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT Saturation: Under Steady State Conditions
Pi = 4 VA
CT1 1000/1 (10 x IN) P_rel = 0,2 VA
l = 200m (lead length)
A = 4mm2
2 0,018 200m
2ρ l mm 2
R lead 2
1,8
CT2 100/1 (100 x IN) A 4mm
20 4
k ALF 20 80
10 kA 24
=> CT saturates at 80 x IN
Siemens AG 2006
©
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 22 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer
Flux due to DC offset
Flux
Secondary Current
Primary Current
The DC component
in the current causes
a severe increase of flux
A CT that does
not saturate due to
steady state currents
can saturate due to
DC offset
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 23 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
Current Transformer
Flux due to DC offset - Transient Factor
BDC
KTF =
BAC BAC
Flux S
P
BDC KTF = 1 + S S P
S
IF then the CT does
If n' > not saturate if
ICT there
is no DC offset
IF then the CT does
If n' > KTF not saturate if
Primary/Secondary ICT there
Current is DC offset
With: P = Primary System Time Constant
S = Secondary CT Time Constant
Siemens AG 2006
©
L X 1
= R =
R 2 f
Siemens AG 2006
©
-tM -tM
KTF SP
P S
tM = KTF = 1 + -e
P S e
30,00
25,00
20,00
tM = 60 ms tM = Time to Saturation
15,00
tM = 40 ms P = Primary system time
constant
10,00
tM = 20 ms S = CT secondary time
5,00 tM = 10 ms
constant (5 s)
0,00 P ms
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 26 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT requirements of Siprotec: SIP 2006
Kssc = rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor (example: CT cl. 5P20 Kssc = 20)
K’ssc = effective symmetrical short-circuit current factor
Ktd = transient dimensioning factor
Iscc max = maximum symmetrical short-circuit current
Ipn = CT rated primary current
Isn = CT rated secondary current
Rct = secondary winding d.c. resistance at 75°C (or other specified temperature)
Rb = rated resistive burden
R’b = Rlead + Rrelay = connected resistive burden
TP = primary time constant (net time constant)
VK = kneepoint voltage (r.m.s.)
Rrelay = relay burden
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 27 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
CT requirements of Siprotec O/C, Line diff
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 28 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution
SIP 2006: CT requirements of Siprotec Trafo,
Busbar and Distance protection
©Siemens AG 2006
Page 29 Feb 07 Claus Wagner Power Transmission and Distribution